Ernciency,-cost,

optimiz;3:;1liijil*-ffiil"i?ffiT,T,1,0".,
orEnergy
sysrems
First
IntemationalConferenceon Applied Thermodynamics
(68/4)

Small Hybrid Solar Power System

M. KANE, D. LARRAIN, D. FAVRAT
Laboratoryfor IndustrialEnergy Systems(LENI),
SwissFederalInstituteof rechnology of Lausanne(EpFL),
CHl0l5 Lausanne- Switzerland
Tel: +4121 6932511,Fax:+41 21 693i502,
E-maiI : Daniel.Favrat@epfLch, malick.kane@epfl
.ch
Y. ALLANI
COGENER, SciencePark, SwissFederalInstituteof Technologyof Lausanne,
CHl015 Lausanne- Switzerland,
E-mail: cogener@pse.epfl
.ch
Abstract
This paper introducesa novel conceptof mini-hybrid solar power
plant integratinga
-CyclesIORC)
field of solar concentrators,two superposedOrganicRankine
and a (bio)Diesel engine.Turbinesfor the Organic RankineCycles are hermeticscroll expandergenerators.Sun tracking solar collectorsare composedof rows of flat mirroi bands
(CEP) arrangedin a plane,which focus the solarenergyonto a collectortube similar to
thoseusedin SEGSplant in California.The wasteheatfrom both the exhaustgasesand
block cooling of the thermal engineare also heat sourcesfor the ORCs. Such units are
consideredto meet electricity,cooling and pumping needsof remotesettlementsin the
sun belt areasor on specialsites requiring low temperatureheatingsuch as swimming
pools or greenhouses.The thermal engine guarantiesa minimum level of both power
and heat availabiliV at night or during cloudy periods.
Laboratory tests, made with the superposed ORCs only, confirmed adequate
operationalcharacteristicswith good performancesover a broadrangeof conditions.A
fewpreliminary testson the site of the solar power plant when coupledwith the engine
confirmed a reasonablebehavior and the interestof the conceptuen at part load or
duying sharp variations of the thermal supply. The performancsare satisfactoryfor a
hybrid solar plant of this power range (10 to 25 kWe) and working so far with rather
low temperaturesolar supply (165"C). First Law electric efficieniies of conversion
referredto the fossil fuel supply only (total electricityproduced/fuelsupply) are of the
order of 35% at part load and up to 47% with peak solar radiation.Theseresultsare
encouragingparticularly when one considersthat excellentprospectsexist for further
increasingthe supply temperature.However further in-situ testi are requiredto fully
explore the behavior and performanceof the completepower plant over a broad range
of conditions.
Keywords: Hybrid solar thermal power plant, solar concentrotors, turbine scroll,
thermal engine, Organic Rankine Cycle.
t.

Introduction
Drawbacks of solar power generationare:
the low density of solar radiation requiring
large collector areas,
high investmentcostspartly due to the useof
specific technologies produced in small
seriesand,
the lack of reliability and the fluctuations of
the solar supply, which are highly dependent

on the meteorologicalconditions.
Recent technological progress opens new
perspectivesfor Integrated Solar Fossil Cycle
Systems(ISFCS). In the context of increasing
global environmental concerns these offer the
possibility to acceleratefossil fuel substitution
(even if only partial), and therefore reduce
emissions, while ensuring adequate power
availability(Favrat,1995;Allani et al., 1996).

. ISTANBUL347
ECOS'o1

On the basis of classical thermo-economic

criteria (performance/cost) several integration
cptians are commonly cited (Buck et al., l99B),
',vhrchinclude:
a Concepts like the SEGS power plants in
California (Kolb, 1997) with electric powers
between 30 and 80 MWe, which are based
on cylindro-parabolic concentrators with
additional fossil fuel burners or natural gas
boilersto supply a steamcycle;
n: Coneptscalled ISCCS for IntegratedSolar
Combined Cycle Power Systems, such as
FAESI (Allani and Favrat, l99l; Kane and
Favrat 1999,2000) or ISSCS-Nevada,
USA
(Pilkingston, 1996, Goswami, 1995) based
on efficient combined cycles to have an
optimal fuel conversion efficiency and
reduc electi'icity production costs (by as
much as 42 %) compared to the present
SEGSplants(Kolb, 1997);and
q Concepts using high efficiency parabolic
solar concentratorswith an integration of the
solar heat at a level of exergy sufficient to
prehcat or to fully heat the gas of a gas
turbine cycle ideally in a combinedcycle or
to supply heat for endothermic fuel
reforming (Price et al., 1996; Worner et al.,
I e95).
it is important to note that these advanced
canccptshave been designedfor multi-megawatt
plantsaiming at a centralizedproductionwith the
associatedpower transport lossesand costs and
',vith iimited possibilitiesto use the waste heat
(eogeneration to meet either heat and/or cold
demand). The present paper addressesthe same
ry*'peof ideas but for small Hybrid Solar Power
SS,stems(HSPS) of a few kWe to a few tens of
k\ /c but with easycogenerationopportunitiesfor
hot water production, absorption itigeration or
thermal desalination.A small hybrid prototype of
power plant of l0 to 25 kWe has been designed
and implernentedin the frame of a project calted
SFS (Solar Power System). This plant integrates
two rows of solar collectors, two superposed
ORC each equipped with a scroll hermetic
expander-generator and a heat engine. In
cperation with solar energy only, the heat is
suppliedby a thermal fluid (presentlypressurized
rvaTer)heatedin the vacuum insulatedfocal tubes
of sun following, flat concentrators made of
series of thin plate mirors (CEP). In hybrid
rnodc additional heat is supplied by heat recovery
flom the exhaust gases of the engine in series
qrith the solar network and by a separatenetwork
recovering heat from the cooling of the engine
block at an intermediate temperature level. The
norninal electric power of the engine is l5 kWe.
This paper discussesthe design parametersand
options, the results of laboratory measurements
of the power unit subsystemand the preliminary
in situ demonstrationof the full plant.

. ISTANBUL
348 ECOS'o1

2,

Design of the SPS prototype

In a hybrid solar thermal power plant the

elecricity production efficiency is stongly
dependent on the way the fossil firel unit is
integrated. The term hybrid is often used to
characterize such systems and the solar
production part of the total electricity production
is a design parameter.It can go from a relatively
small proportion (5 to l5o/o), as in the large
ISCCS planned so far, to a significant parr if the
plant can be shut down during part of the night.
Independentfrom the night operational strategy
adopted,the integrationof an engineallows:
.
a leveling of the heat supply in spite of solar
radiation fluctuations,
.
a faster startup by preheating of the solar
network in enginecogenerationmode, and
.
an extensionof the hours of operation of the
solar part late in the afternoon when the
solar radiationdecreases.
A major difiiculty if we want to use close to
standard components for the power unit is the
different exergy levels of the heat sources.The
additional problem is the large number of
parameterslinked to the choice of the operational
sequences to meet a g[ven demand, which
complicate the design and'optimization of these
systems'.Consideringthe main applicationtarget
of supplying isolated villages preference was
given to using hermetic components for the
ORCs, which allow a factory charge of working
fluid and reducedon-site maintenance.
The design is a tradeoffbetween:
r
the percentage of solar versus fossil fuel
energy supply for a given demand and
environmental objectives,
r
the increase of the thermodynamic cycle
efficiency, the expander characteristics and
the increasedlossesof the solar collectorsas
collector temperatureraises,
r
the energetic effrciency and the conffol
complexity (reliability, robustness, cost,
training requirements,etc.).
For the SPS project a decision was made to
rely on earlier work, which demonstratedthe use
of expanders modified from standard hermetic
scroll compressor units2 with potentially low
costs as most components are produced by
thousandsworldwide. The major limitations of
the latter are the limited pressure range and the
built-in volume ratio for efficient operation.
Hence the proposal to preferably use two
I A structured thermoeconomicoptimization will
be
(Kane,2001).
publishedseparately
' Basedon an earlier successfuldemonstration(Zanelli et
Favrat 1994;Favrat,1995,Kaneet al., 1999)

superposedORCseachworking with a different

fluid, whichallowsworking:
.

at a range of pressurelevels and pressure

ratios close to the optimum expander
efficienciesandunit volumes,

ildependentlywith one or the othercycle in

functionof the solarconditionor of teheat
demandrequirements
(Favrat,1995;Kaneet
al. 1999).
Figure I showsthe simplified flowsheetof the
SPSprototypeof powerplant.

Figurel.
unit

Simplified flowsheet of the SpSpower

For this prototype unit (Figure 2) the chosen

fluids are HCFC 123 for the topping cycle and
HFC l34a for the bonoming cycle.
Topping ORC (HCFCl23)
The vapor produced in a (plate) evaporator is
either bypassed(during warm-up) or expandedin
the high temperature scroll unit HT. The
dischargedvapor is cooled and condensedin a
condenser-evaporator (plate) heat exchanger
where it communicates its energy to heat,
evaporate and superheat the bofioming cycle
fluid. Liquid HCFCI23 is then pumped by a
(membranepiston) pump to feed the boiler of the
topping cycle. The nominal power of the
HCFCI23 scroll expander-generatoris 5 kWe
correspondingto a 53 cm3/rev dischargevolume
(suction volume in compressor). The built-in
volume ratio is 2.3. In the present setup the
boiling temperature varies between l20oC and
150'C in function of the solar radiation.

Bottoming ORC (HFC I 34a)

The heat recovery from the topping cycle allows
the evaporationof the fluid f the'bonoming
cycle (HFC l34a). The flowsheet is aimosl
identical to the one of the topping cycle with
however an additionalheat exchnee,ro reovcr
heat from the engine cooling emork. The
possibility existsto test the latter either in series
as a liquid preheater or in parallel to rlie
evaporator.Becauseof the additional heat rate
from the engine the tower temperaturescroll
expander is oversized compare to its high
temperafure counterpart with, in the prescnt
design, a nominal power of I kWe (xhaust
volume of 72 cm3/rev) for the same built-in
volume of 2.3. Note that step in nominal power is
essentially dictated by the range of compresscr
sizesavailableon the market.

Figure 2. Power unit with two superposedORCs

tested in laboratory
Although previous laboratory tests had been
conductedwith a separateoil pump to lubricate
the expanderbearings,a simplification is rriacie
here by circulating the oil with the refrigerant.An
oil separatorat evaporator exit (not represented
in Figure l) recoversthe oil to be injectedwithin
the_hollow expander shaft using the prcssure
difference available. This arrangementallou;s
operationin the wet expansiondomain (Kane et
1., 1999) with limited risks in rhe evenr of
inadequate control or disturbances of sliort
duration. The efficiency of the separatordoes not
need to be high as some amount of oil is
desirableat the expander inlet to contributeto
sealthe inner gapsduring the expansion.
The conceptis designedto take advantage,
in the future, of an expectedincreasedcapabiliry
of the turbine of the topping cycle to deal with
higher inlet temperatures(>150"C) and therefcrre
increasecycle performance.This is in line wirh
the choice of solar concentratorsand of a vacuurn
insulated collector tube. For simplicity of
operationat the prototype stagepressurizedwater
is being used but a later switch to thermal cii

. ISTANBUL34S
ECOS'o1

allowing much higher temperaturesat moderate

pressuresis planned. The originality of the
concentratorsis that they are made of a seriesof
flat mirror bands of calculated and different
widths, which can be assimilatedto a Fresnel
mirror. Each of the mirror bands is fixed with
hold-down clip which allows an handy changein
case of breakage.Moreover the open structure
with air gapsreducesthe wind forces'.

compositesfor a casewith 50 kwth deliveredby

the solarcollectorsand an operationof the Diesel
engineat full power. Thesecompositesshow the
main integrationelements,which are:
o (a and a') : recoveryof 19.3kWth at around
75oC on the engine block cooling and
boiling at 68oC of one part of the bottoming
cycleflow (HFCl34a).
(b et b') : boiling at 146'C of the HCFC 123
of the topping cycle using the high
temperatureheat source made of the solar
energyas well as of the heat recoveredfrom
the combustiongasesof the engine.
(c et c') potentialto recover 15 kV/th from
about 580"C to 160"C to complementthe
heatcollectedby the solarpanels.
gas

.1

Figure 3. viev' of one of the two solar collector

lines
The two lines of collectorsinstalledby a local
ompany are oriented North-South with a
trackingsystemfrom Eastto West.They havean
ac t iv e c ollec ti o na re a o f 1 0 0 m ' (F i g 3 ). The
collectedheat rate is of the order of 60 kWth for
a solarradiationof 1000W/m2.
Becauseof the need for frequent operation
at part load both for the ORCs and the engine,
pumps for the ORC are variable speedand the
enginehas to have a reasonableefficiency at part
load. As gasturbinesare both not yet availablein
the expectedpower rangeand not efficient at part
load.choiewas madeto use a 3 cylinderDiesel
engine of 15 kWe. A good complementarify
a*ong renewable energy sources could be the
use of biodiesel in the future, although no tests
have yet been made. Figure 4 shows the

the one line of coltectorsalreadybuilt in December1999 at

the time of one of the most severe storm of last century
s u r v i v e dr v i t h o u ta n Yd a m a g e

- ISTANBUL
350 ECOS'o1

Figure 1. Diagram of the compositescorresponding to a casewith engine at its nominal

capaciQ of I 5 k\'t/eand 50 kWrthof solar heat
rate
Needlessto say, the compositesare modified as
the solarradiationand the motor load vary.
3.

E xperi mentalresul ts

The first seriesof testshas been made with

the two superlosedORCs aloneusing electrically
heated thermal oil to supply heat to the
evaporatorof the topping cycle. The bottoming
ORC was only suppliedthrough the evaporatorcondenser without additional heat supply to
replace the engine block heat recovery. Th9
objective was to determine the operational
fesiblerangeof heatsupplyto the topping cycle.
The supply temperatureas well as the heat rate,
which was adjustablein order to simulatevarious
solarheatsupplies.
A second series of tests done in the
laboratoryincludedthe integrationof the engine
block cooling heatbut without the heatrecovery
from the gases.A third and limited seriesof tests
has been made in situ with the full integrationof

the engine and of the solar collectors.It allowed

a preliminary validation of the conceptof hybrid
power plant even though thosetestsoccurredlate
last fall with a rather week solar radiation. For
eachof the teststhe cold sourcewas water at 7"C
with a flow regulation to adapt the condenser
temperature of the bottoming cycle. The
measured data included the boiling and
condensing pressures of both ORCa, the
temperafuresand pressuresat the inlet and outlet
of the main componentsand the electricpower at
each of the generators as well as the net
electricity output. In addition flowmeters and
temperaturemeasurementson the hot and cold
streamsallowed the determinationof the energy
balanceof the cycles.

Expanders e lectric output vs Heat

l0

aa
a

aa

J-

A A

()
o
o
i!

3
35

45

3.I Laboratory testsof the superposedORCs

The total power range of the laboratorytests
was from 3 to l0 kV/e. The perforrnanceof the
cyglescan be expressedaccordingto two slightly
different First Law definitions:
o Cumulated electric power produced by the
two expandersdivided by the sum of the
heatand the pump electricitysuppliedor
o Net electricaloutput (differencebetweenthe
output of the expandersand the electricity
supplied to the pumps) divided by the heat
supply. Figures 5 and 6 show the variations
of efficienciesas well as the power output in
function of the heat supplied to the
evaporator of the topping cycle for a
temperatureof heat supply varying between
1 3 0 ' Ca n d 1 6 5 " C .
The overall superposedcycle efficiency up to
l4o, is satisfactoryfor this low power range (up
to 10 kWe) and the relarively low supply
temperature(up to 165'C). Note that for these
peak values the correspondingCarnot efficiency
is of the order of 30Yo. Figure 7 shows the
variation of the exergy efficiency in function of
the supply heat rates. Those exergy efficiencies
are good when comparedto data publishedwith
other ORCs working within a comparable
temperaturerange(seeVDI-Verlag, l9B4).
Efliciencv vs Heat
l5
l4

efficiency

l3

t2

^:;

rl

3 r 0
l , l 9

o ooo
,
99
v 9

q?
9

Net efficiencY

aa

9v
6
35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

Heat at evaporator[kW]

Figure 5. Efficiencies of the superposedORCs

as for various supply heat rates

50

55

60

65

Heat [kW]

Figure 6. Electric power outputsfor various

supply heat rates
ysHe*

EcrgE-ffirfenT

45

*J+

* { F

r*zvf t

v E

+F

i B q o Effcienqy
+

o
r'E

ifi 3s
o
o

.E'

\
{

% B

.P
i g0

17
\
\
N et Efficiency

UJ

25L
30

Heararepporetol{tcWl
Figure 7. Exergt efficienciesof the superposed
ORCsfor various supply heat rates.
Note that the efficiency decreaseat low supply
heat rates can be explainedby the losseslinked
to the inadaptedpressuresat the expanderof the
bottomingcycle (seeFigure 8). This is due to the
fact that, for simplicity, the two generatorsare
directly connected to the grid without any
variablespeedelectronics.This simple and cheap
approachimposesgliding pressureswith variable
loads. Moreover the high amount of oil mixed
with the refrigerant increases the boiling
temperaturein the end phase of evaporation
moving the pinch point there.This phenomenon
is well known in heatpumpsand is accompanied
by a significant drop in heat transfer with a
coresponding drop of the evaporationpressure.
This is particularly negative at the evaporatorcondenser where the resulting temperature
differenceis excessive.Solutionsto improvethis
sifuation are: change of evaporator-condenser
type (falling filrn shall-in-tubeinstead of plate
evaporator), introduction of expander speed
regulation,separationof the oil at the discharge

. ISTANBUL351
ECOS'01

cf tire l-=*i"toming
cycle with a separateoil pump,
r ic .
Neveitiislcss these preliminary tests on the
supsr[josedcyclcs allowed a ciemonstnation
of the
: obustne:s of the present onrcpt, providing
sriii i:rsight n thc confrol etraracteristics
ri:quir',:Jlbr all ;r;l-cnrulcl
olrciati<;nof the power
piarLt.
t0
68
66

f
c
q.)

62

6n

(N

58

c)
l

-\6

(:
CJ

X
LU

54

6 Turbine
4, lliiroineBT
.*

Rend. con'ol

52
5rl

from the 100 m2 solar collectorswas of the order

of 25 kWth. This results in an operation of the
ORCs at partial load even with the engine
operatedclose to its nominal value (l2.8kWe
with lSkwth on block cooling and 12 kWth on
the recovery from the combustion gases).
Operating conditions and results are summarized
in Table l. The fuel conversionefficiency (net
electric power produced over fuel rate) referred
only to the fossil fuel suppliedis of the order of
35o/o,in spite of the strong penalty on the ORCs
at low load. Figure l0 illustratesthe low level of
load during these tests. Note that the peak
eff,rcienciesto be expectedat full solar supply
would be of the order of 47%owith expanders
operating at full capacity (10 kwe). However
those results are incomplete and a new test
campaign is planned in 2001 over the whole
rangeof operation.

PR/t,Ri[-]

Electrlc output vs
Hert Source Tempcreture

I;igure 8: Electric isentropic efficienciesand

osseruiitigrGnge af the expanders

wilh motor

L:rh*r';rtony tcrts witle the ORCs and

3,2
trerntegraionof hc heat supply fnom the
enginebloc k c o o !i n g
Fcr sirnpliciry and safety reasonso the
coupling of the engine with ths ORCs was done
only through the recovery of the engine block
cooling. This vias not a major hindranceas the
latroratcrytirerrnal oil heater had enough power
a'ra.ilablato simuiirte t:e supply fiom both the
sc,larcollecti;rsand the combustiongas cooling
over the whole rangeof expectedconditions.The
heatratefi'onrthe engineblock coolingwas of l8
kV/th far an operationof the engineat 12.8kWe.
F igure 9 shov'rstl-revariation of the power output
fi'om thr expiu;dersin function of the topping
cycle si-:pply {emperaturewith or without the
engirre. i{ote the substantial increase of the
systenr'sperfoi:nance particularly at lower heat
rates. Tl,is is due i,* a better adaptationof the
preslllresat the boticming expanderas a resultof
the block heat suppiy. This improvernent is
however limited by the capacityof the pump and
the pincil oi;cui'ringai fiis end of evaporation.

=
ts
4

in thc tab, tlrcrrnal oil rvas used instead of pressurized

rvater and an accidcnta! contect between therrnal oil and
cambusiionf ases v"'i:sto be avcided.

. ISTAT{BUL
S5? f;C(fS'{J1

f
*

4
t

11 0

120

130

| j0

140

160

l7o

Hcat SourccTcnpcraurrc('C)

Figure 9: Electric power produced by the

expanders(with or without engine operatedat I3
kllte power output)

-I

ou$rtt tu tlA

Ellc

I
I

rl ! r+ 1l r

It

"b
4*

\^

r4
-

or'clr

ooo *\

ta{E

.r

o o

3.3 [n-situ tests of tEreeornpletehyhrid pwer

plarat
Bccausecf consiructionelelaysand tests of
iridiviiual ccmpnents,irr situ testscould only be
made at the end of Octoberwith solarradiations
lorver than 50t Wirn2 as fypical for Switzerland
at tli;t prric,J. The rnaxifilutll heat rate avaiiable

{l l ort r+ 1}+

T
9F

tD

rrr

tG

,G

rryU! *t1111orl!Yl
Figure I0: Electic power produced by the
expanders(with or without engine
These initial points are first attemptsto validate
the concept, which, so far, meets the early
expectations.

Table l: Electrical power producedby the expander-generators

(with or without engine)
HT Cvcle
Sourcetemperature(oC)
Evaporationpressure(bar)
Condensationpressure(bar)
Heat rate (kW)
Electricalpower (kWe)

4.

t20/t25
8
3.4
28 (evaporator)

1.3

Conclusions

A novel concept of a mini hybrid solar

power plant has been partly demonstratedboth in
the laboratory and in situ for a limited number of
points. Indications so far confirm the robustness
of the concept,which should be well adaptedto
cogenerationin isolatedsettlements,particularly
in the sun belt regions. Laboratory tests have
shown an adequatebehavior over a broad range
of conditions including in the presenceof large
variations of thermal supply. The integration of a
thermal Diesel engine to the superposedOrganic
Rankine Cycles of the thermal solar plant has
been successful with reasonable efficiencies
considering the relatively low power range of
such a pilot plant. Replacingfuel supply by bioDiesel,which still hasto be demonstrated,
would
provide a fully renewable solution with power
availability
largely
independent
from
atmosphericconditions. The modular nature of
the concept with other potential applications of
the power units for waste heat recovery should
contribute to lower the production costs and
improve economic viability although this aspect
was not specifically addressedin the present
study. Measured fuel efficiencies at part load are
of the order of 35%owith peak fuel efficienciesup
to 47% at peak solar supply. Improvements
aiming at reducing internal losses have been
identified.
However more in situ tests are required to
further assessthe full potential of the conceptand
further characterize the improvement paths in
particular for a fully automated operation.
Several power plant componentsdeservefurther
studies and this is particularly true for the
evaporator-condenser and the pumps of the
ORCs. Furthermore the likelihood of the future
availability of higher temperature turbines or
expandersexists to further enhancethe potential
of such integrated plants. An additional path
could be to envisage substituting the thermal
enginefor a fuel cell (most likely solid oxide fuel
cell) when available in the future with their
excellentpart load characteristics.

LT Cycle

Engine

Electrical
power12,8kWe
I 1.5
5
+ l8
25 (recuperator)
(preheater)
2.5

Heatratefrom combustion
gasesl2 kwth
Exchangerinletgas
temperature580"C

Nomenclature
HSPS Hybrid SolarPower Sysrem
ISCCS IntegratedSolarCombinedCycle
System
ISFPP IntegratedSolar-FossilPowerPlants
PAESI ProjetPiloted'Amnagemenr
EnergtiqueSolaire tntgr
SEGS SolarElectricGeneratingSystem
SPS
SolarPower Svstem
References
Allani Y., Favrat D. Concept Global d'une
Nouvelle CentraleSolaire Cycle CombinDual
Fuel.Entropie1991,;YoL 27,No. I 64/165.
Allani Y., Favrat D., von Spakovsky M. CO2
mitigation through the use of hybrid solarcombined cycles. Third Int. Conf. on Carbon
Dioxide Removal Technologies (ICCDR-3),
MIT, Cambridge,USA. 1996.
Buck R., Goebel O., Koehne R., Tamme R.,
Trieb F. Advanced solar/fossilcombined power
plants.Proc. of the Int. Energy and Environment
Conf, pp.423-434,Changhai,1998.
Favrat
D.
Concept
de
centrale
lectrothermosolaire
alpine. CISBAT'95. EPFL.
I 995.
Goswami O.Y. Solar Energy and the
Environment, Int. Conferenceon Energy Systems
and EcologyASME,pp.77-85, Poland.1995.
Kane M., Favrat D, Approche de conception et
d'optimisationde centralesolaire intgre cycle
combin inspire de la mthode du pincement
(part I and II). Int. J. Therm. Sci..1999.Vol 38,
No 6: pp 501-524.
Kane M., Favrat D et al. Thermoeconomic
analysisof advancedsolar-fossilcombinedcycle
power plants, ECOS2000, accepted for
publication
in
Int.
J.
Applied
of
Thermodynamics,2001.

Acknowledgments

Kane M., Favrat D. Nouveau concept de

lubrificationappliqu une turbine scroll au sein
d'un cycle de Rankine. Rapporl Interne LENI,
N o. 99.09i(1999).

The authors would like to acknowledgethe

financial support provided by the Swiss
FederalOffice of Energy.

Kane M., Brand F., Favrat D. Cenffale Solaire

Hybrid. Final Report to Swiss Federal Offrce of
Energy, 1999.

. ISTANBUL353
ECOS'o1

Kane M., Thermoeconomic optimization of

hybrid solar power plants. PhD Thesis under
preparation,
EPFL, 2001.
Kolb G.J. Evaluation of power production from
the solar electric generating system at Kramer
junction 1988 to 1993. Proc. ASME Int. Solar
Energy Conf. pp. 499-504,Hawai, 1997.
Pilkingston Solar International GmbH. Status
Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants.ISBN 39804901-{-6. January.1996.
Price H.W., Whitney D.D., Beebe H.1., 1996,
SMUD Kokhala Power Tower Studv. Proc. of

. ISTANBUL
354 ECOS'o1

the 1996 internationalSolar Energy Conference.

SanAntonio, Texas,pp.273-279
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure):ORC-HPTechnology, V/orking Fluid Problems. VDIVerlag,(1984).
Worner A, Brose G., Buck R., Tamme R.. Solar
Reforming - Open and closed loop application.
Workshopon the Use of Solar Energy.Tel Aviv.
I995,
Zanelli R, Favrat D. Experimental Investigation
of a Hermetic Scroll Expander-generator,12^
International
Engineering
Compressor
Conference,Purdue,July 1994.