LIGHTNING

PROTECTION
GUIDE
2nd updated edition
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
GUIDE
2nd updated edition
DEHN + SÖHNE – LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE
2nd updated edition

ISBN 3-00-015975-4

Lightning Protection
Surge Protection
Safety Equipment

DEHN + SÖHNE
GmbH + Co.KG.
Hans-Dehn-Str. 1
Postfach 1640
92306 Neumarkt
Germany

Phone +49 9181 906-0

FAX +49 9181 906-333
www.dehn.de
info@dehn.de

Editorial state: September 2007

We reserve the right to introduce changes in

performance, configuration and technology,
dimensions, weights and materials in the course
of technical progress.
The figures are shown without obligation. Mis-
prints, errors and omissions excepted.
Reproduction in any form whatsoever is forbidden
without our permission.

Brochure No. DS 702/E/2007

© Copyright 2007 DEHN + SÖHNE
Preface
Since its foundation in 1980, the IEC TC 81 “Light- tion of electrical and electronic systems in build-
ning Protection“ of the International Electrotech- ings and structures. So, this complex protection
nical Commission (IEC) has drawn up diverse stan- successfully has been subdivided into a number of
dards for the protection of buildings from light- concrete individual protective measures which the
ning, for the protection of electronic systems, for designer and installer can compose to an overall
risk analysis and for the simulation of the effects of system adjusted and specific to the respective tar-
lightning. These standards were compiled one get of protection.
after the other as they were required, and pub- When signing new contracts on designing and
lished under different numbers with no recognis- installation of lightning protection systems, in
able system. The standards work therefore became future the contractor has to follow the series of
more and more unsystematic to the user. In Sep- standards IEC 62305 or EN 62305 to work in com-
tember 2000, the IEC TC 81 therefore decided to pliance with the State of the Art.
introduce a new, clearly arranged structure for For this to be possible, the contractor must famil-
lightning protection standards (series: IEC 62305). iarise himself with the contents of the new light-
Revised and new standards will be integrated into ning protection standards.
this new structure. With this completely revised LIGHTNING PROTEC-
TION GUIDE, we would like to support you as the
The new International Lightning Protection Stan- specialists in this field, regardless of whether you
dards IEC 62305 (Parts 1 to 4) were published at the are involved in design or executing, in becoming
beginning of 2006. Almost at the same time they familiar with the new series of lightning protec-
came into force as new European Lightning Pro- tion standards.
tection Standards EN 62305-1 to 4.
The standards IEC 62305 and EN 62305 provide
compact information as required for the protec- DEHN + SÖHNE

Aerial photo of DEHN + SÖHNE

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 3

 Trademarks

– BLITZDUCTOR®
– BLITZPLANER®
– DEHNALU-DRAHT®
– DEHNbloc®
– DEHNfix®
– DEHNgrip®
– DEHNguard®
– DEHNport®
– DEHNQUICK®
– DEHNrapid®
– DEHNsnap®
– DEHNventil®
– HVI®
– LifeCheck®
– ... MIT SICHERHEIT DEHN.

and our logo

are registered trademarks of

DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co.KG.

Product terms mentioned in the book that

are also registered trademark have not been
clearly marked. Therefore, it cannot be con-
cluded from an absent TM or ® marking that
a term is an unregistered trademark. Equally,
it cannot be determined from the text if
patents or protection of utility patents exist
for a product.

4 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Contents
Signs and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

1. State of the art for the installation of lightning protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.1 Installation standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.2 Work contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3 Product standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2. Characteristics of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

2.1 Lightning discharge and sequence of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.2 Peak value of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
2.3 Steepness of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.4 Charge of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
2.5 Specific energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.6 Assignment of lightning current parameters to lightning protection levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

3. Designing a lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

3.1 Necessity of a lightning protection system – legal regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
3.2 Assessment of the risk of damage and selection of protective components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.2.1 Risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.2.2 Fundamentals of risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.2.3 Frequency of lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3.2.4 Probabilities of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
3.2.5 Types of loss and sources of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.2.6 Loss factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.7 Relevant risk components for different lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.8 Tolerable risk of lightning damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.9 Choice of lightning protection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.10 Economic losses / Economic efficiency of protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
3.2.12 Designing aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3 Inspection and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3.1 Types of inspection and qualification of the inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3.2 Inspection measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.3.3 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
3.3.4 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

4. Lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

5. External lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

5.1 Air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.1.1 Designing methods and types of air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.1.2 Air-termination systems for buildings with gable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
5.1.3 Air-termination systems for flat-roofed structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

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5.1.4 Air-termination systems on metal roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
5.1.5 Principle of an air-termination system for structures with thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
5.1.6 Walkable and trafficable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.1.7 Air-termination system for green and flat roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
5.1.8 Isolated air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.1.9 Air-termination system for steeples and churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5.1.10 Air-termination systems for wind turbines (WT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.1.11 Wind load stresses on lightning protection air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.2 Down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
5.2.1 Determination of the number of down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
5.2.2 Down-conductor system for a non-isolated lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
5.2.2.1 Installation of down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
5.2.2.2 Natural components of a down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
5.2.2.3 Measuring points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5.2.2.4 Internal down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.2.5 Courtyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.3 Down conductors of an isolated external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.4 High voltage-resistant, isolated down-conductor system – HVI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.2.4.1 Installation and performance of the isolated down-conductor system HVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
5.2.4.2 Installation examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
5.2.4.3 Project example: Training and residential building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
5.2.4.4 Separation distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
5.3 Materials and minimum dimensions for air-termination conductors and down conductors . . . .97
5.4 Assembly dimensions for air-termination and down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
5.4.1 Change in length of metal wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
5.4.2 External lightning protection system for an industrial structure and a residential house . . . . . .99
5.4.3 Application tips for mounting roof conductors holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
5.5 Earth-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
5.5.1 Earth-termination systems in accordance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
5.5.2 Earth-termination systems, foundation earth electrodes and foundation earth electrodes
for special structural measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
5.5.3 Ring earth electrodes – Earth electrodes Type B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.5.4 Earth rods – Earth electrodes Type A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.5.5 Earth electrodes in rocky ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.5.6 Intermeshing of earth-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.5.7 Corrosion of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
5.5.7.1 Earth-termination systems with particular consideration of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
5.5.7.2 Formation of voltaic cells, corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
5.5.7.3 Choice of earth electrode materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
5.5.7.4 Combination of earth electrodes made of different materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
5.5.7.5 Other anticorrosion measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

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5.5.8 Materials and minimum dimensions for earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
5.6 Electrical isolation of the external lightning protection system – Separation distance . . . . . . .135
5.7 Step and touch voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
5.7.1 Control of the touch voltage at down conductors of lightning protection systems . . . . . . . . . .144

6. Internal lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

6.1 Equipotential bonding for metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
6.2 Equipotential bonding for low voltage consumer’s installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
6.3 Equipotential bonding for information technology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

7. Protection of electrical and electronic systems against LEMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

7.1 Lightning protection zones concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7.2 LEMP protection management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
7.3 Calculation of the magnetic shield attenuation of building/room shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
7.3.1 Cable shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
7.4 Equipotential bonding network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
7.5 Equipotential bonding on the boundary of LPZ 0A and LPZ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
7.5.1 Equipotential bonding for metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
7.5.2 Equipotential bonding for power supply installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
7.5.3 Equipotential bonding for information technology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
7.6 Equipotential bonding on the boundary of LPZ 0A and LPZ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
7.6.1 Equipotential bonding for metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
7.6.2 Equipotential bonding for power supply installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
7.6.3 Equipotential bonding for information technology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
7.7 Equipotential bonding on the boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2 and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
7.7.1 Equipotential bonding for metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
7.7.2 Equipotential bonding for power supply installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
7.7.3 Equipotential bonding for information technology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.8 Coordination of the protective measures at various LPZ boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.8.1 Power supply installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.8.2 IT installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
7.9 Inspection and maintenance of the LEMP protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

8. Selection, installation and assembly of surge protective devices (SPDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

8.1 Power supply systems (within the scope of the lightning protection zones concept
according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
8.1.1 Technical characteristics of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
8.1.2 Use of SPDs in various systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
8.1.3 Use of SPDs in TN Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
8.1.4 Use of SPDs in TT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
8.1.5 Use of SPDs in IT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
8.1.6 Rating the lengths of the connecting leads for SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
8.1.7 Rating of the terminal cross-sections and the backup protection of surge protective devices . .201

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8.2 Information technology systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
8.2.1 Measuring and control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
8.2.2 Technical property management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
8.2.3 Generic cabling systems (EDP networks, TC installations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
8.2.4 Intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
8.2.5 Special features of the installation of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

9. Application proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

9.1 Surge protection for frequency converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
9.2 Lightning and surge protection for outdoor lighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
9.3 Lightning and surge protection for biogas plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
9.4 Lightning and surge protection retrofitting for sewage plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
9.5 Lightning and surge protection for cable networks and antennas for TV, sound signals
and interactive services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
9.6 Lightning and surge protection in modern agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
9.7 Lightning and surge protection for video surveillance systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
9.8 Surge protection for public address systems (PA systems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
9.9 Surge protection for hazard alert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
9.10 Lightning and surge protection for KNX systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
9.11 Surge protection for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
9.12 Surge protection for M-Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
9.13 Surge protection for PROFIBUS FMS, PROFIBUS DP, and PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
9.14 Surge protection for telecommunication accesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
9.15 Lightning and surge protection for intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
9.16 Lightning and surge protection of multi-megawatt wind turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
9.17 Surge protection for radio transmitter /receiver stations (mobile radio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
9.17.1 Power supply 230/400 V a.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
9.17.2 Fixed network connection (if existing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
9.17.3 Radio transmission technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
9.17.4 Lightning protection, earthing, equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
9.18 Lightning and surge protection for PV systems and solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
9.18.1 Lightning and surge protection for photovoltaic (PV) systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
9.18.2 Lightning and surge protection for solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

DEHN + SÖHNE Brochures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315

Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321

Answer Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

8 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Signs and symbols
Symbol* Description Symbol* Description Symbol* Description
Local equipotential bonding
PEN conductor Gas discharge tube (basic)
Surge arrester

Resistor, Lightning equipotential bonding

N conductor Lightning current arrester
Decoupling element (general)
Lightning equipotential bonding
PE conductor Transformer Lightning current arrester
Yellow/Line TYPE 1
Movable conductor, Local equipotential bonding
Zener diode, unipolar Surge arrester
e.g. expansion piece Yellow/Line TYPE 2 - 4
Expansion loop Lightning equipotential bonding
Capacitor Lightning current arrester
(at concrete joints) (SPD Type 1)
Isolating point / Local equipotential bonding
Adjustable resistor Surge arrester
Measuring point (SPD Type 2, SPD Type 3)

ϑ Thermistor, adjustable Interface Isolating spark gap

Socket (of a socket outlet Clamp

Varistor
or a plug-in connection) External lightning protection
Combined surge protective
Suppressordiode, bipolar Enclosure with terminals device for power supply
and IT systems
Surge arrester
Earth (general) Lightning protection zone
for hazardous/explosive areas

Signal lamp Explosive area Equipotential bonding bar

Semiconductor Lightning electromagnetic pulse LifeCheck arrester testing

Fuse (general) Switching electromagnetic pulse Inductor

* according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3): 2006 and EN 60617: 1997-08

The symbols of the Yellow/Line SPD Classes

Characteristic Symbol Legend

Discharge capacity of an SPD A Impulse D1 (10/350 μs), lightning impulse current ≥ 2.5 kA / line or ≥ 5 kA / total
(acc. to categories of IEC 61643-21) • exceeds the discharge capacity of B – D
B Impulse C2 (8/20 μs), increased impulse load ≥ 2.5 kA / line or ≥ 5 kA / total
• exceeds the discharge capacity of C – D
C Impulse C1 (8/20 μs), impulse load ≥ 0.25 kA / line or ≥ 0.5 kA / total
• exceeds the discharge capacity of D
D Load < C
Protective effect of an SPD M Test level required for the terminal device: 1 or higher
(limitation below the test levels L Test level required for the terminal device: 2 or higher
acc. to EN 61000-4-5)
K Test level required for the terminal device: 3 or higher
K Test level required for the terminal device: 4
Energy coordination k SPD has a decoupling impedance and is suitable for
(with another Yellow/Line arrester) coordination with an arrester labelled Q
Q SPD suitable for coordination with an arrester
having a decoupling impedance k

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 9

Abbreviations
a.c. Alternating Current MEBB Main Equipotential Bonding Bar
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line MOEB Meshed Operational Equipotential
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bonding
BA Building Automation MSC Mobile Switching Centre
BTS Base Transceiver Station NTBA Network Termination for ISDN Basic Rate
Access
CHP Combined Heat and Power Unit
NTPM Network Termination for Primary Rate
d.c. Direct Current
Multiplex Access
DDC Direct Digital Control
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange
DNO Distribution Network Operator
PE Protective Conductor
EB Equipotential Bonding
PEB Protective Equipotential Bonding
EBB Equipotential Bonding Bar
PEN Protective and Neutral Conductor
EDP Electronic Data Processing
PEX Polymerised Polyethylene
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
PSU Power Supply Unit
ERP Earthing Reference Point
PV Photovoltaic
FEM Finite Elements Method
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
GDT Gas Discharge Tube
RBS Radio Base Station
GDV Gesamtverband der Deutschen Ver-
sicherungswirtschaft e.V. RCD Residual Current Protective Device
(German Insurance Association) SAK Shield Terminal (Schirmanschlussklemme)
GPS Global Positioning System SD Sub-Distribution
GRP Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic SDB Sub-Distribution Board
HVI High Voltage Resistant Insulating Down SEB Service Entrance Box
Conductor SEMP Switching Electromagnetic Pulse
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network SLK Protective Conductor Terminal
IT Information Technology (Schutzleiterklemme)
KNX Open standard for home and building SPC Stored Program Control
control SPD Surge Protective Device
LEMP Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse TC Telecommunication
LPC Lightning Protection Components
TEI Terminal Equipment Interface
LPL Lightning Protection Level
TOV Temporary Overvoltage
LPMS LEMP Protection Measures System
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
LPS Lightning Protection System
VDN Association of German Network
LPZ Lightning Protection Zone Operators
l.v. Low Voltage VdS VdS Schadenverhütung GmbH
MDB Main Distribution Board (VdS Loss Prevention)
MEB Main Equipotential Bonding Bar WT Wind Turbine

10 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

1. State of the art for the installation of lightning
protection systems
1.1 Installation standards plex protection system against lightning electro-
magnetic impulse (LEMP) in accordance with
At the beginning of 2006, the new IEC standards EN 62305-4.
on lightning protection, Parts 1 to 4 of the series
IEC 62305 were published. Almost at the same time IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3):
they became effective as new European Lightning Physical damage to structures and life hazard
Protection Standards EN 62305-1 to 4. This section deals with the protection of buildings
and structures and persons from material damage
The new standards of the series EN 62305 specify and life-threatening situations caused by the
the state of the art in the field of lightning protec- effect of lightning current or by dangerous spark-
tion on a uniform and up-to-date European basis. ing, especially in the event of direct lightning
The actual protection standards (EN 62305-3 and strikes. A lightning protection system comprising
-4) are preceded by two generally valid standard external lightning protection (air-termination sys-
parts (EN 62305-1 and -2) (Table 1.1.1). tem, down-conductor system and earth-termina-
tion system) and internal lightning protection
IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1): (lightning equipotential bonding and separation
General principles distance) serves as a protective measure. The light-
This section contains information about the risk ning protection system is defined by its class,
posed by lightning, lightning characteristics, and Class I being more effective than Class IV. The class
the parameters derived therefrom for the simula- required is determined with the help of a risk
tion of the effects of lightning. In addition, an analysis carried out in accordance with IEC 62305-2
overall view of the IEC 62305 (EN 62305) series of (EN 62305-2), unless otherwise laid down in regu-
standards is given. Procedures and protection prin- lations (e.g. building regulations).
ciples which form the basis of the following sec-
tions are explained. IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4):
Electrical and electronic systems within structures
IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2): This section deals with the protection of buildings
Risk management and structures with electrical and electronic sys-
Risk management in accordance with IEC 62305-2 tems against the effects of the lightning electro-
(EN 62305-2) uses risk analysis to first establish the magnetic impulse. Based on the protective meas-
necessity for lightning protection. The optimum ures according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3), this
protective measure from a technical and economic standard also takes into consideration the effects
point of view is then determined. Finally, the of electrical and magnetic fields, and induced volt-
remaining residual risk is ascertained. Starting ages and currents, caused by direct and indirect
with the unprotected state of the building, the lightning strikes. Importance and necessity of this
remaining risk is reduced and reduced until it is standard derives from the increasing use of diverse
below the tolerable risk. This method can be used electrical and electronic systems which are
both for a simple determination of the class of grouped together under the heading information
lightning protection system in accordance with IEC systems. For the protection of information systems,
62305-3 (EN 62305-3), and also to establish a com- the building or structure is divided up into light-
ning protection zones (LPZ).
Classification Title This allows local differences
IEC 62305-1: 2006-01 Protection against lightning in the number, type and
(EN 62305-1) Part 1: General principles sensitivity of the electrical
and electronic devices to be
IEC 62305-2: 2006-01 Protection against lightning
(EN 62305-2) Part 2: Risk management taken into consideration
when choosing the protec-
IEC 62305-3: 2006-01 Protection against lightning Part 3: Physical
tive measures. For each
(EN 62305-3) damage to structures and life hazard
lightning protection zone, a
IEC 62305-4: 2006-01 Protection against lightning Part 4: Electrical risk analysis in accordance
(EN 62305-4) and electronic systems within structures
with IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-
Table 1.1.1 Lightning protection standard valid since January 2006 2) is used to select those

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 11

protective measures which provide optimum pro- are continually changing. So, if standards are with-
tection at minimum cost. drawn and replaced with new standards or pre-
standards, then it is primarily the new standards
These standards can be applied to the design, which then correspond to the state of the art.
installation, inspection and maintenance of light- Contractors and those placing an order for work
ning protection systems for buildings and struc- regularly agree that the work must conform to the
tures, their installations, their contents and the general state of the art without the need to make
persons within. specific mention of this. If the work shows a nega-
tive deviation from this general state of the art, it
is faulty. This can result in a claim being made
1.2 Work contracts against the contractor for material defect liability.
The material defect liability only exists, however, if
A work contractor is fundamentally liable for the work was already faulty at the time of accept-
ensuring that his service is free of deficiencies. ance! Circumstances occurring subsequently – such
Compliance with the recognised engineering rules as a further development of the state of the art –
is the decisive starting point for work and service do not belatedly make the previously accepted,
free of deficiencies. Relevant national standards defect-free work faulty!
are used here in order to fill the factual character-
istic of the “recognised engineering rules” with For the question of the deficiency of work and
life. If the relevant standards are complied with, it service, the state of the recognised engineering
is presumed that the work and service is free from rules at the time of the acceptance is the sole
deficiencies. The practical significance of such a deciding factor.
prima facie evidence lies in the fact that a cus- Since, in future, only the new lightning protection
tomer who lodges a complaint of non-conform standards will be relevant at the time of comple-
service by the work contractor (for example for the tion and acceptance of lightning protection sys-
installation of a lightning protection system) has tems, they have to be installed in accordance with
basically little chance of success if the work con- these standards. It is not sufficient that the service
tractor can show that he complied with the rele- conformed to the engineering rules at the time it
vant technical standards. As far as this effect is con- was provided, if, between completion of a con-
cerned, standards and prestandards carry equal tract, service provision and acceptance of the con-
weight. The effect of the presumption of technical struction work, the technical knowledge and
standards is removed, however, if either the stan- hence the engineering rules have changed.
dards are withdrawn , or it is proven that the actu- Hence works which have been previously installed
al standards no longer represent the state of the and already accepted under the old standards do
art. Standards cannot statically lay down the state not become defective because, as a result of the
of the recognised engineering rules in tablets of updating of the standards, a “higher technical
stone, as technical requirements and possibilities standard” is demanded.

Definition acc. Definition acc.

to IEC 61643 to EN 61643
SPDs which withstand the partial lightning current with a typical waveform SPD class I SPD Type 1
10/350 μs require a corresponding impulse test current Iimp
The suitable test current Iimp is defined in the Class I test procedure of IEC 61643-1
SPDs which withstand induced surge currents with a typical waveform SPD class II SPD Type 2
8/20 μs require a corresponding impulse test current In
The suitable test current In is defined in the Class II test procedure of IEC 61643-1

SPDs that withstand induced surge currents with a typical waveform SPD class III SPD Type 3
8/20 μs and require a corresponding impulse test current Isc
The suitable combination wave test is defined in the Class III test procedure of IEC 61643-1

Table 1.1.2 Equivalents for SPD classifications (In the following the Lightning Protection Guide uses the designation SPD Type 1, SPD Type 2,
SPD Type 3)

12 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

With the exception of lightning protection systems EN 50164-2:
for nuclear facilities, lightning protection systems Requirements for conductors and earth electrodes
have only to conform to the state of the art at the This standard specifies the requirements on con-
time they are installed, i.e. they do not have to be ductors, air-termination rods, lead-in components
updated to the latest state of the art. Existing sys- and earthing electrodes.
tems are inspected in the course of maintenance
tests according to the standards in force at the EN 61643-11:
time they were installed. Surge protective devices connected to low voltage
systems
Since 1 December 2002, the requirements on, and
inspections of, surge protective devices in low volt-
age systems have been governed by EN 61643-11.
1.3 Product standards This product standard is the result of international
Materials, components and units for lightning pro- standardisation as part of IEC and CENELEC.
tection systems must be designed and tested for
the electrical, mechanical and chemical stresses EN 61643-21: Surge protective devices connected
which have to be expected during their use. This to telecommunications and signalling networks
affects both the components of the external light- This standard describes the performance require-
ning protection as well as units of the internal ments and testing methods for surge protective
lightning protection system. devices used for the protection of telecommunica-
tions and signal processing networks including e.g.
⇒ data networks,
EN 50164-1: ⇒ voice transmission networks,
Requirements for connection components
⇒ alarm systems,
This standard describes inspection and test proce-
⇒ automation systems.
dures for metal connecting units. Units falling
within the scope of this standard are:
CLC/TS 61643-22 (IEC 61643-22:2004, modified):
⇒ Clamps 2006-04; Low-voltage surge protective devices,
Part 22:
⇒ Connectors
Surge protective devices connected to telecommu-
⇒ Terminal components nications and signalling networks - Selection and
application principles
⇒ Bridging components
EN 61663-1
⇒ Expansion pieces
Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines -
⇒ Measuring points Fibre optic installations

EN 61663-2
Our clamps and connectors meet the requirements Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines -
of this standard. Lines using metallic conductors

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 13

2. Characteristics of lightning current
2.1 Lightning discharge and sequence Electrostatic charge separation processes, e.g. fric-
tion and sputtering, are responsible for charging
of lightning current water droplets and particles of ice in the cloud.
Every year, an average of around 1.5 million light- Positively charged particles accumulate in the
ning strikes discharge over Germany. For an area upper part, and negatively charged particles in the
of 357,042 km2 this corresponds to an average lower part of the thundercloud. In addition, there
flash density of 4.2 lightning discharges per square is again a small positive charge centre at the bot-
kilometre per year. The actual lightning density, tom of the cloud. This originates from the corona
however, depends to a large extent on geographic discharge which emanates from sharp-pointed
conditions. An initial overview can be obtained objects on the ground underneath the thunder-
from the lightning density map contained in Fig- cloud (e.g. plants), and is transported upwards by
ure 3.2.3.1. The higher the resolution of the light- the wind.
ning density map, the more accurate the informa-
tion it provides about the actual lightning fre- If the space charge densities, which happen to be
quency in the area under consideration. present in a thundercloud, produce local field
Using the BLIDS Blitzinformationsdienst von strengths of several 100 kV/m, leader discharges
Siemens (lightning information service by (leaders) are formed which initiate a lightning dis-
Siemens), it is now possible to locate lightning to charge. Cloud-to-cloud flashes result in charge
within 200 m in Germany. For this purpose, eight- neutralisation between positive and negative
een measuring outposts are spread throughout cloud charge centres, and do not directly strike
the country. They are synchronised by means of objects on the ground in the process. The lightning
the highly accurate time signal of the global posi- electromagnetic impulses (LEMP) they radiate
tioning system (GPS). The measuring posts record must be taken into consideration, however,
the time the electromagnetic wave produced by because they endanger electrical and electronic
the lightning discharge arrives at the receiver. systems.
From the differences in the times of arrival of the
electromagnetic wave recorded by the various
receivers, and the corresponding differences in the
times it takes the electromagnetic wave to travel
from the location of the lightning discharge to the
receivers, the point of strike is calculated. The data
determined in this way are filed centrally and
made available to the user in form of various pack-
ages. Further information about this service can be
obtained from www.blids.de.
Thunderstorms come into existence when warm
air masses containing sufficient moisture are trans-
ported to great altitudes. This transport can occur
in a number of ways. In the case of heat thunder-
storms, the ground is heated up locally by intense
insolation. The layers of air near the ground heat
up and rise. For frontal thunderstorms, the inva-
sion of a cold air front causes cooler air to be
pushed below the warm air, forcing it to rise. Oro-
graphic thunderstorms are caused when warm air
near the ground is lifted up as it crosses rising
ground. Additional physical effects further
increase the vertical upsurge of the air masses. This
forms updraught channels with vertical speeds of
up to 100 km/h, which create towering cumu-
lonimbus clouds with typical heights of 5 – 12 km
and diameters of 5 – 10 km. Fig. 2.1.1 Downward flash (cloud-to-earth flash)

14 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 leader leader

Fig. 2.1.2 Discharge mechanism of a negative downward flash Fig. 2.1.3 Discharge mechanism of a positive downward flash
(cloud-to-earth flash) (cloud-to-earth flash)

Lightning flashes to earth lead to a neutralisation tric strength of the air. These objects involved
of charge between the cloud charges and the elec- reach out to the leader by growing positive
trostatic charges on the ground. We distinguish streamers which then meet up with the leader, ini-
between two types of lightning flashes to earth: tiating the main discharge.
Positive flashes to earth can arise out of the lower,
⇒ Downward flash (cloud-to-earth flash)
positively charged area of a thundercloud (Figure
⇒ Upward flash (earth-to-cloud flash) 2.1.3). The ratio of the polarities is around 90 %
negative lightning to 10 % positive lightning. This
In the case of downward flashes, leader discharges ratio depends on the geographic location.
pointing towards the ground guide the lightning On very high, exposed objects (e.g. radio masts,
discharge from the cloud to the earth. Such dis- telecommunication towers, steeples) or on the
charges usually occur in flat terrain and near low tops of mountains, upward flashes (earth-to-cloud
buildings and structures. Downward flashes can be
recognised by the branching (Figure 2.1.1) which is
directed earthwards. The most common type of
lightning is negative lightning flashes to earth,
where a leader filled with negative cloud charge
pushes its way from the thunder cloud to earth
(Figure 2.1.2). This leader propagates in a series of
jerks with a speed of around 300 km/h in steps of a
few 10 m. The interval between the jerks amounts
to a few 10 μs. When the leader has drawn close to
the earth, (a few 100 m to a few 10 m), it causes
the strength of the electric field of objects on the
surface of the earth in the vicinity of the leader
(e.g. trees, gable ends of buildings) to increase.
The increase is great enough to exceed the dielec- Fig. 2.1.4 Upward flash (earth-to-cloud flash)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 15

 leader leader

Fig. 2.1.5 Discharge mechanism of a negative upward flash (earth- Fig. 2.1.6 Discharge mechanism of a positive upward flash (earth-
to-cloud flash) to-cloud flash)

flashes) can occur. It can be recognised by the distinctive features of partial lightning strikes are
upwards-reaching branches of the lightning dis- their polarity (negative or positive), and their tem-
charge (Figure 2.1.4). In the case of upward poral position in the lightning discharge (first, sub-
flashes, the high electric field strength required to sequent or superimposed partial strikes of light-
trigger a leader is not achieved in the cloud, but ning). The possible combinations of partial light-
rather by the distortion of the electric field on the ning strikes are shown in Figure 2.1.7 for down-
exposed object, and the associated high strength ward flashes, and Figure 2.1.8 for upward flashes.
of the electric field. From this location, the leader The lightning currents consisting of both impulse
and its charge channel propagate towards the currents and continuing currents are load-inde-
cloud. Upward flashes occur with both negative pendent currents, i.e. the objects struck exert no
polarity (Figure 2.1.5) and also with positive pola- effect on the lightning currents. Four parameters
rity (Figure 2.1.6). Since, with upward flashes, the important for lightning protection technology can
leaders propagate from the exposed object on the be obtained from the lightning current profiles
surface of the earth to the cloud, high objects can shown in Figure 2.1.7 and 2.1.8:
be struck several times by one lightning discharge ⇒ The peak value of lightning current I
during a thunderstorm.
⇒ The charge of the lightning current Qflash, com-
Objects struck by lightning are subject to higher
prising the charge of the short strike Qshort and
stress by downward flashes (cloud-to-earth
the charge of the long strike Qlong
flashes) than by upward flashes (earth-to-cloud
flashes). The parameters of downward flashes are ⇒ The specific energy W/R of the lightning cur-
therefore taken as the basis when designing light- rent
ning protection measures. ⇒ The steepness di/dt of the lightning current.
Depending on the type of lightning flash, each
lightning discharge consists of one or more partial The following chapters show which of the individ-
strikes of lightning. We distinguish between short ual efficiency parameters are responsible for which
strikes with less than 2 ms duration and long effects, and how they influence the dimensioning
strikes with a duration of more than 2 ms. Further of lightning protection systems.

16 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 ±I ±I

first impulse current

long-time current

positive or negative t positive or negative t

−I −I

sequential impulse currents

negative t negative t

Fig. 2.1.7 Possible components of downward flashes

±I superimposed ±I
short strokes
short stroke

long stroke
first long stroke

positive or negative t positive or negative t

−I −I

subsequent
short strokes

negative t negative t

±I

single long
stroke

positive or negative t

Fig. 2.1.8 Possible components of upward flashes

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 17

2.2 Peak value of lightning current If a current is formed at a single point on a homo-
geneously conducting surface, the well-known
Lightning currents are load-independent currents, potential gradient area arises. This effect also
i.e. a lightning discharge can be considered an occurs when lightning strikes homogeneous
almost ideal current source. If a load-independent ground (Figure 2.2.1). If living beings (people or
active electric current flows through conductive animals) are inside this potential gradient area, a
components, the amplitude of the current, and the step voltage is formed which can cause a shock cur-
impedance of the conductive component the cur- rent to flow through the body (Figure 2.2.2). The
rent flows through, help to regulate the potential higher the conductivity of the ground, the flatter
drop across the component flown through by the the shape of the potential gradient area. The risk
current. In the simplest case, this relationship can of dangerous step voltages is thus also reduced.
be described using Ohm´s Law. If lightning strikes a building which is already
equipped with a lightning protection system, the
U=I ⋅ R lightning current flowing away via the earth-ter-
mination system of the building gives rise to a
potential drop across the earthing resistance RE of
the earth-termination system of the building (Fig-
ϕ potential ure 2.2.3). As long as all conductive objects in the
ϕ building, which persons can come into contact
r distance from with, are raised to the same high potential, per-
point of strike
sons in the building cannot be exposed to danger.
This is why it is necessary for all conductive parts in
the building with which persons can come into
contact, and all external conductive parts entering

air-termination
system
Î
down-conductor
r system

Fig. 2.2.1 Potential distribution of a lightning strike into homoge-

nous soil

Û
earth-termination system remote earth
with earth resistance RE

lightning current
current

time

Fig. 2.2.3 Potential rise of the earth-termination system of a build-

Fig. 2.2.2 Animals killed by shock current due to hazardous step ing compared to the remote earth due to the peak value
voltage of the lightning current

18 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 building Î / T1 down conductor

substation I = 100 kA 1 Loop in the down con-

1 ductor with potential
3 flashover distance s1

s1
PEN
2 Loop in the down con-

s3
L1
L2
L3
s2 ductor and installation
2 cable with potential
flashover distance s2
3 Installation loop with
potential flashover
distance s3

RB RE = 10 Ω UE 100 % lightning current

current
90 %

Î
10 %
1000 kV time
front time T1
UE

induced square-wave voltage

voltage

U
distance r
T1 time

Fig. 2.2.4 Threat to electrical installations by potential rise at the Fig. 2.3.1 Induced square-wave voltage in loops via the current
earth-termination system steepness Δi/Δt of the lightning current

the building, to have equipotential bonding. If this closed conductor loops located in the vicinity of
is disregarded, there is a risk of dangerous shock conductors through which lightning current is
hazard voltages if lightning strikes. flowing. Figure 2.3.1 shows possible configura-
The rise in potential of the earth-termination sys- tions of conductor loops in which lightning cur-
tem as a result of the lightning current also creates rents could induce voltages. The square wave volt-
a hazard for electrical installations (Figure 2.2.4). age U induced in a conductor loop during the
In the example shown, the operational earth of interval Δt is:
the low-voltage supply network is located outside
the potential gradient area caused by the light- U = M ⋅ Δi / Δt
ning current. If lightning strikes the building, the
potential of the operational earth RB is therefore
not identical to the earth potential of the con- M Mutual inductance of the loop
sumer system within the building. In the present Δi/Δt Steepness of lightning current
example, there is a difference of 1000 kV. This
endangers the insulation of the electrical system As already described, lightning discharges com-
and the equipment connected to it. prise a number of partial strikes of lightning. As far
as the temporal position is concerned, a distinction
is made between first and subsequent short strikes
within a lightning discharge. The main difference
2.3 Steepness of lightning current
between the two types of short strikes consists in
The steepness of lightning current Δi/Δt, which is the fact that, because the lightning channel has to
effective during the interval Δt, determines the be built, the gradient of the lightning current of
height of the electromagnetically induced volt- the first short strike is not as steep as that of the
ages. These voltages are induced in all open or subsequent short strike, which can use an existing,

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 19

 M2 (μH) smelt metal
10 Q
1
1
a = 10 m lightning

current
0.1 current
a=3m UA,K
0.01
a=1m Qshort = ∫idt
0.001 time
a = 0.1 m
0.1 · 10-3
a = 0.03 m a = 0.3 m
a = 0.01 m long stroke current
0.01 · 10-3
s (m)

current
0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30
Qlong = ∫idt

Example of calculation time

based on an installation loop (e.g. alarm system) tip of the down conductor

Δi Fig. 2.4.1 Energy deposited at the point of strike by the load of the
Δt lightning current
a 10 m

s 3m the shape of an electric arc along an insulated

U
path. The energy W deposited at the base of the
a

Δi 150 kA
Δt μs electric arc is given by the product of the charge Q
(high requirement) and the anode-/cathode voltage drop with values
a s in the micrometer range UA,K (Figure 2.4.1).

From the above diagram results: M2 ≈ 4.8 μH 1

The average value of UA,K is a few 10 V and
U = 4.8 · 150 = 720 kV depends on influences such as the height and
shape of the current:
Fig. 2.3.2 Example for calculation of induced square-wave voltages
in squared loops

fully conductive lightning channel. The steepness

W = Q ⋅ U A, K
of lightning current of the subsequent lightning
strike is therefore used to assess the highest
induced voltage in the conductor loops. Q Charge of lightning current
An example of how to assess the induced voltage
UA,K Anode/cathode voltage drop
in a conductor loop is shown in Figure 2.3.2.

Hence, the charge of the lightning current causes

the components of the lightning protection system
2.4 Charge of lightning current struck by lightning to melt down. The charge is
The charge Qflash of the lightning current is made also relevant for the stresses on isolating spark
up of the charge Qshort of the short strike and the gaps and protective spark gaps and by spark-gap
charge Qlong of the long strike. The charge based surge protective devices.
Recent examinations have shown that, as the elec-
Q = ∫ idt tric arc acts for a longer time, it is mainly the con-
tinuing charge Qlong of the continuing current
which is able to melt or vaporise large volumes of
of the lightning current determines the energy materials. Figure 2.4.2 and 2.4.3 show a compari-
deposited at the precise striking point, and at all son of the effects of the short strike charge Qshort
points where the lightning current continues in and the long strike charge Qlong.

20 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 W / R = ∫ i 2 dt

The specific energy is therefore often called the

current square impulse. It is relevant for the tem-
perature rise in conductors through which a light-
ning impulse current is flowing, as well as for the
force exerted between conductors flown through
by a lightning impulse current (Figure 2.5.1).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Galvanised steel Copper For the energy W deposited in a conductor with
100 kA (10/350 μs) 100 kA (10/350 μs)
resistance R we have:
Fig. 2.4.2 Effect of an impulse current arc on a metal surface
W = R ⋅ ∫ i 2 dt = R ⋅ W / R

R (Temperature dependent) d.c. resistance of

the conductor
W/R Specific energy
10.00 mm
The calculation of the temperature rise of conduc-
10.00 mm tors through which a lightning impulse current is
Aluminium Copper flowing, can become necessary if the risks to per-
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 350 ms d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 180 ms sons, and the risks from fire and explosion, have to
be taken into account during the design and
installation of lightning protection systems. The
calculation assumes that all the thermal energy is
generated by the ohmic resistance of the compo-

10.00 mm 10.00 mm
Stainless steel Steel specific energy
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 90 ms d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 100 ms W/R

force on
10.00 mm parallel
Galvanised steel conductors
d = 0.5 mm; 200 A, 100 ms

Fig. 2.4.3 Plates perforated by the effects of long-time arcs specific

energy

2.5 Specific energy heating

lightning
current
The specific energy W/R of an impulse current is force
the energy deposited by the impulse current in a
time
resistance of 1 Ω. This energy deposition is the
integral of the square of the impulse current over Fig. 2.5.1 Heating and force effects by the specific energy of light-
the time for the duration of the impulse current: ning current

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 21

 Cross section d
4 10 16 25 50 100
[mm2] F

2.5 – 564 146 52 12 3

Aluminium
W/R [MJ/Ω] 5.6 – – 454 132 28 7
F I
10 – – – 283 52 12

2.5 – – 1120 211 37 9

Iron
W/R [MJ/Ω] 5.6 – – – 913 96 20
i i i i
Material

10 – – – – 211 37
Fig. 2.5.2 Electrodynamic effect between parallel conductors
2.5 – 169 56 22 5 1
Copper The force between the conductors is attractive if
W/R [MJ/Ω] 5.6 – 542 143 51 12 3 the two currents flow in the same direction, and
repulsive if the currents flow in opposite direc-
10 – – 309 98 22 5 tions. It is proportional to the product of the cur-
rents in the conductors, and inversely proportional
2.5 – – – 940 190 45
Stainless to the distance of the conductors. Even in the case
steel of a single, bent conductor, a force is exerted on
W/R [MJ/Ω] 5.6 – – – – 460 100
the conductor. Here, the force is proportional to
10 – – – – 940 190 the square of the current in the bent conductor.
The specific energy of the impulse current thus
Table 2.5.1 Temperature rise ΔT in K of different conductor mate- determines the load which causes a reversible or
rials irreversible deformation of components and arrays
of a lightning protection system. These effects are
nents of the lightning protection system. Further- taken into consideration in the test arrangements
more, it is assumed that, because of the brevity of of the product standards concerning the require-
the process, there is no perceptible heat exchange ments made on connecting components for light-
with the surrounding. Table 2.5.1 lists the tempera- ning protection systems.
ture rises of different materials used in lightning
protection, and their cross sections, as a function
of the specific energy.
2.6 Assignment of lightning current
The electrodynamic forces F generated by a cur- parameters to lightning protec-
rent i in a wire with a long, parallel section of tion levels
length I and a distance d (Figure 2.5.2) can be cal-
culated as an approximation using the following In order to define lightning as a source of interfer-
equation: ence, lightning protection levels I to IV are laid
down. Each lightning protection level requires a
set of
F (t ) = μ0 / 2π ⋅ i 2 (t ) ⋅ l / d ⇒ maximum values (dimensioning criteria used
to design lightning protection components to
F(t) Electrodynamic force meet the demands expected to be made of
them) and
i Current
⇒ minimum values (interception criteria neces-
μ0 Magnetic constant in air (4π ⋅ 10-7 H/m)
sary to be able to determine the areas with
l Length of conductor sufficient protection against direct lightning
d Distance between the parallel conductors strikes (radius of rolling sphere)).

22 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Maximum values Minimum values
(Dimensioning criteria) (Interception criteria)
Lightning Max. Probability of Lightning Min. Probability of Radius
protection lightning the actually protection lightning the actually of the
level current upcoming light- level current peak upcoming light- rolling
peak value ning current to value ning current to sphere
be less than the be higher than
max. lightning the min. light-
current peak ning current
value peak value

I 200 kA 99 % I 3 kA 99 % 20 m

II 150 kA 98 % II 5 kA 97 % 30 m

III 100 kA 97 % III 10 kA 91 % 45 m

IV 100 kA 97 % IV 16 kA 84 % 60 m

Table 2.6.1 Maximum values of lightning current parameters and Table 2.6.2 Minimum values of lightning current parameters and
their probabilities their probabilities

The Tables 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 show the assignment of

the lightning protection levels to maximum and
minimum values of the lightning current parame-
ters.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 23

3. Designing a lightning protection system
3.1 Necessity of a lightning protec- This means:
tion system – legal regulations “A lightning protection system must be built even
if only one of the requirements is met.“
The purpose of a lightning protection system is to
protect buildings from direct lightning strikes and A lightning strike can have particularly serious
possible fire, or from the consequences of the consequences for buildings and structures owing
load-independent active lightning current (non- to their location, type of construction or the use to
igniting flash of lightning). which they are put.
If national regulations, e.g. building regulations,
A nursery school, for example, is a building where
special regulations or special directives require
a lightning strike can have serious consequences
lightning protection measures, they must be
because of the use to which the building is put.
installed.
The interpretation to be put on this statement is
Unless these regulations contain specifications for
made clear in the following court judgement:
lightning protection measures, a lightning protec-
tion system (LPS) Class III meeting the require-
ments of IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) is recommend- Extract from the Bavarian Administrative Court,
ed as minimum. decision of 4 July 1984 – No. 2 B 84 A.624.
1. A nursery school is subject to the requirement
Otherwise, the need for protection and the choice to install effective lightning protection sys-
of appropriate protection measures, should be tems.
determined by risk management.
2. The legal requirements of the building regula-
The risk management is described in IEC 62305-2
tions for a minimum of fire-retardant doors
(EN 62305-2) (see subclause 3.2.1).
when designing staircases and exits also apply
to a residential building which houses a nurs-
Of course other additional corresponding national
ery school.
standards and legal requirements may be applica-
ble and have to be taken into account. In the fol-
lowing some examples of German directives, stan- For the following reasons:
dards and legal regulations. According to the Bavarian building regulations,
buildings and structures whose location, type of
In Germany further information on how to deter- construction or the use to which they are put,
mine the type of lightning protection systems for make them susceptible to lightning strikes, or
general buildings and structures can be found in where such a strike can have serious consequences,
the following directive of the VdS: must be equipped with permanently effective
lightning protection systems. This stipulates the
⇒ VdS-Richtlinie 2010 “Risikoorientierter Blitz-
requirement for effective protective devices in two
und Überspannungsschutz, Richtlinien zur
cases. In the first case, the buildings and structures
Schadenverhütung”. [engl.: “Risk orientated
are particularly susceptible to lightning strikes
lightning and surge protection, guideline for
(e.g. because of their height or location); in the
prevention of damage”]
other case, any lightning strike (e.g. because of the
type of construction or the use to which it is put)
For example, the building regulations of the State
can have particularly serious consequences. The
of Hamburg (HbauO § 17, Abs. 3) require a light-
plaintiff´s building falls within the latter category
ning protection system to be installed if lightning
because of its present use as a nursery school. A
can easily strike a building because of:
nursery school belongs to the group of buildings
⇒ its length, where a lightning strike can have serious conse-
⇒ its height or quences because of the use to which the building
is put. It is of no consequence that, in the annota-
⇒ the use to which it is put,
tions to the Bavarian building regulations, nursery
or if school are not expressly mentioned in the illustra-
⇒ it is expected that a lightning strike would tive list of buildings and structures which are par-
have serious consequences. ticularly at risk, alongside meeting places.

24 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

The risk of serious consequences if lightning strikes more than 200 visitors; in the case of schools,
a nursery school arises because, during the day, a museums and similar buildings, this regula-
large number of children under school age are tion only applies to the inspection of techni-
present at the same time. cal installations in assembly rooms which
individually can accommodate more than 200
The fact that the rooms where the children spend visitors, and their escape routes;
their time are on the ground floor, and that the 3. Sales areas whose sales rooms have more
children could escape to the outside through seve- than 2000 m2 of floor space;
ral windows – as put forward by the plaintiff – is
4. Shopping centres with several sales areas
not a deciding factor. In the event of fire, there is
which are connected to each other either
no guarantee that children of this age will react
directly or via escape routes, and whose sales
sensibly and leave the building via the windows if
rooms individually have less than 2000 m2 of
necessary. In addition, the installation of sufficient
floor space but having a total floor space of
lightning protection equipment is not too much to
more than 2000 m2;
expect of the operator of a nursery school. A fur-
ther section of the Bavarian building regulations 5. Exhibition spaces whose exhibition rooms
requires that, amongst other things, staircases individually or together have more than 2000
must have entrances to the cellar which have self- m2 of floor space;
closing doors which are, at least, fire-retardant. 6. Restaurants with seating for more than 400
The requirements do not apply to residential customers, or hotels with more than 60 beds
buildings with up to two flats. The respondent for guests;
only made the demand when the plaintiff convert-
7. High-rise buildings as defined in the Ham-
ed the building, which was previously residential,
burg building regulations (HbauO);
into a nursery school as well, in accordance with
the authorised change of use. The exemption pro- 8. Hospitals and other buildings and structures
vision cannot be applied to buildings which were having a similar purpose;
built as residential buildings with up to two flats, 9. Medium-sized and large-scale garages as
but which now (also) serve an additional purpose defined in the Hamburg regulations for
which justifies the application of the safety garages (Hamburgisches Gesetz- und Verord-
requirements. nungsblatt);
10. Buildings and structures
Serious consequences (panic) can also arise when
lightning strikes assembly rooms, schools, hospi- 10.1 with explosive materials, such as ammunition
tals. factories, depots for ammunition and explo-
For these reasons, it is necessary that all buildings sives,
and structures which are at risk of such events are 10.2 with factory premises which are at risk of
equipped with permanently effective lightning explosion, such as varnish and paint factories,
protection systems. chemical factories, larger depots of com-
bustible liquids and larger gas holders,
Lightning protection systems always required 10.3 particularly at risk of fire, such as
Buildings and structures where a lightning protec-
tion system must always be included because, in – larger woodworking factories,
these cases, the German law has affirmed the – buildings with thatched roofs, and
need, are – warehouses and production plants with a
1. Assembly places with stages or covered stage high fire load,
areas and assembly places for the showing of 10.4 for larger numbers of people such as
films, if the accompanying assembly rooms in
each case, either individually or together, can – schools,
accommodate more than 100 visitors; – homes for the elderly and children´s
2. Assembly places with assembly rooms which homes,
individually or together can accommodate – barracks,

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 25

 – correctional facilities IEC 62305-4: 2006-01
– and railway stations, EN 62305-4: 2006-02
10.5 with cultural assets, such as Lightning protection – Part 4: Electrical and elec-
tronic systems within structures
– buildings of historic interest,
– museums and archives,
DIN 48805 ... 48828
10.6 towering above their surroundings, such as Components for external lightning protection
– high chimneys, This series of standards specifies dimensions and
– towers material thicknesses.
– high buildings. It is being replaced step by step by the following
standard.
The following list provides an overview of the rel-
evant “General Provisions” in Germany which deal EN 50164-1: 1999-09
with the issue of requirement, design and inspec- Lightning protection components (LPC)
tion of lightning protection systems. Part 1: Requirements for connection components
Defines the requirements which metal connection
General international and national (German) pro-
components such as connectors, terminals and
visions:
bridging components, expansion pieces and meas-
uring points for lightning protection systems have
DIN 18384: 2000-12 to meet.
Contract procedure for building works
Part C: General technical specifications for building
works; Lightning protection systems EN 50164-2: 2002-08
Lightning protection components (LPC)
Lightning protection systems: Part 2: Requirements for conductors and earth
electrodes
Standardleistungsbuch für das Bauwesen (StLB) This standard describes, for example, dimensions
Leistungsbereich 050, Blitzschutz- und Erdungsan- and tolerances for metal conductors and earth
lagen (Translation: Standard services book for the electrodes as well as the test requirements to the
construction industry, Service sector 050, lightning electrical and mechanical values of the materials.
protection and earth-termination systems)
The purpose of this standard services book is to Special standards for earth–termination systems:
ensure conformity of the texts used in the service
descriptions, and also to facilitate data processing.
DIN 18014: 2007-09
The texts are used for public tenders by all building
authorities, and by federal, state and local govern- Foundation earth electrode – General planning cri-
ments. teria

IEC 62305-1: 2006-01 DIN VDE 0151: 1986-06

EN 62305-1: 2006-02 Material and minimum dimensions of earth elec-
Lightning protection – Part 1: General principles trodes with respect to corrosion
This VDE guideline applies to corrosion protection
IEC 62305-2: 2006-01 when installing and extending earth electrodes
EN 62305-2: 2006-02 and earthing-termination systems. It provides
Lightning protection – Part 2: Risk management information on how to avoid or reduce the risk of
corrosion to earth electrodes and with earth elec-
IEC 62305-3: 2006-01 trodes of other systems installed. Moreover, it pro-
EN 62305-3: 2006-02 vides information to assist in making the correct
Lightning protection – Part 3: Physical damage to choice of earth electrode materials, and also about
structures and life hazard special anticorrosion measures.

26 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

EN 50162: 2004-08 Devices for protection against overvoltages;
Protection against corrosion by stray current from Amendment A2
direct current systems This standard deals with the use of surge protec-
Among others this standard requires that for tive devices Type I, II and III in low-voltage con-
underground storage tanks being electrically sepa- sumer’s installations in accordance with the pro-
rated from the electrical installation in the house tection at indirect contact.
by insulating parts, the connection between the
tank and the lightning protection system must be IEC 60364-4-44: 2001 + A1: 2003, mod
effected via an isolating spark gap.
HD 60364-4-443: 2006
HD 637 S1: 1999-05 Erection of low voltage installations – Part 4: Pro-
Power installations exceeding 1 kV tection for safety; Chapter 44: Protection against
overvoltages; Section 443: Protection against over-
voltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching.
EN 50341-1: 2001-10
Overhead electrical lines exceeding a.c. 45 kV –
Part 1: General requirements; Common specifica- IEC 109/44/CD: 2005
tions; EN 60664-1: 2003-04
Special consideration also is given to the require- Isolation coordination for equipment within low-
ments of protection against lightning. voltage systems – Part 1: Principles, requirements
Reference is made to the risk of back flashover, and tests (IEC 60664-1: 1992 + A1: 2000 + A2: 2002)
and a relationship is established between the This standard defines the minimum insulation dis-
impulse earthing resistance of the mast or frame- tances, their selection and the rated impulse volt-
work earthing, the impulse withstand voltage of ages for overvoltage categories I to IV.
the insulation and the peak value of the lightning
current.
VDEW Directive: 2004-08
Furthermore attention is drawn to the fact that it
is more effective to install several individual earth (German Directive)
electrodes (meshed or star-type earth electrodes) Surge protective devices Type 1 – Use of surge pro-
than a single, very long earth rod or surface earth tective devices (SPD) Type 1 (previously Class B) in
electrode. the upstream area of the meter.
Describes the use and the installation of surge pro-
Special standards for internal lightning and surge tective devices Type 1 in the upstream area of the
protection, equipotential bonding: meter.

IEC 60364-4-41: 2005, mod Especially for electronic systems such as televi-
HD 60364-4-41: 2007 sion, radio, data systems technology (telecommu-
Erection of power installations – Part 4-41: Protec- nications systems):
tion against electric shock
IEC 60364-5-548: 1996
IEC 60364-5-54: 2002, mod
Electrical installations of buildings – Part 5: Selec-
HD 60364-5-54: 2007 tion and erection of electrical equipment – Section
Erection of low voltage installations – Part 5-54: 548: Earthing arrangements and equipotential
Selection and erection of electrical equipment – bonding for information technology installations.
earthing arrangements, protective conductors,
equipotential bonding.
IEC/DIS 64(CO)1153: 1981
IEC 60364-5-53/A2: 2001 MOD IEC 60364-4-41: 1982
IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001-01 Earthing and equipotential bonding
Erection of low voltage installations – Part 5: Selec- Part 2 summarises all requirements on the function
tion and erection of electrical equipment; Chapter of a telecommunications system with respect to
53: Switchgear and controlgear; Section 534: earthing and equipotential bonding.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 27

DIN VDE 0800-10: 1991-03 This standard must only be applied to the light-
(German standard) ning protection of telecommunication and signal
Transitional requirements on erection and opera- lines with metal conductors which are located out-
tion of installations side buildings (e.g. access networks of the landline
Part 10 contains requirements for the installation, providers, lines between buildings).
extension, modification and operation of telecom-
munications systems. Section 6 of this part lays Special installations:
down the requirements for surge protective meas-
ures. EN 1127-1: 1997-08
Explosive atmospheres – Explosion prevention and
IEC 61643-21: 2000-08 + Corrigendum: 2001 protection – Part 1: Basic concepts and method-
EN 61643-21: 2001-07 ology
Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 21: This standard is a guide on how to prevent explo-
Surge protective devices connected to telecommu- sions, and protect against the effects of explosions
nications and signalling networks; Performance by employing measures during the drafting and
requirements and testing methods. design of devices, protection systems and compo-
nents.
IEC 60728-11: 2005-01 Part 1 requires also protection against the effects
EN 60728-11: 2005-05 of a lightning strike which put the installations at
Cable networks for television signals, sound signals risk.
and interactive services – Part 11: Safety
Part 11 requires measures to protect against pr EN 1127-1: 2004-12
atmospheric discharges (earthing of the antenna Explosive atmospheres – Explosion prevention and
mounting, equipotential bonding). protection – Part 1: Basic concepts and method-
ology.
VDE 0855 Part 300: 2002-07
(German standard) IEC 60079-14: 2002
Transmitting / receiving systems for transmitter RF
EN 60079-14: 2003-08
output power up to 1 kW;
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmos-
Safety requirements
pheres – Part 14: Electrical installations in haz-
Section 12 of Part 300 describes the lightning and
ardous areas (other than mines)
surge protection and the earthing of antenna sys-
Section 6.5 draws attention to the fact that the
tems.
effects of lightning strikes must be taken into con-
sideration.
IEC 61663-1: 1999-07
Section 12.3 describes the detailed stipulations for
EN 61663-1: 1999-11
installations for the ex zone 0.
Lightning protection – Telecommunication lines,
Extremely extensive equipotential bonding is
Part 1: Fibre optic installations
required in all ex zones.
On this subject, the standard describes a method
for calculating the possible number of incidences
of damage for selecting the protective measures IEC 31J/120/CDV: 2006
which can be used, and gives the permissible fre- pr EN 60079-14: 2006-06
quency of incidences of damage. Only primary Explosive atmospheres – Part 14: Electrical installa-
faults (interruption of operations) and not second- tions design, selection and erection
ary faults (damage to the cable sheath (formation
of holes)), however, are considered. IEC 61241-17: 2005-01
EN 61241-17: 2005-05
IEC 61663-2: 2001-03 Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of com-
EN 61663-2: 2001-06 bustible dust – Part 17: Inspection and mainte-
Lightning protection – Telecommunication lines, nance of electrical installations in hazardous areas
Part 2: Lines using metallic conductors. with explosive atmospheres (other than mines)

28 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

VDE document series 65: “Elektrischer Explosions- 3.2 Assessment of the risk of dam-
schutz nach DIN VDE 0165“; VDE Verlag Berlin
[engl.: “Electrical explosion protection according
age and selection of protective
to DIN VDE 0165”], Annex 9: “PTB-Merkblatt für components
den Blitzschutz an eigensicheren Stromkreisen, die 3.2.1 Risk management
in Behälter mit brennbaren Flüssigkeiten einge-
führt sind“ [engl.: “PTB bulletin for protection of Risk management with foresight includes calculat-
intrinsically safe circuits installed in containers ing the risks for the company. It provides the basis
with flammable liquids against lightning”] on which decisions can be made in order to limit
these risks, and it makes clear which risks should be
covered by insurance. When considering the man-
agement of insurances, it should be borne in mind,
In Germany standards can be obtained from the however, that insurance is not always a suitable
following addresses: means of achieving certain aims (e.g. maintaining
the ability to deliver). The probabilities that cer-
VDE VERLAG GMBH
tain risks will occur cannot be changed by insur-
Bismarckstraße 33
ance.
10625 Berlin
Companies which manufacture or provide services
Germany
using extensive electronic installations (and nowa-
Phone: +49 30 34 80 01-0
days this applies to most companies), must also
Fax: +49 30 341 70 93
give special consideration to the risk presented by
eMail: vertrieb@vde-verlag.de
lightning strikes. It must be borne in mind that the
Internet: www.vde-verlag.de
damage caused by the non-availability of electron-
ic installations, production and services, and also
or
the loss of data, is often far greater than the dam-
age to the hardware of the installation affected.
Beuth-Verlag GmbH
In the case of lightning protection, innovative
Burggrafenstraße 4-10
thinking about damage risks is slowly gaining in
10787 Berlin
importance. The aim of risk analysis is to objectify
Germany
and quantify the risk to buildings and structures,
Phone: +49 30 2601-2240
and their contents, as a result of direct and indirect
Fax: +49 30 2601-1724
lightning strikes. This new way of thinking has
Internet: www.din.de/beuth
been embodied in the international standard
IEC 62305-2: 2006 or the European standard EN
62305-2: 2006.

The risk analysis presented in IEC 62305-2 (EN

62305-2) ensures that it is possible to draw up a
lightning protection concept which is understood
by all parties involved, and which meets optimum
technical and economic requirements, i.e. the ne-
cessary protection can be guaranteed with as little
expenditure as possible. The protective measures
which result from the risk analysis are then
described in detail in the later parts of the stan-
dard, in the new IEC 62305 (EN 62305) series.

3.2.2 Fundamentals of risk assessment

According to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2), risk R of
lightning damage can generally be found using
the relationship:

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 29

Fig. 3.2.3.1 Lightning density in Germany (average of 1999 – 2005)

30 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 ND Frequency of direct lightning strikes to the
R=N ⋅ P ⋅ L building or structure;
NM Frequency of close lightning strikes with elec-
N Number of hazardous events, i.e. frequency of tromagnetic effects;
lightning strikes in the area under considera-
tion (How many lightning strikes occur per NL Frequency of direct lightning strikes in utility
year in the area under consideration?); lines entering the building or structure;

P Probability of damage (What is the probability NI Frequency of lightning strikes adjacent to util-
that a lightning strike causes a quite specific ity lines entering the building or structure.
type of damage?);
The calculation of the frequencies of lightning
L Loss, i.e. the quantitative evaluation of the strikes is given in detail in Annex A of IEC 62305-2
damage (What are the effects, amount of loss, (EN 62305-2). For practical calculations it is re-
extent, and consequences of a very specific commendable to take the annual density of the
type of damage?). cloud-to-earth flashes Ng for the region under con-
sideration from Figure 3.2.3.1. If a finer grid is
The task of the risk assessment therefore involves used, the local values of the lightning densities can
the determination of the three parameters N, P still deviate noticeably from these averages.
and L for all relevant risk components. This Owing to the relatively short time of seven years
involves establishing and determining of many the map has been recorded, and to the large area
individual parameters. A comparison of the risk R averaging according to licence plate number
thus established with a tolerable risk RT then areas, the application of a safety factor of 25 % to
enables a statement to be made about the require- the values given in Figure 3.2.3.1 is recommended.
ments and the dimensioning of lightning protec-
tion measures. For the frequency of direct lightning strikes ND to
An exception is the consideration of the economic the building or structure we have:
losses. For this kind of damage the protective
measures have to be justified strictly by the eco-
nomical point of view. There is no tolerable risk RT, N D = N g ⋅ Ad ⋅ Cd ⋅ 10 -6
but rather a cost-benefit analysis. An exception is
the consideration of the economic losses. For this Ad is the equivalent interception area of the isolat-
kind of damage the protective measures have to ed building or structure (Figure 3.2.3.2), Cd a site
be justified strictly by the economical point of factor so that the influence of the surroundings
view. There is no tolerable risk RT, but rather a (built-up, terrain, trees, etc.) can be taken into
cost-benefit analysis. account (Table 3.2.3.1).

Similarly, the frequency of close lightning strikes

3.2.3 Frequency of lightning strikes NM can be calculated:
We distinguish between the following frequencies
of lightning strikes which can be relevant for a
building or structure:
N M = N g ⋅ Am ⋅ 10 -6

Relative site of the building or structure Cd

Object is surrounded by higher objects or trees 0.25

Object is surrounded by objects or trees of the same or lower height 0.5
Free-standing object: no further objects near by (within a distance of 3H) 1
Free-standing object on top of a moutain or a rounded hilltop 2
Table 3.2.3.1 Site factor Cd

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 31

 1:3
H Am
250 m
Ai
3Hb 2 . Di
Ad
3Ha
Aa
3H

Hb Al Ha

La
L
end of con- end of con-
W

ductor“b” ductor“a” Wa
W

L
Lc

Fig. 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception area Ad Fig. 3.2.3.3 Equivalent interception areas Ad , Al , Aa for direct lightning strikes into structures/
for direct lightning strikes into a supply lines and Am , Ai for indirect lightning strikes near the structures/supply lines
stand-alone structure

Am is arrived at by drawing a line at a distance of protective devices are installed, up to a maxi-

250 m around the building or structure (Figure mum length of 1000 m;
3.2.3.3). The equivalent interception area Ad Cd of
H Height (m) of the building or structure;
the building or structure estimated using the envi-
ronmental coefficients is then subtracted from the Hb Height (m) of the building or structure;
area thus enclosed. Lightning strikes on the area
Ha Height (m) of the neighbouring building or
Am lead exclusively to magnetically induced surges
structure connected via the line.
in installation loops in the interior of the building
or structure.
If, within the area Al there is a medium voltage
The frequency of direct lightning strikes in a utility line rather than a low voltage one, then a trans-
line entering a building or structure NL is: former reduces the intensity of the surges at the
entrance to the building or structure. In such cases,
this is taken into account by the correction factor
N L = N g ⋅ Al ⋅ Ce ⋅ Ct ⋅ 10 -6 Ct = 0.2. The correction factor Ce (environment fac-
tor) is ultimately a function of the building density
The area Al (Figure 3.2.3.3) is a function of the type
(Table 3.2.3.3).
of line (overhead line, cable), the length LC of the
line; in the case of cables, it is a function of the The frequency NL must be determined individually
earth resistivity ρ; and for overhead lines it is for each utility line entering the building or struc-
a function of height HC of the line above ground ture. In the building or structure under considera-
level (Table 3.2.3.2). If the length of the line is not tion, lightning strikes within the area Al lead, as a
known, or if it is very time-consuming to ascertain rule, to a high energy discharge which can gener-
it, then, as a worst-case scenario, a value of ate a fire, an explosion, a mechanical or chemical
LC = 1000 m can be set. reaction. The frequency NL therefore, does not
comprise pure surges which result in faults or dam-
HC Height (m) of the line above ground level;
age to the electrical and electronic systems, but
ρ Earth resistivity (Ωm) in, or on, which the line is mechanical and thermal effects which arise when
laid, up to a maximum value of ρ = 500 Ωm; lightning strikes.
LC Length (m) of the line, measured from the Surges to utility lines entering the building or
building or structure to the first distribution structure are described by the frequency of light-
junction, or to the first location where surge ning strikes next to such a utility line NI:

32 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Overhead line Underground cable

Al ⎡⎣ LC − 3 ⋅ ( H a + H b )⎤⎦ ⋅ 6 ⋅ H C ⎡⎣ LC − 3 ⋅ ( H a + H b )⎤⎦ ⋅ ρ

Ai 1000 ⋅ LC 25 ⋅ LC ⋅ ρ

Table 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception areas Al and Ai in m2

Environment Ce

Urban with high buildings or structures (higher than 20 m) 0

Urban (buildings or structures of heights between 10 m and 20 m) 0.1
Suburban (buildings or structures not higher than 10 m) 0.5
Rural 1
Table 3.2.3.3 Environment factor Ce

PA Electric shock suffered by living beings as a

N l = N g ⋅ Ai ⋅ Ct ⋅ Ce ⋅ 10 −6 result of a direct lightning strike to the build-
ing or structure;

The area Ai (Figure 3.2.3.3) is again a function of PB Fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical reac-
the type of line (overhead line, underground tions as a result of a direct lightning strike to
cable), the length LC of the line; in the case of the building or structure;
cables, it is a function of the earth resistivity ρ; and PC Failure of electrical / electronic systems as a
for overhead lines it is a function of the height HC result of a direct lightning strike to the build-
of the line above ground level (Table 3.2.3.3). The ing or structure; PC = PSPD
same worst-case scenario applies. The area Ai is PM Failure of electrical / electronic systems as a
usually significantly larger than Al. This makes result of a lightning strike to the ground next
allowance for the fact that surges resulting in to the building or structure;
faults or damage to electrical and electronic sys-
tems can also be caused by lightning strikes further PU Electric shock suffered by living beings as a
away from the line. result of a direct lightning strike to the utility
lines entering the building or structure;
The correction factors Ct und Ce correspond to
those already stated above. The frequency Nl must PV Fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical reac-
then also be determined individually for each util- tions as a result of a direct lightning strike to a
ity line entering the building or structure. utility line entering the building or structure;
PW Failure of electrical / electronic systems as a
result of a direct lightning strike to a utility
line entering the building or structure;
3.2.4 Probabilities of damage PZ Failure of electrical / electronic systems as a
The damage probability parameter gives the prob- result of a lightning strike to the ground next
ability that a supposed lightning strike will cause a to a utility line entering the building or struc-
quite specific type of damage. It is therefore ture.
assumed that there is a lightning strike on the re-
levant area; the value of the damage probability This damage probabilities are presented in detail
can then have a maximum value of 1. We differen- in Annex B of IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2). They can
tiate between the following eight damage proba- be taken either directly from tables or they are the
bilities: resulting function of a combination of further

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 33

 Characteristics of building or structure Class of lightning PB
protection system (LPS)

Building or structure is not protected by LPS – 1

Building or structure is protected by LPS IV 0.2

III 0.1

II 0.05

I 0.02
Building or structure with air-termination system according to class of LPS and a 0.01
metal facade or a concrete reinforcement as natural down conductor system
Building or structure with metal roof or with air-termination system, preferably 0.001
including natural components, which protect all roof superstructues entirely against
direct lightning strikes, and a metal facade or concrete reinforcement a natural
down conductor system.

Table 3.2.4.1 Damage factor PB to describe the protective measures against physical damage

Lightning protection level (LPL) Damage factor PSPD

No coordinated surge protection 1

III – IV 0.03

II 0.02

I 0.01
Surge protective devices (SPD) having a protective characteristic better than for 0.005 – 0.001
LPL I (higher lightning current carrying capability, lower protection level, etc.)
Table 3.2.4.2 Damage factor PSPD to describe the protective measures surge protective devices as a function of the lightning protection level

influence factors. There is no more subdivision into L1 Loss of human life (injury to, or death of, per-
simple (basic) probabilities and reduction factors. sons);
Some reduction factors now rather have been
assigned to the Annex C, i.e. to the losses, for L2 Loss of services for the public;
example PB and PC representing damage factors. L3 Loss of irreplaceable cultural assets;
Both parameter values are presented in Tables
3.2.4.1 and 3.2.4.2. Attention still is drawn to the L4 Economic losses.
fact that also other, deviating values are possible,
The types of loss stated can arise as a result of the
if based on detailed examinations or estimations.
different sources of damage: The sources of dam-
age thus literally represent the “cause” in a causal
relationship, the type of loss the “effect” (see
3.2.5 Types of loss and sources of damage Table 3.2.5.1). The possible sources of damage for
Depending on the construction, use and substance one type of loss can be manifold. It is therefore
of the building or structure, the relevant types of necessary to first define the relevant types of dam-
damage can be very different. IEC 62305-2 (EN age for a building or structure. It is then subse-
62305-2) recognises the following four types of quently possible to stipulate the sources of dam-
damage: age to be determined.

34 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Building or structure
Point of Strike Example Source Type Type
of damage of damage of loss
Building or structure S1 D1 L1, L4b
D2 L1, L2, L3, L4
D3 L1a, L2, L4

Earth next to the S2 D3 L1a, L2, L4

structure

Entering supply line S3 D1 L1, L4b

D2 L1, L2, L3, L4
D3 L1a, L2, L4

Earth next to the S4 D3 L1a, L2, L4

entering supply line

a For hospitals and buildings or structures with hazard of explosion

b For agricultural properties (loss of animals)

Source of damage in relation to the point of strike

S1 Direct lightning strike to the building or structure;
S2 Lightning strike to the earth near the building or structure;
S3 Direct lightning strike to the entering supply line;
S4 Lightning strike to the earth close to the entering supply line.
Type of damage
D1 Electric shock to living beings as a result of contact and step voltage;
D2 Fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical reactions as a result of the physical effects of the lightning discharge;
D3 Failure of electrical and electronic sytems as a result of surges.
Type of loss
L1 Injury to, or death of, persons;
L2 Loss of services for the public;
L3 Loss of irreplaceable cultural assets;
L4 Economic losses.

Table 3.2.5.1 Sources of damage, types of damage and types of loss according to the point of strike

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 35

3.2.6 Loss factor h Factor increasing the relative value of a loss, if
If a particular type of damage has occurred in a there is special hazard (e.g. as a result of pan-
building or structure, then the effect of this dam- ic, potential endangering of the environment
age must be assessed. It is possible, for example, by the building or structure).
for a fault or damage to a DP system (L4 type of
loss: economic losses) to have very different conse- Although shifted from IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2)
quences. If no data appertaining to the business is Annex B (damage factors) to Annex C now, the
lost, then the claim will only be for the damage to parameter values, however, remained almost
the hardware to the value of a few thousand Euro. unchanged.
If, however, the complete business of a company is
dependent on the permanent availability of the
DP system (call centre, bank, automation engineer-
ing) then, in addition to the hardware damage, 3.2.7 Relevant risk components for different
there is also disproportionately high consequential lightning strikes
damage as a result of customer dissatisfaction, cus- There is close correlation between the cause of the
tomers going to other suppliers, overlooked busi- damage, the type of damage and the resulting rel-
ness processes, loss of production, etc. evant risk components. Initially, it serves to repre-
The effects of the damage are assessed using the sent the dependence on the point of strike of the
loss factor L. lightning discharge, and the risk components
which are derived from this.
Basically divided up into the following: If lightning directly strikes a building or structure,
Lt Loss by injury as a result of contact and step the following risk components arise (Table 3.2.7.1):
voltages; RA Risk component for electric shocks to living
Lf Loss as a result of physical damage; beings as a result of direct lightning strikes;
Lo Loss as a result of failure of electrical and elec- RB Risk component for physical damage as a
tronic systems. result of direct lightning strikes;
RC Risk of malfunctioning of electrical and elec-
Depending on the relevant type of damage, this tronic systems as a result of surges caused by
enables the extent of the damage, its value or the direct lightning strikes.
consequences to be assessed. Annex C of IEC
62305-2 (EN 62305-2) gives the fundamentals of
the calculation of the loss of the four types of dam- If lightning strikes the earth near a building or
age. It is frequently the case, however, that it is structure, or neighbouring buildings, the follow-
extremely time-consuming to apply the equations. ing risk component is created:
For usual cases, the aforementioned Annex C RM Risk of malfunctioning of electrical and elec-
therefore also provides suggestions for typical val- tronic systems as a result of surges caused by
ues for the damage factor L, depending on the direct lightning strikes to the ground next to
underlying causes of the damage. the building or structure.

In addition to the actual loss factors Annex C also If lightning directly strikes utility lines entering a
outlines three reduction factors rx and an increas- building or structure, the following risk compo-
ing factor h: nents arise:
ra Reduction factor for effects of step and con- RU Risk components for electric shocks to living
tact voltages depending on the kind of ground beings in the event of direct lightning strikes
or floor; to utility lines entering the building or struc-
r Reduction factor for measures to mitigate the ture;
consequences of fire; RV Risk components for physical damage in the
rf Reduction factor to describe the risk of fire to event of direct lightning strikes to utility lines
a building or structure; entering the building or structure;

36 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Source of Lightning strike (with regard to the structure)
damage Direct Indirect
S1 S2 S3 S4
Direct lightning Lightning strike Direct lightning Lightning strike
strike into the into the earth strike into the into the earth
Type of structure next to the entering supply next to the ente-
damage structure line ring supply line
D1
RU = (NL + NDA) .
Electric shock to RA = ND . PA . ra . Lt Rs = RA + RU
PU . ra . Lt
living beings
D2
Fire, explosions, RB = ND . PB . r . h . RV = (NL + NDA) .
Rf = RB + RV
mechanical and rf . Lf PV . r . h . rf . Lf
chemical effects
D3
Interferences on RC = ND . PC . Lo RM = NM . PM . Lo RW = (NL + NDA) . RZ = (NI – NL) . Ro = RC + RM
electrical and PW . Lo PZ . Lo
+ RW + RZ
electronic systems
Rd = RA + RB + RC Ri = RM + RU + RV + RW + RZ
Table 3.2.7.1 In addition to the risk components RU , RV and RW , there is the frequency of direct lightning strikes into the supply line NL and
the frequency of direct lightning strikes into the connected building or structure NDA (compare Figure 3.2.3.3). In case of the risk
component RZ , however, the frequency of lightning strikes next to the supply line Nl has to be reduced by the frequency of direct
lightning strikes into the supply line NL.

RW Risk of failure of electrical and electronic sys- ⇒ as a result of a direct lightning strike to the
tems as a result of surges caused by direct building or structure is:
lightning strikes to utility lines entering the
building or structure.
Rd = RA + RB + RC
If lightning eventually strikes the ground next to
the utility lines entering a building or structure, ⇒ as a result of an indirect lightning strike next
the following risk component is created: to the building or structure is:
RZ Risk of failure of electrical and electronic sys-
tems as a result of surges caused by direct
lightning strikes to the ground next to the util- Ri = RM + RU + RV + RW + RZ
ity lines entering the building or structure.
If, on the other hand, it is desired to investigate
the cause of the damage, then the risks can be
The eight risk components in total (which basically
combined as follows:
must be determined individually for each type of
damage) can now be combined according to two
different criteria: the point of strike of lightning ⇒ For electric shock to humans or animals as a
and the cause of the damage. result of contact and step voltages:
If the combination according to the point of strike
is of interest, i.e. the evaluation of Table 3.2.7.1
Rs = RA + RU
according to columns, then the risk

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 37

 Types of loss RT

L1 Loss of human life (injury to, or death of, persons) 10-5 /year
L2 Loss of services for the public 10-3 /year
L3 Loss of irreplaceable cultural asset 10-3 /year
Table 3.2.8.1 Typical values for the tolerable risk RT

⇒ For fire, explosion, mechanical and chemical ⇒ For failure of electrical and electronic systems
reaction, caused by mechanical and thermal due to surges:
effects of a lightning strike:

R f = RB + RV Ro = RC + RM + RW + RZ

Identify the building or structure to be protected

Identify the relevant types of damage

For the types of damage:

Identify and calculate the risk components
RA, RB, RC, RM, RU, RV, RW, RZ

No Building or structure
R > RT
Protected

Yes

Is LPS Yes Is LPMS Yes

installed installed
Calculate new
No
values of the risk
components
No No
R B > RT

Yes

Install Install Install

corresponding corresponding other
type of LPS LPMS protective measures

Fig. 3.2.9.1 Flow chart for selection of protective measures for the types of loss L1 ... L3

38 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

3.2.8 Tolerable risk of lightning damage sures against the lightning electromagnetic pulse
When making a decision on the choice of lightning (LEMP).
protection measures, one has to examine whether
the damage risk R determined for each relevant Proceeding according to Figure 3.2.9.1 makes it
type of damage exceeds a tolerable (i.e. a still possible to choose those protective measures
acceptable) value RT or not. This, however, is only which lead to a reduction in the risk components
applicable for the three types of loss L1 – L3, which which have relatively high values in each case, i.e.
are of so-called public interest. For a building or protective measures whose degrees of effective-
structure which is sufficiently protected against ness in the case under inspection are comparative-
the effects of lightning, then must hold: ly high.

R ≤ RT
3.2.10 Economic losses / Economic efficiency
of protective measures
R represents the sum over all risk components
The type of loss L4, economic losses, is relevant for
which are relevant for the respective type of loss
many buildings or structures. Here it is no longer
L1 – L3:
possible to work with a tolerable risk of damage
RT. One rather has to compare, whether the pro-
R = ∑ RV tective measures are justifiable from an economi-
cal point of view. Not an absolute parameter, such
as a specified tolerable risk of damage RT, is stan-
IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) provides acceptable max- dard of comparison, but a relative one: Different
imum values RT for these three types of loss (Table states of protection of the building or structure are
3.2.8.1). compared and the optimal solution, i.e. the cost of
damage as a result of lightning strikes remaining
as low as possible, will be realised. So several vari-
3.2.9 Choice of lightning protection mea- ants can and shall be examined.
sures
The measures for protection against lightning are The basic procedure is represented in Figure
intended to lead to the limiting of the damage risk 3.2.10.1, Figure 3.2.10.2 shows the corresponding
R to values below the tolerable risk of damage RT. flow chart from IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2). At the
Using a detailed calculation of the damage risks beginning this new method certainly will arouse
for the types of damage which are relevant to a new discussions among experts because it allows a
specific building or structure in each case, i.e. by (rough) estimation of costs even before the actual
dividing them into the individual risk components designing of lightning protection measures. Here a
RA , RB , RC , RM , RU , RV , RW and RZ , it is possible to detailed and administered respective data base
choose lightning protection measures in an can render good service.
extremely targeted way.
The flow chart in IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) (Figure Usually not only the type of loss L4, but also one or
3.2.9.1) illustrates the procedure. Starting from the several of the other types of loss L1 – L3 are rele-
fact that the calculated damage risk R exceeds the vant for a building or structure. In these cases first
tolerable damage risk RT, the first thing to be of all the proceeding represented in Figure 3.2.9.1
examined is whether the risk of physical damage is applicable, i.e. the damage risk R for the each of
caused by a direct lightning strike to a building or the losses L1 – L3 must be lower than the tolerable
structure RB exceeds the tolerable damage risk RT. damage risk RT. In this case a second step is to
If this is the case, a complete lightning protection examine the efficiency of the planned protective
system with suitable external and internal light- measures according to Figure 3.2.10.1 and Figure
ning protection must be installed. If RB is sufficient- 3.2.10.2. Of course, also here again several variants
ly small, the second step is to examine whether the of protection are possible, the most favourable
risk can be sufficiently reduced by protective mea- one finally to be realised, however, provided that

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 39

 Costs
per year
Yearly costs as a result of lightning strike
Costs of the Loss amount x yearly occurrence probability
Yearly costs protective
due to lightning measures Where:
Economically hazard Loss amount is the replacement cost plus
most favour- follow-up costs (e.g. production loss, data
Costs of the loss)

Total costs
able variant
protective
measures Occurrence probability depends on the
protective measures
Yearly costs
due to lightning
hazard Yearly costs of the protective measures
Yearly costs
due to lightning Depreciation, maintenance, interest loss
hazard (per year)
Without With protective With protective
Measure
protective measures measures
measures variant 1 variant 2

Fig. 3.2.10.1 Basic procedure in case of a purely economic consideration and calculation of the yearly costs

for all relevant types of loss of public interest 3.2.11 Summary

L1 – L3 is always R < RT. In practice, it is time-consuming and not always
easy to apply the procedures and data given. This
should not prevent the experts in the field of light-
ning protection and, in particular, those at the
Calculate all risk components RX sharp end, from studying this material. The quanti-
relevant for R4 tative assessment of the risk of lightning damage
for a building or structure is a considerable
improvement on the situation often encountered
Calculate the yearly costs of the total before, where decisions for or against lightning
loss CL and the costs of the remaining protection measures were frequently made solely
losses CRL if protective measures are on the basis of subjective considerations which
applied
were not always understood by all parties.
A quantitative assessment of this type is therefore
an important pre-requirement for the decision
Calculate the yearly costs of whether to designate lightning protection meas-
protective measures CPM
ures for a building or structure and, if so, to what
extent and which ones. In the long term it will thus
Application of make a contribution to the acceptance of light-
yes protective measures ning protection and damage prevention.
CPM + CRL > CL
is economically not
advantageous Author of Chapters 3.2.1 – 3.2.11:
no Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alexander Kern
Aachen Technical College,
Application of protective measures Abt. Jülich
is economically advantageous Ginsterweg 1
52428 Jülich
Germany
Phone: +49 (0)241/6009-53042
Fig. 3.2.10.2 Flow chart for the choice of protective measures in Fax: +49 (0)241/6009-53262
case of economic losses a.kern@fh-aachen.de

40 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

3.2.12 Designing aids The criteria – technical training, knowledge and
For practical applications, the time-consuming and experience – usually are met after several years of
not always simple application of the procedure for practical and professional experience and during
assessing the risk of damage for buildings and an occupational activity in the field of lightning
structures can be noticeably improved by the use protection. The fields designing, installation and
of a PC-aided solution. In “DEHNsupport” the pro- inspection require different skills from the light-
cedures and date from IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) ning protection specialist.
have been converted into a user-friendly software. A lightning protection specialist is a competent
With “DEHNsupport” the user has a purposeful person who is familiar with the relevant safety
assistance for designing. The following designing equipment regulations, directives and standards to
aids are available: the extent that he is in a position to judge if tech-
nical work equipment is in a safe working condi-
⇒ Risk analysis according to IEC 62305-2 (EN tion. Competent persons are, for example, after-
62305-2) sales service engineers. A training course leading
⇒ Calculation of the separation distance to recognition as a competent person for lightning
⇒ Calculation of the length of earth electrodes and surge protection, as well as for electrical
installations conforming to EMC (EMC approved
⇒ Calculation of the length of air-termination
engineer), is offered by the VdS Loss Prevention,
rods
which is part of the Joint Association of German
Insurers (GDV e.V.), in cooperation with the Com-
mittee for Lightning Protection and Lightning
3.3 Inspection and maintenance Research of the Association of German Electrical
Engineers (ABB of the VDE).
3.3.1 Types of inspection and qualification
Note: A competent person is not an expert!
of the inspectors An expert has special knowledge because of his
Other and additional national standards and legal training and experience in the field of technical
requirements have to be taken into account. work equipment which requires testing. He is
familiar with the relevant safety equipment regu-
To guarantee that the building or structure, the lations, directives and standards to the extent that
persons therein, and the electrical and electronic he is in a position to judge if complex technical
systems have permanent protection, the mechani- work equipment is in a safe working condition. He
cal and electrical characteristics of a lightning pro- shall be able to inspect technical work equipment
tection system must remain completely intact for and provide an expert opinion. An expert is a spe-
the whole of its service life. To ensure this case, a cially trained, officially approved competent per-
coordinated programme of inspection and mainte- son. Persons who are eligible to be experts are, for
nance of the lightning protection system shall be example, engineers at the German Technical
laid down by an authority, the designer of the Inspectorate or other specialist engineers. Installa-
lightning protection system, or the person tions which are subject to monitoring require-
installing the lightning protection system, and the ments generally have to be inspected by experts.
owner of the building or structure. If faults are
found during the inspection of a lightning protec- Regardless of the required inspector’s qualifica-
tion system, the operator / owner of the building tions, the inspections shall ensure that the light-
or structure is responsible for the immediate ning protection system fulfils its protective func-
removal of the faults. The inspection of the light- tion of protecting living beings, stock, technical
ning protection system must be carried out by a equipment in the building or structure operational
lightning protection specialist. technology, safety technology, and the building or
structure, against the effects of direct and indirect
A lightning protection specialist is due to his tech- lightning strikes when combined with any mainte-
nical training, knowledge and experience, also nance and service measures which may be neces-
with regard to the applicable standards, able to sary. A design report of the lightning protection
design, install and inspect lightning protection sys- system containing the design criteria, design
tems. description and technical drawings shall therefore

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 41

be available to the inspector. The inspections taking into consideration
which need to be carried out are distinguished as ⇒ the type of use,
follows:
⇒ the technical equipment of the building or
structure and
Inspection of the design
The inspection of the design shall ensure that all ⇒ the site conditions.
aspects of the lightning protection system with its
components correspond to the state of the art in Repeat inspection
force at the time the designing is undertaken. It Regular repeat inspections are the precondition
must be carried out before the service is provided. for a permanently effective lightning protection
system. In Germany they shall be carried out every
Inspections during the construction phase 2 to 4 years. Table 3.3.1.1 contains recommenda-
Sections of the lightning protection system which tions for the intervals between the full inspections
will not be accessible when the building work is of a lightning protection system under average
complete must be inspected as long as this is possi- environmental conditions. If official instructions or
ble. These include: regulations with inspection deadlines are in force,
⇒ Foundation earth electrodes these deadlines have to be considered as minimum
requirements. If official instructions prescribe that
⇒ Earth-termination systems the electrical installation in the building or struc-
⇒ Reinforcement connections ture must be regularly inspected, then the func-
⇒ Concrete reinforcements used as room shield- tioning of the internal lightning protection mea-
ing sures shall be inspected as part of this inspection.

⇒ Down-conductor systems and their connec-

Visual inspection
tions laid in concrete
Lightning protection systems Type I or II in build-
ings and structures, and critical sections of light-
The inspection comprises the control of the techni- ning protection systems (e.g. in cases where there
cal documentation, and on-site inspection and is considerable influence from aggressive environ-
assessment of the work carried out. mental conditions) have to undergo a visual
inspection between repeat inspections (Table
Acceptance inspection 3.3.1.1).
The acceptance inspection is carried out when the
lightning protection system has been completed. Additional inspection
The following must be thoroughly inspected: In addition to the repeat inspections, a lightning
⇒ Compliance with the protection plan conform- protection system must be inspected if
ing to the standards (design), ⇒ fundamental changes in use,
⇒ the work done (technical correctness) ⇒ modifications to the building or structure,

Type of LPS Visual inspection Complete inspection Complete inspection

of critical systems
(Year) (Year) (Year)
I and II 1 2 1

III and IV 2 4 1

Note: In buildings or structures with hazard of explosion a visual inspection of the lightning protection system
should be carried out every 6 months. Once in a year the electrical installations should be tested. A deviation
from these yearly inspection plan is accepted if it makes sense to carry out the tests in intervals of 14 to 15
months in order to measure the conductivity of the ground at different times of the year in order to get
knowledge of seasonal changes.
Table 3.3.1.1 Longest interval between inspections of the LPS acc. to IEC 62305-3, Table E.2

42 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

⇒ restorations, ⇒ upstream overcurrent protection devices of
surge protective devices have tripped,
⇒ extensions or
⇒ in the case of new supply connections or
⇒ repairs
extensions which have been installed in the
interior of the building or structure since the
on a protected building or structure have been car- last inspection, the lightning equipotential
ried out. bonding was carried out,
These inspections shall also be carried out when it ⇒ equipotential bonding connections within the
is known that a lightning has struck the lightning building or structure are in place and intact,
protection system.
⇒ the measures required for proximities of the
lightning protection system to installations
3.3.2 Inspection measures have been carried out.
The inspection comprises the control of the techni-
cal documentation, on-site inspection and mea- Note: For existing earth-termination systems which
surement. are more than 10 years old, the condition and
quality of the earth conductor line and its connec-
tions can only be assessed by exposing it at certain
Control of the technical documentation points.
The technical documentation must be inspected to
ensure it is Measurements
⇒ complete and Measurements are used to inspect the conductivity
of the connections and the condition of the earth-
⇒ in accordance with the standards.
termination system.
⇒ Conductivity of the connections
On-site inspection
Measurements must be made to examine
The on-site inspection shall examine whether whether all the conductors and connections of
⇒ the complete system corresponds to the tech- air-termination systems, down-conductor sys-
nical documentation, tems, equipotential bonding lines, shielding
measures etc. have a low-impedance conduc-
⇒ the complete system of external and internal tivity. The recommended value is < 1 Ω.
lightning protection is in an acceptable condi-
tion, ⇒ Condition of the earth-termination system
The contact resistance to the earth-termina-
⇒ there are any loose connections and interrup- tion system at all measuring points must be
tions in the lines of the lightning protection measured to establish the conductivity of the
system, lines and connections (recommended value
⇒ all earthing connections (if visible) are in order, < 1 Ω).
Further, the conductivity with respect to the
⇒ all lines and system components are correctly metal installations (e.g. gas, water, ventilation,
secured, and units with a mechanical protec- heating), the total earthing resistance of the
tive function are in working order, lightning protection system, and the earthing
⇒ modifications requiring additional protective resistance of individual earth electrodes and
measures have been made at the protected partial ring earth electrodes must be mea-
building or structure, sured.

⇒ the surge protective devices installed in power

The results of the measurements must be com-
supply systems and information systems are
pared with the results of earlier measurements. If
correctly installed,
they deviate considerably from the earlier mea-
⇒ there is any damage, or whether there are any surements, additional examinations must be per-
disconnected surge protective devices, formed.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 43

3.3.3 Documentation b) Lightning protection standards and provisions
A report must be compiled for each inspection. at the time of the installation
This must be kept together with the technical doc- c) Further inspection fundamentals (e.g. regula-
umentation and reports of previous inspections at tions, instructions) at the time of the installa-
the installation / system operator´s premises or at tion
the offices of the relevant authority. ⇒ Type of inspection
a) Inspection of the design
The following technical documentation must be
available to the inspector when, for example, he b) Inspections during the construction phase
carries out his assessment of the lightning protec- c) Acceptance inspection
tion system: d) Repeat inspection
⇒ Design criteria e) Additional inspection
⇒ Design descriptions f) Visual inspection
⇒ Technical drawings of the external and inter- ⇒ Result of the inspection
nal lightning protection
a) Any modifications to the building or structure
⇒ Reports of previous services and inspections and / or the lightning protection system deter-
mined
An inspection report shall contain the following
b) Deviations from the standards, regulations,
information:
instructions and application guidelines appli-
⇒ General cable at the time of the installation
a) Owner, address c) Defects determined
b) Installer of the lightning protection system, d) Earthing resistance or loop resistance at the
address individual inspection joints, with information
c) Year of construction about the measuring method and the type of
⇒ Information about the building or structure measuring device

a) Location e) Total earthing resistance (measurement with

or without protective conductor and metal
b) Use building installation)
c) Type of construction ⇒ Inspector
d) Type of roofing a) Name of inspector
e) Lightning protection level (LPL) b) Inspector´s company / organisation
⇒ Information about the lightning protection c) Name of person accompanying
system
d) Number of pages in inspection report
a) Material and cross section of the lines
e) Date of inspection
b) Number of down conductors, e.g. inspection
joints (designation corresponding to the infor- f) Signature of the inspector´s company / organi-
mation in the drawing) sation

c) Type of earth-termination system (e.g. ring

earth electrode, earth rod, foundation earth
electrode)
3.3.4 Maintenance
The maintenance and inspection of lightning pro-
d) Design of the lightning equipotential bonding
tection systems must be coordinated.
to metal installations, to electrical installations
and to existing equipotential busbars In addition to the inspections, regular mainte-
nance routines should therefore also be estab-
⇒ Inspection fundamentals lished for all lightning protection systems. How
a) Description and drawings of the lightning pro- frequently the maintenance work is carried out
tection system depends on the following factors:

44 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

⇒ Loss of quality related to weathering and the ⇒ Measuring of the earthing resistance of the
ambient conditions earth-termination system
⇒ Effects of direct lightning strikes and possible ⇒ Visual inspection of all surge protective
damage arising therefrom devices (relates to surge protective devices on
the lines of the power supply and information
⇒ Class of lightning protection system required system entering the building or structure) to
for the building or structure under considera- determine if there has been any damage or if
tion any disconnections are present
⇒ Refastening of components and conductors
The maintenance measures should be determined ⇒ Inspection to ascertain that the effectiveness
individually for each lightning protection system of the lightning protection system is
and become an integral part of the complete unchanged after installation of additional
maintenance programme for the building or struc- fixed equipment or modifications to the build-
ture. ing or structure
A maintenance routine should be drawn up. This
allows a comparison to be made between results Complete records should be made of all mainte-
recorded now, and those from an earlier service. nance work. They should contain modification
These values can also be used for comparison with measures which have been, or are to be, carried
a subsequent inspection. out.
The following measures should be included in a These records serve as an aid when assessing the
maintenance routine: components and installation of the lightning pro-
tection system. They can be used to examine and
⇒ Inspection of all conductors and components
update a maintenance routine. The maintenance
of the lightning protection system
records should be kept together with the design
⇒ Measuring of the electrical conductivity of and the inspection reports of the lightning protec-
installations of the lightning protection system tion system.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 45

4. Lightning protection system

Lightning Protection
System (LPS)

according to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)

Lightning equipotential bonding

Earth-termination system
Down-conductor system
Air-termination system

Separation distances

Fig. 4.1 Components of a lightning protection system

Lightning protection systems shall protect build- The function of the internal lightning protection is
ings and structures from fire or mechanical
destruction, and persons in the buildings from ⇒ to prevent hazardous sparking inside the
injury or even death. building or structure.
A lightning protection system comprises an exter- This is achieved by means of equipotential
nal and an internal lightning protection (Figure bonding or a safety distance between the
4.1). components of the lightning protection sys-
tem and other conductive elements inside the
The functions of the external lightning protection building or structure.
are:
⇒ Directing direct lightning strikes into an air-
The lightning equipotential bonding reduces the
termination system
potential drops caused by the lightning current.
⇒ Safe conduction of the lightning current to the This is achieved by connecting all separate, con-
earth by means of a down-conductor system ductive parts of the installation directly by means
⇒ Distribution of the lightning current in the of conductors or surge protective devices (SPDs)
earth via an earth-termination system (Figure 4.2).

46 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 separation
distance
air-termination
system

down-conductor
system

earth-termination system
lightning current
arrester for lightning current
service 230/400 V, 50 Hz arrester for
entrance telephone line
lightning
box equipotential bonding

equipotential bonding
for heating,
air-conditioning, sanitation

foundation earth electrode

Fig. 4.2 Lightning protection system (LPS)

The four classes of lightning protection systems To ensure the continuous availability of complex
(LPS) – I, II, III and IV – are determined using a set of information technology installations even in the
construction rules which are based on the corre- event of a direct lightning strike, it is necessary to
sponding lightning protection level. Each set com- have continuing measures for the surge protection
prises class dependent (e.g. radius of the rolling of electronic installations which supplement the
sphere, mesh size) and class independent (e.g. lightning protection system. This extensive cata-
cross-sections, materials) construction rules. logue of measures is described in Chapter 7 under
the concept of lightning protection zones.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 47

5. External lightning protection
5.1 Air-termination systems Three methods can be used to determine the
arrangement and the siting of the air-termination
The function of the air-termination systems of a systems (Figure 5.1.1):
lightning protection system is to prevent direct
⇒ Rolling sphere method
lightning strikes from damaging the volume to be
protected. They must be designed to prevent ⇒ Mesh method
uncontrolled lightning strikes to the structure to ⇒ Protective angle method
be protected.
By correct dimensioning of the air-termination sys- The rolling sphere method is the universal method
tems, the effects of a lightning strike to a structure of design particularly recommended for geometri-
can be reduced in a controlled way. cally complicated applications.
The three different methods are described below.
Air-termination systems can consist of the follow-
ing components and can be combined with each
other as required: 5.1.1 Designing methods and types of air-
⇒ Rods termination systems
⇒ Spanned wires and cables The rolling sphere method – “geometric-electrical
⇒ Intermeshed conductors model”
For lightning flashes to earth, a downward leader
When determining the siting of the air-termina- grows step-by-step in a series of jerks from the
tion systems of the lightning protection system, cloud towards the earth. When the leader has got
special attention must be paid to the protection of close to the earth within a few tens, to a few hun-
corners and edges of the structure to be protected. dreds of metres, the electrical insulating strength
This applies particularly to air-termination systems of the air near the ground is exceeded. A further
on the surfaces of roofs and the upper parts of “leader” discharge similar to the downward leader
facades. Most importantly, air-termination systems begins to grow towards the head of the down-
must be mounted at corners and edges. ward leader: the upward leader. This defines the

mesh size M
air-termination rod
down conductor
protective angle

α
h2

rolling sphere

r
h1

earth-termination system

Max. building height

Class of LPS Radius of the Mesh size
rolling sphere (r) (M)
I 20 m 5x5m
II 30 m 10 x 10 m
III 45 m 15 x 15 m
IV 60 m 20 x 20 m

Fig. 5.1.1 Method for designing of air-termination systems for high buildings

48 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 rolling sphere
head of the
downward downward leader
leader

point afar from the starting

head of the down- upward leader
ward leader
starting closest point to
upward leader the head of the
downward leader
fin
al
str
dis

iki
ta
nc

ng
eh
B

A rolling sphere can touch not only the

steeple, but also the nave of the church at
several points. All points touched are
potential points of strike.

Fig. 5.1.1.1 Starting upward leader defining the point of strike Fig. 5.1.1.2 Model of a rolling sphere
Ref: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen

point of strike of the lightning strike (Figure Classification of the lightning protection system
5.1.1.1). and radius of the rolling sphere
The starting point of the upward leader and hence As a first approximation, a proportionality exists
the subsequent point of strike is determined main- between the peak value of the lightning current
ly by the head of the downward leader. The head and the electrical charge stored in the downward
of the downward leader can only approach the leader. Furthermore, the electrical field strength of
earth within a certain distance. This distance is the ground as the downward leader approaches is
defined by the continuously increasing electrical also linearly dependent on the charge stored in
field strength of the ground as the head of the the downward leader, to a first approximation.
downward leader approaches. The smallest dis- Thus there is a proportionality between the peak
tance between the head of the downward leader value I of the lightning current and the final strik-
and the starting point of the upward leader is ing distance hB (= radius of the rolling sphere):
called the final striking distance hB (corresponds to
the radius of the rolling sphere). r = 10 ⋅ I 0.65
Immediately after the electrical insulating strength
is exceeded at one point, the upward leader which
r in m
leads to the final strike and manages to cross the
final striking distance, is formed. Observations of I in kA
the protective effect of guard wires and pylons
were used as the basis for the so-called The protection of structures against lightning is
“geometric-electrical model”. described in IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1). Among
other things, this standard defines the classifica-
This is based on the hypothesis that the head of tion of the individual lightning protection system
the downward leader approaches the objects on and stipulates the resulting lightning protection
the ground, unaffected by anything, until it reach- measures.
es the final striking distance.
The point of strike is then determined by the It differentiates between four classes of lightning
object closest to the head of the downward leader. protection system. A Class I lightning protection
The upward leader starting from this point “forces system provides the most protection and a Class IV,
its way through” (Figure 5.1.1.2). by comparison, the least. The interception effec-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 49

 Lightning protection Probabilities for the limit values Radius of the rolling sphere Min. peak value
level LPL of the lightning current parameters (final striking distance hB) of current
< Max. values acc. to Table 5 > Min. values acc. to Table 6 r in m I in kA
IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1) IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1)

IV 0.84 0.97 60 16
III 0.91 0.97 45 10
II 0.97 0.98 30 5
I 0.99 0.99 20 3

Table 5.1.1.1 Relations between lightning protection level, interception criterion Ei , final striking distance hB and min. peak value of current I
Ref.: Table 5, 6 and 7 of IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1)

tiveness Ei of the air-termination systems is con- The “rolling sphere” is now rolled around the
comitant with the class of lightning protection sys- object under examination and the contact points
tem, i.e. which percentage of the prospective representing potential points of strike are marked
lightning strikes is safely controlled by the air-ter- in each case. The “rolling sphere” is then rolled
mination systems. From this results the final strik- over the object in all directions. All contact points
ing distance and hence the radius of the “rolling are marked again. All potential points of strike are
sphere”. The correlations between class of light- thus shown on the model; it is also possible to
ning protection system, interception effectiveness determine the areas which can be hit by lateral
Ei of the air-termination systems, final striking dis- strikes. The naturally protected zones resulting
tance / radius of the “rolling sphere” and current from the geometry of the object to be protected
peak value are shown in Table 5.1.1.1. and its surroundings can also be clearly seen. Air-
termination conductors are not required at these
Taking as a basis the hypothesis of the “geometric- points (Figure 5.1.1.3).
electrical model” that the head of the downward
leader approaches the objects on the earth in an It must be borne in mind, however, that lightning
arbitrary way, unaffected by anything, until it footprints have also been found on steeples in
reaches the final striking distance, a general places not directly touched as the “rolling sphere”
method can be derived which allows the volume to rolled over. This is traced to the fact that, among
be protected of any arrangement to be inspected. other things, in the event of multiple lightning
Carrying out the rolling sphere method requires a flashes, the base of the lightning flash moves
scale model (e.g. on a scale of 1:100) of the build- because of the wind conditions. Consequently, an
ing / structure to be protected, which includes the area of approx. one metre can come up around the
external contours and, where applicable, the air-
termination systems. Depending on the location of
rolling sphere
the object under investigation, it is also necessary
to include the surrounding structures and objects, r
since these could act as “natural protective mea-
sures” for the object under examination.
r r
Furthermore, a true-to-scale sphere is required
according to the class of lightning protection sys- r
tem with a radius corresponding to the final strik- r
ing distance (depending on the class of lightning
r
protection system, the radius r of the “rolling
sphere” must correspond true-to-scale to the radii
20, 30, 45 or 60 m). The centre of the “rolling building
sphere” used corresponds to the head of the
downward leader towards which the respective Fig. 5.1.1.3 Schematic application of the “rolling sphere” method at
upward leaders will approach. a building with considerably structured surface

50 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

point of strike determined where lightning strikes
can also occur.

Example 1: New administration building in

Munich
During the design phase of the new administra-
tion building, the complex geometry led to the
decision to use the rolling sphere method to iden-
tify the areas threatened by lightning strikes.
This was possible because an architectural model
of the new building was available on a scale of
1:100.
It was determined that a lightning protection sys-
tem Class I was required, i.e. the radius of the Fig. 5.1.1.4 Construction of a new administration building:
rolling sphere in the model was 20 cm (Figure Model with “rolling sphere” acc. to lightning protection
5.1.1.4). system Type I
The points where the “rolling sphere” touches Ref.: WBG Wiesinger
parts of the building, can be hit by a direct light-
ning strike with a corresponding minimum current
peak value of 3 kA (Figure 5.1.1.5). Consequently,
these points required adequate air-termination
systems. If, in addition, electrical installations were
localised at these points or in their immediate
vicinity (e.g. on the roof of the building), addition-
al air-termination measures were realised there.

The application of the rolling sphere method

meant that air-termination systems were not
installed where protection was not required. On
the other hand, locations in need of more protec-
tion could be equipped accordingly, where neces-
sary (Figure 5.1.1.5). Fig. 5.1.1.5 Construction of a DAS administration building:
Top view (excerpt) on the zones threatened by lightning
strikes for lightning protection system Class I
Example 2: Aachen Cathedral Ref.: WBG Wiesinger
The cathedral stands in the midst of the old town
of Aachen surrounded by several high buildings.
Adjacent to the cathedral there is a scale model
(1:100) whose purpose is to make it easier for visi-
tors to understand the geometry of the building.
The buildings surrounding the Aachen Cathedral
provide a partial natural protection against light-
ning strikes.
Therefore, and to demonstrate the effectiveness
of lightning protection measures, models of the
most important elements of the surrounding
buildings were made according to the same scale
(1:100) (Figure 5.1.1.6).

Figure 5.1.1.6 also shows “rolling spheres” for Fig. 5.1.1.6 Aachen Cathedral: Model with environment and “rolling
lightning protection systems Class II and III (i.e. spheres” for lightning protection systems Class II and III
with radii of 30 cm and 45 cm) on the model. Ref.: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 51

 air-termination The aim here was to demonstrate the increasing
conductor requirements on the air-termination systems as the

r
radius of the rolling sphere decreases, i.e. which
areas of Aachen Cathedral had additionally to be
considered at risk of being hit by lightning strikes,
if a lightning protection system Class II with a high-
penetration
depth p

er degree of protection was used.

Δh
The “rolling sphere” with the smaller radius
(according to a class of lightning protection system
with a higher lightning protection level) naturally
touches also the model at all points already
d
touched by the “rolling sphere” with the larger
radius. Thus, it is only necessary to determine the
Fig. 5.1.1.7 Penetration depth p of the rolling sphere additional contact points.
As demonstrated, when dimensioning the air-ter-
mination system for a structure, or a structure
mounted on the roof, the sag of the rolling sphere
Class of LPS
I II III IV is decisive.
r 20 30 45 60 The following formula can be used to calculate the
penetration depth p of the rolling sphere when
r

the rolling sphere rolls “on rails”, for example. This

can be achieved by using two spanned wires, for
example.

1
d

p = r − ⎡⎣ r 2 − ( d / 2 ) ⎤⎦ 2
p

2
Δh

Cuboidal protective area bet-

ween four air-termination rods

Fig. 5.1.1.8 Air-termination system for installations mounted on the r Radius of the rolling sphere
roof with their protective area
d Distance between two air-termination rods or
two parallel air-termination conductors

Figure 5.1.1.7 illustrates this consideration.

n al
d diago Air-termination rods are frequently used to pro-
tect the surface of a roof, or installations mounted
on the roof, against a direct lightning strike. The
square arrangement of the air-termination rods,
over which no cable is normally spanned, means
that the sphere does not “roll on rails” but “sits
deeper” instead, thus increasing the penetration
depth of the sphere (Figure 5.1.1.8).

The height of the air-termination rods Δh should

Δh

domelight
installed on the roof always be greater than the value of the penetra-
tion depth p determined, and hence greater than
the sag of the rolling sphere. This additional
height of the air-termination rod ensures that the
Fig. 5.1.1.9 Calculation Δh for several air-termination rods accord- rolling sphere does not touch the structure to be
ing to rolling sphere method protected.

52 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 d Sag of the rolling sphere [m] (rounded up) e.g. gutter
Distance
between air- Class of LPS with rolling sphere radius in meters
termniation
rods [m] I (20 m) II (30 m) III (45 m) IV (60 m)
2 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01
4 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.03
6 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.08
8 0.40 0.27 0.18 0.13
10 0.64 0.42 0.28 0.21
12 0.92 0.61 0.40 0.30
14 1.27 0.83 0.55 0.41
16 1.67 1.09 0.72 0.54 Fig. 5.1.1.10 Meshed air-termination system
18 2.14 1.38 0.91 0.68
20 2.68 1.72 1.13 0.84 By using the ridge and the outer edges of the
23 3.64 2.29 1.49 1.11 structure, as well as the metal natural parts of the
26 4.80 2.96 1.92 1.43
structure serving as an air-termination system, the
29 6.23 3.74 2.40 1.78
individual cells can be sited as desired.
32 8.00 4.62 2.94 2.17
35 10.32 5.63 3.54 2.61
The air-termination conductors on the outer edges
Table 5.1.1.2 Sag of the rolling sphere over two air-termination of the structure must be laid as close to the edges
rods or two parallel air-termination conductors as possible.
A metal attic can serve as an air-termination con-
ductor and / or a down-conductor system if the
Another way of determining the height of the air-
required minimum dimensions for natural compo-
termination rods is using Table 5.1.1.2. The pene-
nents of the air-termination system are complied
tration depth of the rolling sphere is governed by
with (Figure 5.1.1.10).
the largest distance of the air-termination rods
from each other. Using the greatest distance, the
Protective angle method
penetration depth p (sag) can be taken from the
The protective angle method is derived from the
table. The air-termination rods must be dimen-
electric-geometrical lightning model. The protec-
sioned according to the height of the structures
tive angle is determined by the radius of the
mounted on the roof (in relation to the location of
rolling sphere. The comparable protective angle
the air-termination rod) and also the penetration
with the radius of the rolling sphere is given when
depth (Figure 5.1.1.9).
a slope intersects the rolling sphere in such a way
If, for example, a total height of an air-termination that the resulting areas have the same size (Figure
rod of 1.15 m is either calculated or obtained from 5.1.1.11).
the table, an air-termination rod with a standard This method must be used for structures with sym-
length of 1.5 m is normally used. metrical dimensions (e.g. steep roof) or roof-
mounted structures (e.g. antennas, ventilation
Mesh method pipes).
A “meshed” air-termination system can be used The protective angle depends on the class of light-
universally regardless of the height of the struc- ning protection system and the height of the air-
ture and shape of the roof. A reticulated air-termi-
nation network with a mesh size according to the Class of LPS Mesh size
class of lightning protection system is arranged on I 5x5m
the roofing (Table 5.1.1.3).
II 10 x 10 m
III 15 x 15 m
To simplify matters, the sag of the rolling sphere is
IV 20 x 20 m
assumed to be zero for a meshed air-termination
system. Table 5.1.1.3 Mesh size

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 53

 rolling sphere
α° 80
70

r 60
50
protective 40
angle 30
I II III IV
air-termi- equal surface areas 20
nation rod 10
α° base
0
02 10 20 30 40 50 60
h[m]

Fig. 5.1.1.11 Protective angle and comparable radius of the rolling Fig. 5.1.1.12 Protective angle α as a function of height h depending
sphere on the class of lightning protection system

angle α

α° α°
h1

angle α

Fig. 5.1.1.13 Cone-shaped protection zone Fig. 5.1.1.14 Example of air-termination systems with protective
angle α

air-termination
conductor α1 α2
h1
h1

h2
H

α° h1
h1: Physical height of the air-termination rod

Note:
Protective angle α1 refers to the height of the air-termination system
h1 above the roof surface to be protected (reference plane);
Angle α depends on the class of lightning protection system Protective α2 refers to the height h2 = h1 + H, while the earth
and the height of the air-termination conductor above ground surface is the reference plane.

Fig. 5.1.1.15 Area protected by an air-termination conductor Fig. 5.1.1.16 External lightning protection system, volume protected
by a vertical air-termination rod

54 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Height of the air- Class of LPS I Class of LPS II Class of LPS III Class of LPS IV
termination rod Angle Distance Angle Distance Angle Distance Angle Distance
h in m α a in m α a in m α a in m α a in m
1 71 2.90 74 3.49 77 4.33 79 5.14
2 71 5.81 74 6.97 77 8.66 79 10.29
3 66 6.74 71 8.71 74 10.46 76 12.03
4 62 7.52 68 9.90 72 12.31 74 13.95
5 59 8.32 65 10.72 70 13.74 72 15.39
6 56 8.90 62 11.28 68 14.85 71 17.43
7 53 9.29 60 12.12 66 15.72 69 18.24
8 50 9.53 58 12.80 64 16.40 68 19.80
9 48 10.00 56 13.34 62 16.93 66 20.21
10 45 10.00 54 13.76 61 18.04 65 21.45
11 43 10.26 52 14.08 59 18.31 64 22.55
12 40 10.07 50 14.30 58 19.20 62 22.57
13 38 10.16 49 14.95 57 20.02 61 23.45
14 36 10.17 47 15.01 55 19.99 60 24.25
15 34 10.12 45 15.00 54 20.65 59 24.96
16 32 10.00 44 15.45 53 21.23 58 25.61
17 30 9.81 42 15.31 51 20.99 57 26.18
18 27 9.17 40 15.10 50 21.45 56 26.69
19 25 8.86 39 15.39 49 21.86 55 27.13
20 23 8.49 37 15.07 48 22.21 54 27.53
21 36 15.26 47 22.52 53 27.87
22 35 15.40 46 22.78 52 28.16
23 36 16.71 47 24.66 53 30.52
24 32 15.00 44 23.18 50 28.60
25 30 14.43 43 23.31 49 28.76
26 29 14.41 41 22.60 49 29.91
27 27 13.76 40 22.66 48 29.99
28 26 13.66 39 22.67 47 30.03
29 25 13.52 38 22.66 46 30.03
30 23 12.73 37 22.61 45 30.00
31 36 22.52 44 29.94
32 35 22.41 44 30.90
33 35 23.11 43 30.77
34 34 22.93 42 30.61
35 33 22.73 41 30.43
36 32 22.50 40 30.21
37 31 22.23 40 31.05
38 30 21.94 39 30.77
39 29 21.62 38 30.47
40 28 21.27 37 30.14
41 27 20.89 37 30.90
42 26 20.48 36 30.51
43 25 20.05 35 30.11
44 24 19.59 35 30.81
45 23 19.10 34 30.35
46 angle α 33 29.87
47 32 29.37
48 32 29.99
49 31 29.44
50 30 28.87
51 30 29.44
52 29 28.82
53 28 28.18
height h
54 27 27.51
of the air-
55 termination rod 27 28.02
56 26 27.31
57 25 26.58
58 25 27.05
distance a
59 24 26.27
60 23 25.47

Table 5.1.1.4 Protective angle α depending on the class of lighting protection system

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 55

termination system above the reference plane ted within the volume of protection of the air-ter-
(Figure 5.1.1.12). mination system.
The protection zone can be “cone-shaped” or
Air-termination conductors, air-termination rods, “tent-shaped”, if a cable, for example, is spanned
masts and wires should be arranged to ensure that over it (Figures. 5.1.1.13 to 5.1.1.15).
all parts of the building to be protected are situa- If air-termination rods are installed on the surface
of the roof to protect structures mounted thereon,
the protective angle α can be different. In Figure
5.1.1.16, the roof surface is the reference plane for
protective angle α1. The ground is the reference
plane for the protective angle α2. Therefore the
angle α2 according to Figure 5.1.1.12 and Table
5.1.1.4 is less than α1.
Table 5.1.1.4 provides the corresponding protec-
tive angle for each class of lightning protection
system and the corresponding distance (zone of
protection).

Protective angle method for isolated air-termina-

Fig. 5.1.1.17 Protection of small-sized installations on roofs against tion systems on roof-mounted structures
direct lightning strikes by means of air-termination Special problems may occur when roof-mounted
rods structures, which are often installed at a later date,
protrude from zones of protection, e.g. the mesh.
If, in addition, these roof-mounted structures con-
tain electrical or electronic equipment, such as
roof-mounted fans, antennas, measuring systems
or TV cameras, additional protective measures are
required.

If such equipment is connected directly to the

external lightning protection system, then, in the
event of a lightning strike, partial currents are con-
ducted into the structure. This could result in the
destruction of surge sensitive equipment. Direct
lightning strikes to such structures protruding
Fig. 5.1.1.18 Gable roof with conductor holder above the roof can be prevented by having isolat-
ed air-termination systems.
Air-termination rods as shown in Figure 5.1.1.17
are suitable for protecting smaller roof-mounted
structures (with electrical equipment).
They form a “cone-shaped” zone of protection
and thus prevent a direct lightning strike to the
structure mounted on the roof.

The separation distance s must be taken into

account when dimensioning the height of the air-
termination rod (see Chapter 5.6).

Isolated and non-isolated air-termination systems

When designing the external lightning protection
Fig. 5.1.1.19 Flat roof with conductor holders: Protection of the system of a structure, we distinguish between two
domelights types of air-termination system:

56 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

⇒ isolated
s separation distance acc. to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
⇒ non-isolated α protective angle acc. to Table 5.1.1.4

The two types can be combined.

α α

The air-termination systems of a non-isolated s s

external lightning protection system of a structure air-termi- air-termi-
can be installed in the following ways: nation mast nation mast
protected
structure
If the roof is made of non-flammable material, the
conductors of the air-termination system can be
installed on the surface of the structure (e.g. gable reference plane
or flat roof). Normally non-flammable building
materials are used. The components of the exter- Fig. 5.1.1.20 Isolated external lightning protection system with two
nal lightning protection system can therefore be separate air-termination masts according to the pro-
mounted directly on the structure (Figures 5.1.1.18 tective angle method: Projection on a vertical area
and 5.1.1.19).

If the roof is made of easily inflammable material

e.g. thatched roofs, then the distance between the s1, s2 separation distance acc. to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
flammable parts of the roof and the air-termina-
tion rods, air-termination conductors or air-termi- horizontal air-
nation meshes of the air-termination system must termination conductor
not be less than 0.4 m.
Easily inflammable parts of the structure to be pro-
s1

tected must not be in direct contact with parts of

the external lightning protection system. Neither s2 s2
may they be located under the roofing, which can protected
air-termi- air-termi-
structure nation mast
be punctured in the event of a lightning strike (see nation mast
also Chapter 5.1.5 Thatched roofs).
reference plane
With isolated air-termination systems, the com-
plete structure is protected against a direct light- Fig. 5.1.1.21 Isolated external lightning protection system, consist-
ning strike via air-termination rods, air-termina- ing of two separate air-termination masts, connected
tion masts or masts with cables spanned over by a horizontal air-termination conductor: Projection
them. When installing the air-termination systems, on a vertical surface via the two masts (vertical sec-
the separation distance s to the structure must be tion)
kept (Figures 5.1.1.20 and 5.1.1.21).

The separation distance s between the air-termina- A further method of designing isolated air-termi-
tion system and the structure must be kept. nation systems consists in securing the air-termina-
tion systems (air-termination rods, conductors or
cables) with electrically insulating materials such as
Air-termination systems isolated from the struc- GRP (glass fibre-reinforced plastic).
ture are frequently used, when the roof is covered This form of isolation can be limited to local use or
with inflammable material, e.g. thatch or also for applied to whole parts of the installation. It is
ex-installations, e.g. tank installations. often used for roof-mounted structures such as fan
systems or heat exchangers with an electrically
See also Chapter 5.1.5 “Air-termination system for conductive connection into the structure (see also
structures with thatched roofs”. Chapter 5.1.8).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 57

 If it is, however, necessary to take precautionary
Class of LPS Material Thick- Thick-
ness a t nessb t` measures against through-melting or intolerable
mm mm heating-up at the point of strike, if the thickness of
the sheet metal shall not be less than value t in
Lead - 2.0 Table 5.1.1.5.
Steel (stainless,
4 0.5
galvanised) The required thicknesses t of the materials can
generally not be complied with, for example, for
I to IV Titanium 4 0.5
metal roofs.
Copper 5 0.5 For pipes or containers, however, it is possible to
meet the requirements for these minimum thick-
Aluminium 7 0.65
nesses (wall thickness). If, though, the temperature
Zinc - 0.7 rise (heating-up) on the inside of the pipe or tank
represents a hazard for the medium contained
at prevents from puncturing, overheating, and
inflamming therein (risk of fire or explosion), then these must
b t` only for metal plates, if the prevention of
not be used as air-termination systems (see also
puncturing, overheating, and inflamming is Chapter 5.1.4).
not important
If the requirements on the appropriate minimum
Table 5.1.1.5 Min. thickness of metal plates
thickness are not met, the components, e.g. con-
duits or containers, must be situated in an area
Natural components of air-termination systems protected from direct lightning strikes.
Metal structural parts such as attics, guttering, rail-
ings or cladding can be used as natural compo- A thin coat of paint, 1 mm bitumen or 0.5 mm PVC
nents of an air-termination system. cannot be regarded as insulation in the event of a
direct lightning strike. Such coatings break down
If a structure has a steel skeleton construction with when subjected to the high energies deposited
a metal roof and facade made of conductive mate- during a direct lightning strike.
rial, these can be used for the external lightning There must be no coatings on the joints of the na-
protection system, under certain circumstances. tural components of the down-conductor systems.

Sheet metal cladding on the walls or roof of the If conductive parts are located on the surface of
structure to be protected can be used if the electri- the roof, they can be used as a natural air-termina-
cal connection between the different parts is per- tion system if there is no conductive connection
manent. These permanent electrical connections into the structure.
can be made by e.g. brazing, welding, pressing, By connecting, e.g. pipes or electrical conductors
screwing or riveting, for example. into the structure, partial lightning currents can
enter the structure and affect or even destroy sen-
If there is no electrical connection, a supplemen-
sitive electrical / electronic equipment.
tary connection must be made for these elements
e.g. with bridging braids or bridging cables. In order to prevent these partial lightning currents
from penetrating, isolated air-termination systems
shall be installed for the aforementioned roof-
If the thickness of the sheet metal is not less than mounted structures.
the value t' in Table 5.1.1.5, and if there is no The isolated air-termination system can be
requirement to take account of a through-melting designed using the rolling sphere or protective
of the sheets at the point of strike or the ignition of angle method. An air-termination system with a
flammable material under the cladding, then such mesh size according to the class of lightning pro-
sheets can be used as an air-termination system. tection system used can be installed if the whole
arrangement is isolated (elevated) from the struc-
The material thicknesses are not distinguished ac- ture to be protected by at least the required sepa-
cording to the class of lightning protection system. ration distance s.

58 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 h

Fig. 5.1.2.1 Air-termination system on a Fig. 5.1.2.2 Height of a roof superstructure Fig. 5.1.2.3 Additional air-termination system
gable roof made of electrically non-conduc- for ventilation pipes
tive material (e.g. PVC), h ≤ 0.5 m

A universal system of components for the installa- at the crossover of the air-termination system and
tion of isolated air-termination systems is descri- the gutter.
bed in Chapter 5.1.8.
Roof-mounted structures made of electrically non-
5.1.2 Air-termination systems for buildings conductive material (e.g. PVC vent pipes) are con-
with gable roofs sidered to be sufficiently protected if they do not
Air-termination systems on roofs are the metal protrude more than h = 0.5 m from the plane of
components in their entirety, e.g. air-termination the mesh (Figure 5.1.2.2).
conductors, air-termination rods, air-termination
tips. If the protrusion is h > 0.5 m, the structure must be
The parts of the structure usually hit by lightning equipped with an air-termination system (e.g.
strikes, such as the top of the gable, chimneys, interception tip) and connected to the nearest air-
ridges and arrises, the edges of gables and eaves, termination conductor. One way of doing this
parapets and antennas and other protruding struc- would be to use a wire with a diameter of 8 mm up
tures mounted on the roof, must be equipped with to a maximum free length of 0.5 m, as shown in
air-termination systems. Figure 5.1.2.3.
Normally, a reticulated air-termination network
is installed on the surface of gabled roofs, said Metal structures mounted on the roof without
network corresponding to the mesh size of the conductive connection into the structure do not
appropriate class of lightning protection system need to be connected to the air-termination sys-
(e.g. 15 m x 15 m for a lightning protection system tem if all the following conditions are met:
Class III) (Figure 5.1.2.1). ⇒ Structures mounted on the roof may protrude
By using the ridge and the outer edges of the a maximum distance of 0.3 m from the plane
structure, as well as the metal parts of the struc- of the mesh
ture serving as an air-termination system, the indi-
⇒ Structures mounted on the roof may have a
vidual meshes can be sited as preferred. The air-
maximum enclosed area of 1 m2 (e.g. dormer
termination conductors on the outer edges of the
windows)
structure must be installed as close to the edges as
possible. ⇒ Structures mounted on the roof may have a
maximum length of 2 m (e.g. sheet metal roof-
Generally, the metal gutter is used for closing the ing parts)
“mesh” of the air-termination system on the roof
surface. If the gutter itself is connected so as to be Only if all three conditions are met, no terminal is
electrically conductive, a gutter clamp is mounted required.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 59

Fig. 5.1.2.4 Building with photovoltaic system Fig. 5.1.2.5 Antenna with air-termination rod
Ref.: Wettingfeld Lightning Protection, Krefeld, Germany

Furthermore, with the conditions stated above, the earth) and the class of lightning protection sys-
the separation distance to the air-termination con- tem chosen.
ductors and down-conductor systems must be
maintained (Figure 5.1.2.4).
Air-termination rods for chimneys must be erected
5.1.3 Air-termination systems for flat-roofed
to ensure that the whole chimney is in the zone of
structures
protection. The protective angle method is applied
when dimensioning the air-termination rods. An air-termination system for structures with flat
If the stack is brick-built or constructed with pre- roofs (Figures 5.1.3.1 and 5.1.3.2) is designed using
formed sections, the air-termination rod can be the mesh method. A mesh-type air-termination
mounted directly on the stack. system with a mesh size corresponding to the class
of lightning protection system is installed on the
If there is a metal insert pipe in the interior of the
roof (Table 5.1.1.3).
stack, e.g. as found when redeveloping old build-
ings, the separation distance to this conductive
component must be kept. This is an example Figure 5.1.3.3 illustrates the practical application
where isolated air-termination systems are used of the meshed air-termination system in combina-
and the air-termination rods are erected with dis- tion with air-termination rods to protect the struc-
tance holders. The inserted metal pipe must be tures mounted on the roof, e.g. domelights, pho-
connected to the equipotential bonding.The tovoltaic cells or fans. Chapter 5.1.8 shows how to
assembly to protect parabolic antennas in particu- deal with these roof-mounted structures.
lar is similar to that to protect stacks with an inter-
nal stainless steel pipe. Roof conductor holders on flat roofs are laid at
In the event of a direct lightning strike to intervals of approx. 1 m. The air-termination con-
antennas, partial lightning currents can enter the ductors are connected with the attic, this being a
structure to be protected via the shields of the natural component of the air-termination system.
coaxial cables and cause the effects and destruc- As the temperature changes, so does the length of
tion previously described. To prevent this, anten- the materials used for the attic, and hence the
nas are equipped with isolated air-termination sys- individual segments must be equipped with “slide
tems (e.g. air-termination rods) (Figure 5.1.2.5). plates”.
Air-termination systems on the ridge have a tent- If the attic is used as an air-termination system,
shaped zone of protection (according to the pro- these individual segments must be permanently
tective angle method). The angle depends on the interconnected so as to be electrically conductive
height above the reference plane (e.g. surface of without restricting their ability to expand. This can

60 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Roof conductor holder expansion piece Bridging braid
Type FB2 Part No. 377 015
Part No. 253 050

flexible connection

distance between the

roof conductor holders
approx. 1 m

Roof conductor holder

Type FB
Part No. 253 015

Fig. 5.1.3.1 Air-termination system

bridging braid

rolling sphere
Fig. 5.1.3.2 Air-termination system on a flat roof

air-termination tip

metal attic

parapet

Fig. 5.1.3.5 Example how to protect a metal roof attic, if melting

through is unacceptable (front view)
Fig. 5.1.3.3 Use of air-termination rods
be achieved by means of bridging braids, straps or
cables (Figure 5.1.3.4).

The changes in length caused by changes in tem-

perature must also be taken into account with air-
termination conductors and down-conductor sys-
tems (see Chapter 5.4).
A lightning strike to the attic can cause the materi-
Fig. 5.1.3.4 Bridged attic als used to melt through. If this is unacceptable, a

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 61

 ~70
00
~3

~3
00
~9
0

distance between the

roof conductor holders flexible connection
approx. 1 m

Fig. 5.1.3.6 Synthetic flat roof sheetings – Roof conductor holder Type KF / KF2

supplementary air-termination system, e.g. with If the slope of the roof is greater than 5 °, each
air-termination tips, must be installed, its location roof conductor holder must be equipped with a
being determined by using the rolling sphere position fixing element. If the synthetic roof sheet-
method (Figure 5.1.3.5). ings are secured by mechanical means, the roof
conductor holders must be arranged in the imme-
diate vicinity of the mechanical fixing elements.
Conductor holders for flat roofs, homogeneously
welded When carrying out this work, it must be considered
In the wind, roof sheetings can move across the that welding and bonding work on the seal affect
roof surface horizontally, if they are only fixed the guarantee provided by the roofer.
mechanically / laid on the surface. A special posi- The work to be carried out must therefore only be
tion fixing is required for the air-termination con- done with the agreement of the roofer responsi-
ductor for preventing the conductor holders for ble for the particular roof, or be carried out by him
air-termination systems from being displaced on himself (Figure 5.1.3.6).
the smooth surface. Conventional roof conductor
holders cannot be permanently bonded to roof
sheetings since the latter do not usually permit the 5.1.4 Air-termination systems on metal
application of adhesives. roofs
A simple and safe way of fixing the position is to Modern industrial and commercial purpose-built
use roof conductor holders Type KF in combination structures often have metal roofs and facades. The
with straps (cut the strips to fit) made of the roof metal sheets and plates on the roofs are usually
sheeting material. The strap is clamped into the 0.7 – 1.2 mm thick.
plastic holder and both sides are welded onto the
seal. Holder and strap should be positioned imme- Figure 5.1.4.1 shows an example of the construc-
diately next to a roof sheeting joint at a distance tion of a metal roof.
of approx. 1 m. The strip of foil is welded to the When the roof is hit by a direct lightning strike,
roof sheeting according to the manufacturer of melting through or vaporisation can cause a hole
the roof sheeting. This prevents air-termination formed at the point of strike. The size of the hole
conductors on flat roofs from being displaced. depends on the energy of the lightning strike and

62 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Detail B

Detail A

Evaluation: BLIDS – SIEMENS

I = 20400 A residential building

Fig. 5.1.4.1 Types of metal roofs, e.g. roofs with Fig. 5.1.4.2 Example of damage: Metal plate cover
round standing seam

the characteristics of the material, (e.g. thickness). roof insulation becomes damp and / or the ceiling
The biggest problem here is the subsequent dam- becomes wet and is no longer rainproof.
age, e.g. water entering at this point. Days or One example of damage, assessed using BLIDS
weeks can pass before this damage is noticed. The (Blitz-Informations Dienst von Siemens – Siemens
Lightning Information Service) illustrates this
problem (Figure 5.1.4.2). A current of approx.
Suitable for all classes of lightning protection system
20,000 A struck the sheet metal and made a hole
Distance of the Height of the (Figure 5.1.4.2: Detail A). Since the sheet metal was
horizontal conductors air-termination tip*) not earthed by a down-conductor system, flash-
3m 0.15 m overs to natural metal components in the wall
occurred in the area around the fascia (Figure
4m 0.25 m 5.1.4.2: Detail B), which also caused a hole.
To prevent such kind of damage, a suitable exter-
5m 0.35 m
nal lightning protection system with wires and
6m 0.45 m clamps capable of carrying lightning currents must
be installed even on a “thin” metal roof. The IEC
*) recommended values
62305-3 (EN 62305-3) lightning protection stan-
Table 5.1.4.1 Lightning protection for metal roofs – Height of the dard clearly illustrates the risk of damage to metal
air-termination tips roofs. Where an external lightning protection sys-
tem is required, the metal sheets must have the
minimum values stated in Table 5.1.1.5.
rolling sphere with a radius
acc. to class of LPS The thicknesses t are not relevant for roofing
air-termination tip materials. Metal sheets with a thickness t’ may only
be used as a natural air-termination system if
puncturing, overheating and melting is tolerated.
The owner of the structure must agree to tolerate
this type of roof damage, since there is no longer
any guarantee that the roof will offer protection
from the rain. Also the Rules of the German Roof-
ing Trade concerning lightning protection on and
attached to roofs require the agreement of the
owner.

If the owner is not prepared to tolerate damage to

Fig. 5.1.4.3 Air-termination system on a metal roof – Protection the roof in the event of a lightning strike, then a
against holing separate air-termination system must be installed

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 63

 air-termination tip
1 Parallel conector
conductor holder with
St/tZn Part No. 307 000
loose conductor leading
2 Roof conductor holder
for metal roofs, loose con-
ductor leading, DEHNgrip
1 3 conductor holder
StSt Part No. 223 011 bridging braid
Al Part No. 223 041
2
3 Roof conductor holder
for metal roofs fixed con- KS connector
ductor leading with clamping
frame
StSt Part No. 223 010
Al Part No. 223 040

roof connection

bridging cable

Fig. 5.1.4.4a Conductor holders for metal roofs – Round standing seam Fig. 5.1.4.4b Conductor holder for metal roofs –
Round standing seam

on a metal roof. The air-termination system must Holes must not be drilled into the metal roof when
be installed to ensure that the rolling sphere fixing the conductors and air-termination tips. Var-
(radius r which corresponds to the class of light- ious conductor holders are available for the differ-
ning protection system chosen) does not touch the ent types of metal roofs (round standing seam,
metal roof (Figure 5.1.4.3). standing seam, trapezoidal). Figure 5.1.4.4a shows
one possible design for a metal roof with round
When mounting the air-termination system it is standing seam.
recommended to install a so-called “hedgehog
roof” with longitudinal conductors and air-termi-
nation tips. When installing the conductors, care must be tak-
en that the conductor holder located at the high-
In practice, the heights of air-termination tips est point of the roof must be designed with a fixed
according to Table 5.1.4.1 are tried and tested, conductor leading, whereas all other conductor
regardless of the class of lightning protection sys- holders must be designed with a loose conductor
tem involved. leading because of the linear compensation

Fig. 5.1.4.5 Model construction of a trape- Fig. 5.1.4.6 Model construction of a roof Fig. 5.1.4.7 Air-termination rod for a dome-
zoidal sheet roof, conductor with standing seam light on a roof with round stand-
holder with clamping frame ing seam

64 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

caused by changes in temperature (Figure 5.1.5 Principle of an air-termination system
5.1.4.4b). for structures with thatched roof
The design of lightning protection systems Class III
The conductor holder with fixed conductor lead- generally meets the requirements of such a struc-
ing is illustrated in Figure 5.1.4.5 using the exam- ture. In particular individual cases, a risk analysis
ple of a trapezoidal sheet roof. based on IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) can be carried
out.
Figure 5.1.4.5 also shows an air-termination tip
next to the conductor holder. The conductor hold- The air-termination conductors on such roofs
er must be hooked into the fixing screw above the (made of thatch, straw or rushes) must be fastened
covering plate for the drill hole to prevent any across isolating supports to be free to move. Cer-
entering of water. tain distances must also be maintained around the
eaves.
Figure 5.1.4.6 uses the example of a round stand-
ing seam roof to illustrate the loose conductor In case of subsequent installation of a lightning
leading. protection system on a roof, the distances must be
Figure 5.1.4.6 also shows the connection to the increased. This allows to maintain the necessary
roof with round standing seam at the roof edge, minimum distances when re-roofing is carried out.
which is capable of carrying currents. For a lightning protection system Class III, the typi-
Unprotected installations projecting above the cal distance of the down-conductor system is 15 m.
roof, e.g. domelights and chimney covers, are
exposed points of strike for a lightning discharge. The exact distance of the down-conductor systems
In order to prevent these installations from being from each other results from calculating the sepa-
struck by a direct lightning strike, air-termination ration distance s in accordance with IEC 62305-3
rods must be installed adjacent to the installations (EN 62305-3).
projecting above the roof. The height of the air-
termination rod results from the protective angle α Chapter 5.6 explains how to calculate the separa-
(Figure 5.1.4.7). tion distance.

Ideally, ridge conductors should

have spans up to around 15 m, and
Signs and symbols down-conductor systems up to
Air-termination conductor around 10 m without additional
Connecting point
Isolating point /
supports.
Measuring point Fastening posts must be tightly
Earth conductor connected to the roof structure
Down conductor
(rafters and rails) by means of bolts
Important distances (min. values) and washers (Figures 5.1.5.1 to
a 0.6 m Air-term. conductor / Gable
5.1.5.3).
b 0.4 m Air-term. conductor/Roofing
c 0.15 m Eaves / Eaves support
d 2.0 m Air-termination conductor / Metal components situated above
Branches of trees the roof surface (such as weather
vanes, irrigation systems, anten-
nas, metal plates, conductors) must
be entirely in the protected vol-
ume of isolated air-termination
systems.
In such cases, effective protection
against lightning can only be
achieved with an isolated external
Fig. 5.1.5.1 Air-termination system for buildings with thatched roofs lightning protection system with

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 65

 1 6
2

Pos Description DIN Part No.

1 Clamping cap with 48811 A 145 309 4
air-termination rod
2 Wood pile 48812 145 241 5
3 Support for roof conductors − 240 000
4 Eaves support 48827 239 000
5 Tensioning block 48827 B 241 002
6 Air-term. conductor, e.g. Al cable − 840 050

Fig. 5.1.5.2 Components for thatched roofs

air-termination rods near the structure, or air-ter- This method can be found in Chapter 5.1.8 isolated
mination conductors or interconnected air-termi- air-termination system (steel telescopic lightning
nation masts adjacent to the structure. protection masts).
A new and architecturally very attractive possibili-
If a thatched roof borders onto metal roofing ty of isolated lightning protection is the use of iso-
material, and if the structure has to be equipped lated down conductor systems.
with an external lightning protection system, then Example for the installation of isolated down con-
an electrically non-conductive roofing material at ductor systems: Redevelopment of the roof of a
least 1 m wide, e.g. in plastic, must be inserted historical farmhouse in Lower Saxony (Figure
between the thatched roof and the other roof. 5.1.5.4).

Tree branches must be kept at least 2 m away from Referring to the building regulations (LBO) of the
a thatched roof. If trees are very close to, and high- respective federal state as well as to the model
er than, a structure, then an air-termination con- building regulations (MBO), the competent build-
ductor must be mounted on the edge of the roof ing authority decides about the necessity of a
facing the trees (edge of the eaves, gable) and lightning protection system.
connected to the
lightning protection
system. The necessary
distances must be
maintained.

A further way of pro-

tecting structures
with thatched roofs
against a strike of
lightning is to erect
air-termination masts
so that the whole
structure is in the pro- Fig. 5.1.5.3 Thatched roof Fig. 5.1.5.4 Historical farmhouse with external lightning protection
tected volume. (Ref. Photo: Hans Thormählen GmbH & Co.KG)

66 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 The building regulations of Lower
Saxony (NBauO) for example stipu-
1m

late in § 20 (3) that:

“Buildings or structures which due
m to the location, type of construction
GRP/Al insulating pipe ∅ 50 mm 45
1.5 m

h r= or use are particularly susceptible

wit
ere to lightning strikes, or where such a
sph
ng strike can have serious conse-
rolli
quences, must be equipped with
permanently effective lightning
protection systems.”

With regard to the increasing dam-

age events caused by lightning
strikes and surges, property insurers
10 m

Legend: require that measures of lightning

Down conductor and surge protection are taken pri-
HVI® conductor or to the conclusion of new, or
(under roof)
adjustment of existing insurance
2m

Earth conductor
contracts. Basis for the risk assess-
Isolating point
ment is a risk analysis according to
Thatched roof
IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2).
At the historical farmhouse a light-
13 m ning protection system Class III has
been installed, which meets the
Fig. 5.1.5.5 Sectioning at the central building standard requirements for buildings
with thatched roofs IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3).

insulating pipe with

interior HVI® conductor

heather or divot- mast sealing film

cladded ridge
bolted
wooden traverse HVI® conductor led under
the roof to the eaves

EBB

cornice plank

Legend:
HVI® conductor
Down conductor inside
HVI® conductor
(under roof)
Earth conductor
MEBB
Isolating point
Thatched roof

Fig. 5.1.5.6 Schematic diagram and diagram of the down conductor installation at the rafter

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 67

 (EN 62305-3). The isolated HVI conductor is speci-
leading through the cornice
fied with an equivalent separation distance in air
of s = 0.75 m or s = 1.50 m for solid building mate-
HVI® conductor rials. Figure 5.1.5.6 shows how the down conduc-
tor system is arranged.

The HVI conductor is run in an insulating pipe. The

construction requires a down leading of the HVI
conductor via a central earthing busbar, the
equipotential bonding measures being performed
by a flexible conductor H07V-K 1 x 16 mm2. The
insulating pipe is fixed at a special construction
(wooden traverse) and further down, the down
conductors are routed along the rafters of the roof
construction underneath the battens (Figure
Fig. 5.1.5.7 HVI conductor led through the cornice plank 5.1.5.6).
At the eaves, the HVI conductors are led through
the cornice plank (Figure 5.1.5.7).
The heather-cladded ridge of the object is protect-
For architectural reasons aluminium down conduc-
ed by a reticulated plastic cover to avoid abrasion
tors are installed further down. Like for the whole
by birds.
installation, the crossover of the HVI conductor to
the uninsulated, bare down conductor near the
Before designing of the air-termination system,
earthing system is effected on the basis of the
the protected volumes are to be determined by
mounting instructions of the DEHNconductor sys-
the rolling sphere method. A rolling sphere radius
tem. A sealing unit was not necessary.
of 45 m is applicable in case of a lightning protec-
tion system Class III according to the standard spec-
ifications. The height of the air-termination system
was ascertained to be 2.30 m, thus the two stacks 5.1.6 Walkable and trafficable roofs
at the ridge and the three new dormers at the one
It is not possible to mount air-termination conduc-
side of the roof are within the protected volume
tors (e.g. with concrete blocks) on trafficable roofs.
(Figure 5.1.5.5).
One possible solution is to install the air-termina-
tion conductors in either concrete or in the joints
An insulating pipe (Glass Fibre Reinforced Unsatu- between the sections of the roadway. If the air-ter-
rated Plastic) was chosen to keep the air-termina- mination conductor is installed in these joints,
tion system correspondingly elevated and to sup- mushroom head collectors are installed at the
port the isolated down-conductor system. The low- intersections of the mesh as defined points of
er part of the insulating pipe is aluminium to strike.
ensure the mechanical stability. Due to the induc-
tion of neighbouring components unwanted
sparking is possible in this section. To avoid this, The mesh size must not exceed the value according
there are no earthed parts or electrical equipment to the class of lightning protection system (see
within a distance of 1 m from the air-termination Chapter 5.1.1, Table 5.1.1.3).
system.
The electrical isolation of air-termination systems If it can be guaranteed that no persons will be on
and down-conductor systems on the one hand and this area during a thunderstorm, then it is suffi-
of the metal installations to be protected and the cient to install the measures described above.
systems of power supply and information techno Persons who can go onto this storey of the car park
logy of the building or structure to be protected must be informed by means of a sign that they
on the other hand, can be achieved by the separa- must immediately clear this storey when a thun-
tion distance s between these conductive parts. derstorm occurs, and not return for the duration
This must be determined according to IEC 62305-3 of the storm (Figure 5.1.6.1).

68 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 h = 2.5 m + s
r
Warning! Additional
Keep off the car park air-termination
Mushroom head during thunderstorms cable
collector after
asphalting Mushroom head
collector
Art.-Nr. 108 001

h
Conductors installed within
concrete or in the joints of
the roadway (plates)

Height of the air-termination rod

Down conducting via steel reinforcement
dimensioned according to the
required protective angle

Fig. 5.1.6.1 Lightning protection for car park roofs – Building protec- Fig. 5.1.6.2 Lightning protection for car park roofs – Building and
tion life protection IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3); Annex E

If it is also possible that persons are on the roof protects the roof skin, suppresses dust from the
during a thunderstorm, then the air-termination ambient air, provides additional heat insulation,
system must be designed to protect these persons, filters and retains rainwater and is a natural way of
assuming they have a height of 2.5 m (with out- improving the living and working conditions.
stretched arm) from direct lightning strikes. Moreover, in many regions it is possible to obtain
grants from public funds for cultivating plants on
The air-termination system can be dimensioned the roof. A distinction is made between so-called
using the rolling sphere or the protective angle extensive and intensive cultivation. An extensive
method according to the class of lightning protec- planted area requires little care, in contrast to an
tion system (Figure 5.1.6.2). intensive planted area which requires fertiliser,
irrigation and cutting. For both types of planted
These air-termination systems can also be con- area, either earth substrate or granulate must be
structed from spanned cables or air-termination laid on the roof.
rods. These air-termination rods are secured to It is even more expensive if the granulate or sub-
structural elements such as parapets or the like, for strate has to be removed because of a direct light-
example. ning strike.
Furthermore, lightning masts, for example, can
also act as air-termination rods to prevent life haz- If there is no external lightning protection system,
ard. With this version, however, attention must be the roof seal can be damaged at the point of
paid to the partial lightning currents which can be strike.
conducted into the structure via the power lines. It
is imperative to have lightning equipotential Experience has shown that, regardless of the type
bonding measures for these lines. of care required, the air-termination system of an
external lightning protection system can, and
should, also be installed on the surface of a green
5.1.7 Air-termination system for green and roof.
flat roofs
A planted roof can make economic and ecological For a meshed air-termination system, the IEC
sense. This is because it provides noise insulation, 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) lightning protection stan-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 69

Fig. 5.1.7.1 Green roof Fig. 5.1.7.2 Air-termination system on a Fig. 5.1.7.3 Conductor leading on the cover-
green roof ing layer

dard prescribes a mesh size which depends on the the height of the structure. It is preferable to
class of lightning protection system chosen (see determine the installation site of the mesh consid-
Chapter 5.1.1, Table 5.1.1.3). An air-termination ering the external edges of the roof and any met-
conductor installed inside the covering layer is dif- al structures acting as an air-termination system.
ficult to inspect after a number of years because
the air-termination tips or mushroom head collec- Stainless steel (Material No. 1.4571) has proven to
tors are overgrown and no longer recognisable, be a good material for the conductors of air-termi-
and frequently damaged by maintenance work. nation systems on planted roofs.
Moreover, air-termination conductors installed Aluminium wire must not be used for installing
inside the covering layer are more susceptible to conductors in the covering layer (in the earth sub-
corrosion. Conductors of air-termination meshes strate or granulate), (Figures 5.1.7.1 to 5.1.7.3).
installed uniformly
on top of the cover-
ing layer are easier to
inspect even if they
become overgrown,
and the height of the connection via
interception system direct connection isolating spark gap
roof
can be lifted up by
means of air-termi-
nation tips and rods
and “grown” with
1st floor
the plants on the
roof. Air-termination
systems can be de-
signed in different ground floor
ways. The usual way data lines
is to install a meshed
air-termination net
with a mesh size of
5 m x 5 m (lightning
protection system basement
Class I) up to a max. EBB
mesh size of 15 m x
15 m (lightning pro-
tection system Class
III) on the roof sur-
face, regardless of Fig. 5.1.8.1 Connection of roof-mounted structures

70 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 5.1.8.2 Isolated air-termination system, protection provided by Fig. 5.1.8.3 Air-termination rod with distance holder
an air-termination rod

5.1.8 Isolated air-termination systems lightning current was also carried into the struc-
ture via the electrical cable, for example. This can
Roof-mounted structures such as air conditioning
affect or even destroy electrical or electronic
and cooling systems, e.g. for mainframes, are
installations inside the structure.
nowadays used on the roofs of larger office blocks
and industrial structures. Antennas, electrically The only way of preventing these currents to be
controlled domelights, advertising signs with inte- carried in is to use isolated air-termination systems
grated lightning and all other protruding roof- which maintain the separation distances.
mounted structures having a conductive connec- Figure 5.1.8.1 shows a partial lightning current
tion, e.g. via electrical cables or ducts, into the penetrating the inside of the structure.
structure, must be treated in a similar way. These widely different roof-mounted structures
According to the state of the art for lightning pro- can be protected by various designs of isolated air-
tection, such roof-mounted structures are protect- termination systems.
ed against direct lightning strikes by means of sep-
arately mounted air-termination systems. This pre-
Air-termination rods
vents partial lightning currents from entering the
structure, where they would affect or even destroy For smaller roof-mounted structures (e.g. small
the sensitive electrical /electronic installations. fans) the protection can be achieved by using indi-
In the past, these roof-mounted structures were vidual, or a combination of several, air-termina-
connected directly. tion rods. Air-termination rods up to a height of
2.0 m can be fixed with one or two concrete bases
This direct connection meant that parts of the
piled on top of each other (e.g. Part No. 102 010)
lightning current were conducted into the struc-
as self supporting installation (Figure 5.1.8.2).
ture. Later, “indirect connection” via a spark gap
was introduced. This meant that direct lightning If air-termination rods are higher than 2.5 m or
strikes to the roof-mounted structure could also 3.0 m, they must be fixed at the object to be pro-
flow away via the “internal conductors” to some tected by distance holders made of electrically
extent, and in the event of a more distant light- insulating material (e.g. DEHNiso distance holder)
ning strike to the structure, the spark gap should (Figure 5.1.8.3).
not operate. The operating voltage of approx. Angled supports are a practical solution when air-
4 kV was almost always attained and hence partial termination rods also have to be secured against

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 71

Fig. 5.1.8.4 Angled support for air-termina- Fig. 5.1.8.5 Supporting element for the air- Fig. 5.1.8.6 Isolated air-termination system
tion rods termination rod for photovoltaic system

the effects of side winds (Figures 5.1.8.4 and dation. Free heights of 19 m above ground level
5.1.8.5). can be achieved, even higher, if custom-made ones
If higher air-termination rods are required, e.g. for are used. It is also possible to span a cable between
larger roof-mounted structures, which nothing can these masts if they are especially designed for this
be secured to, the air-termination rods can be purpose. The standard lengths of the steel tele-
installed by using special supports. scopic lightning protection masts are supplied in
Self-supporting air-termination rods up to a height sections, offering enormous advantages for trans-
of 8.5 m can be installed by using a tripod. These portation.
supports are fixed to the floor with standard con- Further information (e.g. installation, assembly)
crete bases (one on top of another). Additional about these steel telescopic lightning protection
guy lines are required above a free height of 6 m in masts can be found in Installation Instructions
order to withstand the stresses caused by the wind. No. 1574 (Figures 5.1.8.8 and 5.1.8.9).

These self-supporting air-termination rods can be

Spanned over by cables or conductors
used for a wide variety of applications (e.g. anten-
nas, PV installations). The special feature of this According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3), air-termi-
type of air-termination system is its short installa- nation conductors can be installed above the struc-
tion time as no holes need to be drilled and only ture to be protected.
few elements need to be screwed together (Fig- The air-termination conductors generate a tent-
ures 5.1.8.6 to 5.1.8.7). shaped protective space at the sides, and a cone-
For protecting complete structures or installations shaped one at the ends. The protective angle α
(e.g. PV installations, ammunition depots) with air- depends on the class of lightning protection sys-
termination rods, lightning protection masts are tem and the height of the air-termination system
used. These masts are installed in a concrete foun- above the reference plane.

Fig. 5.1.8.7 Isolated air-termination system Fig. 5.1.8.8 Additional protection in the tran- Fig. 5.1.8.9 Installation of a steel telescopic
for roof-mounted structures sition area by anticorrosive band lightning protection mast
for underground application

72 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 5.1.8.10 Installed air-termination system
Ref.: Blitzschutz Wettingfeld , Krefeld. Germany

The rolling sphere method with its corresponding

radius (according to the class of lightning protec-
tion system) can also be used to dimension the
conductors or cables.

The mesh type of air-termination system can also

be used if an appropriate separation distance s Fig. 5.1.8.11 Tripod support for self-supporting insulating pipes
between the components of the installation and
the air-termination system must be maintained. In
such cases, isolating distance holders in concrete
bases are installed vertically, for example, for guid-
ing the mesh on an elevated level (Figure 5.1.8.10).

DEHNiso-Combi
A user-friendly way of installing conductors or
cables in accordance with the three different
design methods for air-termination systems
(rolling sphere, protective angle, mesh) is provided
by the DEHNiso-Combi programme of products.

The aluminium insulating pipes with “isolating dis-

tance” (GRP – Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic) which
are fixed to the object to be protected, provide a
way of guiding the cables. By means of the GRP
distance holder, a subsequently separate guiding Fig. 5.1.8.12 Isolated air-termination systems with DEHNiso-Combi
to the down-conductor system or supplementary
air-termination systems (e.g. mesh) is realised.
The types of design described can be combined
Further information about the application is con- with each other as desired to adapt the isolated
tained in the brochures DS 123E, DS 111E and in air-termination systems to the local conditions
the set of installation instructions No. 1475. (Figures 5.1.8.11 to 5.1.8.14).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 73

 in the case of culturally significant structures, a
special risk analysis in accordance with IEC 62305-2
(EN 62305-2) must be carried out.

Nave
According to the German standard DIN EN 62305-3,
Supplement 2, the nave must have its own light-
ning protection system and, if a steeple is
attached, this system must be connected by the
shortest route with a down-conductor system of
the steeple. In the transept, the air-termination
conductor along the transverse ridge must be
equipped with a down-conductor system at each
end.
Fig. 5.1.8.13 Detail picture of DEHNiso-Combi
Steeple
Steeples up to a height of 20 m must be equipped
with a down-conductor system. If steeple and nave
are joined, then this down-conductor system must
be connected to the external lightning protection
system of the nave by the shortest route (Figure
5.1.9.1). If the down-conductor system of the
steeple coincides with a down-conductor system of
the nave, then a common down-conductor system
can be used at this location. According to the Ger-
man standard DIN EN 62305-3, Supplement 2,
steeples above 20 m in height must be provided

Fig. 5.1.8.14 Isolated air-termination system with DEHNiso-Combi

5.1.9 Air-termination system for steeples

and churches
External lightning protection system
According to the German standard DIN EN 62305-3,
Supplement 2, lightning protection systems Class
III meet the normal requirements for churches and
steeples. In particular individual cases, for example Fig. 5.1.9.1 Installing the down-conductor system at a steeple

74 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

with at least two down conductors. At least one of required. This can control lightning strikes with
these down conductors must be connected with currents measuring up to 200,000 A. This require-
the external lightning protection system of the ments are based on the experience made at the
nave via the shortest route. operation of WT and on the assessment of the risk
of damage according to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2).
Down-conductor systems on steeples must always
be guided to the ground on the outside of the Principle of an external lightning protection sys-
steeple. The installation inside the steeple is not tem for wind turbines
allowed (DIN EN 62305-3 Supplement 2). Further,
The external lightning protection system compri-
the separation distance s to metal components and
ses air-termination systems, down-conductor sys-
electrical installations in the steeple (e.g. clock
tems and an earth termination system and protects
mechanisms, belfry) and under the roof (e.g. air
against mechanical destruction and fire. Lightning
conditioning, ventilation and heating systems)
strikes to wind turbines usually affect the rotor
must be maintained by suitable arrangement of
blades. Hence, receptors, for example, are inte-
the external lightning protection system. The
grated to determine defined points of strike (Fig-
required separation distance can become a prob-
ure 5.1.10.1).
lem especially at the clock. In this case, the conduc-
tive connection into the structure can be replaced
with an isolating connector (e.g. a GRP pipe) to In order to allow the coupled lightning currents to
prevent hazardous sparking in parts of the exter- flow to earth in a controlled way, the receptors in
nal lightning protection system. the rotor blades are connected to the hub with a
metal interconnecting conductor (solid tape con-
In more modern churches built with reinforced ductor St/tZn 30 mm x 3.5 mm or copper cable
concrete, the reinforcement steels can be used as 50 mm2). Carbon fibre brushes or air spark gaps
down-conductor systems if it can be ensured that then, in turn, bridge the ball-bearings in the head
they provide a continuous conductive connection. of the nacelle in order to avoid the welding of the
If pre-cast reinforced concrete parts are used, the revolving parts of the structure.
reinforcement may be used as a down-conductor
system if terminals to connect the reinforcement
continuously are provided on the pre-cast concrete
parts.

In Germany the lightning equipotential bonding

with the electronic equipment (power system,
telephone and public address system) shall be
effected at the entrance to the building and for
the bells control and timing system in the steeple
and at the control and timing system, in accor- receptor
dance with Supplement 2 of DIN EN 62305-3.
wire meshwork

5.1.10 Air-termination systems for wind tur-

bines (WT)
Requirement for protection against lightning
IEC 61400-24 describes measures required to pro-
tect wind turbines against lightning. In the certifi-
cation directives of the German Lloyd, a lightning
protection system Class III is required for WT hubs
in a height of 60 m and Class II if the hub is in a
height of more than 60 m. In case of offshore
plants a lightning protection system Class I is Fig. 5.1.10.1 WT with integrated receptors in the rotor blades

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 75

Fig. 5.1.10.2 Lightning protection for wind speed indicators at WT

In order to protect structures on the nacelle, such

as anemometers in the event of a lightning strike,
air-termination rods or “air-termination cages”
are installed (Figure 5.1.10.2).
The metal tower or, in case of a prestressed con- Fig. 5.1.11.1 Protection against direct lightning strikes by self-sup-
crete version, the down-conductor systems embed- porting air-termination rods
ded in the concrete (round conductor St/tZn
Ø 8 ...10 mm or tape conductor St/tZn 30 mm x
lation of both the air-termination systems, such as
3.5 mm) is used as the down-conductor system. The
air-termination rods, air-termination tips or air-ter-
wind turbine is earthed by a foundation earth
mination meshes, and the down-conductor sys-
electrode in the base of the tower and the meshed
tems, i.e. to be installed with sufficient separation
connection with the foundation earth electrode of
distance from the roof-mounted structures within
the operation building. This creates an “equipo-
the zone of protection. The construction of an iso-
tential surface” which prevents potential differ-
lated lightning protection system creates a zone of
ences in the event of a lightning strike.
protection in which direct lightning strikes cannot
occur. It also prevents partial lightning currents
from entering the low voltage system and hence
5.1.11 Wind load stresses on lightning pro- the structure. This is important as the entering of
tection air-termination rods partial lightning currents into the building can
Roofs are used more and more as areas for techni- affect or destroy sensitive electrical /electronic
cal installations. Especially when extending the installations.
technical equipment in the structure, extensive Extended roof-mounted structures are also
installations are sited more than ever on the roofs equipped with a system of isolated air-termination
of larger office blocks and industrial structures. It is systems. These are connected with each other and
essential to protect roof-mounted structures such also with the earth-termination system. Among
as air conditioning and cooling systems, transmit- other things the magnitude of the zone of protec-
ters for cell sites on host buildings, lamps, flue gas tion created depends on the number and the
vents and other apparatus connected to the elec- height of the air-termination systems installed.
trical low voltage system (Figure 5.1.11.1). A single air-termination rod is sufficient to provide
the protection required by smaller roof-mounted
In accordance with the relevant lightning protec- structures. The procedure involves the application
tion standards contained in the IEC 62305 (EN of the rolling sphere method in accordance with
62305) series, these roof-mounted structures can IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) (Figure 5.1.11.2).
be protected from direct lightning strikes with iso- With the rolling sphere method, a rolling sphere
lated air-termination systems. This requires an iso- whose radius depends on the class of lightning

76 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Max. height of the building
Class of LPS Radius of the Mesh size
rolling sphere (r) (M)
I 20 m 5x5m
II 30 m 10 x 10 m mesh size M
III 45 m 15 x 15 m
IV 60 m 20 x 20 m air-termination
down rod with air-
conductor termination tip
protective angle
air-termination rod
rolling
h2

α sphere
r
bracing
h1

earth-termination system variable

tripod

Fig. 5.1.11.2 Procedure for installation of air-termination systems according to IEC 62305-3 Fig. 5.1.11.3 Self-supporting air-termina-
(EN 62305-3) tion rod with variable tripod

protection system chosen is rolled in all possible users demand a lightweight system of “self-sup-
directions on and over the structure to be protect- porting air-termination rods”, which are easier to
ed. During this procedure, the rolling sphere must transport and install. To ensure that it is safe to use
touch the ground (reference plane) and / or the air- air-termination rods on roofs, their mechanical sta-
termination system only. bility must be proven.
This method produces a protection volume where
direct lightning strikes are not possible. Stress caused by wind loads
To achieve the largest possible volume of protec- Since self-supporting air-termination rods are
tion, and also to be able to protect larger roof- installed at exposed sites (e.g. on roofs), mechani-
mounted structures against direct lightning cal stresses arise which, owing to the comparable
strikes, the individual air-termination rods should location and the upcoming wind speeds, corre-
ideally be erected with a corresponding height. spond to the stresses suffered by antenna frames.
To prevent self-supporting air-termination rods Self-supporting air-termination rods must there-
from tilting and breaking a suitably designed base fore basically meet the same requirements con-
and supplementary braces are required (Figure cerning their mechanical stability as set out in the
5.1.11.3). German standard DIN 4131 for antenna frames.
The requirement for the self-supporting air-termi- DIN 4131 divides Germany up into 4 wind zones
nation rods to be built as high as possible must be with zone-dependent wind speeds (Figure
balanced against the higher stress exerted by the 5.1.11.4).
active wind loads. A 40 % increase in wind speed, When calculating the prospective actual wind load
for example, doubles the active tilting moment. At stresses, apart from the zone-dependent wind
the same time, from the application point of view, load, the height of the structure and the local con-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 77

ditions (structure standing alone in open terrain or When designing self-supporting air-termination
embedded in other buildings) must also be includ- rods, the following requirements must be met for
ed. From Figure 5.1.11.4 it can be seen that around the wind load stress:
95 % of Germany´s surface area lies within Wind ⇒ Tilt resistance of the air-termination rods
Zones I and II. Air-termination rods are therefore
generally designed for Wind Zone II. The use of ⇒ Fracture resistance of the rods
self-supporting air-termination rods in Wind Zone ⇒ Maintaining the required separation distance
III and Wind Zone IV must be assessed for each to the object to be protected even under wind
individual case taking the arising stresses into loads (prevention of intolerable deflections)
account.
According to DIN 4131 a constant dynamic pres- Determination of the tilt resistance
sure over the height of a structure can be expected The dynamic pressure arising (depends on the
for structures up to a height of 50 m. For the calcu- wind speed), the resistance coefficient cw and the
lations, the maximum height of the structure was contact surface of the wind on the air-termination
considered 40 m, so that a total height (height of rod, generate a uniform load q‘ on the surface
the structure plus length of the air-termination which generates a corresponding tilting moment
rods) is kept below the 50 m mark. MT on the self-supporting air-termination rod. To
ensure that the self-supporting air-
termination rod is stable, the tilt-
ing moment MT must be opposed
Zone IV by a load torque MO , which is gen-
erated by the post. The magnitude
Kiel Rostock of the load torque MO depends on
the standing weight and the radius
Schwerin
Hamburg
of the post. If the tilting moment is
Zone III Zone II
Bremen
greater than the load torque, the
wind load pushes the air-termina-
Berlin tion rod over.
Hannover Potsdam The proof of the stability of self-
Magedburg supporting air-termination rods is
Essen Halle
also obtained from static calcula-
Dortmund
Leipzig
tions. Besides the mechanical char-
Dresden
Düsseldorf
acteristics of the materials used,
Erfurt Chemnitz
Köln
the following information is in-
Bonn
cluded in the calculation:
Zone I
Wiesbaden
Frankfurt
⇒ Wind contact surface of the
Würzburg air-termination rod: deter-
Nürnberg mined by length and diameter
Saarbrücken Mannheim of the individual sections of
Stuttgart Regensburg
the air-termination rod.

Augsburg Zone Dynamic Wind Wind ⇒ Wind contact surface of the

pressure velocity strength bracing: Very high self-sup-
Freiburg
München q [kN/m2] v [km/h] porting air-termination rods
I 0.8 126.7 are anchored with 3 braces
II 1.05 145.1 mounted equidistantly around
12 - 17
III 1.4 161.5 the circumference. The wind
IV 1.7 184.7 contact surface of these braces
corresponds to the area pro-
Fig. 5.1.11.4 Division of Germany into wind load zones and corresponding values of jected by these braces onto a
dynamic pressure and max. wind speed plane in a right angle to the
Ref.: DIN 4131:1991-11: Steel antenna frames, Berlin: Beuth-Verlag, GmbH direction of the wind, i.e. the

78 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 brace lengths are shortened accordingly when Implementation
considered in the calculation. In order to provide the smallest possible wind con-
⇒ Weight of the air-termination rod and the tact surface, the cross sections of the air-termina-
bracing: The dead weight of the air-termina- tion rods were optimised in accordance with the
tion rod and the braces is taken into account in results of the calculation. For easier transportation
the calculation of the load torque. and installation, the air-termination rod comprises
an aluminium tube (in sections, if so desired) and
⇒ Weight of the post: The post is a tripod
an aluminium air-termination rod. The post to
weighted down with concrete blocks. The
hold the air-termination rod is hinged and is avail-
weight of this post is made up of the dead
able in two versions. Roof pitches up to 10 ° can be
weight of the tripod and the individual
compensated..
weights of the concrete blocks used.
⇒ Tilting lever of the post: The tilting lever Determination of the fracture resistance
denotes the shortest distance between the
Not only the stability of the air-termination rod
centre of the tripod and the line or point
must be proven, but also the fracture resistance,
around which the whole system would tilt.
since the occurring wind load exerts bending
stresses on the self-supporting air-termination rod.
The proof of stability is obtained by comparing the The bending stress in such cases must not exceed
following moments: the max. permissible stress. The bending stress
⇒ Tilting moment formed from the wind-load- occurring is higher for longer air-termination rods.
dependent force on the air-termination rod or The air-termination rods must be designed to
the braces and the lever arm of the air-termi- ensure that wind loads as can arise in Wind Zone II
nation rod. cannot cause permanent deformation of the rods.
⇒ Load torque formed from the weight of the Since both the exact geometry of the air-termina-
post, the weight of the air-termination rod tion rod and the non-linear performance of the
and the braces, and the length of the tilt lever materials used must be taken into account, the
through the tripod. proof of the fracture resistance of self-supporting
air-termination rods is obtained using an FEM cal-
culation model. The finite elements method, FEM
Stability is achieved when the ratio of load torque
for short, is a numerical method for calculation of
to the tilting moment assumes a value >1.
stresses and deformations of complex geometrical
Basically: the greater the ratio of load torque to structures. The structure under examination is bro-
tilting moment, the greater the stability. ken down into so-called “finite elements” using
The required stability can be achieved in the fol- imaginary surfaces and lines which are intercon-
lowing ways: nected via nodes.
⇒ In order to keep the wind contact surface of The calculation requires the following informa-
the air-termination rod small, the cross sec- tion:
tions used have to be as small as possible. The
⇒ FEM-calculation model
load on the air-termination rod is reduced,
but, at the same time, the mechanical strength The FEM calculation model corresponds to the
of the air-termination rod decreases (risk of simplified geometry of the self-supporting air-
breaking). It is therefore crucial to make a termination rod.
compromise between a smallest possible cross ⇒ Material characteristics
section to reduce the wind load and a largest
The performance of the material is represent-
possible cross section to achieve the required
ed by the details of cross-sectional values,
strength.
modulus of elasticity, density and lateral con-
⇒ The stability can be increased by using larger traction.
base weights and / or larger post radii. This
often conflicts with the limited areas for erec- ⇒ Loads
tion and the general requirement for low The wind load is applied to the geometric
weight and easy transport. model as a pressure load.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 79

Fig. 5.1.11.5 Comparison of bending moment courses at self-supporting air-termination rods with and without braces (length = 8.5 m)

The fracture resistance is determined by compar- exceeded and the air-termination rod is not
ing the permissible bending stress (material destroyed.
parameter) and the max. bending stress which can
occur (calculated from the bending moment and Implementation
the effective cross section at the point of maxi- Braces create an additional “bearing point” which
mum stress). significantly reduces the bending stresses occur-
ring in the air-termination rod. Without supple-
Fracture resistance is achieved if the ratio of per-
mentary bracing, the air-termination rods would
missible to actual bending stress is >1. Basically, the
not cope with the stresses of Wind Zone II. There-
same principle also applies here: the greater the
fore, air-termination rods higher than 6 m are
ratio of permissible to actual bending stress, the
equipped with braces.
greater the fracture resistance.
Using the FEM calculation model, the actual bend- In addition to the bending moments, the FEM cal-
ing moments for two air-termination rods (length culation also provides the tensile forces occurring
= 8.5 m) were calculated as a function of their in the bracing, whose strength must also be
height with and without braces (Figure 5.1.11.5). proven.
This clearly illustrates the effect of a possible brace
on the course of the moments. Whereas the max. Determination of the wind-load-dependent de-
bending moment of the air-termination rod with- flection of the air-termination rod
out a brace in the fixed-end point is around A further important value calculated with the FEM
1270 Nm, the brace reduces the bending moment model is the deflection of the tip of the air-termi-
to around 460 Nm. This brace makes it possible to nation rod. Wind loads cause the air-termination
reduce the stresses in the air-termination rod to rods to bend. The bending of the rod results in a
such an extent that, for the max. expected wind change to the volume to be protected. Objects to
loads, the strength of the materials used is not be protected are no longer situated in the zone of

80 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 5.1.11.6 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod Fig. 5.1.11.7 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod
without bracing (length = 8.5 m) with bracing (length = 8.5 m)

protection and / or proximities can no longer be Higher air-termination rods require a supplemen-
maintained. tary bracing to prevent such intolerable deflec-
The application of the calculation model on a self- tions of the tips of the air-termination rods.
supporting air-termination rod without and with The measures described ensure that self-support-
braces produces the following results (Figures ing air-termination rods can cope with Zone II
5.1.11.6 and 5.1.11.7). wind speeds according to DIN 4131 (German stan-
For the example chosen, the calculation gives a dis- dard).
placement of the tip of the air-termination rod
with bracing of around 1150 mm. Without bracing
there would be a deflection of around 3740 mm, a
theoretical value which exceeds the breaking
5.2 Down-conductor system
point of the air-termination rod under considera- The down-conductor system is the electrically con-
tion. ductive connection between the air-termination
system and the earth-termination system. The
Implementation function of down-conductor systems is to conduct
Above a certain rod height, supplementary braces the intercepted lightning current to the earth-ter-
reduce this defection significantly. Furthermore, mination system without intolerable temperature
this also reduces the bending load on the rod. rises, for example, to damage the structure.
To avoid damage caused during the lightning cur-
Conclusion rent discharge to the earth-termination system,
Tilting resistance, fracture resistance and deflec- the down-conductor systems must be mounted to
tion are the decisive factors when designing air- ensure that from the point of strike to the earth,
termination rods. Base and air-termination rod ⇒ several parallel current paths exist,
must be coordinated to ensure that the loads
occurring as a result of the wind speeds of Zone II ⇒ the length of the current paths is kept as short
do not cause a tilting of the rod, nor damage it. as possible (straight, vertical, no loops),
It must still be borne in mind that large deflections ⇒ the connections to conductive components of
of the air-termination rod reduce the separation the structure are made wherever required (dis-
distance and thus intolerable proximities can arise. tance < s; s = separation distance).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 81

5.2.1 Determination of the number of down
Class of LPS Typical distance
conductors
The number of down conductors depends on the I 10 m
perimeter of the external edges of the roof
II 10 m
(perimeter of the projection on the ground sur-
face). III 15 m
The down conductors must be arranged to ensure IV 20 m
that, starting at the corners of the structure, they
are distributed as uniformly as possible to the Table 5.2.1.1 Distance between down conductors according to
perimeter. IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
Depending on the structural features (e.g. gates,
precast components), the distances between the ance the distribution of the lightning current
various down conductors can be different. In each which, in turn, reduces the separation distance s.
case, there must be at least the total number of The latest IEC 62305 (EN 62305) series of standards
down conductor required for the respective class attaches great significance to the separation dis-
of lightning protection system. tance. The measures specified can change the sep-
The IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) standard gives typi- aration distance positively for structures and thus
cal distances between down conductors and ring the lightning current can be safely discharged.
conductors for each class of lightning protection If these measures are not sufficient to maintain the
system (Table 5.2.1.1). required separation distance, it is also possible to
The exact number of down conductors can only be use a new type of high voltage-resistant isolated
determined by calculating the separation distance conductors (HVI). These are described in Chapter
s. If the calculated separation distance cannot be 5.2.4.
maintained for the intended number of down con- Chapter 5.6 describes how the exact separation
ductors of a structure, then one way of meeting distance can be determined.
this requirement is to increase the number of
down conductors. The parallel current paths
improve the current splitting coefficient kc. This 5.2.2 Down-conductor system for a non-iso-
measure reduces the current in the down conduc- lated lightning protection system
tors, and the required separation distance can be The down-conductor systems are primarily mount-
maintained. ed directly onto the structure (with no distance).
Natural components of the structure (e.g. rein- The criterion for installing them directly on the
forced concrete supports, steel skeleton) can also structure is the temperature rise in the event of
be used as supplementary down conductors if con- lightning striking the lightning protection system.
tinuous electrical conductivity can be ensured. If the wall is made of flame-resistant material or
By interconnecting the down conductors at material with a normal level of flammability, the
ground level (base conductor) and using ring con- down-conductor systems may be installed directly
ductors for higher structures, it is possible to bal- on or in the wall.

q Type of lightning protection system

mm2 Aluminium Iron Copper Stainless steel
III + IV II I III + IV II I III + IV II I III + IV II I
16 146 454 * 1120 * * 56 143 309 * * *
50 8 mm 12 28 52 37 96 211 5 12 22 190 460 940
78 10 mm 4 9 17 15 34 66 3 5 9 78 174 310
* melting / vaporising
Table 5.2.2.1 Max. temperature rise ΔT in K of different conductor materials

82 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Owing to the specifications in the building regula-
l1
tions of the German federal states, highly flamma-
ble materials are generally not used. This means
that the down-conductor systems can usually be
mounted directly on the structure.

l2
Wood with a bulk density greater than 400 kg/m2
and a thickness greater than 2 mm is considered to
have a normal level of flammability. Hence the l3
down-conductor system can be mounted on wood-
en poles, for example.
If the wall is made of highly flammable material, Fig. 5.2.2.1.1 Loop in the down conductor
the down conductors can be installed directly on
the surface of the wall, provided that the temper-
ature rise when lightning currents flow is not haz- so as to represent the shortest possible direct con-
ardous. nection to the earth.
The maximum temperature rise ΔT in K of the var- Loops, e.g. projecting eaves or structures, must be
ious conductors for each class of lightning protec- avoided. If this is not possible, the distance meas-
tion system are stated in Table 5.2.2.1. These values ured where two points of a down-conductor sys-
mean that, generally, it is even permissible to tem are closest, and the length I of the down-con-
install down conductors underneath heat insula- ductor system between these points, must fulfill
tion because these temperature rises present no the requirements on the separation distance s (Fig-
fire risk to the insulation materials. ure 5.2.2.1.1).
This ensures that the fire retardation measure is The separation distance s is calculated using the
also provided. total length l = l1 + l2 + l3.
When installing the down-conductor system in or
underneath heat insulation, the temperature rise Down-conductor systems must not be installed in
(on the surface) is reduced if an additional PVC gutters and downpipes, even if they are sheathed
sheath is used. Aluminium wire sheathed in PVC in an insulating material. The damp in the gutters
can also be used. would badly corrode the down-conductor systems.
If the wall is made of highly flammable material,
and the temperature rise of the down-conductor If aluminium is used as a down conductor, it must
systems presents a hazard, then the down conduc- not be installed directly (with no distance) on, in or
tors must be mounted to ensure that the distance under plaster, mortar, concrete, neither should it
between the down-conductor systems and the be installed in the ground. If it is equipped with a
wall is greater than 0.1 m. The mounting elements PVC sheath, then aluminium can be installed in
may touch the wall. The erector of the structure mortar, plaster or concrete, if it is possible to
must state whether the wall, where a down-con- ensure that the sheath will not be mechanically
ductor system is to be installed, is made of flamma- damaged nor will the insulation fracture at low
ble material. temperatures.
It is recommended to mount down conductors to
In Germany the precise definition of the terms maintain the required separation distance s to all
flame-resistant, normal level of flammability and doors and windows (Figure 5.2.2.1.2).
highly flammable can be taken from Supplement 1
of DIN EN 62305-3 (VDE 0185-305-3). Metal gutters must be connected with the down
conductors at the points where they intersect (Fig-
ure 5.2.2.1.3).
The base of metal downpipes must be connected
5.2.2.1 Installation of down-conductor sys- to the equipotential bonding or the earth-termi-
tems nation system, even if the pipe is not used as a
The down conductors must be arranged to be the down conductor. Since it is connected to the eaves
direct continuation of the air-termination conduc- gutter, through which the lightning current flows,
tors. They must be installed straight and vertically the downpipe also takes a part of the lightning

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 83

 Fig. 5.2.2.1.3 Air-termination system with
connection to the gutter

The connection Downpipes may

must be as only be used as
short as pos- down conductor, if
sible, straight they are soldered or
and installed riveted
vertically StSt wire
Ø 10 mm

Fig. 5.2.2.1.2Down-conductor system Fig. 5.2.2.1.4 Earthed downpipe

current which must be conducted into the earth- are not otherwise connected so as to be elec-
termination system. Figure 5.2.2.1.4 illustrates one trically conductive.
possible design. ⇒ The metal skeleton of the structure
If the metal frame of structures with a steel
skeleton or the interconnected reinforced
5.2.2.2 Natural components of a down-con-
steel of the structure is used as a down-con-
ductor system ductor system, then ring conductors are not
When using natural components of the structure required since additional ring conductors
as a down-conductor system, the number of down would not improve the splitting of the current.
conductors to be installed separately can be ⇒ Safe interconnected reinforcement of the
reduced or, in some cases, they can be dispensed structure
with altogether.
The reinforcement of existing structures can-
The following parts of a structure can be used as not be used as a natural component of the
“natural components” of the down-conductor sys- down-conductor system unless it can be
tem: ensured that the reinforcement is safely inter-
connected. Separate external down conduc-
⇒ Metal installations, provided that the safe con-
tors must be installed.
nection between the various parts is perma-
nent and their dimensions conform to the ⇒ Precast parts
minimum requirements for down conductors. Precast parts must be designed to provide ter-
These metal installations may also be sheathed minal connections for the reinforcement. Pre-
in insulating material. The use of conduits con- cast parts must have an electrically conductive
taining flammable or explosive materials as connection between all terminal connections.
down conductors is not permitted if the seals The individual components must be intercon-
in the flanges /couplings are non-metallic or nected on site during installation (Figure
the flanges /couplings of the connected pipes 5.2.2.2.1).

84 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 vertical box section

wall fixing
expansion joint

horizontal support
expansion joint

Fixed earthing terminal Bridging braid Bridging braid

Part No. 478 200 Part No. 377 115 Part No. 377 015

Fig. 5.2.2.2.1 Use of natural components – new buildings made of Fig. 5.2.2.2.2 Metal subconstruction, conductively bridged
ready-mix concrete

Note: other by means of screws, rivets, or bridging

In the case of prestressed concrete, attention must connections. There must be a safe connection
be paid to the particular risk of possible intolera- capable of carrying currents to the air-termi-
ble mechanical effects arising from lightning cur- nation system and also to the earth-termina-
rent and resulting from the connection to the tion system.
lightning protection system. ⇒ If metal plates are not interconnected in accor-
For prestressed concrete, connections to tension- dance with the above requirement, but the
ing rods or cables must only be effected outside substructure ensures that they are continuous-
the stressed area. The permission of the person ly conductive form the connection on the air-
responsible for erecting the structure must be giv- termination system to the connection on the
en before using tensioning rods or cables as a earth-termination system, then they can be
down conductor. used as a down-conductor system (Figures
If the reinforcement of existing structures is not 5.2.2.2.2 and 5.2.2.2.3).
safely interconnected, it cannot be used as a
down-conductor system. In this case, external
down conductors must be installed.

Furthermore, facade elements, mounting channels

and the metal substructures of facades can be used
as a natural down-conductor system, provided
that:
⇒ the dimensions meet the minimum require-
ments of down-conductor systems. For sheet
metal, the thickness must not be less than
0.5 mm. Their electrical conductivity in vertical
direction must be ensured. If metal facades are
used as a down-conductor system, they must
be interconnected to ensure that the individ-
ual plates are safely interconnected with each Fig. 5.2.2.2.3 Earth connection of a metal facade

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 85

Metal downpipes can be used as natural down
conductors, as long as they are safely interconnect-
ed (brazed or riveted joints) and comply with the
minimum wall thickness of the pipe of 0.5 mm.
If a downpipe is not safely interconnected, it can
serve as a holder for the supplementary down con-
ductor. This type of application is illustrated in Fig-
ure 5.2.2.2.4. The connection of the downpipe to
the earth-termination system must be capable of
carrying lightning currents since the conductor is
held only along the pipe.

Fig. 5.2.2.2.4 Down conductor Fig. 5.2.2.3.1 Measuring point

5.2.2.3 Measuring points installed along a with number plate
downpipe
There must be a measuring point at every connec-
tion of a down conductor with the earth-termina-
tion system (above the lead-in, if possible).
Measuring points are not required if the structural
Measuring points are required to allow the inspec- design (e.g. reinforced concrete structure or steel
tion of the following characteristics of the light- skeleton) allows no “electrical” disconnection of
ning protection system: the “natural” down-conductor system to the
earth-termination system (e.g. foundation earth
⇒ Connections of the down conductors via the electrode).
air-termination systems to the next down con-
ductor
The measuring point may only be opened with the
⇒ Interconnections of the terminal lugs via the help of a tool for the purpose of taking measure-
earth-termination system, e.g. in the case of ments, otherwise it must be closed.
ring or foundation earth electrodes (earth Each measuring point must be able to be clearly
electrode Type B) assigned to the design of the lightning protection
⇒ Earth electrode resistance of single earth elec- system. Generally, all measuring points are marked
trodes (earth electrode Type A) with numbers (Figure 5.2.2.3.1).

roof bushing

roofing metal attic

heat insulation separation
distance s 45 m
wood insulation
15 m
courtyard
circumference
internal down
7.5 m

> 30 m
conductor
30 m

metal construction

If the separation distance is too short, the conductive parts of the building Courtyards with circumference of more
construction have to be connected to the air-termination system. The effects than 30 m. Typical distances according
from the currents have to be taken into account. to class of LPS

Fig. 5.2.2.4.1 Air-termination system installed on large roofs – Internal down-conduc- Fig. 5.2.2.5.1 Down-conductor systems for court-
tor system yards

86 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 s s mechanical fixing

s
down
conductor

Fig. 5.2.3.1 Air-termination masts isolated Fig. 5.2.3.2 Air-termination masts spanned Fig. 5.2.3.3 Air-termination masts spanned
from the building with cables with cables with cross connection
(meshing)

5.2.2.4 Internal down-conductor systems is both air-termination system and down-conduc-

tor system at the same time (Figure 5.2.3.1).
If the edges of the structure (length and width) are
Each individual mast requires at least one down
four times as large as the distance of the down
conductor. Steel masts or mast with an intercon-
conductors which corresponds to the class of light-
nected steel reinforcement require no supplemen-
ning protection system, then supplementary inter-
tary down-conductor system.
nal down conductors must be installed (Figure
5.2.2.4.1).
For optical reasons, a metal flag pole, for example
The grid dimension for the internal down-conduc-
can also be used as an air-termination system.
tor systems is around 40 m x 40 m.
The separation distance s between the air-termina-
Large structures with flat roofs, such as large pro- tion and down-conductor systems and the struc-
duction halls or also distribution centres, frequent- ture must be maintained.
ly require internal down conductors. In such cases, If the air-termination system consists of one or
the ducts through the surface of the roof should more spanned wires or cables, each end of the
be installed by a roofer because he is responsible cable which the conductors are attached to
for ensuring that the roof provides protection requires at least one down conductor (Figure
against rain. 5.2.3.2).
The consequences of the partial lightning currents
through internal down-conductor systems within If the air-termination system forms an intermeshed
the structure must be taken into account. The network of conductors, i.e. the individual spanned
resulting electromagnetic field in the vicinity of wires or cables are interconnected to form a mesh
the down conductor must be taken into considera- (being cross-linked), there must be at least one
tion when designing the internal lightning protec- down conductor at the end of each cable the con-
tion system (pay attention to inputs to electrical / ductors are attached to (Figure 5.2.3.3).
electronic systems.)

5.2.4 High voltage-resistant, isolated down-

5.2.2.5 Courtyards conductor system – HVI conductor
Structures with enclosed courtyards having a A multitude of structures is used in order to create
perimeter greater than 30 m (Figure 5.2.2.5.1) an exhaustive network of cell sites. Some of these
must have down-conductor systems installed with structures have lightning protection systems. In
the distances shown in Table 5.2.1.1. order to design and implement the mast infra-
structure in accordance with the standards, the
actual situation must be taken into account during
the design phase while the relevant standards
5.2.3 Down conductors of an isolated exter- have to be strictly differentiated.
nal lightning protection system
If an air-termination system comprises air-termina- For the operator of a mobile phone network there
tion rods on isolated masts (or one mast), then this are basically three different situations:

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 87

⇒ Structure has no lightning protection system class of LPS. All mechanical components used must
⇒ Structure is equipped with a lightning protec- be able to cope with the prospective partial light-
tion system which is no longer capable of func- ning currents. For reasons of standardisation, all
tioning the steel fixing elements and structures for hold-
ing antennas of many mobile phone network
⇒ Structure is equipped with a functioning light- operators must be designed for LPS Class I. The
ning protection system connection should be done via the shortest route,
which is not a problem, however, as the air-termi-
Structure has no lightning protection system nation conductors on flat roofs are usually
In Germany cell sites are constructed in accordance designed to be meshed. If there is a functional
with DIN VDE 0855-300. This deals with the earth- lightning protection system on the host building,
ing of the cell site. In accordance with the concept this has a higher priority than an antenna earthing
for protection against surges of the mobile phone installation.
network operators, supplementary protection
against surges is integrated into the meter section.
Because of how it is designed, the class of light-
ning protection system to be effected must be laid
Structure is equipped with a lightning protection down at the discussion stage of the project:
system which is no longer capable of functioning
In Germany cell sites are connected to the external ⇒ If the system technology components are also
lightning protection system as required by the situated on the roof, it is preferable to install
class of lightning protection system (LPS) deter- the electrical cable on the exterior side of the
mined. The lightning current paths required for structure.
the cell site are investigated and assessed. This ⇒ If the system technology components are situ-
involves replacing non-functional components of ated on the roof, and if it is intended to erect
the existing installation which are required to dis- a central mast, the installation must be
charge the lightning current, such as air-termina- equipped with an isolated lightning protec-
tion conductor, down-conductor system and con- tion system.
nection to the earth-termination system. Any
⇒ If the system technology components are
observed defects to parts of the installation which
located within the structure, it is preferable to
are not required must be notified in writing to the
have an isolated lightning protection embed-
owner of the structure.
ment. Care must be taken that the cell site
infrastructure is designed to be geometrically
Structure is equipped with a functioning lightning small so that the costs of the isolated lightning
protection system protection system are economically viable.
Experience has shown that most lightning protec-
tion systems are designed according to LPS Class III.
Regular inspections are prescribed for certain Experience has shown that, in many cases, existing
structures. It must be planned to integrate the cell lightning protection systems have old defects
site installation in accordance with the class of which adversely affect the effectiveness of the
lightning protection system (LPS) determined. For installation. These defects mean that even if the
installations with LPS Class I and II, the surround- cell site is correctly “tied-in” to the external light-
ings of the installation must be recorded photo- ning protection system, damage can still be caused
graphically to ensure that, if problems subsequent- within the structure.
ly arise with proximities, the situation at the time
of construction can be proven. If a cell site is erect- In order to enable a designer of mobile phone net-
ed on a structure with a functional external light- works to erect antenna installations in accordance
ning protection system, its erection is governed by with the standards even in difficult situations, the
the latest lightning protection standard (IEC 62305 only thing available to him used to be the isolated
(EN 62305)). In this case for example, in Germany lightning protection system with horizontal dis-
the DIN VDE 0855-300 can only be used for the tance holders. In such cases, however, the design of
equipotential bonding of the antenna cable. Prox- the antenna installation, could really not be con-
imities must be calculated as appropriate to the sidered architecturally aesthetic (Figure 5.2.4.1).

88 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 5.2.4.1 5.2.4.2 ⇒ Compliance with the required separation dis-
tance s by sufficient dielectric strength of the
down-conductor system in the range of the
input point as well as in the course of the
down-conductor system.
⇒ Sufficient current carrying capability because
of an adequate cross section of the down-con-
ductor system.
⇒ Possibility of connection to the earth-termina-
tion system or of equipotential bonding.

Sheathing of the down conductors with insulating

materials of high dielectric strength basically
allows to reduce the separation distance. Certain
high voltage technological requirements, howev-
Fig. 5.2.4.1 Isolated air-termination system with distance holder
er, have to be met. This being necessary as the
Fig. 5.2.4.2 Isolated air-termination system for cell sites – dielectric strength of the isolated down-conductor
Application of DEHNconductor system system depends on its positioning and on the
occurrence of creeping discharges.

Air-termination systems as shown in Figure 5.2.4.1 The use of unshielded, isolated down-conductor
are not applicable for locations where the anten- systems is a fundamental solution to be independ-
nas have to be pleasing to look at. ent with regard to positioning and laying. A con-
ductor, however, which has only a sheathing of
The isolated HVI conductor is an innovative solu- insulating material does not solve the problem.
tion which provides the installer of lightning pro- Already relatively low induced impulse voltages
tection systems with novel possibilities for design will release creeping discharges in the range of the
and for easy maintaining of the separation dis- proximities (e.g. between metal, earthed conduc-
tance (Figure 5.2.4.2). tor holders and the feeding point), which can
result in a total flashover at the surface of long
conductor sections. Ranges of insulating material,
metal (at high voltage potential or earthed) get-
5.2.4.1 Installation and performance of the ting in contact with the air are critical with regard
isolated down-conductor system HVI to creeping discharges. This range is subject to a
Basic conception of the isolated down-conductor high voltage stressing because of the potential
system is to cover the lightning current carrying arising of creeping discharges, resulting in a con-
conductor with an insulating material, allowing siderably reduced voltage resistance. Creeping dis-
the necessary separation distance s to other con- charges have to be taken into account, whenever
ductive parts of the structure, to electrical conduc- usual (vertical to the surface of the insulating
tors and conduits to be kept. Incorrect proximities material) components of electrical field strength E,
must be avoided. Basically the following require- lead to the tripping voltage of the creeping dis-
ments to the isolated down-conductor system have charge being exceeded and, field components tan-
to be met, if insulating materials are used to avoid gentially enforce the increase of creeping dis-
inadmissible proximities: charges (Figure 5.2.4.1.1).
⇒ Possibility of a lightning current proof connec-
tion of the down-conductor system with the The creeping discharge release-voltage determines
air-termination system (air-termination rod, the resistance of the whole insulation, being in the
air-termination conductor, air-termination tip, magnitude of 250 – 300 kV lightning impulse volt-
etc.) by terminals. age.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 89

 Isolated down-conductor systems
with field control and semi-con-
ductive shield prevent from creep-
ing discharges by a targeted influ-
inner encing of the electric field in the
conductor range of the input point. They
insulation
allow the lightning current to be
conducted into the special cable,
the safe discharge of the lightning
current and the required separa-
tion distance s to be kept. The
semi-conductive shield of the coax-
proximity ial input cable insulates from the
electric field. It has to be minded,
however, that the magnetic field
surrounding the current carrying
Fig. 5.2.4.1.1 Basic development of a creeping discharge at an isolated down conductor inner conductor is not affected.
without special coating Optimisation of the field control
allows an adjusted cable sealing
unit length of 1.50 m to realise the
By the coaxial single conductor cable – HVI conduc- required equivalent separation distance in air of
tor – shown in Figure 5.2.4.1.2 the occurrence of s ≤ 0.75 m and in case of solid construction materi-
the creeping discharge is avoided and the light- al of s ≤ 1.50 m (Figure 5.2.4.1.3).
ning current is safely conducted to the earth. This special cable sealing unit is realised by an
adjusted connection element to the air-termina-
tion system (supply point) and the equipotential
bonding terminal in a fixed distance. Compared
air-termination with a coaxial cable with metal shield, the whole
bonding element
sealing unit range semi-conductive coating of the cable has a clearly
coupling of higher resistance. Even by a multiple equipotential
the lightning bonding connection of the cable coating only
impulse current
insignificant partial lightning currents will be
inner conductor semi-conductive
dragged into the building.
sheath
high voltage-
resistant insulation equipotential Apart from the required separation distance s , the
bonding element
maximum conductor length Lmax of such an isolat-
ed down-conductor system is calculated with
Fig. 5.2.4.1.2 Components of HVI Conductor

km ⋅ s
Lmax =
ki ⋅ kc

5.2.4.2 Installation examples

Application for cell sites
Cell site installations are frequently erected on
host structures. There is usually an agreement
between the operator of the cell site installation
Fig. 5.2.4.1.3 HVI conductor I and components of the DEHNconduc- and the owner of the structure that the erection of
tor system the cell site installation must not increase the risk

90 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Isolated lightning protection α α
Note: Clarify existing state of protection
air-termination tip
sealing unit
HVI® conductor II range
insulating pipe GRP/AL antenna cable
earthing acc. to VDE 0855-300
air-termination system
LV-supply
BTS
sealing unit

bare down conductor equipotential bonding line

Fig. 5.2.4.2.1 Integration of a new 2G/3G antenna into the existing lightning protection system by using the HVI conductor

to the structure. For protection against lightning, Structures with several antenna systems must be
this particularly means that no partial lightning equipped with multiple “isolated air-termination
currents must enter the structure if there is a light- systems”.
ning strike to the frame structure. A partial light- Figures 5.2.4.2.2a and b illustrate the installation
ning current within the structure would especially on an antenna post.
put the electrical and electronic
apparatus at risk.
HVI® conductor
Figure 5.2.4.2.1 shows one possi- air-termination tip
ble solution for the “isolated
air-termination system” on the
frame structure of an antenna. insulating pipe
The air-termination tip must be feeding point insulating
fixed to the frame structure of pipe earthing
earth connection
the antenna by means of an clamp
feeding point
®
HVI conductor
insulating pipe in non conduc-
tive material so that it is isolated. earth
connection
The height of the air-termina-
tion tip is governed by the
requirement that the structure
of the frame and any electrical
devices which are part of the cell
site installation (BTS – Base
Transceiver Station) must be Fig. 5.2.4.2.2a Insulating pipe within the Fig. 5.2.4.2.2b Connection to the antenna
arranged in the zone of protec- antenna area frame structure for directing
tion of the air-termination tip. potential

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 91

 Roof-mounted structures
Metal and electrical roof-mounted structures pro-
trude above roof level and are exposed points for
lightning strikes. The risk of partial lightning cur-
rents flowing within the structure is also existing
because of conductive connections with conduits
and electrical conductors leading into the struc-
ture. To prevent this and to set up the necessary
separation distance for the complete structure
easily, the air-termination system must be instal-
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3a Fan with air-termination rod and spanned cable
led with a terminal to the isolated down-conduc-
tor system, as shown in Figure 5.2.4.2.3a and
5.2.4.2.3b.

Hence all metal and electrical roof-mounted struc-

tures protruding above roof level are within the
area protected against lightning strikes. The light-
ning current will be “channeled” along the struc-
ture and distributed by the earth-termination sys-
tem.
ring conductor
If several structures are mounted on the roof then,
according to the basic illustration in Figure
5.2.4.2.4, several isolated air-termination systems
must be installed. This must be done to ensure that
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3b Air-termination rod, elevated ring conductor connect- all structures protruding above the roof must be
ed to the isolated down-conductor system arranged in an area protected from lightning
strikes (lightning protection zone LPZ 0B).
isolated air- metal attic cover within
termination system the protective area of Down-conductor system
an isolated air- Especially problematical from the optical point of
α
termination system view often is the integration of a down-conductor
sealing unit system, taking into account the required separa-
tion distance s.
EB terminal The HVI conductor e.g. can be installed or even
integrated in the facade (Figure 5.2.4.2.5). This
new kind of isolated down-conductor system con-

metal earthed roof-

mounted structure
separation
cable duct
distance s

HVI® conductor I
HVI® conductor
reinforcement
cable duct

foundation earth electrode

Fig. 5.2.4.2.4 Keeping the required separation distance with volt- Fig. 5.2.4.2.5 Air termination system with spanned cable and
age-controlled isolated down conductor (HVI) isolated down-conductor system

92 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

tributes to an architectural more pleasing struc- dard DIN V VDE V 0185-3, which was applicable
ture. Functionality and design can be an entity. when the building was erected.
Therefore this innovative technology is an impor-
tant feature of modern architecture.
During the installation of the antennas, the
equipotential bonding and earthing measures of
the system were carried out in accordance with the
5.2.4.3 Project example: Training and resi- German standard DIN VDE 0855 Part 300.
dential building The earthing of the systems, however, was not iso-
Structure lated from the existing external lightning protec-
The structure in Figure 5.2.4.3.1 was built conven- tion system at the earth-termination system at
tionally from the ground floor to the 6th floor. At ground level, but directly at the air-termination
a later date, the 7th floor was attached to the system.
existing roof surface. Hence, in the event of a lightning discharge, par-
The external facade of the 7th floor consists of tial lightning currents are conducted directly into
metal sheets. the structure via the coax cable shields. These par-
The media centre is situated on the 3rd floor, the tial lightning currents do not only present a life
ground floor is used for administration. All other hazard, they also present a hazard to the existing
floors up to the 7th floor are used for apartments. technical equipment of the structure.
The roof surface of the 6th and 7th floor was fin-
ished off with a metal attic whose components are
New concept
interconnected so as to be non-conductive.
The complete structure is 25.80 m high (without A lightning protection system was required, which
attic) up to the roof level. prevents partial lightning currents from being con-
Subsequently, five antenna systems for mobile ducted directly into the structure via the antenna
phone systems and microwaves were installed by components (frame structures, cable shields and
different operators of mobile phone networks on installation systems). At the same time, the
the roof surface of the 7th floor. The antennas required separation distance s between the frame
were erected both in the corners and in the middle structures of the antennas and the air-termination
of the roof surface. system on the roof surface of the 7th floor must be
The cable (coax cables) from the four antennas in realised.
the corners of the roof surface were installed in This cannot be effected with a lightning protec-
the vicinity of the attic to the south-west corner. tion system of a conventional design.
From this point, the cables are led
through a metal cable duct which is Antennas of the cell site operators (1 - 5)
connected to the attic of the roof sur-
faces of the 7th and 6th floors to the 5
BTS room on the 6th floor. 4
The cables from the antenna in the 3 cable tray
middle are also installed by means of a 1 2
metal cable duct directly to the 2nd
BTS room on the north-east side of the
structure to the 6th floor. This cable
duct is also connected to the surround-
ing attics.
The structure was equipped with a
lightning protection system. The new
installation of the external lightning
protection system to protect against
damage to the structure and life haz-
ards was designed in accordance with
the national lightning protection stan- Fig. 5.2.4.3.1 Total view

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 93

By installing the HVI conductor,
a lightning protection system
was constructed with an isolat-
ed air-termination system. This HVI®
required the following compo- isolated
conductor
nents: ring conductor
⇒ Air-termination tips on
insulating pipes in GRP
material, secured directly
to the antenna pole (Fig-
ure 5.2.4.2.2a).
⇒ Down conductor from the
air-termination tip by
means of an HVI conductor cable tray connection to
with connection to the iso- equipotential bonding
HVI® conductor
lated ring conductor (Fig-
ure 5.2.4.3.2).
⇒ Sealing end feeding point
to ensure the resistance
against creeping flashovers
at the input (Figures isolated ring conductor
5.2.4.2.2a and 5.2.4.2.2b).
⇒ Isolated ring conductor on Fig. 5.2.4.3.2 Isolated air-termination Fig. 5.2.4.3.3 Down conductor of isolated ring con-
insulating supports made system and isolated ring ductor
conductor
of GRP, supports as high as
Ref.: H. Bartels GmbH,
according to the calcula- Oldenburg, Germany
tion of the required sepa-
ration distance
air-termination tip
⇒ Down conductors installed
separately from the isolat- HVI® conductor
ed ring conductor via the
respective metal attics and
metal facade to the bare isolated ring conductor
metal down conductors on attic
the 6th floor with the
required separation dis- cable duct
bare down conductor
tance s to the lower attic
(Figure 5.2.4.3.3).
⇒ Supplementary ring con- ring conductor
ductor, all down-conductor
systems interconnected at
a height of approx. 15 m to
reduce the required sepa-
ration distance s of the
interception and down-
conductor system (Figures bare down conductor
5.2.4.3.4 and 5.2.4.4.1).
The various implementation
stages explained in detail are
summarised in Figure 5.2.4.3.4. Fig. 5.2.4.3.4 Total view on a newly installed external lightning protection system

94 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

It is also important to note that the proposed ⇒ 1 antenna in the middle of the roof surface to
design concept was discussed in detail with the sys- the base of the air-termination tip + 32.40 m
tem erector in order to avoid mistakes when carry- ⇒ Three further, isolated separate air-termina-
ing out the work. tion rods on the west side of the roof surface
When designing the external lightning protection and two isolated air-termination masts on the
system, care was taken that the deck on the 6th balcony 6th floor, south side, realise the zone
floor (Figure 5.2.4.3.1) and the lower attachments of protection of the complete roof surface.
(Figure 5.2.4.3.4) were also arranged in the zone of
protection / protective angle of the air-termination
A special cable, DEHNconductor, Type HVI, was
system.
used as the isolated down conductor, allowing an
equivalent separation distance of s = 0.75 m (air) /
1.5 m (solid building materials) to be maintained.
5.2.4.4 Separation distance
When calculating the required separation distance The calculation of the required separation dis-
s, not only the height of the structure but also the tances was done as shown in Figure 5.2.4.4.1 for
heights of the individual antennas with the isolat- three partial areas:
ed air-termination system had to be taken into
consideration. 1. Partial area at a level of + 32.4 m and a level of
Each of the four corner antennas protrudes 3.6 m + 29.4 m (antennas) to + 27.3 m (isolated ring
above the surface of the roof. The antenna in the conductor) on the roof.
middle protrudes 6.6 m above the roof surface. 2. Partial area at + 27.3 m to + 15.0 m (isolated
ring conductor on roof up to lower supple-
Considering the height of the structure, result the mentary ring conductor).
following total heights to be taken into account 3. Partial area at + 15.0 to ± 0 m (lower ring con-
when calculating the installation: ductor to ground level).
⇒ 4 corner antennas to the base of the air-termi-
nation tip + 29.40 m The complete down-conductor system comprises
six down conductors from the isolated ring con-
ductor at a height of + 27.3 m to the supplemen-
tary ring conductor at a level of + 15.0 m. The ring
kc1
L1

conductor at a level of + 15.0 m is connected with

the earthing ring conductor via the six down con-
ductors of the residential structure and four fur-
ther down conductors on attached parts of the
structure.
7th floor
This produces a different splitting of the current in
the individual partial areas which had to be taken
6th floor into consideration for the design of the lightning
kc2
L2

protection system.
EB conductor

5th floor
The equipotential bonding required and the
4th floor earthing of the antenna components on the roof
surface (including the cable ducts, metal fa-
ring conductor 3rd floor cades and the attics on both roof levels) was
done using two supplementary earthing cables
conductor

2nd floor
NYY 1 x 25 mm2 connected to the equipotential
down

kc3 bonding of the individual BTS stations.

L3

1st floor
The erection of this isolated air-termination system
ground floor on the surface of the roof and on the antenna sys-
tems, as well as the isolated down conductors
around metal parts of the structure, prevent par-
Fig. 5.2.4.4.1Calculation of the required separation distance tial lightning currents from entering the structure.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 95

 Material Configuration Min. cross- Remarks10)
section mm2

Copper solid flat material 508) min. thickness 2 mm

solid round material7) 508) diameter 8 mm
cable 508) min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
solid round material3), 4) 2008) diameter 16 mm
Tin plated solid flat material 508) min. thickness 2 mm
copper1) solid round material7) 508) diameter 8 mm
cable 508) min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
Aluminium solid flat material 70 min. thickness 3 mm
solid round material 508) diameter 8 mm
cable 508) min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
Aluminium solid flat material 508) min. thickness 2.5 mm
alloy solid round material 50 diameter 8 mm
cable 508) min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
solid round material3) 2008) diameter 16 mm
Hot dipped solid flat material 508) min. thickness 2.5 mm
galvanised solid round material9) 50 diameter 8 mm
steel2) cable 508) min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
solid round material3), 4), 9) 2008) diameter 16 mm

Stainless solid flat material6) 508) min. thickness 2 mm

steel5) solid round material6) 50 min. thickness 8 mm
cable 708) min. diameter each wire 1.7 mm
solid round material3), 4) 2008) diameter 16 mm
1) Hot dipped or electroplated, minimum thickniss of the coating 1 μm.
2) The coating should be smooth, continuous and free of residual flux, minimum thickness 50 μm.
3) For air-termination rods. For applications where mechanical loads, like wind loads are not critical, a max.
1 m long air-termination rod with a diameter of 10 mm with an additional fixing may be used.
4) For lead-in earth rods.
5) Chromium 16 %, nickel 8 %, carbon 0.03 %
6) For stainless steel in concrete and/or in direct contact with flammable material, the min. cross section
for solid round material has to be increased to 78 mm2 (10 mm diameter) and for solid flat material to
75 mm2 (3 mm thickness).
7) For certain applications where the mechnical strength is not important, 28 mm2 (6 mm diameter) material
may be used instead of 50 mm2 (8 mm diameter). Then distance of the fixing elements has to be reduced.
8) If thermal and mechanical requirements are important, the min. cross section for solid flat material can
be increased to 60 mm2 and for solid round material to 78 mm2.
9) At a specific energy of 10,000 kJ/Ω the min. cross section to prevent from melting is 16 mm2 (copper),
25 mm2 (aluminium), 50 mm2 (steel) and 50 mm2 (stainless steel). For further information see Annex E.
10) Thickness, width and diameter are defined at a tolerance of ± 10 %.
Table 5.3.1 Material, configuration and min. cross sections of air-termination conductors, air-termination rods and down conductors according
to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Table 6

96 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 e = 0.2 m

0.15 m
distance

0.3 m
1.0 m α appropriate

0.3 m e

1.5 m
0.05 m
1.0 m

1.0 m

0.5 m
as close
as possible
to the edge

Fig. 5.4.1 Detail examples of an external lightning protection system at a building with a sloped Fig. 5.4.2 Air-termination rod for chim-
tiled roof neys

5.3 Materials and minimum dimen- Tests with a PVC-insulated copper conductor and
an impulse current of 100 kA (10/350 μs) deter-
sions for air-termination conduc- mined a temperature rise of around 56 K. Thus, a
tors and down conductors cable NYY 1 x 16 mm2 Cu can be used as a down
Table 5.3.1 gives the minimum cross sections, form conductor or as a surface and underground inter-
and material of air-termination systems. connecting cable, for example.

This requirements arise from the electrical conduc-

tivity of the materials to carry lightning currents 5.4 Assembly dimensions for air-ter-
(temperature rise) and the mechanical stresses mination and down-conductor
when in use.
systems
When using a round conductor Ø 8 mm as an air- The following dimensions (Figure 5.4.1) have been
termination tip, the max. free height permitted is tried and tested in practice and are primarily
0.5 m. The height limit for a round conductor Ø 10 determined by the mechanical forces acting on the
mm is 1 m in free length. components of the external lightning protection
system.
Note: These mechanical forces arise not so much as a
According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Clause 1, result of the electrodynamic forces generated by
Table 8, the minimum cross section for an intercon- the lightning currents, but more as a result of the
necting conductor between two equipotential compression forces and the tensile forces, e.g. due
bonding bars is 14 mm2 Cu. to temperature-dependent changes in length,
wind loads or the weight of snow.
The information concerning the max. distances of
1.2 m between the conductor holders primarily
1m relates to St/tZn (relatively rigid). For using alu-
minium, distances of 1 m have become the stan-
dard in practice.
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) gives the following
assembly dimensions for an external lightning pro-
tection system (Figures 5.4.1 and 5.4.2).

Figure 5.4.3 illustrates the application on a flat

Fig. 5.4.3 Application on a flat roof roof.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 97

If possible, the separation dis-
tance to windows, doors and
other openings should be main-
tained when installing down
conductors.
building
Further important assembly
dimensions are illustrated in Fig-
ures 5.4.3 – 5.4.5.

Installation of surface earth elec-

trodes (e.g. ring earth electrodes) protection
around the structure at a depth against

≥ 0.5 m
corrosion 0.3 m
of > 0.5 m and a distance of
0.3 m
approx. 1 m from the structure
(Figure 5.4.4).
≈ 1m
For the earth entries or terminals
on the foundation earth elec- Fig. 5.4.4 Dimensions for ring earth elec- Fig. 5.4.5 Points threatened by corrosion
trode (ring earth electrodes), cor- trodes
rosion protection must be consid-
ered. Measures such as anticorrosive bands or 5.4.1 Change in length of metal wires
wires with PVC sheath at a min. of 0.3 m above and
In practice, the temperature-dependent changes
below the turf (earth entry) must be employed
in length of air-termination and down conductors
(Figure 5.4.5) for protection.
are often underestimated.
An optically acceptable and noncorrosive connec- The older regulations and stipulations recom-
tion possibility is provided by a stainless steel fixed mended an expansion piece about every 20 m as a
earthing terminal set to be laid in concrete. general rule in many cases. This stipulation was
Moreover, there must also be corrosion protection based on the use of steel wires, which used to be
for the terminal lug for equipotential bonding the usual and sole material employed. The higher
inside the building in damp and wet rooms. values for the coefficients of linear expansion of
stainless steel, copper and especially aluminium
The material combinations below (within air-ter- materials were not taken into account.
mination systems, down conductors and with parts In the course of the year, temperature changes of
of the structure) have been tried and tested, pro- 100 K must be expected on and around the roof.
vided that no particularly corrosive environmental The resulting changes in length for different metal
conditions must be taken into consideration. These wire materials are shown in Table 5.4.1.1. It is
are values obtained from experience (Table 5.4.1). noticeable that, for steel and aluminium, the tem-

Steel (tZn) Aluminium Copper StSt Titanium Tin

Steel (tZn) yes yes no yes yes yes
Aluminium yes yes no yes yes yes
Copper no no yes yes no yes
StSt yes yes yes yes yes yes
Titanium yes yes no yes yes yes
Tin yes yes yes yes yes yes
Table 5.4.1 Material combinations

98 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Material Coefficient ΔL
of linear
expansion α Calculation formula ΔL = α ⋅ L ⋅ ΔT
1 1 Assumed temperature change on the
106 K roof: ΔT = 100 K
Steel 11.5 ΔL = 11.5 10-6 100 cm 100 = 0.115 cm 1.1 mm/m
• • • •

StSt 16 ΔL = 16 10-6 100 cm 100 = 0.16 cm = 1.6 mm/m

• • •

Copper 17 ΔL = 17 10-6 100 cm 100 = 0.17 cm = 1.7 mm/m

• • •

Aluminium 23.5 ΔL = 23.5 10-6 100 cm 100 = 0.235 cm 2.3 mm/m

• • • •

Table 5.4.1.1 Calculation of the temperature-related change in length ΔL of metal wires in light- Fig. 5.4.1.1 Air-termination system –
ning protection Compensation of expansion
with bridging braid

Material Surface under the fixing of the air-termination Distance of

system or down conductor expansion pieces
in m
soft, hard,
e. g. flat roof with bitumen- e. g. pantiles
or synthetic roof sheetings or brickwork
Steel X 15
X 20
StSt/Copper X 10
X 15
Aluminium X X 10
Use of expansion pieces, if no other length compensation is provided
Table 5.4.1.2 Expansion pieces in lightning protection – Recommended application

perature-dependent changes in length differ by a 5.4.2 External lightning protection system

factor of 2. for an industrial structure and a resi-
The stipulations governing the use of expansion dential house
parts in practice are thus as shown in Table 5.4.1.2.
Figure 5.4.2.1a illustrates the design of the exter-
When using pieces, care must be taken that they
nal lightning protection system for a residential
provide flexible length equalisation. It is not suffi-
house with attached garage and Figure 5.4.2.1b
cient to bend the metal wires into an S shape since
that for an industrial structure.
these “expansion pieces“, handmade on site, are
not sufficiently flexible. Figures 5.4.2.1a and 5.4.2.1b and Tables 5.4.2.1a
When connecting air-termination systems, for and b show examples of the components in use
example to metal attics surrounding the edges of today.
roofs, care should be taken that there is a flexible No account is taken of the measures required for
connection to suitable components or measures. If an internal lightning protection system such as
this flexible connection is not made, there is a risk lightning equipotential bonding and surge protec-
that the metal attic cover will be damaged by the tion (see also Chapter 6).
temperature-dependent change in length.
To compensate for the temperature-dependent Particular attention is drawn to DEHN´s DEHNsnap
changes in length of the air-termination conduc- and DEHNgrip programme of holders.
tors, expansion pieces must be used to equalise the The DEHNsnap generation of synthetic holders
expansion (Figure 5.4.1.1). (Figure 5.4.2.2) is suitable as a basic component

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 99

 16
3 7
1
6

4
11
5

13 EBB

15

12 14
2 9
10

Fig. 5.4.2.1a External lightning protection of a residential building

Pos. Part description Part No. Pos. Part description Part No.
1 Round conductor 8 mm - DEHNALU, 840 008 7 MV clamp St/tZn 390 050
medium hard soft- twistable 840 018 MV clamp StSt 390 059
2 Steel strip 30 x 3.5 mm St/tZn 810 335 8 Gutter board clamp St/tZn 343 000
Round conductor 10 mm StSt V4A 860 010 9 Downpipe clamp adjustable for 60 - 150 mm 423 020
3 Roof conductor holders St/tZn 202 020 Downpipe clamp for any cross sections 423 200
for ridge and hip tiles StSt 204 109 KS connector for connecting conductors 301 000
StSt 204 249 KS connector StSt 301 009
StSt 204 269 10 MV clamp 390 051
StSt 206 109 11 Bridging bracket Aluminium 377 006
StSt 206 239 Bridging braid Aluminium 377 015
4 Roof conductor holders StSt 204 149 12 Lead-in earthing rod 16 mm 480 150
for conductors within roof surfaces StSt 204 179 complete 480 175
St/tZn 202 010
13 Rod holder with cleat and flange 275 260
St/tZn 202 050
Rod holder for heat insulation 273 730
St/tZn 202 080
StSt 206 209 14 Number plate for marking isolating points 480 006
St/tZn 206 309 480 005
5 DEHNsnap 204 006 15 Parallel connector 305 000
DEHNgrip 207 009 306 020
conductor holder with cleat and flange 275 160 Cross unit 319 201
conductor holder for heat insulation 273 740 SV clamps St/tZn 308 220
SV clamps StSt 308 229
6 Gutter clamp for beads St/tZn 339 050
16 Air-termination rod with forged tab 100 075
StSt 339 059
Air-termination rod with rounded ends 483 075
Single-screw gutter clamp St/tZn 339 100
Rod clamp 380 020
StSt 339 109
Table 5.4.2.1a Components for external lightning protection of a residential building

100 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 9
10 4

11

5 2

1
8
7 6
3

Fig. 5.4.2.1b External lightning protection of an industrial structure

Pos. Part description Part No. Pos.

Part description Part No.
1 Stainless steel conductor 10 mm StSt 860 010 8 Roof conductor holder for flat roofs 253 050
2 Set of lead-in earthing rods St/tZn 480 150 9 DEHNiso distance holder ZDC-St/tZn 106 100
3 Cross unit StSt 319 209 10 Elevated ring conductor
4 DEHNALU-DRAHT® AlMgSi 840 008 with concrete base with adapted flat washer 102 340
5 Conductor holder DEHNsnap® 204 120 and distance holder StSt 106 160
6 Bridging braid Al 377 015 11 Isolated air-termination rod 105 500
7 Air-termination rod AlMgSi 104 200
with concrete base with adapted flat washer 120 340
Table 5.4.2.1b Components for external lightning protection of a residential structure

(roof and wall). The cap simply snaps in to fix the programme to supplement the DEHNsnap system
conductor in the holder while still being loosely of synthetic holders.
guided. The special snap-in technique exerts no This system of holders without screws can also be
mechanical load on the fastening. used as both a roof and a wall conductor holder
for Ø 8 mm conductors.
DEHNgrip (Figure 5.4.2.2) is a stainless steel system Simply press in the conductors and the conductor is
of holders without screws which was put into the fixed in DEHNgrip (Figure 5.4.2.2).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 101

 Conductor holder
DEHNsnap

cap
basic component

Conductor holder
DEHNgrip

Fig. 5.4.2.2 DEHNsnap and DEHNgrip conductor holders

5.4.3 Application tips for mounting roof (Conductor holder can be loosened by either turn-
conductors holders ing the holder or opening the fixing screw.)
Ridge and hip tiles:
Adjust roof conductor holders with adjusting ⇒ SPANNsnap roof conductor holder with DEHN-
screw to suit the dimension of the ridge tile (Figure snap synthetic conductor holder or DEHNgrip
5.4.3.1). stainless steel conductor holder (Figure
The conductor leading can, in addition, be gradu- 5.4.3.2).
ally adjusted by means of conductor holders from Permanent tension due to stainless steel ten-
the top centre to the bottom side. sion spring. Universal tension range from

Fig. 5.4.3.1 Conductor holder with Fig. 5.4.3.2 SPANNsnap with plastic Fig. 5.4.3.3 FIRSTsnap for mounting on
DEHNsnap for ridge tiles DEHNsnap conductor holder existing ridge clamp

102 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 180 – 280 mm with laterally adjustable conduc- The flexible stainless steel strut is pushed
tor leading for Rd 8 mm conductors. between the grooved tiles.
By pressing on the top grooved tile, the stain-
⇒ FIRSTsnap conductor holder with DEHNsnap less steel strut is deformed and adapts itself to
synthetic conductor holder for putting on the shape of the groove.
existing ridge clamps for dry ridges. Thus it is fixed tightly under the tile.
This application with an aluminium strut
For dry ridges, the DEHNsnap conductor holder (1) makes it easy to adapt to the shape of the
(Figure 5.4.3.3) is put on the ridge clamp already groove.
on the structure (2) and tightened manually (only A notch is provided for an eventually existing
turn DEHNsnap). window hook. The strut of the holder can also
be nailed down (holes in the strut).
Grooved pantiles: ⇒ Roof conductor holders with preformed strut,
UNIsnap roof conductor holder with preformed for hooking into the bottom grove for pantile
struts is used for the roof surfaces. The conductor roofs (Figure 5.4.3.8).
holder is bent by hand before being hooked into
the battens. Additionally, it can also be secured Flat tiles or slabs:
with nails (Figure 5.4.3.4). DEHNsnap conductor holder (1) (Figure 5.4.3.9)
and its clamping device (2) is pushed in between
Smooth tiles (Figure 5.4.3.5) the flat tiles (3) (e.g. plain tile) or slabs and tight-
ened manually (only turn DEHNsnap).
Slate roofs:
When using it on slate roofs, the internal hook sys- Overlapped constructions:
tem is bent (Figure 5.4.3.6) or equipped with a sup- In case of overlapped constructions (3) (e.g. slabs
plementary clamp (Part No. 204 089). and natural slates), DEHNsnap conductor holder
(1) (Figure 5.4.3.10) with clamping terminals (2) is
Grooved tiles: pushed on from the side and secured with a screw
⇒ FLEXIsnap roof conductor holder for grooved driver when the holder is open.
tiles, for direct fitting on the groove (Figure For slabs laid on a slat, DEHNsnap can also be
5.4.3.7). turned to allow a plumb conductor leading.

angled by hand

angle the inner latching

for use on slate roofs

Fig. 5.4.3.4 UNIsnap roof conductor holder Fig. 5.4.3.5 UNIsnap roof conductor holder Fig. 5.4.3.6 UNIsnap roof conductor holder
with preformed strut – Used on with preformed strut – Used on with preformed strut – Used on
grooved pantiles smooth tiles, e.g. plain tiles slate roofs

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 103

 lift tile lift tile

insert the holder insert the holder

underneath underneath

press tile
on it
press tile
on it

Fig. 5.4.3.7 Conductor holder for direct fitting on the seams Fig. 5.4.3.8 Roof conductor holder for hanging into the bottom
seam of pantile roofs

1
1 3
2
2

1
1 DEHNsnap

ap
Nsn
DEH

Fig. 5.4.3.9 ZIEGELsnap, for fixing between flat tiles or plates Fig. 5.4.3.10 PLATTENsnap roof conductor holder for overlapped
construction

104 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

5.5 Earth-termination systems the type of soil: humus, loam, sand, gravel and
rock.
A detailed explanation of the terms used in Reference earth
earth-termination technology is contained in (neutral earth) is the part of the earth, especially
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) “Lightning protection – the surface of the earth outside the sphere of
physical damage to structures and life hazard”, influence of an earth electrode or an earth-termi-
HD 637 S1 “Power installations exceeding 1 kV”, nation system, in which, between two arbitrary
IEC 60050-826 “International electrotechnical points, no perceptible voltages arising from the
vocabulary Part 826: Electrical installations” and earthing current occur (Figure 5.5.1).
IEC 60364-5-54 “Electrical installations of buildings
– Part 5-54”. In Germany DIN 18014 is additionally Earth electrode
applicable for foundation of earth electrodes. is a conductive component or several conductive
Below, we repeat only the terminology which is components in electrical contact with the earth
required to understand the following designs. and forming an electrical connection with it
(includes also foundation earth electrodes).
Terminology
Earth-termination system
Earth is a localised entirety of interconnected conductive
is the conductive ground whose electrical poten- earth electrodes or metal components acting as
tial at each point is set equal to zero as agreed. The such, (e.g. reinforcements of concrete founda-
word “earth” also the designation for both the tions, cable metal sheaths in contact with the
earth as a place as well as earth as a material, e.g. earth, etc.).

UE Earth potential
UB Touch voltage
UB1 Touch voltage without potential control (at the
foundation earth electrode)
UB2 Touch voltage with potential control (foundation
and control earth electrode)
US Step voltage
ϕ Earth surface potential
FE Foundation earth electrode
CE Control earth electrode (ring earth electrode)

CE
FE
1m

ϕ
UB2

ϕFE + SE
UB1

ϕFE
UE
US

reference earth

Fig. 5.5.1 Earth surface potential and voltages at a foundation earth electrode FE and control earth electrode CE flown through by currents

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 105

Earthing conductor Classification according to form and profile
is a conductor connecting a system component to One distinguishes between:
be earthed to an earth electrode and which is flat strip earth electrodes, cruciform earth elec-
installed above the ground or insulated in the trodes and earth rods.
ground.
Types of resistance
Lightning protection earthing
Specific earth resistance
is the earthing installation of a lightning protec- ρE is the specific electrical resistance of the earth. It
tion system to discharge lightning currents into is given in Ωm and represents the resistance
the earth. between two opposite sides of a cube of earth
with edges of 1 m in length.
Below some types of earth electrodes and their
classification are described according to location, Earth electrode resistance
form and profile.
RA of an earth electrode is the resistance of the
earth between the earth electrode and reference
Classification according to location earth. RA is practically a resistance.
Surface earth electrode
is an earth electrode generally driven in at a shal- Impulse earth resistance
low depth down to 1 m. It can consist of round Rst is the resistance as lightning currents traverse
material or flat strips and be designed as a star- from one point of an earth-termination system to
type, ring or meshed earth electrode or a combina- the reference earth.
tion thereof.
Voltages at current carrying earth-termina-
Earth rod tion systems, control of potential
is an earth rod generally driven in plumb down to Earth potential
greater depths. It can consist of round material or UE is the voltage arising between an earth-termi-
material with another profile, for example. nation system and reference earth (Figure 5.5.1).

Foundation earth electrode Potential of the earth´s surface

comprises one or more conductors embedded in ϕ is the voltage between one point of the earth´s
concrete which is in contact with the earth over a surface and reference earth (Figure 5.5.1).
wide area.
Touch voltage
Control earth electrode UB is the part of the potential of the earth´s surface
is an earth electrode whose form and arrangement which can be bridged by humans (Figure 5.5.1), the
serves more to control the potential than to main- current path via the human body running from
tain a certain earth electrode resistance. hand to foot (horizontal distance from touchable
part around 1 m) or from one hand to the other.
Ring earth electrode
is an an earth electrode underneath or on the sur- Step voltage
face of the earth, leading as closed ring around the US is the part of the potential of the earth´s surface
structure. which can be bridged by humans taking one step 1
m long, the current path via the human body run-
Natural earth electrode ning from one foot to the other (Figure 5.5.1).
is a metal component in contact with the earth or
with water either directly or via concrete, whose Potential control
original function is not as an earth electrode but is the effect of the earth electrodes on the earth
which acts as an earth electrode (reinforcements potential, particularly the potential of the earth´s
of concrete foundations, conduits, etc.). surface (Figure 5.5.1).

106 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Equipotential bonding
for lightning protection system is the connection
of metal installations and electrical systems to the
lightning protection system via conductors, light-
ning current arresters or isolating spark gaps.

Earth electrode resistance / Specific earth

equipotential lines
resistance
Earth electrode resistance RA
The conduction of the lightning current via the
a) Spherical earth b) Spherical earth
earth electrode into the ground does not happen
electrode deep in electrode close to
at one point but rather energises a particular area the ground the earth surface
around the earth electrode.
The type of earth electrode and the way it is Fig. 5.5.2 Current distribution from the spherical earth electrode
installed must now be chosen to ensure that the
voltages affecting the surface of the earth (touch If now the increase in earth electrode resistance
and step voltages) do not assume hazardous val- for the different layers of the sphere is calculated,
ues. then as a function of the distance from the centre
The earth electrode resistance RA of an earth elec- of the sphere, a curve as shown in Figure 5.5.3. is
trode can best be explained with the help of a obtained.
metal sphere buried in the ground.
If the sphere is buried deep enough, the current The earth electrode resistance RA for the spherical
discharges radially to be equally distributed over electrode is calculated using:
the surface of the sphere. Figure 5.5.2a illustrates
this case; as a comparison, Figure 5.5.2b illustrates rK
the case of a sphere buried just under the earth´s
ρE ⋅ 100 1 + 2t
surface. RA = ⋅
The concentric circles around the surface of the 2π ⋅ rK 2
sphere represent surface of equal voltage. The
earth electrode resistance RA is composed of the
partial resistances of individual layers of the ρE Specific earth resistance in Ωm
sphere connected in series.The resistance of such a
layer of the sphere is calculated using
RA = 161 Ω
160
Earth electrode resistance RA (Ω)

l
R = ρE ⋅ 140 approx. 90%
q 120
100
where ρE is the specific earth resistance of the 80
ground, assuming it is homogeneous, 60
l the thickness of an imaginary layer of the 40
sphere
20
and
q the medial surface of this layer of the sphere. 1 2 3 4 5
Distance x (m)

To illustrate this, we assume a metal sphere 20 cm Fig. 5.5.3 Earth electrode resistance RA of a spherical earth elec-
in diameter buried at a depth of 3 m at a specific trode with Ø 20 cm, 3 m deep, at ρE = 200 Ωm as a func-
earth resistance of 200 Ωm. tion of the distance x from the centre of the sphere

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 107

 tion of the soil, the amount of
Concrete moisture in the soil and the
Boggy soil, turf
temperature. It can fluctuate
Farmland, loam
between wide limits.
Humid sandy soil
Dry sandy soil
Values for various types of
Rocky soil
Gravel
soil
Lime
Figure 5.5.4 gives the fluctua-
River and lake water tion ranges of the specific
Sea water earth resistance ρE for various
types of soil.
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 ρE
in Ωm
Seasonal fluctuations
Fig. 5.5.4 Specific earth resistance ρE of different ground types Extensive measurements (lit-
erature) have shown that the
specific earth resistance varies
t Burial depth in cm greatly according to the burial depth of the earth
rK Radius of the spherical earth electrode in cm electrode. Owing to the negative temperature
coefficient of the ground (α = 0.02 ... 0.004), the
specific earth resistance attain a maximum in win-
This formula gives a earth electrode resistance of
ter and a minimum in summer. It is therefore advis-
RA = 161 Ω for the spherical earth electrode.
able to convert the measured values obtained
from earth electrodes to the maximum prospective
The trace of the curve in Figure 5.5.3 shows that values, since even under unfavourable conditions
the largest fraction of the total earth electrode (very low temperatures), permissible values must
resistance occurs in the immediate vicinity of the not be exceeded. The curve of the specific earth
earth electrode. Thus, for example, at a distance of resistance ρE as a function of the season (ground
5 m from the centre of the sphere, 90 % of the temperature) can be represented to a very good
total earth electrode resistance RA has already approximation by a sinus curve having its maxi-
been achieved. mum around the middle of February and its mini-
mum around the middle of August. Investigations
Specific earth resistance ρE have further shown that, for earth electrodes
The specific earth resistance ρE which determines buried not deeper than around 1.5 m, the maxi-
the magnitude of the earth electrode resistance RA mum deviation of the specific earth resistance
of an earth electrode, is a function of the composi- from the average is around ± 30 % (Figure 5.5.5).

e e e
+ ρE in %
burial depth < 1.5 m
30 burial depth > 1.5 m
20
10 June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
a M a’
0
10 Jan. Feb. March April May Dec.
20
30
measuring
− ρE in % device

Fig. 5.5.5 Specific earth resistance ρE as a function of the seasons Fig. 5.5.6 Determination of the specific earth resistance ρE with a
without influencing of rainfall (burial depth of the earth four-terminal measuring bridge acc. to the WENNER
electrode < 1.5 m) method

108 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

For earth electrodes buried deeper (particularly for spikes 30 ... 50 cm long) are driven into the soil
earth rods), the fluctuation is merely ± 10 %. From along a line a – a' pegged out in the ground. From
the sineshaped curve of the specific earth resist- the measured resistance R one can determine the
ance in Figure 5.5.5, the earthing electrode resist- specific earth resistance ρE of the ground:
ance RA of an earth-termination system measured
on a particular day can be converted to the maxi-
mum prospective value. ρE = 2π ⋅ e ⋅ R

Measurement R measured resistance in Ω

The specific earth resistance ρE is determined using
an earthing measuring bridge with 4 clamps which e probe distance in m
operates according to the null method. ρE average specific earth resistance in Ωm down
Figure 5.5.6 illustrates the measuring arrangement to a depth corresponding to the probe dis-
of this measuring method named after WENNER. tance e
The measurement is carried out from a fixed cen-
tral point M which is retained for all subsequent By increasing the probe distance e and re-tuning
measurements. Four measuring probes (earthing the earthing measuring bridge, the curve of the

Earth electrode Rough estimate Auxiliary

Surface earth electrode 2 ⋅ ρE
(star-type earth electrode) RA = −
l
Earth rod ρE
RA = −
l
Ring earth electrode 2 ⋅ ρE
RA = d = 1.13 ⋅ 2
A
3 ⋅ d
Meshed earth electrode ρE
RA = d = 1.13 ⋅ 2
A
2 ⋅ d
Earth plate ρE
RA = −
4.5 ⋅ a
Hemispherical earth electrode ρE
RA = d = 1.57 ⋅ 3
V
π ⋅ d
RAEarth electrode resistance (Ω)
ρESpecific earth resistance (Ωm)
l Length of earth electrode (m)
d Diameter of a ring earth electrode, of the area of the equivalent circuit or of a hemispherical
earth electrode (m)
A Area (m2) of the enclosed area of a ring or meshed earth electrode
a Edge length (m) of a square earth plate, for rectangular plates value: b ⋅ c , while b and c are the
two sides of the rectangle
V Content (m3) of a single foundation element
Table 5.5.1 Formulae for calculating the earth electrode resistance RA for different earth electrodes

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 109

 Max. step voltage in %
Earth electrode resistance RA (Ω) %

of the total voltage

100
80
100
60
40
20

ρE = 100 Ωm 0.5 1 1.5 2m

Burial depth
ρE = 200 Ωm
50 Fig. 5.5.9 Max. step voltage US as a function of the burial depth for
ρE = 500 Ωm
a stretched earth strip

specific earth resistance can be determined ρE as a

function of the depth.

Calculation of earth electrode resistances

50 100 Table 5.5.1 gives the formulae for calculating the
Length I of the stretched surface earth electrode (m) earth electrode resistances of the most common
types of earth electrode. In practice, these approx-
Fig. 5.5.7 Earth electrode resistance RA as a function of length I of
imate formulae are quite sufficient. The precise
the surface earth electrode at different specific earth formulae for the calculations must be taken from
resistance ρE the following sections.

LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
Straight surface earth electrode
UE
Surface earth electrodes are generally embedded
horizontally in the ground at a depth of 0.5 ... 1 m.
Earth potential UE (%)

100 a Since the layer of soil covering the earth electrode

80 V dries out in summer and freezes in winter, the
100 cm
60 earth electrode resistance RA of such a surface
earth electrode is calculated as if it lays on the sur-
t

40
50 cm face of the ground:
20 t = 0 cm
a ρE l
Distance a (m) from earth electrode RA = ⋅ ln
π ⋅ l r
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
UE
Earth potential UE (%)

100 a RA Earth electrode resistance of a stretched sur-

80 face earth electrode in Ω
V
60 100 cm ρE Specific earth resistance in Ωm
50 cm
40 l Length of the surface earth electrode in m
t

20 t = 0 cm r Quarter width of steel strip in m or diameter

a of the round wire in m
Distance a (m) from earth electrode
Fig. 5.5.8 Earth potential UE between supply conductor and earth The earth electrode resistance RA as a function of
surface as a function of the distance from the earth elec- the length of the earth electrode can be taken
trode, at an earth strip (8 m long) in different depths from Figure 5.5.7.

110 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Figure 5.5.8 shows the transverse and longitudinal and a.c. current provided that the expansion of the
earthing potential UE for an 8 m long flat strip earth electrode is relatively small (a few hundred
earth electrode. metres). For longer lengths, e.g. for surface earth
The effect of the burial depth on the earthing electrodes, the a.c. current also has an inductive
potential can be clearly seen. part.
Furthermore, the calculated earth electrode resist-
Figure 5.5.9 illustrates the step voltage US as a ances do not apply to lightning currents. This is
function of the burial depth. where the inductive part plays a role, which can
lead to higher values of the impulse earthing
In practice, the calculation is done using the resistance for larger expansion of the earth-termi-
approximate formula in Table 5.5.1: nation system.
Increasing the length of the surface earth elec-
2 ⋅ ρE trodes or earth rods above 30 m reduces the
RA = impulse earth electrode resistance by only an
l insignificant amount. It is therefore expedient to
combine several shorter earth electrodes. In such
Earth rod cases, because of their interaction, care must be
The earth electrode resistance RA of a earth rod is taken that the actual total earth electrode resist-
calculated using: ance is greater than the value calculated from the
individual resistances connected in parallel.
ρE l
RA = ⋅ ln Star-type earth electrodes
2π ⋅ l r Star-type earth electrodes in the form of cruciform
surface earth electrodes are important when rela-
tively low earth electrode resistances shall be cre-
RA earth electrode resistance in Ω ated in poorly conducting ground at an affordable
ρE Specific earth resistance in Ωm price.
l Length of the earth rod in m
r Radius of the earth rod in m Earth electrode resistance RA

As an approximation, the earth electrode resist-

ance RA can be calculated using the approximate 100
formula given in Table 5.5.1:

ρE 80
RA =
l ρE = 500 Ωm
60
Figure 5.5.10 shows the earth electrode resistance
RA as a function of the rod length I and the specif-
40
ic earth resistance ρE. ρE = 200 Ωm

Combination of earth electrodes 20

If the soil conditions require several earth rods, the ρE = 100 Ωm
driving down depth of the earth rods is applicable
for the corresponding minimum distance of the
different earth rods which have to be intercon- 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
nected. Drive-in depth l of the earth rod
The earth electrode resistance calculated using the
formulae and the measurement results given in Fig. 5.5.10 Earth electrode resistance RA of earth rods as a function
the diagrams apply to low frequency d.c. current of their length I at different specific earth resistances ρE

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 111

 Earth electrode resistance RA (Ω) Voltage
% %
ρE = 200 Ωm
14 100
12 80
l = 10 m II
10 60
8 40
6 20
l = 25 m I
4
10 20 30 m
2
Distance from the centre of the intersection

tI
re f
su n o
en
ea io
m
0.5 1 1.5

m rect
di
l Burial depth (m)

45°
direction of
l = side length measurement II side length 25 m

Fig. 5.5.11 Earth electrode resistance RA of crossed surface earth Fig. 5.5.12 Earth potential UE between the supply conductor of the
electrode (90 °) as a function of the burial depth earth electrode and earth surface of crossed surface
earth electrode (90 °) as a function of the distance from
the cross centre point (burial depth 0.5 m)

The earth electrode resistance RA of a cruciform Figure 5.5.12 shows the curve of the earthing volt-
surface earth electrode whose sides are at 90 ° to age.
each other is calculated using:
For star-type earth electrodes, the angle between
ρE l the individual arms should be greater than 60 °.
RA = ⋅ ln + 1.75
4π ⋅ l r According to Figure 5.5.12 the earth electrode
resistance of a meshed earth electrode is given by
the formula:
RA Earth electrode resistance of the cruciform sur-
face earth electrode in Ω ρE
RA =
ρE Specific earth resistance in Ωm 2 ⋅ d
l Side length in m
d Half a bandwidth in m or diameter of the Where d is the diameter of the analogous circle
round wire in m having the same area as the meshed earth elec-
trode, which is determined as follows:
As a rough approximation, for longer lengths of For rectangular or polygonal dimensions of the
the star arrangement (l > 10 m), the earth elec- meshed earth electrode:
trode resistance RA can be determined using the
total length of the star obtained from the equa-
tions in Table 5.5.1. 4⋅A
d=
π
Figure 5.5.11 shows the curve of the earth elec-
trode resistance RA of cruciform surface earth elec-
trodes as a function of the burial depth; A Area of the meshed earth electrode

112 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 p
Ω Z = 150 Ω n=4
20
RA = 10 Ω
Impulse earth resistance Rst

160 n = 1 ... 4
n = 20
n·l = 300 m
140 10
120

l
10
100 5
n=1 5
80
2 3
3
60
3 2
40 RA = 10 Ω 2

20 4 1
0 a
0.5 1 2 5 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time μs l

Z Surge impedance of the earth conductor p Reduction factor

RA Earth electrode resistance n Quantity of the parallel connected earth electrodes
n Quantity of the parallel connected earth electrodes a Mean distance of the earth electrodes
l Mean length of the earth electrodes l Mean length of the earth electrodes

Fig. 5.5.13 Impulse earth resistance Rst of single or multiple star- Fig. 5.5.14 Reduction factor p for calculating the total earth elec-
type earth electrodes with equal length trode resistance RA of earth rods connected in parallel

For square dimensions (edge length b): Where d is the diameter of the analogous hemi-
sphere having the same volume as the foundation:

d = 1.1 ⋅ b d = 1.57 ⋅ 3
V

Figure 5.5.13 illustrates the curve of the impulse V Volume of the foundation
earth electrode resistance of surface earth elec-
trodes with single and multiple star for square- When calculating the earth electrode resistance,
wave voltages. one must be aware that the foundation earth elec-
As can be seen from this diagram, for a given trode can only be effective if the concrete body
length, it is more expedient to install a radial earth has a large contact area with the surrounding
electrode than one single arm. ground. Water repellent, isolating shielding signif-
icantly increases the earth electrode resistance, or
isolate the foundation earth electrode (see 5.5.2).
Foundation earth electrode
The earth electrode resistance of a metal conduc- Earth rods connected in parallel
tor in a concrete foundation can be calculated as To keep the interactions within acceptable limits,
an approximation using the formula for hemi- the distances between the individual earth elec-
spherical earth electrodes: trodes and earth rods connected in parallel should
not be less than the pile depth, if possible.
If the individual earth electrodes are arranged
ρE roughly in a circle and if they all have about the
RA = same length, then the earth electrode resistance
π ⋅ d can be calculated as follows:

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 113

 RA ' 2 ⋅ ρE
RA = RA =
p 3 ⋅ d

Where RA' is the average earth electrode resistance A ⋅ 4

of the individual earth electrodes. The reduction d=
factor p as a function of the length of the earth π
electrode, the distance of the individual earth elec-
trodes and the number of earth electrodes can be A Area enclosed by the ring earth electrode
taken from Figure 5.5.14.
Implementation
Combination of flat strip earth electrodes and According to the standards, each installation to be
earth rods protected must have its own earth-termination
If sufficient earth electrode resistance is provided system which must be fully functional in itself
by earth rods, for example from deep water carry- without requiring metal water pipes or earthed
ing layers in sandy soil, then the earth rod shall be conductors of the electrical installation.
as close as possible to the object to be protected. If The magnitude of the earth electrode resistance
a long feed is required, it is expedient to install a RA is of only secondary importance for protecting a
radial multiple star-type earth electrode in parallel structure or installation against physical damage.
to this in order to reduce the resistance as the cur- It is important that the equipotential bonding at
rent rises. ground level is carried out systematically and the
lightning current is safely distributed in the
As an approximation, the earth electrode resist- ground.
ance of a flat strip earth electrode with earth rod The lightning current i raises the structure to be
can be calculated as if the flat strip earth electrode protected to the earthing potential UE
were extended by the drive-in depth of the earth
rod. 1 di
U E = i ⋅ RA + ⋅ L ⋅
ρE 2 dt
RA ≈
l flat strip + leath rod
with respect to the reference earth.

Ring earth electrode The potential of the earth´s surface decreases with
For circular ring earth electrodes with large diame- increasing distance from the earth electrode (Fig-
ters (d > 30 m), the earth electrode resistance is cal- ure 5.5.1).
culated as an approximation using the formula for The inductive voltage drop across the earth elec-
the flat strip earth electrode (where the circumfer- trode during the lightning current rise must only
ence π ⋅ d is used for the length of the earth elec- be taken into account for extended earth-termina-
trode): tion systems (e.g. as required for long surface
earth electrodes in poorly conducting soils with
ρE π ⋅ d bedrock). In general, the earth electrode resistance
RA = ⋅ ln
π ⋅ d
2
r is determined only by the ohmic part.

If isolated conductors are led into the structure,

r Radius or the round conductor or quarter the earthing potential UE has its full value with
width of the flat strip earth electrode in m respect to the conductor.
In order to avoid the risk of punctures and
For non-circular ring earth electrodes, the earth flashovers here, such conductors are connected via
electrode resistance is calculated by using the isolating spark gaps or with live conductors via
diameter d of an analogous circle with the same surge protective devices (see DEHN main catalogue
area: for Surge Protection) to the earth-termination sys-

114 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

tem as part of the lightning equipotential bond- Surface earth electrode:
ing.
leff = 0.28 î ⋅ ρE
In order to keep touch and step voltages as low as
possible, the magnitude of the earth electrode
Earth rod:
resistance must be limited.
The earth-termination system can be designed as a
foundation earth electrode, a ring earth electrode leff = 0.2 î ⋅ ρE
and, for structures with large surface areas, as a
meshed earth electrode and, in special cases, also Ieff Effective length of the earth electrode in m
as an individual earth electrode.
î Peak value of the lightning current in kA
In Germany foundation earth electrodes must be
designed in accordance with DIN 18014. ρE Specific earth resistance Ωm
The foundation earth electrode must be designed
as a closed ring and arranged in the foundations of The impulse earth resistance Rst can be calculated
the external walls of the structure, or in the foun- using the formulae in (Table 5.5.1), where the
dation slab, in accordance with DIN 18014. For effective length of the earth electrode Ieff is used
larger structures, the foundation earth electrode for the length I.
should contain interconnections to prevent an
exceeding of the max. mesh size 20 m x 20 m. Surface earth electrodes are always advantageous
when the upper soil layers have less specific resist-
The foundation earth electrode must be arranged
ance than the subsoil.
to be enclosed by concrete on all sides. For steel
If the ground is relatively homogeneous (i.e. if the
strips in non-reinforced concrete, the earth elec-
specific earth resistance at the surface is roughly
trode must be installed on edge.
the same as it is deep down) then, for a given earth
In the service entrance room, a connection must be
electrode resistance, the construction costs of sur-
established between foundation earth electrode
face earth electrodes and earth rods are roughly
and equipotential bonding bar. According to IEC
the same.
62305-3 (EN 62305-3), a foundation earth elec-
trode must be equipped with terminal lugs for
According to Figure 5.5.15, an earth rod must have
connection of the down-conductor systems of the
only around half the length of a surface earth elec-
external lightning protection system to the earth-
trode.
termination system.
Due to the risk of corrosion at the point where a
terminal lug comes out of the concrete, supple- 90
surface earth electrode
Earth electrode resistance RA (Ω)

mentary corrosion protection should be consid- 80

earth rod
ered (with PVC sheath or by using stainless steel
70
with Material No. 1.4571).
The reinforcement of plate and strip foundations 60
can be used as a foundation earth electrode if the 50
required terminal lugs are connected to the rein- ρE = 400 Ωm
40
forcement and the reinforcements are intercon-
nected via the joints. 30 ρE = 100 Ωm
Surface earth electrodes must be installed in a 20
depth of at least 0.5 m. 15
10
5
The impulse earthing resistance of earth elec- 0
trodes is a function of the maximum value of the 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
lightning current and of the specific earth resist-
ance. See also Figure 5.5.13. The effective length Length of the earth electrode l (m)
of the earth electrode for the lightning current is Fig. 5.5.15 Earth electrode resistance RA of surface and earth rods
calculated as an approximation as follows: as a function of the length of the earth electrode I

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 115

If the conductivity of the ground is better deep Generally, however, a low earth resistance (less
down than it is on the surface, e.g. because of than 10 Ω, measured with low frequency) is recom-
ground water, then an earth rod is generally more mended.
cost-effective than the surface earth electrode. The standard classifies earth electrode arrange-
The issue of whether earth rods or surface earth ments into Type A and Type B.
electrodes are more cost-effective in a particular
case, can often only be decided by measuring the For both Type A and B earth electrode arrange-
specific earth resistance as a function of the depth. ments, the minimum earth electrode length I1 of
Since earth rods are easy to assemble and achieve the earthing conductor is a function of the class of
excellent constant earth electrode resistances lightning protection system (Figure 5.5.1.1)
without the need to dig a trench and without The exact specific earth resistance can only be
damaging the ground, these earth electrodes are determined by on-site measurements using the
also suitable for improving existing earth-termina- “WENNER method“ (four-conductor measure-
tion system. ment).

Earth electrode Type A

5.5.1 Earth-termination systems in accor- Earth electrode arrangement Type A describes
dance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) individually arranged horizontal star-type earth
Earth-termination systems are the continuation of electrodes (surface earth electrodes) or vertical
air-termination and down-conductor systems to earth electrodes (earth rods), each of which must
discharge the lightning current into the earth. Fur- be connected to a down-conductor system.
ther functions of the earth-termination system are There must be at least 2 earth electrodes Type A.
to create equipotential bonding between the Lightning protection systems Class III and IV
down conductors and a potential control in the require a minimum length of 5 m for earth elec-
vicinity of the walls of the structure. trodes. For lightning protection systems, Class I
It must be borne in mind that a common earth-ter- and II the length of the earth electrode is deter-
mination system for the various electrical systems mined as a function of the specific ground resist-
(lightning protection, low voltage systems and ance. The minimum length for earth electrodes I1
telecommunications systems) is preferable. This can be taken from Figure 5.5.1.1.
earth-termination system must be connected to
the equipotential bonding (MEBB – main equipo- Minimum length of each earth electrode is:
tential bonding bar). I1 x 0.5 for vertical or slanted earth electrodes
Since IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) assumes a systemat- I1 for star-type earth electrodes
ic lightning equipotential bonding, no particular
value is required for the earth electrode resistance.
The values determined apply to each individual
earth electrode.
l1 (m)
For combinations of the various earth electrodes
80
(vertical and horizontal) the equivalent total
70
length should be taken into account.
60 SI
f LP The minimum length for the earth electrode can
so
50 clas be disregarded if an earth electrode resistance of
S II
40
sof LP less than 10 Ω is achieved.
30 clas
20 Earth rods are generally driven vertically down to
10 class of LPS III-IV greater depths into natural soil which is generally
0 initially encountered below the foundations. Earth
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 electrode lengths of 9 m have provided the advan-
ρE (Ωm) tage of lying at greater depths in soil layers whose
specific resistance is generally lower than in the
Fig. 5.5.1.1 Minimum lengths of earth electrodes areas closer to the surface.

116 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 12 m

area A1 to be area A1 5m
considered to be considered

r
r

12 m
5m
circular area A2, circular area A2
mean radius r 7m mean radius r

7m Example: Residential building,

LPS Class III, l1 = 5 m
A = A1 = A2 With respect to ring or foundation
earth electrodes, the mean radius A = A1 = A2 A1 = 109 m2
r = A
π r of the area enclosed by the earth A 109 m2
No further
electrode must not be shorter r = r = earth
π 3.14
r l1 than l1. electrodes
r l1 r = 5.89 m required!

Fig. 5.5.1.2 Earth electrode Type B – Determination of the mean Fig. 5.5.1.3 Earth electrode Type B – Determination of the mean
radius – example calculation radius

In frosty conditions, it is recommended to consider The minimum lengths of the earth electrodes cor-
the first 100 cm of a vertical earth electrode as responding to the Type B arrangement are a func-
ineffective. tion of the class of lightning protection system. For
lightning protection systems Class I and II, the min-
Earth electrodes Type A do not fulfill the equipo- imum length for earth electrodes is also deter-
tential bonding requirements between the down mined as a function of the specific ground resist-
conductors and the potential control. ance (see also Figure 5.5.4).
Earth electrodes Type A must be interconnected to For earth electrodes Type B, the average radius r of
split the current equally. This is important for cal- the area enclosed by the earth electrode must be
culating the separation distance s. Earth electrodes not less than the given minimum length l1.
Type A can be interconnected underground or on To determine the average radius r, the area under
surface. When upgrading existing installations the consideration is transferred into an equivalent cir-
interconnection of the individual earth electrodes cular area and the radius is determined as shown
can also be realised by laying a conductor in the in Figures 5.5.1.2 and 5.5.1.3.
building or structure.

Earth electrode Type B Below a calculation example:

Earth electrodes of the Type B arrangement are
ring earth electrodes around the structure to be If the required value of l1 is greater than the value
protected, or foundation earth electrodes. In Ger- r corresponding to the structure, supplementary
many the requirements on these earth electrodes star-type earth electrodes or vertical earth elec-
are described in DIN 18014. trodes (or slanted earth electrodes) must be
If it is not possible to have a closed ring outside added, their respective lengths lr (radial/horizon-
around the structure, the ring must be completed tal) and lv (vertical) being given by the following
using conductors inside the structure. Conduits or equations:
other metal components which are permanently
electrically conductive can also be used for this lr = l1 − r
purpose. At least 80 % of the length of the earth
electrode must be in contact with the earth to
ensure that, when calculating the separation dis- l1 − r
tance, the earth electrode Type B can be used as lv =
the base. 2

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 117

The number of supplementary earth electrodes 5.5.2 Earth-termination systems, foundation
must not be less than the number of down conduc- earth electrodes and foundation earth
tors, but a minimum of 2. These supplementary electrodes for special structural mea-
earth electrodes shall be connected to the ring sures
earth electrode so as to be equidistant around the
circumference. Foundation earth electrodes – Earth electrodes
Type B
If supplementary earth electrodes have to be con- DIN 18014 (German standard) specifies the re-
nected to the foundation earth electrode, care quirements on foundation earth electrodes.
must be taken with the materials of the earth elec- Many national and international standards specify
trode and the connection to the foundation earth foundation earth electrodes as a preferred earth
electrode. It is preferable to use stainless steel with electrode because, when professionally installed, it
Material No. 1.4571 (Figure 5.5.2.1). is enclosed in concrete on all sides and hence cor-
rosion-resistant. The hygroscopic characteristics of
The following systems can make additional concrete generally produce a sufficiently low earth
demands on the earth-termination system, for earth electrode resistance.
example: The foundation earth electrode must be installed
⇒ Electrical systems – conditions of disconnection as a closed ring in the strip foundation or the bed-
from supply with respect to the type of net- plate (Figure 5.5.2.1) and thus also acts primarily as
work (TN-, TT-, IT systems) in accordance with the equipotential bonding. The division into mesh-
IEC 60364-4-41: 2005, mod and HD 60364-4-41: es ≤ 20 m x 20 m and the terminal lugs to the out-
2007 side required to connect the down conductors of
⇒ Equipotential bonding in accordance with IEC the external lightning protection system, and to
60364-5-54: 2002 and HD 60364-5-54: 2007 the inside for equipotential bonding, must be con-
sidered (Figure 5.5.2.2).
⇒ Electronic systems – data information techno-
logy According to DIN 18014, the installation of the
foundation earth electrode is an electrical engi-
⇒ Antenna earthing installation in accordance neering measure to be carried out or monitored by
with VDE 0855 (German standard) a recognised specialist electrical engineer.
⇒ Electromagnetic compatibility The question of how to install the foundation
⇒ Substation in or near the structure in accor- earth electrode must be decided according to the
dance with HD 637 S1 and En 50341-1 measure required to ensure that the foundation

Terminal lug additional terminal conductor

min. 1.5 m long, noticeably marked for forming meshes ≤ 20 m x 20 m
− steel strip 30 mm x 3.5 mm
− StSt round steel bar 10 mm
− round steel bar 10 mm with PVC coating
− fixed earthing point
≤ 20 m

20 m
terminal lug
Foundation earth electrode Recommendation:
− steel strip 30 mm x 3.5 mm Several terminal lugs e.g.
− round steel bar 10 mm in every technical centre

Fig. 5.5.2.1 Foundation earth electrode with terminal lug Fig. 5.5.2.2 Mesh of a foundation earth electrode

118 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 5.5.2.3 Foundation earth electrode Fig. 5.5.2.4 Foundation earth electrode in use

earth electrode is enclosed on all sides as the con- high-alloy stainless steel, Material No. 1.4571, or
crete is being poured in. fixed earthing terminals.
If professionally installed, the earth electrode is
Installation in non-reinforced concrete enclosed on all sides by concrete and hence corro-
Non-reinforced foundations, e.g. strip foundations sion-resistant.
of residential structures (Figure 5.5.2.3), require When designing the foundation earth electrode,
the use of spacers. meshes no bigger than 20 m x 20 m shall be
Only by using the spacers at distances of approx. realised. This mesh size bears no relation to the
2 m, is it possible to ensure that the foundation class of lightning protection system of the external
earth electrode is “lifted up” and can be enclosed lightning protection system.
on all sides by concrete. Modern building techniques employ various types
of foundations in a wide variety of designs and
Installation in reinforced concrete sealing versions.
When using steel mats, reinforcement cages or The terminal insulation regulations have also influ-
reinforcement irons in foundations, it is not only enced the design of the strip foundations and
possible to connect the foundation earth electrode foundation slabs. For foundation earth electrodes
to these natural iron components, but this should installed in new structures in accordance with DIN
be done. The function of the foundation earth 18014, the insulation affects their installation and
electrode is thus made even more favourable. arrangement.
There is no need to use spacers. The modern meth-
ods of laying concrete and then vibrating it, ensure Perimeter insulation / Base insulation
that the concrete also “flows” under the founda- “Perimeter” is the earth-touching area of the wall
tion earth electrode enclosing it on all sides. and base of a structure. The perimeter insulation is
Figure 5.5.2.4 illustrates one possible application the external heat insulation around the structure.
for the horizontal installation of a flat strip as a The perimeter insulation seated on the external
foundation earth electrode. The intersections of sealing layer encloses the structure so that there is
the foundation earth electrode must be connected no heat bridge and protects the sealing additional-
so as to be capable of carrying currents. Galvanised ly against mechanical damage.
steel is sufficient as material of the foundation
earth electrode. The magnitude of the specific resistance of the
Terminal lugs to the outside into the ground must perimeter insulating plates is a decisive factor
have supplementary corrosion protection at the when considering the effect of perimeter insu-
outlet point. Suitable materials are, for example, lation on the earth electrode resistance of foun-
plastic sheathed steel wire (owing to the risk of dation earth electrodes in conventional arrange-
fracture of the plastic sheath at low temperatures, ments in the foundation (strip foundation, foun-
special care must be taken during the installation), dation slab). Thus, for a polyurethane rigid foam

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 119

 terminal lug

soil concrete
perimeter/
base insulation MV Terminal
Part No. 390 050
Fixed earthing terminal for EBB
Part No. 478 800

insulation
Cross unit
moisture barrier
Part No. 318 201
Distance holder basement floor
Part No. 290 001

foundation slab

granular sub-grade course

foundation earth electrode

+
drainage Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., “Der Fundamenterder”; HEA Elektro : 2004

Fig. 5.5.2.5 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip foundation (insulated basement wall)

terminal lug concrete

soil

perimeter/
base insulation
MV Terminal
Part No. 390 050
Fixed earthing terminal for EBB
Part No. 478 800

insulation
Cross unit
moisture barrier
Part No. 318 201
insulating layer
Distance holder
basement floor
Part No. 290 001

foundation slab

granular sub-grade course

foundation earth electrode

drainage Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., “Der Fundamenterder”; HEA Elektro+: 2004

Fig. 5.5.2.6 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip foundation (insulated basement wall and foundation slab)

120 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 soil concrete

terminal lug
Mat. No. 1.4571

MV Terminal
perimeter/
base insulation Part No. 390 050
Fixed earthing terminal for EBB
Part No. 478 800

insulation
Cross unit moisture barrier
Part No. 318 209 foundation slab

basement floor

ring earth electrode Mat. No. 1.4571 reinforcement granular sub-grad course
Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., “Der Fundamenterder”; HEA Elektro+: 2004

Fig. 5.5.2.7 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in case of a closed floor slab (fully insulated)

with bulk density 30 kg/m2, for example, a specific It is efficient to install fixed earthing terminals,
resistance of 5.4 ⋅ 1012 Ωm is given. In contrast, the especially for reinforced structures. In such cases,
specific resistance of concrete lies between 150 Ωm care must be taken that the installation during the
and 500 Ωm. This alone shows that, in the case of construction phase is carried out professionally
continuous perimeter insulation, a conventional (Figure 5.5.2.8).
foundation earth electrode arranged in the foun-
dations has practically no effect. The perimeter
insulation also acts as an electrical insulator.
The diagrams below illustrate the various ways of
insulating the foundations and walls for structures
with perimeter and base insulation.
Figures 5.5.2.5 to 5.5.2.7 show the arrangement of
the foundation earth electrodes at structures with
perimeter and base insulation.
The arrangement of the earth electrode in the
strip foundation with insulated sides towards the
outside and the bedplate is not regarded as critical
(Figure 5.5.2.5 and 5.5.2.6).

If the foundation slab is completely insulated, the

earth electrode must be installed below the bed-
plate. Material V4A (Material No. 1.4571) should
be used (Figure 5.5.2.7). Fig. 5.5.2.8 Fixed earthing terminal

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 121

 terminal lug concrete

MV Terminal
soil Part No. 390 050 Fixed earthing terminal for EBB
Part No. 478 200

insulation
MEBB
moisture barrier
Cross unit Connecting clamp
Part No. 318 201 Part No. 308 025 foundation plate

basement floor

sealing tape

foundation earth electrode foil granular sub-grade course

drainage ring earth electrode corrossion-resistant e.g. StSt V4A (Material No. 1.4571) reinforcement

Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., “Der Fundamenterder”; HEA Elektro+: 2004

Fig. 5.5.2.9 Arrangement of the foundation earth electrode in case of a closed tank “white tank”

Black tank, white tank Foundation earth electrodes for structures with
In structures erected in regions with a high white tank
groundwater level, or in locations, e.g. on hillsides, The name “white tank” is used to express the
with “pressing” water, the cellars are equipped opposite of “black tank”: a “white tank” receives
with special measures to prevent moisture pene- no additional treatment on the side facing the
trating. The outer walls surrounded by earth, and earth, hence it is “white”.
the foundation slab are sealed against the pene-
tration of water to ensure that no troublesome The “white tank” is manufactured from a special
moisture can form on the inside of the wall. type of concrete. Due to the aggregates used at
manufacturing of the concrete the concrete body
Modern building techniques apply both above is absolutely waterproof. In contrast to former
mentioned processes for sealing against penetrat- years there is no risk of humidity penetrating a few
ing water. centimeters into the tank. Therefore an earth elec-
trode is laid outside of structures with white tank.

One particular issue in this context is whether the

efficiency of a foundation earth electrode is still Figure 5.5.2.8 shows the designing of an earth con-
provided for maintaining the measures to protect nection by a fixed earthing terminal.
against life hazards in accordance with IEC 60364-
4-41, and as a lightning protection earth electrode Figure 5.5.2.9 illustrates the arrangement of the
in accordance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). foundation earth electrode in a white tank.

122 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Earth electrodes for structures with black tank possible using a special bushing for the earth elec-
The name “black tank” derives from the multi-lay- trodes.
ered strip of black bitumen applied to the sections
of the structure which are outside in the ground. Fibre concrete foundation slabs
The body of the structure is coated with
Fibre concrete is a type of concrete which forms a
bitumen / tar which is then covered by generally up
heavy-duty concrete slab with steel fibres added to
to 3 layers of bitumen strips.
the liquid concrete before hardening.
A ring conductor set into the foundation slab
above the seal can act as the potential control in The steel fibres are approx. 6 cm long and have a
the structure. Due to the high-impedance insula- diameter of 1 – 2 mm. The steel fibres are slightly
tion to the outside, however, the earth electrode is wavy and are admixed equally to the liquid con-
ineffective. crete. The proportion of steel fibres is around
In order to comply with the earthing requirements 20 – 30 kg/m3 concrete.
stipulated in the various standards, an earth elec- The admixture gives the concrete slab both a high
trode, e.g. a ring earth electrode, must be installed compression strength and also a high tensile
externally around the structure or below all seals strength and, compared to a conventional con-
in the granular sub-grade course. crete slab with reinforcement, it also provides a
Wherever possible, the external earth electrode considerably higher elasticity.
should be led into the structure above the seal of The liquid concrete is poured on site. This allows to
the structure (Figure 5.5.2.10), in order to ensure create large areas with a smooth surface and no
the tightness of the tank also in the long term. A joints. It is used for bedplates in the foundations of
waterproof penetration of the “black tank” is only large halls, for example.

concrete
terminal lug
e.g. StSt V4A
(Mat. No. 1.4571)
Bushing for walls and earth electrodes
Part No. 478 320

soil

Max. ground water level

tank seal

MEBB
Connection clamp
Part No. 308 025

Cross unit foundation plate

Part No. 318 201

foundation earth electrode granular sub-grade course

soil
ring earth electrode corrosion-resistant e.g. StSt V4A (Material No. 1.4571)
mesh size of the ring earth electrode max. 10 m x 10 m
Ref.: Acc. to DIN 18014: 2007-09; VDE series 35, Schmolke, H.; Vogt, D., “Der Fundamenterder”; HEA Elektro+: 2004

Fig. 5.5.2.10 Arrangement of the earth electrode in case of a closed tank “black tank”

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 123

Fibre concrete has no reinforcement. This requires 80 % of the conductors of the earth electrode shall
a supplementary ring conductor or a meshed net- be installed so as to be in contact with the earth. If
work to be constructed for installing earthing this 80 % cannot be achieved, it has to be checked
measures. The earthing conductor can be set in the if supplementary earth electrodes Type A are
concrete and, if it is made of galvanised material, it required.
must be enclosed on all sides. This is very difficult The requirements on the minimum length of earth
to do on site. electrodes according to the class of lightning pro-
It is therefore recommended to install a corrosion- tection system must be taken into account (see
resistant high-alloy stainless steel, Material No. Chapter 5.5.1).
1.4571, below the subsequent concrete bedplate. When installing the ring earth electrode, care must
The corresponding terminal lugs have to be con- be taken that it is installed at a depth > 0.5 m and
sidered. a distance of 1 m from the structure.
Note: If the earth electrode is driven in as previously
A specialist must install the earthing conductors described, it reduces the step voltage and thus acts
and connecting components in concrete. If this is as a potential control around the structure.
not possible, the building contractor can under-
take the work only if it is supervised by a specialist. This earth electrode should be installed in natural
soil. Setting it in gravel or ground filled with con-
struction waste worsens the earth electrode resist-
ance.
5.5.3 Ring earth electrode – Earth electrode
When choosing the material of the earth electrode
Type B with regard to corrosion, the local conditions must
In Germany the national standard DIN 18014 stipu- be taken into consideration. It is advantageous to
lates that all new structures must have foundation use stainless steel. This earth electrode material
earth electrodes. The earth-termination system of does not corrode nor does it subsequently require
existing structures can be designed in the form of the earth-termination system to be refurbished
a ring earth electrode (Figure 5.5.3.1). with time-consuming and expensive measures such
This earth electrode must be installed in a closed as removal of paving, tar coatings or even steps,
ring around the structure or, if this is not possible, for installing a new flat strip.
a connection to close the ring must be made inside In addition, the terminal lugs must be particularly
the structure. protected against corrosion.

Type S Type Z Type AZ

EBB

Fig. 5.5.3.1 Ring earth electrode around a residential building Fig. 5.5.4.1 Couplings of DEHN earth rods

124 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

5.5.4 Earth rod – Earth electrode Type A The advantages of the DEHN earth rods are:.
The sectional earth rods, System DEHN, are manu- ⇒ Special coupling:
factured from special steel and hot-dip galvanised, ⇒ no increase in diameter so that the earth rod is
or they consist of high-alloy stainless steel with in close contact with the ground along the
Material No. 1.4571 (the high-alloy stainless steel whole of its length
earth electrode is used in areas especially at risk
from corrosion). The particular feature of these ⇒ Self-closing when driving in the rods
earth rods is their coupling point, which allows the ⇒ Simple to drive in with vibration hammers (Fig-
earth rods to be connected without increasing ure 5.5.4.2) or mallets
their diameter. ⇒ Constant resistance values are achieved since
Each rod has a bore at its lower end, while the oth- the earth rods penetrate through the soil lay-
er end of the rod has a corresponding spigot (Fig- ers which are unaffected by seasonal changes
ure 5.5.4.1). in moisture and temperature
⇒ High corrosion resistance as a result of hot-dip
With DEHN earth electrode Type “S”, the soft
galvanising (zinc coating 70 μm thick)
metal insert deforms as it is driven into the bore,
creating an excellent electrical and mechanical ⇒ Galvanised earth rods also provide hot-gal-
connection. vanised coupling points
With DEHN earth electrode Type “Z”, the high ⇒ Easy to store and transport since individual
coupling quality is achieved with a multiply rods are 1.5 or 1 m long.
knurled spigot.
With DEHN earth electrode Type “AZ”, the high
coupling quality is achieved with a multiply
5.5.5 Earth electrodes in rocky ground
knurled and shouldered spigot.
In bedrock or stony ground, surface earth elec-
trodes such as ring earth electrodes or star-type
earth electrodes are often the only way of creating
an earth-termination system.
When installing the earth electrodes, the flat strip
or round material is laid on the stony ground or on
the rock. The earth electrode should be covered
with gravel, wet-mix slag aggregate or similar.
It is advantageous to use stainless steel Material
No. 1.4571 as earth electrode material. The
clamped points should be installed with particular
care and be protected against corrosion (anticorro-
sive band).

5.5.6 Intermeshing of earth-termination sys-

tems
An earth-termination system can serve a wide vari-
ety of purposes.
The purpose of protective earthing is to safely con-
nect electrical installations and equipment to
earth potential and to prevent life hazard and
physical damage to property in the event of an
electrical fault.
The lightning protection earthing system takes
Fig. 5.5.4.2 Driving the earth rod in with a work scaffolding and a over the current from the down conductors and
vibrating hammer discharges it into the ground.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 125

The functional earthing installation serves to comprises more than one building, and if these are
ensure that the electrical and electronic installa- connected by electrical and electronic conductors,
tions operate safely and trouble-free. then combining the individual earthing systems
The earth-termination system of a structure must can reduce the (total) earth resistance. In addition,
be used for all earthing tasks together, i.e. the the potential differences between the structures
earth-termination system deals with all earthing are also reduced considerably. This diminishes
tasks. If this were not the case, potential differ- noticeably the voltage load of the electrical and
ences could arise between the installations earth- electronic connecting cables. The interconnection
ed on different earth-termination systems. of the individual earth-termination systems of the
Previously, a “clean earth” was sometimes applied structure should produce a meshed network. The
in practice for functional earthing of the electronic meshed earthing network should be constructed
equipment, separately from the lightning protec- to contact the earth-termination systems at the
tion and the protective earth. This is extremely point where the vertical down conductors are also
disadvantageous and can even be dangerous. In connected. The smaller the mesh size of the net-
the event of lightning effects, great potential dif- work of the earthing installation, the smaller the
ferences up to a few 100 kV occur in the earth-ter- potential differences between the structures in the
mination system. This can lead to destruction of event of a lightning strike. This depends on the
electronic installations and also to life hazards. total area of the structure. Mesh sizes from
Therefore, IEC 62305-3 and -4 (EN 62305-3 and -4) 20 m x 20 m up to 40 m x 40 m have proved to be
require continuous equipotential bonding within cost-effective. If, for example, high vent stacks
a structure. (preferred points of strike) are existing, then the
The earthing of the electronic systems can be con- connections around this part of the plant should
structed to have a radial, central or intermeshed be made closer, and, if possible, radial with circular
2-dimensional design within a structure, (Figure interconnections (potential control) When choos-
5.5.6.1). This depends both on the electromagnet- ing the material for the conductors of the meshed
ic environment and also on the characteristics of earthing network, the corrosion and material com-
the electronic installation. If a larger structure patibility must be taken into account.

workshop stock administration

power centre
gate

production

production
production

Fig. 5.5.6.1 Intermeshed earth-termination system of an industrial facility

126 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

5.5.7 Corrosion of earth electrodes In Germany, the national standard DIN VDE 0151
“Material and minimum dimensions of earth elec-
5.5.7.1 Earth-termination systems with par- trodes with respect to corrosion” has been avail-
ticular consideration of corrosion able since June 1986 as a white paper. Apart from
Metals in immediate contact with soil or water decades of experience in the field of earthing tech-
(electrolytes) can be corroded by stray currents, nology, the results of extensive preliminary exami-
corrosive soils and the formation of voltaic cells. It nations have also been embodied in this standard.
is not possible to protect earth electrodes from Many interesting results are available which are
corrosion by completely enclosing them, i.e. by important for the earth electrodes, including those
separating the metals from the soil, since all the of lightning protection systems.
usual sheaths employed until now have had a high The fundamental processes leading to corrosion
electrical resistance and therefore negate the are explained below.
effect of the earth electrodes. Practical anticorrosion measures especially for
Earth electrodes made of a uniform material can lightning protection earth electrodes shall be
be threatened by corrosion from corrosive soils derived from this and from the wealth of material
and the formation of concentration cells. The risk already acquired by the VDE task force on “Earth
of corrosion depends on the material and the type electrode materials”.
and composition of the soil.
Corrosion damage due to the formation of voltaic Terms used in corrosion protection and corrosion
cells is being increasingly observed. This cell forma- protection measurements
tion between different metals with widely differ-
ent metal / electrolyte potentials has been known Corrosion
for many years. What is not widely realised, how-
is the reaction of a metal material to its environ-
ever, is that the reinforcements of concrete foun-
ment which leads to impairment of the character-
dations can also become the cathode of a cell and
istics of the metal material and / or its environment.
hence cause corrosion to other installations.
The reaction is usually of electrochemical charac-
With the changes to the way buildings are con- ter.
structed – larger reinforced concrete structures
and smaller free metal areas in the ground –
Electrochemical corrosion
anode / cathode surface ratio is becoming more
and more unfavourable, and the risk of corrosion is corrosion during which electrochemical process-
of the more base metals is inevitably increasing. es occur. They take place exclusively in the pres-
ence of an electrolyte.
An electrical isolation of installations acting as
anodes to prevent this cell formation is only pos-
sible in exceptional cases. The aim nowadays is to Electrolyte
integrate all earth electrodes including those is an ion-conducting corrosive medium (e.g. soil,
metal installations connected to the earth in order water, fused salts).
to achieve equipotential bonding and hence maxi-
mum safety against touch voltages at faults or Electrode
lightning strikes. is an electron-conducting material in an elec-
In high voltage installations, high voltage protec- trolyte. The system of electrode and electrolyte
tive earth electrodes are increasingly connected to forms a half-cell.
low voltage operating earth electrodes in accor-
dance with HD 637 S1. Furthermore IEC 60364-4-
Anode
41, mod and HD 60364-4-41 requires the integra-
is an electrode from which a d.c. current enters the
tion of conduits and other installations into the
electrolyte.
shock hazard protective measures. Thus, the only
way of preventing or at least reducing the risk of
corrosion for earth electrodes and other installa- Cathode
tions in contact with them is choosing suitable is an electrode from which a d.c. current leaves the
materials for the earth electrodes. electrolyte.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 127

 5.5.7.2 Formation of voltaic cells, corrosion
1 The corrosion processes can be clearly explained
2
1 Electrolyte copper bar with hole for with the help of a voltaic cell. If, for example, a
measurements metal rod is dipped into an electrolyte, positively
3
2 Rubber plug charged ions pass into the electrolyte and con-
4
3 Ceramic cylinder with porous base
versely, positive ions are absorbed from the elec-
4 Glaze
5 Saturated Cu/CuSO4 solution trolyte from the metal band. In this context one
5 speaks of the “solution pressure” of the metal and
6 Cu/CuSO4 crystals
the “osmotic pressure” of the solution. Depending
6
on the magnitude of these two pressures, either
more of the metal ions from the rod pass into the
Fig. 5.5.7.1.1 Application example of a non-polarisable measuring solution (the rod therefore becomes negative com-
electrode (copper/copper sulphate electrode) for tap- pared to the solution) or the ions of the electrolyte
ping a potential within the electrolyte (cross-sectional collect in large numbers on the rod (the rod
view)
becomes positive compared to the electrolyte). A
voltage is thus created between two metal rods in
the electrolyte.
Reference electrode
In practice, the potentials of the metals in the
is a measuring electrode for determining the
ground are measured with the help of a copper
potential of a metal in the electrolyte.
sulphate electrode. This consists of a copper rod
dipped into a saturated copper sulphate solution
Copper sulphate electrode
(the reference potential of this reference electrode
is a reference electrode which can hardly be
remains constant).
polarised, made of copper in saturated copper sul-
Consider the case of two rods made of different
phate solution.
metals dipping into the same electrolyte. A volt-
The copper sulphate electrode is the most common
age of a certain magnitude is now created on each
form of reference electrode for measuring the
rod in the electrolyte. A voltmeter can be used to
potential of subterranean metal objects (Figure
5.5.7.1.1).
electrode I electrode II
Corrosion cell Fe Cu
is a voltaic cell with different local partial current
i
densities for dissolving the metal. Anodes and
cathodes of the corrosion cell can be formed
⇒ on the material i
due to different metals (contact corrosion) or
different structural components (selective or
electrolyte
intercrystalline corrosion).
⇒ on the electrolyte Fig. 5.5.7.2.1 Galvanic cell: iron/copper
caused by different concentrations of certain
materials having stimulatory or inhibitory
characteristics for dissolving the metal. i
electrode I electrode II

Potentials permeable to ions

Reference potential
Potential of a reference electrode with respect to i
the standard hydrogen electrode.

Electropotential electrolyte I electrolyte II

is the electrical potential of a metal or an electron-
conducting solid in an electrolyte. Fig. 5.5.7.2.2 Concentration cell

128 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

measure the voltage between the rods (elec- In the electrolyte, on the other hand, the current i
trodes); this is the difference between the poten- must therefore flow from the “more negative”
tials of the individual electrodes compared with iron electrode to the copper electrode to close the
the electrolyte. circuit. As a generalisation, this means that the
more negative pole passes positive ions to the elec-
How does it now come that current flows in the trolyte and hence becomes the anode of the volta-
electrolyte and hence that material is transported, ic cell, i.e. it dissolves. The dissolution of the metal
i.e. corrosion occurs? occurs at those points where the current enters the
If, as shown here, the copper and iron electrodes electrolyte.
are connected via an ammeter outside the elec- A corrosion current can also arise from a concen-
trolyte, for example, the following (Figure tration cell (Figure 5.5.7.2.2). In this case, two elec-
5.5.7.2.1) is ascertained: in the outer circuit, the trodes made of the same metal dip into different
current i flows from + to –, i.e. from the “nobler” electrolytes. The electrode in electrolyte II with the
copper electrode according to Table 5.5.7.2.1 to higher concentration of metal ions becomes elec-
the iron electrode. trically more positive than the other. Connecting

Definition Symbol(s) Copper Lead Tin Iron Zinc

1 Free corrosion potential UM-Cu/CuSO4 0 to −0.5 to −0.4 to −0.5 to −0.9 to
in the soil1) [V] −0.1 −0.6 −0.62) −0.83) −1.15)
2 Cathodic protective potential UM-Cu/CuSO4 −0.2 −0.65 −0.652) −0.854) −1.25)
in the soil1) [V]
3 Electrochemical equivalent Δm 10.4 33.9 19.4 9.1 10.7
K=
[kg/(A • year)] It
4 Linear corrosion rate [mm/year] Δs 0.12 0.3 0.27 0.12 0.15
Wlin =
at J = 1 mA/dm2 t
1) Measured to saturated copper/copper sulphate electrode (Cu/Cu So4).
2) Values are verified in presently performed tests. The potential of tin-coated copper depends on
the thickness of the tin coating. Common tin coatings up to now have amounted up to a few
μm and are thus between the values of tin and copper in the soil.
3) These values do also apply to lower alloyed types of iron. The potential of steel in concrete
(reinforcing iron of foundations) depends considerably on external influences. Measured to a
saturated copper/copper sulphate elctrode it generally amounts −0.1 to −0.4 V. In case of metal
conductive connections with wide underground installations made of metal with more
negative potential, it is cathodically polarised and thus reaches values up to approximately
−0.5 V.
4) In anaerobic soils the protective potential should be −0.95 V.
5) Hot-dip galvanised steel, with a zinc coating according to the above mentioned table, has a
closed external pure zinc layer. The potential of hot-dip galvanised steel in the soil corresponds
therefore to approximately the stated value of zinc in the soil. In case of a loss of the zinc layer,
the potential gets more positive. With its complete corresion it can reach the value of steel.
The potential of hot-dip galvanised steel in concrete has approximately the same initial values.
In the course of time, the potential can get more positive. Values more positive than approx.
−0.75 V, however, have not been found yet.
Heavily hot-dip galvanised copper with a zinc layer of min. 70 μm has also a closed external
pure zinc layer. The potential of hot-dip galvanised copper in soil corresponds therefore to
approx. the stated value of zinc in soil. In case of a thinner zinc layer or a corrosion of the zinc
layer, the potential gets more positive. Limit values have still not been defined yet.
Table 5.5.7.2.1 Potential values and corrosion rates of common metal materials

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 129

 i i

electrode I electrode II electrode I electrode II

Fe Fe St/tZn St

i i

concrete

soil soil concrete

Fig. 5.5.7.2.3 Concentration cell: Iron in soil/iron in concrete Fig. 5.5.7.2.4 Concentration cell: Galvanised steel in soil/steel
(black) in concrete

the two electrodes enables the current i to flow able “polarisation” can be taken from. The polari-
and the electrode, which is electrochemically more sation behaviour of electrodes is discussed only
negative, dissolves. briefly here.
A concentration cell of this type can be formed, for Let us consider the case of a galvanised steel strip
example, by two iron electrodes, one of which is situated in the ground and connected to the
fixed in concrete while the other lies in the ground (black) steel reinforcement of a concrete founda-
(Figure 5.5.7.2.3). tion (Figure 5.5.7.2.4). According to our measure-
Connecting these electrodes, the iron in the con- ments, the following potential differences occur
crete becomes the cathode of the concentration here with respect to the copper sulphate elec-
cell and the one in the ground becomes the anode; trode:
the latter is therefore destroyed by ion loss. steel, (bare) in concrete: – 200 mV
For electrochemical corrosion it is generally the steel, galvanised, in sand: – 800 mV
case that, the larger the ions and the lower their
charge, the greater the transport of metal associ- Thus there is a potential difference of 600 mV
ated with the current flow i, (i.e. i is proportional between these two metals. If they are now con-
to the atomic mass of the metal). nected above ground, a current i flows in the out-
In practice, the calculations are carried out with er circuit from reinforced concrete to the steel in
currents flowing over a certain period of time, e.g. the sand, and in the ground from the steel in the
over one year. Table 5.5.7.2.1 gives values which sand to the steel in the reinforcement.
express the effect of the corrosion current (current The magnitude of the current i is now a function
density) in terms of the quantity of metal dis- of the voltage difference, the conductance of the
solved. Corrosion current measurements thus ground and the polarisation of the two metals.
make it possible to calculate in advance how many Generally, it is found that the current i in the
grammes of a metal will be eroded over a specific ground is generated by changes in the material.
period. But a change to the material also means that the
Of more practical interest, however, is the predic- voltage of the individual metals changes with
tion if, and over which period of time, corrosion respect to the ground. This potential drift caused
will cause holes or pitting in earth electrodes, steel by the corrosion current i is called polarisation. The
tanks, pipes etc. So it is important whether the strength of the polarisation is directly proportion-
prospective current attack will take place in a dif- al to the current density. Polarisation phenomena
fuse or punctiform way. now occur at the negative and positive electrodes.
For the corrosive attack, it is not solely the magni- However, the current densities at both electrodes
tude of the corrosion current which is decisive, but are mostly different.
also, in particular, its density, i.e. the current per
unit of area of the discharge area. For illustration, we consider the following exam-
It is often not possible to determine this current ple:
density directly. In such cases, this is managed with A well-insulated steel gas pipe in the ground is
potential measurements the extent of the avail- connected to copper earth electrodes.

130 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

If the insulated pipe has only a few small spots Summary:
where material is missing, there is a higher current A polarisation below +20 mV is generally non-haz-
density at these spots resulting in rapid corrosion ardous. Potential shifts exceeding +100 mV are
of the steel. definitely hazardous. Between 20 and 100 mV
In contrast, the current density is low over the there will always be cases where the polarisation
much larger area of the copper earth electrodes causes considerable corrosion phenomena.
where the current enters.
Thus the polarisation is greater at the more nega- To summarise, one can stipulate:
tive insulated steel conductor than at the positive The precondition for the formation of corrosion
copper earth electrodes. The potential of the steel cells (voltaic cells) is always the presence of metal
conductor is shifted to more positive values. Thus, and electrolytic anodes and cathodes connected to
the potential difference across the electrodes be conductive.
decreases as well. The magnitude of the corrosion
current is therefore also a function of the polarisa- Anodes and cathodes are formed from:
tion characteristics of the electrodes.
⇒ Materials
The strength of the polarisation can be estimated
by measuring the electrode potentials for a split • different metals or different surface condi-
circuit. The circuit is split in order to avoid the volt- tions of a metal (contact corrosion),
age drop in the electrolyte. Recording instruments • different structural components (selective or
are usually used for such measurements since there intercrystalline corrosion),
is frequently a rapid depolarisation immediately ⇒ Electrolytes
after the corrosion current is interrupted.
• different concentration (e.g. salinity, ventila-
If strong polarisation is now measured at the
tion).
anode (the more negative electrode), i.e. if there is
an obvious shift to more positive potentials, then
there is a high risk that the anode will corrode. In corrosion cells, the anodic fields always have a
more negative metal / electrolyte potential than
the cathodic fields.
Let us now return to our corrosion cell-steel (bare)
The metal / electrolyte potentials are measured
in concrete / steel, galvanised in the sand (Figure
using a saturated copper sulphate electrode
5.5.7.2.4). With respect to a distant copper
mounted in the immediate vicinity of the metal in
sulphate electrode, it is possible to measure a
or on the ground. If there is a metal conductive
potential of the interconnected cells of between
connection between anode and cathode, then the
– 200 mV and – 800 mV. The exact value depends
potential difference gives rise to a d.c. current in
on the ratio of the anodic to cathodic area and the
the electrolyte which passes from the anode into
polarisability of the electrodes.
the electrolyte by dissolving metal before entering
If, for example, the area of the reinforced concrete
again the cathode.
foundation is very large compared to the surface
of the galvanised steel wire, then a high anodic
The “area rule” is often applied to estimate the
current density occurs at the latter, so that it is
average anodic current density JA:
polarised to almost the potential of the reinforce-
ment steel and destroyed in a relatively short time.
UC − U A A
High positive polarisation thus always indicates an JA = ⋅ C in A/m 2
increased risk of corrosion. ϕC AA
In practice it is, of course, now important to know
the limit above which a positive potential shifting
means an acute risk of corrosion. Unfortunately, it JA Average anodic current density
is not possible to give a definite value, which UA , UC Anode or cathode potentials in V
applies in every case; the effects of the soil condi-
tions alone are too various. It is, however, possible ϕC Specific polarisation resistance of the
to stipulate fields of potential shifting for natural cathode in Ωm2
soils. AA , AC Anode or cathode surface m2

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 131

The polarisation resistance is the ratio of the polar- ial. Damage to the copper sheath, however, cre-
isation voltage and the total current of a mixed ates a high risk of corrosion for the steel core,
electrode (an electrode where more than one elec- hence a complete closed copper layer must always
trode reaction takes place). be present.
In practice, it is indeed possible to determine the
driving cell voltages UC – UA and the size of the Bare copper
areas AC and AA as an approximation for estimat- Bare copper is very resistant due to its position in
ing the rate of corrosion. The values for ϕA (speci- the electrolytic insulation rating. Moreover, in
fic polarisation resistance of the anode) and ϕC , combination with earth electrodes or other instal-
however, are not available to a sufficient degree of lations in the ground made of more “base” mate-
accuracy. They depend on the electrode materials, rials (e.g. steel), it has additional cathodic protec-
the electrolytes and the anodic and cathodic cur- tion, albeit at the expense of the more “base”
rent densities. metals.
The results of examinations available until now
allow the conclusion that ϕA is much smaller than Stainless steels
ϕC . Certain high-alloy stainless steels according to
To ϕC applies: EN 10088 are inert and corrosion-resistant in the
steel in the ground approx. 1 Ωm2 ground. The free corrosion potential of high-alloy
copper in the ground approx. 5 Ωm2 stainless steels in normally aerated soils is mostly
steel in concrete approx. 30 Ωm2 close to the value of copper.
The surface of stainless steel earth electrode mate-
From the area rule, however, it is clear, that power- rials passivating within a few weeks, they are neu-
ful corrosion phenomena occur both on enclosed tral to other (more inert and base) materials.
steel conductors and tanks with small spots in the Stainless steels shall contain at least 16 % chrome,
sheath where material is missing, connected to 5 % nickel and 2 % molybdenum.
copper earth electrodes, and also on earthing con- Extensive measurements have shown that only a
ductors made of galvanised steel connected to high-alloy stainless steel with the Material No.
extended copper earth-termination systems or 1.4571, for example, is sufficiently corrosion-resist-
extremely large reinforced concrete foundations. ant in the ground.
By choosing suitable materials it is possible to
avoid or reduce the risk of corrosion for earth elec- Other materials
trodes. To achieve a satisfactory service life, mate- Other materials can be used if they are particularly
rial minimum dimensions must be maintained corrosion-resistant in certain environments or are
(Table 5.5.8.1). at least equally as good as the materials listed in
Table 5.5.8.1.

5.5.7.3 Choice of earth electrode materials

Table 5.5.8.1 is a compilation of the earth elec- 5.5.7.4 Combination of earth electrodes
trode materials and minimum dimensions usually made of different materials
used today. The cell current density resulting from the combi-
nation of two different metals installed in the
Hot-dip galvanised steel earth to be electrically conductive, leads to the cor-
Hot-dip galvanised steel is also suitable for embed- rosion of the metal acting as the anode (Table
ding in concrete. Foundation earth electrodes, 5.5.7.4.1). This essentially depends on the ratio of
earth electrodes and equipotential bonding con- the magnitude of the cathodic area AC to the mag-
ductors made of galvanised steel in concrete may nitude of the anodic area AA.
be connected with reinforcement iron. The “Corrosion behaviour of earth electrode mate-
rials” research project has found the following
Steel with copper sheath with respect to the choice of earth electrode mate-
In the case of steel with copper sheath, the com- rials, particularly regarding the combination of dif-
ments for bare copper apply to the sheath mater- ferent materials:

132 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

A higher degree of corrosion is only to be expect- is no longer possible for corrosion currents to flow.
ed if the ratio of the areas is At upcoming surges, the isolating spark gap oper-
ates and interconnects the installations for the
AC duration of the surges. However, isolating spark
> 100 gaps must not be installed for protective and oper-
AA ating earth electrodes, since these earth electrodes
must always be connected to the plant.
Generally, it can be assumed that the material with
the more positive potential will become the cath-
ode. The anode of a corrosion cell actually present
can be recognised by the fact that it has the more 5.5.7.5 Other anticorrosion measures
negative potential when opening the metal con- Galvanised steel connecting cables from founda-
ductive connection. tion earth electrodes to down conductors
Connecting steel installations in the ground, the Galvanised steel connecting cables from founda-
following earth electrode materials always behave tion earth electrodes to down conductors shall be
as cathodes in (covering) soils: laid in concrete or masonry up to above the sur-
face of the earth.
– bare copper, If the connecting cables are led through the
– tin-coated copper, ground, galvanised steel must be equipped with
– high-alloy stainless steel. concrete or synthetic sheathing or, alternatively,
terminal lugs with NYY cable, stainless steel or
Steel reinforcement of concrete foundations fixed earthing terminals must be used.
The steel reinforcement of concrete foundations Within the masonry, the earth conductors can also
can have a very positive potential (similar to cop- be led upwards without corrosion protection.
per). Earth electrodes and earthing conductors
connected directly to the reinforcement of large
reinforced concrete foundations should therefore Earth entries made of galvanised steel
be made of stainless steel or copper. Earth entries made of galvanised steel must be
This also applies particularly to short connecting protected against corrosion for a distance of at
cables in the immediate vicinity of the founda- least 0.3 m above and below the surface of the
tions. earth.
Generally, bitumen coatings are not sufficient.
Installation of isolating spark gaps Sheathing not absorbing moisture offers protec-
As already explained, it is possible to interrupt the tion, e.g. butyl rubber strips or heat-shrinkable
conductive connection between systems with very sleeves.
different potentials installed in the ground by
integrating isolating spark gaps. Normally, then it
Underground terminals and connections
Cut surfaces and connection points in the ground
Material with great area
must be designed to ensure that the corrosion
Material with Galvanised Steel Steel in Copper resistance of the corrosion protection layer of the
small area steel concrete earth electrode material is the same for both. Con-
Galvanised steel + + − − nection points in the ground must therefore be
zinc removal

Steel + + − − equipped with a suitable coating, e.g. sheathed

with an anticorrosive band.
Steel in concrete + + + +
Steel with Cu coating + + + +
Corrosive waste
Copper/StSt + + + + When filling ditches and pits to install earth elec-
+ combinable − not combinable trodes, pieces of slag and coal must not come into
Table 5.5.7.4.1 Material combinations of earth-termination systems immediate contact with the earth electrode mate-
for different area ratios (AC > 100 x AA) rial; the same applies to construction waste.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 133

 Material Configuration Min. dimensions Notes
Earth rod Earth Earth plate
Ø mm conductor mm
Copper stranded3) 50 mm2 min. diameter
of each strand 1.7 mm
solid round material3) 50 mm2 diameter 8 mm
solid flat material3) 50 mm2 min. thickness 2 mm
solid round material 158)
pipe 20 min. wall thickness 2 mm
solid plate 500 x 500 min. thickness 2 mm
grid-type plate 600 x 600 section 25 mm x 2 mm,
min. length of grid
construction: 4.8 m
Steel galvanised solid round 169) diameter
material1), 2) 10 mm
galvanised pipe1), 2) 25 min. wall thickness 2 mm
galvanised solid flat 90 mm2 min. thickness 3 mm
material1)
galvanised solid plate1) 500 x 500 min. thickness 3 mm
galvanised grid-type plate1) 600 x 600 section 30 mm x 3 mm
copper-plated solid round 14 min. 250 μm
material4) coating with 99.9 %
copper
bare solid round diameter
material5) 10 mm
bare or galvanised solid 75 mm2 min. thickness 3 mm
flat material5), 6)
galvanised cable5), 6) 70 mm2 min. diameter of every
wire 1.7 mm
Stainless solid round material 15 diameter
Steel7) 10 mm
solid flat material 100 mm2 min. thickness 2 mm
1) The coating must be smooth, continuous and free of residual flux, mean value 50 μm for round and
70 μm for flat material.
2) Threads must be tapped before galvanising.
3) Can also be tin-coated.
4) The copper must be connected unresolvably with the steel.
5) Only permitted, if embedded completely in concrete.
6) Only permitted for the part of the foundation in contact with the earth, if connected safely with the
reinforcement every 5 m.
7) Chrome 16 %, nickel 5 %, molybdenum 2 %, carbon 0,08 %.
8) In some countries 12 mm are permitted.
9) Some countries require earth lead-in rods to connect down conductor and earth electrode.

Table 5.5.8.1 Material, configuration and min. dimensions of earth electrodes according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Table 7

134 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

5.5.8 Materials and minimum dimensions The coefficient ki (induction factor) of the corres-
for earth electrodes ponding class of lightning protection system repre-
sents the threat from the steepness of the current.
Table 5.5.8.1 illustrates the minimum cross sec-
tions, shape and material of earth electrodes.
Factor kc takes into consideration the splitting of
the current in the down-conductor system of the
external lightning protection system. The standard
5.6 Electrical isolation of the exter- gives different formulae for determining kc . In
nal lightning protection system order to achieve the separation distances which
– Separation distance still can be realised in practice, particularly for
higher structures, it is recommended to install ring
There is a risk of uncontrolled flashovers between conductors, i.e. to intermesh the down conductors.
components of the external lightning protection This intermeshing balances the current flow, which
system and metal and electrical installations with- reduces the required separation distance.
in the structure, if there is insufficient distance The material factor km takes into consideration the
between the air-termination or down-conductor insulating characteristics of the surroundings. This
system on one hand, and metal and electrical calculation assumes the electrical insulating char-
installations within the structure to be protected, acteristics of air to be a factor of 1. All other solid
on the other. materials used in the construction industry (e.g.
masonry, wood, etc.) insulate only half as well as
Metal installations such as water and air condition- air.
ing pipes and electric power lines, produce induc-
tion loops in the structure which are induced by Further material factors are not given. Deviating
impulse voltages due to the rapidly changing mag- values must be proved by technical tests. A factor
netic lightning field. These impulse voltages must of 0.7 is specified for the GRP material (glass-fibre
be prevented from causing uncontrolled flash- reinforced plastic) used in the products of the iso-
overs which can also possibly cause a fire. lated air-termination systems from DEHN + SÖHNE
Flashovers on electric power lines, for example, (DEHNiso distance holder, DEHNiso Combi). This
can cause enormous damage to the installation
and the connected consumers. Figure 5.6.1 illus-
trates the principle of separation distance.
s separation distance
The formula for calculating the separation dis- MDB Main Distribution Board
tance is difficult for the practitioner to apply.
s electrical installation
The formula is:

kc
s = ki ⋅ l (m) s
km
down
conductor
ki is a function of the class of lightning protec- MDB
tion system chosen (induction factor),
l

kc is a function of the geometric arrangement

metal installation
(current splitting coefficient),
EBB
km is a function of the material in the point of
proximity (material factor) and
l (m) is the length of the air-termination system
or down-conductor system from the point soil
foundation earth electrode
at which the separation distance shall be
determined to the next point of equipoten-
tial bonding. Fig. 5.6.1 Illustration – Separation distance

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 135

 protective angle

s α

I
down conductor
s

soil earth electrode

Fig. 5.6.2 Potential difference with increasing height Fig. 5.6.3 Air-termination mast with kc = 1

factor can be used for calculation in the same way are making it more and more difficult to maintain
as the other material factors. the required separation distances.

Length l is the actual length along the air-termina- The potential difference between the structure’s
tion system or down-conductor system from the installations and the down conductors is equal to
point at which the separation distance to the next zero near the earth’s surface. The potential differ-
point of equipotential bonding or the next light- ence increases with increasing height. This can be
ning equipotential bonding level shall be deter- imagined as a cone standing on its tip (Figure
mined. 5.6.2).

Each structure with lightning equipotential bond- Hence, the separation distance to be maintained is
ing has an equipotential surface of the foundation greatest at the tip of the building or on the surface
earth electrode or earth electrode near the surface of the roof and becomes less towards the earth-
of the earth. This surface is the reference plane for termination system.
determining the distance l. This requires a multiple calculation of the distance
from the down conductors with a different dis-
tance l.
If a lightning equipotential bonding level is to be
created for high structures, then for a height of
20 m, for example, the lightning equipotential The calculation of the current splitting coefficient
bonding must be carried out for all electrical and kc is often difficult because of the different struc-
electronic conductors and all metal installations. tures.
The lightning equipotential bonding must be If a single air-termination rod is erected next to the
realised by using surge protective devices Type I. structure, for example, the total lightning current
Otherwise, even for high structures, the equipo- flows in this one air-termination conductor and
tential surface of the foundation earth elec- down conductor. Factor kc is therefore equal to 1.
trode / earth electrode shall be used as reference The lightning current cannot split here. Therefore
point and basis for the length l. Higher structures it is often difficult to maintain the separation dis-

136 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 If two air-termination rods or air-termination
masts have a cable spanned between them, the
lightning current can split between two paths (Fig-
ure 5.6.5). Owing to the different impedances,
however, the splitting is not always 50 % to 50 %,
since the lightning flash does not always strike the
kc = 1 exact centre of the arrangement but can also strike
along the length of the air-termination system.
s The most unfavourable case is taken into account
M by calculating the factor kc in the formula.
This calculation assumes an earth-termination sys-
tem Type B. If single earth electrodes Type A are
existing, these must be interconnected.

h+c
kc =
2h + c
h length of the down conductor
c mutual distance of the air-termination rods or
soil air-termination masts
Fig. 5.6.4 Flat roof with air-termination rod and ventilation outlet
The following example illustrates the calculation
tance. In Figure 5.6.3, this can be achieved by of the coefficient for a gable roof with two down
erecting the mast further away from the structure. conductors (Figure 5.6.6). An earth-termination
Almost the same situation occurs for air-termina- system Type B (ring or foundation earth electrode)
tion rods e.g. for roof-mounted structures. Until it is existing.
reaches the next connection of the air-termination
rod to the air-termination or down conductor. This 9 + 12
defined path carries 100 % (kc = 1) of the lightning kc = = 0.7
current (Figure 5.6.4). 2 ⋅ 9 + 12

c
h

Fig. 5.6.5 Determination of kc with two masts with overspanned Fig. 5.6.6 Determination of kc for a gable roof with 2 down conduc-
cable and an earth electrode Type B tors

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 137

 1 c
kc = + 0.1 + 0.2 3
2n h

c
h plumb distance, height of the building
c mutual distance of the down conductors
n the total number of down conductors

The distances of the down conductors are assumed

to be equal. If not, c is the greatest distance.
l

If electrical structures or domelights are located on

h

the flat roof (Figure 5.6.9), then two current split-

ting coefficients must be taken into account when
calculating the separation distance. For the air-ter-
mination rod, kc = 1 to the next air-termina-
tion /down conductor.
Fig. 5.6.7 Gable roof with 4 down conductors The calculation of the current splitting coefficient
kc for the subsequent course of the air-termination
system and down conductors is performed as
The arrangement of the down-conductor system explained above. For illustration, the separation
shown in Figure 5.6.6 should no longer be distance s for a flat roof with roof-mounted struc-
installed, not even on a detached house either. The tures is determined below.
current splitting coefficient is significantly
improved by using two further down conductors, Example:
i.e. a total of 4 (Figure 5.6.7). The following formu- Domelights were installed on a structure with a
la is used in the calculation: lightning protection system Class III. They are con-
trolled electrically.

1 c Structure data:
kc = + 0.1 + 0.2 3
2n h ⇒ Length 40 m
Width 30 m
Height 14 m
h length of the down conductor up to the eaves
⇒ Earth-termination system, foundation earth
gutter of the building as worst point for a
electrode Type B
lightning input
⇒ Number of down conductors: 12
c mutual distance of the down conductors
⇒ Distance of the down conductors:
n is the total number of down conductors min. 10 m
max. 15 m
1 12 ⇒ Height of the electrically controlled dome-
kc = + 0.1 + 0.2 3 lights: 1.5 m
2 ⋅ 4 4
The calculation of the current splitting coefficient
kc for the structure is:
Result: kc ≈ 0.51

1 15
For structures with flat roofs, the current splitting kc = + 0.1 + 0.2 3
coefficient is calculated as follows. In this case, an 2 ⋅ 12 14
earth electrode arrangement Type B is a precondi-
tion (Figure 5.6.8). Result: kc ≈ 0.35

138 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 km = 1

s
h

km = 0.5

Fig. 5.6.8 Value of coefficient kc in case of a meshed network of air- Fig. 5.6.9 Material factors of an air-termination rod on a flat roof
termination conductors and an earthing Type B

It is not necessary to calculate the factor kc for the This calculated separation distance would be cor-
air-termination rod kc = 1. rect if the air-termination rod were erected on the
surface of the earth (lightning equipotential bond-
For the calculation of the current splitting the air- ing level).
termination rod is assumed to be positioned at the In order to obtain the separation distance com-
edge of the roof and not within the mesh of the pletely and correctly, the separation distance of
air-termination system. If the air-termination rod is the structure must be added.
within the mesh, the current splitting and the
Stot = sstructure + sair-termination rod
shortest length in the mesh has to be considered
additionally. = 0.39 m + 0.12 m
Stot = 0.51 m
Calculation of the separation distance for the top
edge of the roof of the structure:
This calculation states that a separation distance of
The material factor km is set as for solid building 0.51 m must be maintained at the uppermost point
material km = 0.5. of the domelight. This separation distance was
determined using the material factor 0.5 for solid
materials.
0.35
s = 0.04 14 ( m ) Erecting the air-termination rod with a concrete
0.5 base, the “full insulating characteristics” of the air
are not available at the foot of the air-termination
Result: s ≈ 0.39 m rod (Figure 5.6.9). At the foot of the concrete base
a separation distance of sstructure = 0.39 (solid mate-
Calculation of the separation distance for the air- rial) is sufficient.
termination rod:
If lightning equipotential bonding levels are creat-
The material factor is km = 0.5 because of the posi- ed for high structures at different heights by inte-
tion of the air-termination rod on the flat roof. grating all metal installations and all electrical and
electronic conductors by means of lightning cur-
1 rent arresters (SPD Type I), then the following cal-
s = 0.04 1.5( m ) culation can be carried out. This involves calculat-
0.5 ing distances to conductors installed on only one
lightning equipotential bonding level, and also to
Result: s = 0.12 m those installed over several levels.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 139

 total separation distance stot is to be determined,
the following formula must be used for the calcu-
lation:
(A)
ki
stot = ( kl ⋅ ltot + kc 3 ⋅ l3 + kc 4 ⋅ l4 )
km
h1

sa sf
Ia

If
With this design of supplementary ring conductors
sg around the structure, it is still the case that no par-
h2

sb tial lightning currents whatsoever are conducted

Ib

Ig

into the structure.

Even if the numerous down conductors and sup-
plementary ring conductors do not allow a main-
h3

sc taining of the separation distance for the com-

Ic

plete installation, it is possible to define the upper

edge of the structure as the lightning equipoten-
tial bonding surface (+/–0). This roof-level light-
h4

sd
Id

ning equipotential bonding surface is generally

implemented for extremely high structures where
c c it is physically impossible to maintain the separa-
hn

tion distance.

This requires the integration of all metal installa-

tions and all electrical and electronic conductors
into the equipotential bonding by means of light-
Fig. 5.6.10 Value of coefficient kc in case of an intermeshed net- ning current arresters (SPD Type I). This equipoten-
work of air-termination, ring conductors interconnecting tial bonding is also directly connected to the exter-
the down conductors and an earthing Type B nal lightning protection system. These previously
described measures allow to set the separation dis-
tances on the upper edge of the structure to 0. The
This assumes an earth-termination system in form disadvantage of this type of design is that all con-
of a foundation or ring earth electrode (Type B) or ductors, metal installations, e.g. reinforcements,
a meshed network (Figure 5.6.10). lift rails and the down conductors as well, carry
lightning currents. The effect of these currents on
As previously explained, supplementary ring con- electrical and electronic systems must be taken
ductors can be installed around the structure into account when designing the internal light-
(truss) to balance the lightning current. This has a ning protection system (surge protection).
positive effect on the separation distance. Figure It is advantageous to split the lightning current
5.6.10 illustrates the principle of ring conductors over a large area.
around the structure, without installing a light-
ning equipotential bonding level by using light-
ning current arresters at the height of the ring
conductors.
5.7 Step and touch voltages
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) draws attention to the
The individual segments are assigned different fact that, in special cases, touch or step voltages
current splitting coefficients kc . If the separation outside a structure in the vicinity of the down con-
distance for a roof-mounted structure shall now be ductors can present a life hazard even though the
determined, the total length from the equipoten- lightning protection system was designed accord-
tial surface of the earth electrode to the upper- ing to the latest standards.
most tip of the roof-mounted structure must be Special cases are, for example, the entrances or
used as the base (sum of the partial lengths). If the canopies of structures frequented by large num-

140 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

bers of people such as theatres, cinemas, shopping The following measures can reduce the risk of
centres, where bare down conductors and earth someone being injured by touching the down con-
electrodes are present in the immediate vicinity. ductor:
⇒ The down conductor is sheathed in insulating
Structures which are particularly exposed (at risk material (min. 3 mm crosslinked polyethylene
of lightning strikes) and freely accessible to mem- with an impulse withstand voltage of 100 kV
bers of the public may also be required to have 1.2/50 μs).
measures preventing intolerably high step and
touch voltages. ⇒ The position of the down conductors can be
These measures (e.g. potential control) are prima- changed, e.g. not in the entrance of the struc-
rily applied to steeples, observation towers, moun- ture.
tain huts, floodlight masts in sports grounds and ⇒ The probability of people accumulating can be
bridges. reduced with information or prohibition signs;
barriers can also be used.
Gatherings of people can vary from place to place ⇒ The specific resistance of the surface layer
(e.g. in shopping centre entrances or in the stair- of the earth at a distance of up to 3 m around
case of observation towers). Measures to reduce the down conductor must be not less than
step and touch voltages are therefore only re- 5000 Ωm.
quired in the areas particularly at risk.
A layer of asphalt with a thickness of 5 cm,
Possible measures are potential control, isolation
generally meets this requirement.
of the site or the additional measures described
below. The individual measures can also be com- ⇒ Compression of the meshed network of the
bined with each other. earth-termination system by means of poten-
tial control.
Definition of touch voltage
Touch voltage is a voltage acting upon a person Note
between his position on the earth and when A downpipe, even if it is not defined as a down
touching the down conductor. conductor, can present a hazard to persons touch-
The current path leads from the hand
via the body to the feet (Figure 5.7.1).
UE Earth potential
For a structure built with a steel skele-
Ut Touch voltage
ton or reinforced concrete, there is no
US Step voltage
risk of intolerably high touch voltages
ϕ Potential of earth surface
provided that the reinforcement is safe-
FE Foundation earth electrode
ly interconnected or the down conduc-
tors are installed in concrete.
Moreover, the touch voltage can be dis-
regarded for metal facades if they are
integrated into the equipotential bond-
FE
ing and /or used as natural components 1m
of the down conductor.
ϕ
If there is a reinforced concrete with a
safe tying of the reinforcement to the
Ut

foundation earth electrode under the ϕFE

surface of the earth in the areas outside
UE

the structure which is at risk, then this

US

measure already improves the curve of

the gradient area and acts as a poten- reference earth
tial control. Hence step voltage can be
left out of the considerations. Fig. 5.7.1 Illustration of touch voltage and step voltage

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 141

 0.5 m

1m

1.5 m

1m 3m 3m 3m 2m
reference
earth

symbolic course

Fig. 5.7.2 Potential control – Illustration and symbolic course of the gradient area

ing it. In such a case, one possibility is to replace The following measures can be taken to reduce
the metal pipe with a PVC one (height: 3 m). the step voltage:

⇒ Persons can be prevented from accessing the

Definition of step voltage
hazardous areas (e.g. by barriers of fences)
Step voltage is a part of the earthing potential
which can be bridged by a person taking a step ⇒ Reducing the mesh size of the earthing instal-
over 1 m. The current path runs via the human lation network – potential control
body from one foot to the other (Figure 5.7.1).
⇒ The specific resistance of the surface layer of
the earth at a distance of up to 3 m around the
The step voltage is a function of the form of the
down-conductor system must be not less than
gradient area.
5000 Ωm.
As is evident from the illustration, the step voltage
decreases as the distance from the structure A layer of asphalt with a thickness of 5 cm, or
increases. The risk to persons therefore decreases a 15 cm thick bed of gravel generally meets
the more they are away from the structure. this requirement

142 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 clamped points

e.g. existing foundation (reiforced concrete)

connection to
1m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 1m

mast mast

Fig. 5.7.3 Possible potential Fig. 5.7.4 Potential control performance for a flood light or Fig. 5.7.5 Connection control at the ring/foun-
control in entrance cell site mast dation earth electrode
area of the building

If a large number of people frequently congregate the subsequent ones. The depth of the ring earth
in a hazardous area near to the structure to be electrode shall be increased (in steps of 0.5 m) the
protected, then a potential control must be pro- more it is away from the structure (see Table 5.7.1).
vided to protect them.
If a potential control is implemented for a struc-
The potential control is sufficient if the resistance ture, it must be installed as follows (Figure 5.7.2
gradient on the surface of the earth in the field to and 5.7.3):
be protected does not exceed 1 Ω/m.
The down conductors must be connected to all the
To achieve this, an existing foundation earth elec-
rings of the potential control.
trode should be supplemented by a ring earth
electrode installed at a distance of 1 m and a depth The individual rings must be connected at least
of 0.5 m. If the structure already has an earth-ter- twice, however (Figure 5.7.4).
mination system in form of a ring earth electrode,
this is already “the first ring” of the potential con- If ring earth electrodes (control earth electrodes)
trol. cannot be designed to be circular, their ends must
be connected to the other ends of the ring earth
Additional ring earth electrodes should be electrodes. There should be at least two connec-
installed at a distance of 3 m from the first one and tions within the individual rings (Figure 5.7.5).

Distance from Depth When choosing the materials for the ring earth
the building electrodes, attention must be paid to the possible
1st ring 1m 0.5 m corrosion load (Chapter 5.5.7).
2nd ring 4m 1.0 m Stainless steel V4A (Material No. 1.4571) has
proved to be a good choice for taking the forma-
3rd ring 7m 1.5 m tion of voltaic cells between foundation and ring
earth electrodes into account.
4th ring 10 m 2.0 m
Cables Ø 10 mm or flat strips 30 mm x 3.5 mm can
Table 5.7.1 Ring distances and depths of the potential control be installed as ring earth electrodes.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 143

5.7.1 Control of the touch voltage at down with an impulse withstand voltage of 100 kV
conductors of lightning protection sys- (1.2/50 μs).
tems ⇒ The position of the down conductors is
The hazardous area of touch and step voltages for changed, (e.g. down conductors are not
persons outside of a building is within the distance installed in the entrance of the structure).
of 3 m to the building and up to a height of 3 m. ⇒ The specific resistance of the surface layer of
This height of the area to be protected corres- the earth at a distance of up to 3 m around the
ponds to the level which a person can reach with down conductor is at least 5 kΩm.
his hand plus an additional separation distance s ⇒ The probability of people accumulating can be
(Figure 5.7.1.1). reduced by information or prohibition signs;
barriers can also be used.
Special measures of protection are required, for
example, for the entrances or canopies of struc- The measures of protection against touch voltage
tures highly frequented such as theatres, cinemas, may be insufficient with regard to an effective pro-
shopping centres, kindergartens where non-insu- tection of people. The required high-voltage
lated down conductors and earth electrodes are resistant coating of an exposed down conductor,
nearby. for example is not enough if there are no addition-
al measures of protection against creep-flashovers
Structures which are particularly exposed (at risk at the surface of the insulation. This is particularly
of lightning strikes) and freely accessible to mem- important if environmental influences such as rain
bers of the public, for example mountain huts, (humidity) are to be considered.
may also be required to have measures preventing Just like at a bare down conductor, high voltages
intolerably high touch voltages. Moreover life haz- occurs at an insulated down conductor in case of a
ard is considered as parameter L1 (injury or death lightning strike. This voltage, however, is separat-
of persons) in the risk analyse of a structure ed from people by the insulation. The human body
according to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2). being a very good conductor compared with the
insulator, the insulating layer is stressed by almost
The following measures can reduce the risk of the whole touch voltage. If the insulation does not
touch voltage: cope with the voltage, part of the lightning cur-
⇒ The down conductor is sheathed in insulating rent might flow to the earth via the human body
material (min. 3 mm polymerised polyethylene as in case of the bare down conductor. Safe protec-
tion against life hazard due to touch voltage
requires to prevent from flashover through the
insulation and from creep-flashovers along the
insulation.
s A balanced system solution as provided by the CUI
conductor meets these requirements of electric

copper conductor

2.50 m

PE coating
PEX insulation

Fig. 5.7.1.1 Area to be protected for a person Fig. 5.7.1.2 Structure of the CUI conductor

144 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 i.e. from the earth surface level up to a height of
3 m. The upper end of the conductor is connected
to the down conductor coming from the air-termi-
nation system, the lower end to the earth-termina-
tion system.
Not only the electric strength of the insulation but
also the risk of creep-flashovers between the ter-
minal point at the bare down conductor and the
hand of the touching person has to be considered.
This problem of creeping discharges, well-known
in high voltage engineering, is getting worse in
case of rain, for example. Tests have shown that
under sprinkling the flashover distance can be
more than 1 m at an insulated down conductor
without additional measures. A suitable shield on
the insulated down conductor keeps the CUI con-
ductor dry enough to avoid a creep-flashover
along the insulating surface. The operating safety
of the CUI conductor with regard to the electric
strength and the resistance against creep-flash-
overs at impulse voltages up to 100 kV (1.2/50 μs)
Fig. 5.7.1.3 Withstand voltage test under sprinkling has been tried and tested in withstand voltage
tests under sprinkling conditions according to IEC
60060-1. At these sprinkling tests water of a cer-
strength and creep-flashover insulation to protect tain conductivity and quantity is sprinkled on the
against touch voltage. conductor in an angle of approx. 45 ° (Figure
5.7.1.3).
Structure of the CUI conductor
The CUI conductor is prefabricated with connec-
A copper conductor with a cross section of 50 mm2 tion element to be connected to the down conduc-
is coated with an insulating layer of surge proof tor (inspection joint) and can be shortened on site
cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) of approx. 6 mm if necessary for being connected to the earth-ter-
thickness (Figure 5.7.1.2). mination system. The product is available in
lengths of 3.5 m or 5 m and with the necessary
The insulated conductor has an additional thin plastic or metal conductor holders (Figure 5.7.1.4).
polyethylene (PE) layer for protection against By the special CUI conductor the touch voltage at
external influences. The insulated down conductor down conductors can be controlled with easy
CUI is installed vertically in the whole hazard area, measures and little installation work. Hence the
damage risk for persons in special areas will be
considerably reduced.
connection Inductive coupling at a very great steepness of
element
current
conductor
Regarding the damage risk for persons also the
holder
magnetic field of the arrangement with its influ-
ence on the closer surrounding of the down con-
ductor has to be considered. In extended installa-
tion loops, for example, voltages of several 100 kV
shield can occur near the down conductor which can
result in high economic losses. Also the human
body, due to its conductivity, together with the
Fig. 5.7.1.4 CUI conductor down conductor and the conductive earth, forms a

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 145

loop having a mutual inductance
of M where high voltages Ui can
be induced (Figures 5.7.1.5a and
5.7.1.5b). In this case the system
arrester-person has the effect of a a) b)
transformer.
∆i/∆t ∆i/∆t
This coupled voltage arises at the Ui
insulation, the human body and
the earth being primarily consid- ⎛ a ⎞
M = 0.2 ⋅ h ⋅ ln ⎜ ⎟
ered as conductive. The voltage ⎝ rconductor ⎠
load becoming too high it results h
in a puncture or creeping flash- M
Δi
over. The induced voltage then Ui = M ⋅
drives a current through this loop, Δt
the magnitude of which depends
on the resistances and the self- a
inductance of the loop and means
life hazard for the person con- Fig. 5.7.1.5 (a) Loop formed by conductor and person
cerned. Hence the insulation must (b) Mutual inductance M and induced voltage Ui
withstand this voltage load. The
normative specification of 100 kV
at 1.2/50 μs includes the high but
very short voltage impulses which
are only applied as long as the cur-
rent rises (0.25 μs in case of a neg-
ative subsequent lightning strike).
The deeper the insulated down
conductors are buried, the greater
is the loop and thus the mutual
inductance. Hence the induced
voltage and the loading of the
insulation increases correspond-
ingly which also has to be taken
into account with regard to the
inductive coupling.

146 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

6. Internal lightning protection
6.1 Equipotential bonding for metal According to IEC 60364-4-41, equipotential bond-
ing consists of the
installations main equipotential bonding (in future: protective
equipotential bonding)
Equipotential bonding according to IEC 60364-4- and the
41 and IEC 60364-5-54 supplementary equipotential bonding (in future:
supplementary protective equipotential bonding)
Equipotential bonding is required for all newly Every building must be given a main equipotential
installed electrical power consumer’s installations. bonding in accordance with the standards stated
Equipotential bonding according to IEC 60364 above (Figure 6.1.1).
series removes potential differences, i.e. prevents The supplementary equipotential bonding is
hazardous touch voltages between the protective intended for those cases where the conditions for
conductor of the low voltage electrical power con- disconnection from supply cannot be met, or for
sumer’s installations and metal, water, gas and special areas which conform to the IEC 60364 series
heating pipes, for example. Part 7.
equipotential bonding of bathroom
metal element going
through the building
buried installation, operation-

protected tank installation)

ally isolated (e.g. cathodic

230/400 V
(e.g. lift rails)

remote signalling system

5 1 Equipotential bonding bar

(main equipotential bonding,
antenna

in future: main earthing

terminal)
kWh

8 2 Foundation earth electrode

6 3 Connector
4
1 4 Lightning current arrester
5 Terminal
6
6 Pipe clamp
7 Terminal lug
to PEN 8 Isolating spark gap

heating SEB
distribution

6 6
network
insulating element

Z
IT system

gas waste 7
water water 4

Z terminal lug for external

lightning protection
foundation earth electrode / 3 3
2
lightning protection earth electrode

Fig. 6.1.1 Principle of lightning equipotential bonding consisting of lightning and main equipotential bonding (in future: protective equipoten-
tial bonding)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 147

Main equipotential bonding ⇒ earth-termination systems of high-voltage cur-
The following extraneous conductive parts have to rent installations above 1 kV in accordance
be directly integrated into the main equipotential with HD 637 S1, if intolerably high earthing
bonding: potentials can be transferred
⇒ main equipotential bonding conductor in ⇒ railway earth for electric a.c. and d.c. railways
accordance with IEC 60364-4-41 (in future: in accordance with EN 50122-1 (railway lines of
earthing conductor) the Deutsche Bahn may only be connected
⇒ foundation earth electrodes or lightning pro- upon written approval)
tection earth electrodes ⇒ measuring earth for laboratories, if they are
⇒ central heating system separate from the protective conductors
⇒ metal water supply pipe
⇒ conductive parts of the building structure (e.g. Figure 6.1.1 shows the terminals and the respective
lift rails, steel skeleton, ventilation and air con- components of the main equipotential bonding.
ditioning ducting)
Design of the earth-termination system for
⇒ metal drain pipe
equipotential bonding
⇒ internal gas pipe The electrical low-voltage consumer’s installation
⇒ earthing conductor for antennas (in Germany requiring certain earthing resistances (disconnec-
in DIN VDE 0855-300) tion conditions of the protective elements) and the
⇒ earthing conductor for telecommunication foundation earth electrode providing good earth-
systems (in Germany in DIN VDE 0800-2) ing resistances at cost-effective installation, the
⇒ protective conductors of the electrical installa- foundation earth electrode is an optimal and
tion in accordance with IEC 60364 series (PEN effective complement of the equipotential bond-
conductor for TN systems and PE conductors ing. The design of a foundation earth electrode is
for TT systems or IT systems) governed in Germany by DIN 18014, which, for
example requires terminal lugs for the earthing
⇒ metal shields of electrical and electronic con- busbar. More exact descriptions and designs of the
ductors foundation earth electrode can be found in Chap-
⇒ metal cable sheaths of high-voltage current ter 5.5.
cables up to 1000 V
⇒ earth termination systems for high-voltage If a foundation earth electrode is used as lightning
current installations above 1 kV according to protection earth electrode, additional require-
HD 637 S1, if no intolerably high earthing volt- ments may have to be considered; they can be tak-
age can be dragged. en from Chapter 5.5.

Normative definition in IEC 60050-826 of an extra- Equipotential bonding conductors (in future: pro-
neous conductive component: tective bonding conductors)
A conductive unit not forming part of the electri- Equipotential bonding conductors should, as long
cal installation, but being able to introduce electric as they fulfil a protective function, be labelled the
potential including the earth potential. same as protective conductors, i.e. green/yellow.
Note: Extraneous conductive components also Equipotential bonding conductors do not carry
include conductive floors and walls, if an electric operating currents and can therefore be either
potential including the earth potential can be bare or insulated.
introduced via them. The decisive factor for the design of the main
The following installation components have to be equipotential bonding conductors in accordance
integrated indirectly into the main equipotential with IEC 60364-5-54 and HD 60364-5-54 is the cross
bonding via isolating spark gaps: section of the main protective conductor. The main
⇒ installations with cathodic corrosion protec- protective conductor is the one coming from the
tion and stray current protection measures in source of current or from the service entrance box
accordance with EN 50162 or the main distribution board.

148 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Main equipotential bonding Supplementary equipotential bonding
Normal 0.5 x cross section of the between two bodies 1xcross section of the small-
largest protective conduc- er protective conductor
tor of the installation between a body and an 0.5 x cross section of the
extraneous conductive protective conductor
part
Minimum 6 mm2 with mechanical 2.5 mm2 Cu or equivalent
protection conductivity
without mechanical 4 mm2 Cu or equivalent
protection conductivity
Possible limit 25 mm2 Cu or equivalent − −
conductivity
Table 6.1.1 Cross sections for equipotential bonding conductors

In any case, the minimum cross section of the main This standard also includes the requirements for
equipotential bonding conductor is at least 6 mm2 the inspection of clamping units of cross sections
Cu. 25 mm2 Cu has been defined as a possible max- above 16 mm2 with regard to the lightning current
imum. ampacity. Reference is made therein to the testing
The supplementary equipotential bonding (Table of the lightning protection units in accordance
6.1.1) must have a minimum cross section of 2.5 with EN 50164-1.
mm2 Cu for a protected installation, and 4 mm2 Cu If the requirements in the previously mentioned
for an unprotected installation. standard are met, then this component can also be
used for lightning equipotential bonding in accor-
For earth conductors of antennas (according to IEC dance with IEC 62305-1 to 4 (EN 62305-1 to 4).
60728-11 (EN 60728-11)), the minimum cross sec-
tion is 16 mm2 Cu, 25 mm2 Al or 50 mm2 steel. Terminals for equipotential bonding
Terminals for equipotential bonding must provide
a good and permanent contact.
Equipotential bonding bars
Equipotential bonding bars are a central compo-
nent of equipotential bonding which must clamp
all the connecting conductors and cross sections
occurring in practice to have high contact stability;
it must be able to carry current safely and have suf-
ficient corrosion resistance.
DIN VDE 0618-1: 1989-08 (German standard) con-
tains details of the requirements on equipotential
bonding bars for the main equipotential bonding.
It defines the following connection possibilities as
a minimum:
⇒ 1 x flat conductor 4 x 30 mm or round conduc-
tor Ø 10 mm
⇒ 1 x 50 mm2
⇒ 6 x 6 mm2 to 25 mm2
⇒ 1 x 2.5 mm2 to 6 mm2

These requirements on an equipotential bonding

bar are met by K12 (Figure 6.1.2). Fig. 6.1.2 K12 Equipotential bonding bar, Part No. 563 200

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 149

Fig. 6.1.3 Pipe earthing clamp, Fig. 6.1.4 Pipe earthing clamp, Fig. 6.1.5 Pipe earthing clamp,
Part No. 408 014 Part No. 407 114 Part No. 540 910

Integrating pipes into the equipotential bonding Supplementary equipotential bonding

In order to integrate pipes into the equipotential If the disconnection conditions of the respective
bonding, earthing pipe clamps corresponding to system configuration can not be met for an instal-
the diameters of the pipes are used (Figures 6.1.3 lation or a part of it, a supplementary local equipo-
and 6.1.4). tential bonding is required. The reason behind is
Pipe earthing clamps made of stainless steel, which to interconnect all simultaneously accessible parts
can be universally adapted to the diameter of the as well as the stationary operating equipment and
pipe, offer enormous advantages for mounting also extraneous conductive parts. The aim is to
(Figure 6.1.5). keep any touch voltage which may occur as low as
These pipe earthing clamps can be used to clamp possible.
pipes that are made of different materials (e.g.
Moreover, the supplementary equipotential bond-
steel, copper and stainless steel). These compo-
ing must be used for installations or parts of instal-
nents allow also a straight-through connection.
lations of IT systems with insulation monitoring.
Figure 6.1.6 shows equipotential bonding of heat-
ing pipes with straight-through connection. The supplementary equipotential bonding is also
required if the environmental conditions in special
Test and inspection of the equipotential bonding installations or parts of installations mean a partic-
Before commissioning the electrical consumer’s ular risk.
installation, the connections must be inspected to The IEC 60364 series Part 7 draws attention to the
ensure their faultless condition and effectiveness. supplementary equipotential bonding for opera-
A low-impedance conductance to the various parts tional facilities, rooms and installations of a partic-
of the installation and to the equipotential bond- ular type.
ing is recommended. A guide value of < 1 Ω for the These are , for example,
connections at equipotential bonding is consid-
ered to be sufficient. ⇒ IEC 60364-7-701 Rooms with bathtub or show-
er
⇒ IEC 60364-7-702 Swimming pools and other
basins
⇒ IEC 60364-7-705 For agricultural and horticul-
tural premises

The difference to the main equipotential bonding

is the fact that the cross sections of the conductors
can be chosen to be smaller (Table 6.1.1), and also
this supplementary equipotential bonding can be
Fig. 6.1.6 Equipotential bonding with straight-through connection limited to a particular location.

150 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 6.2 Equipotential bonding for low
voltage consumer’s installations
Equipotential bonding for low voltage consumer’s
installations as part of the internal lightning pro-
tection, represents an extension of the main equi-
potential bonding (in future: protective equipo-
tential bonding) according to IEC 60364-4-41 (Fig-
ure 6.1.1).
In addition to all conductive systems, this also inte-
grates the supply conductors of the low voltage
consumer’s installation into the equipotential
bonding. The special feature of this equipotential
bonding is the fact that a tie-up to the equipoten-
tial bonding is only possible via suitable surge pro-
tective devices. The demands on such surge protec-
tive devices are described more detailed in Annex
E subclause 6.2.1.2 of IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) as
well as in subclause 7 and Annexes C and D of IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4).
Analogous to the equipotential bonding with met-
al installations (see Chapter 6.1), the equipotential
bonding for the low voltage consumer’s installa-
tion shall also be carried out immediately at the
point of entry into the object. The requirements
Fig. 6.2.1 DEHNbloc NH lightning current arrester installed in a bus- governing the installation of the surge protective
bar terminal field of a meter installation (refer to Fig. 6.2.2) devices in the unmetered area of the low voltage
consumer’s installation (main distribution system)
are described in the directive of the VDN (Associa-
tion of German Network Operators) “Surge pro-
tective devices Type 1. Directive for the use of
surge protective equipment Type 1 (up to now
Class B) in main distribution systems” (see sub-
clauses 7.5.2 and 8.1) (Figures 6.2.1 and 6.2.2).

6.3 Equipotential bonding for infor-

mation technology installations
Lightning equipotential bonding requires that all
metal conductive components such as cable lines
and shields at the entrance to the building shall be
incorporated into the equipotential bonding so as
to cause as little impedance as possible. Examples
of such components include antenna lines, (Figure
6.3.1) telecommunication lines with metal conduc-
tors, and also fibre optic systems with metal ele-
ments. The lines are connected with the help of
elements capable of carrying lightning current
Fig. 6.2.2 DEHNventil ZP combined arrester directly snapped on the (arresters and shielding terminals). A convenient
busbars in the terminal field of the meter cabinet installation site is the point where cabling going

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 151

 α α

feeding point
α α
air termination tip

sealing unit
range
isolated air-termination system
(DEHNconductor)
connection
equipotential bonding insulating pipe

isolated down conductor

230 V~ (HVI-conductor)
DATA
s^= 0.75 m in air
230 V~ antenna
s^= 1.5 m in brickwork
s = separation distance

equipotential bonding earth-termination

to BTS system

Fig. 6.3.1 Lightning equipotential bonding with isolated air-termina- Fig. 6.3.2 Isolated construction of a lightning protection system at a
tion system, type DEHNconductor, for professional anten- cell site
na systems according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)

outside the building transfers to cabling inside the ed into the equipotential bonding in accordance
building. Both the arresters and the shielding ter- with DIN VDE 0855 Part 300 (German standard)
minals must be chosen to be appropriate to the and must reduce the risk of being affected
lightning current parameters to be expected. through their design, (cable structure, connectors
In order to minimise induction loops within build- and fittings) or suitable additional measures.
ings, the following additional steps are recom- Antenna elements that are connected to an anten-
mended: na feeder and cannot be connected directly to the
⇒ cables and metal pipes shall enter the building equipotential bonding, as this would affect their
at the same point functioning, should be protected by arresters.
⇒ power lines and data lines shall be laid spatial- Expressed simply, it can be assumed that 50 % of
ly close but shielded the direct lightning current flows away via the
⇒ avoiding of unnecessarily long cables by laying shields of all antenna lines. If an antenna installa-
lines directly tion is dimensioned for lightning currents up to
100 kA (10/350 μs) (Lightning Protection Level III
Antenna installations: (LPL III)), the lightning current splits so that 50 kA
For reasons connected with radio engineering, flow through the earth conductor and 50 kA via
antenna installations are generally mounted in an the shields of all antenna cables. Antenna installa-
exposed location. Therefore they are more affect- tions not capable of carrying lightning currents
ed by surges, especially in the event of a direct must therefore be equipped with air-termination
lightning strike. In Germany they must be integrat- systems in whose protection area the antennas are

152 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

located. Choosing a suitable cable, the respective ⇒ Metal core: termination by means of earthing
partial lightning current share must be determined clamp e.g. SLK, near splice box
for each antenna line involved in down conduct- ⇒ Prevention of potential equalising currents:
ing. The required cable dielectric strength can be connect indirectly via spark gap e.g. DEHNgap
determined from the coupling resistance, the CS, base part BLITZDUCTOR CT, rather than
length of the antenna line and the amplitude of directly
the lightning current.
Telecommunication lines:
According to the current standard IEC 62305-3 (EN Telecommunication lines with metal conductors
62305-3), antenna installations mounted on build- normally consist of cables with balanced or coaxial
ings can be protected by means of cabling elements of the following types:
⇒ air-termination rods ⇒ cables with no additional metal elements
⇒ elevated wires ⇒ cables with metal sheath (e.g. metal damp-
⇒ or spanned cables proofing) and / or metal supporting elements
⇒ cables with metal sheath and additional light-
In each case the separation distance s must be ning protection reinforcement
maintained in the areas protected against light-
ning strikes. The splitting of the partial lightning current
The electrical isolation of the lightning protection between IT lines can be determined using the pro-
system from conductive components of the build- cedures in Annex E of IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1).
ing structure (metal structural parts, reinforce- The individual cables must be integrated into the
ment etc.), and the isolation from electric lines in equipotential bonding as follows:
the building, prevent partial lightning currents
a) Unshielded cables must be connected by SPDs
from penetrating into control and supply lines and
which are capable of carrying partial lightning
hence protect sensitive electrical and electronic
currents. Partial lightning current of the line
devices from being affected or destroyed (Figure
divided by the number of individual wires =
6.3.1 and Figure 6.3.2).
partial lightning current per wire.
Fibre optic installations: b) If the cable shield is capable of carrying light-
Fibre optic installations with metal elements can ning currents, the lightning current flows via
normally be divided into the following types: the shield. However, capacitive/inductive inter-
ferences can reach the wires and make it nec-
⇒ cables with metal-free core but with metal essary to use surge arresters. Requirements:
sheath (e.g. metal vapour barrier) or metal
supporting elements ⇒ The shield at both ends must be connected to
the main equipotential bonding to be capable
⇒ cables with metal elements in the core and of carrying lightning currents (Figure 6.3.3).
with metal sheath or metal supporting ele-
ments
⇒ cables with metal elements in the core, but
without metal sheath.
For all types of cable with metal elements, the min-
imum peak value of the lightning current, which
adversely affects the transmission characteristics of
the optical fibre, must be determined. Cables capa-
ble of carrying lightning currents must be chosen,
and the metal elements must be connected to the
equipotential bonding bar either directly or via an
SPD.
⇒ Metal sheath: termination by means of shield
terminals e.g. SAK, at the entrance of the Fig. 6.3.3 SAK shield connection system capable of carrying light-
building ning currents

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 153

 Telekom customer c) If the cable shield is not capable of carrying
lightning currents, then:
⇒ for the terminal connected at both ends, the
TAE procedure is the same as for a signal wire in an
IT installation
unshielded cable. Partial lightning current of
the cable divided by the number of individual
wires + 1 shield = partial lightning current per
3 OUT 4 wire
⇒ if the shield is not connected at both ends, it
has to be treated as if it were not there; partial
BLITZDUCTOR
BCT MLC BD 110

lightning current of the line divided by the

No.919 347

number of individual wires = partial lightning

BLITZDUCTOR CT current per wire
1 IN 2
BCT MLC BD 110
5 kA (10/350 μs)
If it is not possible to determine the exact wire
load, it is recommendable to take the threat
parameters from IEC 61643-22. For a telecommuni-
cations line hence results a maximum load per wire
APL
of 2.5 kA (10/350 μs).
Fig. 6.3.4 Lightning equipotential bonding for connection of a
telecommunications device BLITZDUCTOR CT (application Of course not only the used SPD must be capable
permitted by Deutsche Telekom) of withstanding the expected lightning current
load, but also the discharge path to the equipoten-
tial bonding.
By means of a multi-core telecommunications line
for example this can be demonstrated:
⇒ A telecommunications cable with 100 double
wires coming from LPZ 0A is connected in an
LSA building distribution case and shall be pro-
tected by arresters.
⇒ The lightning current load of the cable was
assumed to be 30 kA (10/350 μs)
⇒ The resulting symmetrical splitting of light-
Fig. 6.3.5 DEHN equipotential bonding enclosures (DPG LSA) for ning current to the individual wire is 30 kA /
LSA-2/10 technology, capable to carry lightning current 200 wires = 150 A / wire.

At first this means no special requirements to the

⇒ In both buildings where the cable ends, the discharge capacity of the protective elements to be
lightning protection zone concept must be used. After the discharge elements have flown
applied, and the active wires must be connect- through, the partial currents of all wires add up to
ed in the same lightning protection zone (usu- 30 kA again to load in the downstream discharge
ally LPZ 1) path, for example clamping frames, earthing
⇒ If an unshielded cable is laid in a metal pipe, clamps or equipotential conductors. To be safe
this must be treated like a cable with a cable from any damage in the discharge path lightning
shield which is capable of carrying lightning current tested enclosure systems can be used (Fig-
currents. ure 6.3.5).

154 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

7. Protection of electrical and electronic systems against
LEMP
7.1 Lightning protection zones con- ing or structure to be protected must be divided
into internal lightning protection zones according
cept to the level of threat posed by LEMP (Figure 7.1.1).
A lightning protection system (LEMP Protection This enables areas with different LEMP risk levels
Measures System (LPMS)) according to IEC 62305-3 to be adjusted to the immunity of the electronic
(EN 62305-3) protects persons and material assets system.
of value in the buildings, but it does not protect With this flexible concept, suitable LPZs can be
the electrical and electronic systems in the build- defined according to the number, type and sensi-
ings which are sensitive to transient high-energy tivity of the electronic devices /systems. From small
surges resulting from the lightning discharge. It is local zones to large integral zones which can
precisely such systems – in the form of building encompass the whole building. Depending on the
management, telecommunications, control and type of threat posed by lightning, the following
security systems – which are rapidly becoming lightning protection zones are defined:
common in practically all areas of residential and
functional buildings. The owner / operator places External zones
very high demands on the permanent availability
and reliability of such systems. ⇒ LPZ 0A – at risk from direct lightning strikes,
from impulse currents up to the whole light-
The protection of electrical and electronic systems
ning current and from the whole electromag-
in buildings and structures against surges resulting
netic field of the flash of lightning.
from the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) is
based on the principle of Lightning Protection ⇒ LPZ 0B – protected against direct lightning
Zones (LPZ). According to this principle, the build- strikes, at risk from the whole electromagnetic

air-termination system

spatial shield

ventilation terminal device

down-
conductor
system

l.v. power
supply system

foundation earth electrode

IT system
steel reinforcement

Lightning equipotential bonding Lightning equipotential bonding Lightning electro- Lightning

Lightning current arrester (SPD Type 1) Lightning current arrester magnetic pulse protection zone
Local equipotential bonding Local equipotential bonding Switching electro-
Surge arrester (SPD Type 2, SPD Type 3) Surge arrester magnetic pulse

Fig. 7.1.1 Lightning protection zones concept according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 155

Fig. 7.1.2 Example for realisation of the lightning protection zones concept

field of the flash of lightning. Internal systems Figure 7.1.2 illustrates an example of how to
can be exposed to (partial) lightning currents. realise the measures described for the lightning
protection zones concept.
Internal zones
⇒ LPZ 1 – impulse currents limited by the split-
ting of the current and by surge protective 7.2 LEMP protection management
devices (SPDs) at the zones boundaries. The
electromagnetic field of the lightning flash For new buildings and structures, optimum protec-
can be attenuated by spatial shielding. tion of electronic systems can only be achieved
with a minimum of expense if the electronic sys-
⇒ LPZ 2 ... n – impulse currents further limited by
tems are designed together with the building and
the splitting of the current and by surge pro-
before its construction. In this way, building com-
tective devices (SPDs) at the zone boundaries.
ponents such as the reinforcement, the metal gird-
The electromagnetic field of the lightning
ers and metal buttresses can be integrated into the
flash is usually attenuated by spatial shielding.
LEMP protection management.
The requirements on the internal zones must be For existing buildings and structures, the cost of
defined according to the immunity of the electrical the LEMP protection is usually higher than for new
and electronic systems to be protected. buildings and structures. If, however, the LPZs are
At the boundary of each internal zone, the chosen appropriately and existing installations are
equipotential bonding must be carried out for all used or upgraded, the costs can be reduced.
metal components and utility lines entering the
building or structure. This is done directly or with If the risk analysis in accordance with IEC 62305-2
suitable SPDs. The zone boundary is formed by the (EN 62305-2) shows that LEMP protection is re-
shielding measures. quired, this can only be achieved if:

156 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Step Aim Measure must be taken by
(if relevant)
Initial risk analysis a Assessing of the necessity of an LEMP Lightning protection specialist b
protection. Owner
If necessary an appropriate LEMP Pro-
tection Measures System (LPMS) based
on a risk assessment has to be chosen.
Final risk analysis a The cost/benefit ratio of the chosen Lightning protection specialist b
protection measures should be optimised Owner
again by a risk assessment. Accordingly
to be determined:
• Lightning protection level (LPL) and
the lightning parameters
• LPZ and their boundaries
Design of LEMP Definition of the LPMS: Lightning protection specialist b
Protection Measures • Measures of spatial shielding Owner
System (LPMS)
• Equipotential bonding networks Architect
• Earth-termination systems Designer of the electronic systems
• Leading and shielding of conductors Designer of the important
• Surge protective devices system installations

Design of the LPMS General drawings and descriptions Engineering office or equivalent
Preparation of the tender
documentation
Detailed drawings and schedules for
the installation

Installation and Quality of the installation Lightning protection specialist b

inspection of the LPMS Documentation Installer of the LPMS
Possible revision of detailed drawings Engineering office
Inspection representative
Acceptance of the Inspection and documentation of the • Independent lightning protection expert b
LPMS system • Authorised inspector
Repeat inspections Ensuring of an appropriate LPMS Lightning protection specialist b
• Authorised inspector
a see IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2)
b with profound knowledge of EMC and installation practice
Table 7.2.1 LEMP protection management for new buildings and for comprehensive modifications of the construction or the utilisation of
building according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)

⇒ the measures are designed by a lightning protec- ⇒ the management plan according to Table 7.2.1
tion specialist having profound knowledge of EMC, (IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) Subclause 8.1) is
⇒ there is close coordination on all aspects of the adhered to.
work between the building experts (e.g. civil and
electrical engineers) and those experts in LEMP A concluding risk analysis must prove that the
protection and residual risk is less than the tolerable risk.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 157

 direct lightning strike
into a shielded building

i w

dr
dw

High field strength, great magnetic Lower partial currents, reduced H1 = kH ⋅ io ⋅ w

fields/induced voltages close to the magnetic fields/ induced voltages dw ⋅ √dr [A/m]
down conductor in the building io = lightning current in LPZ 0A

Fig. 7.3.1 Reduction of the magnetic field by means of lattice shields Fig. 7.3.2 Magnetic field at a lightning strike
(LEMP) IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)

7.3 Calculation of the magnetic The shielding effect of lattice-shaped shields in the
event of direct lightning strikes can be calculated
shield attenuation of building / using the formula shown in Figure 7.3.2. This view
room shielding is based on the fact that the lightning strike can
Lightning current and the associated electromag- happen at any point on the roof.
netic field represent the primary source of interfer- The values calculated for the magnetic field apply
ence for devices and installations requiring protec- to the safety volume Vs inside lattice-shaped
tion in a property. Figure 7.3.1 shows the principle shields, which are defined by the separation dis-
of how lattice structures work. The fundamentals tance ds/... (Figure 7.3.3).
of the calculation are described in the IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) standard. This safety volume takes into account maximum
The fundamentals of the calculation are based on values of the magnetic field strength directly at
assumptions and estimates. The complex distribu- the lattice structure, a factor which the approxima-
tion of the magnetic field inside lattice-shaped tion formula does not sufficiently take into
shields is determined with a first approximation. account. IT devices may only be installed inside of
The formulae for the determination of the mag- volume Vs .
netic field are based on numerical calculations of
the magnetic field. The calculation takes into
account the magnetic field coupling of each rod in shield for LPZ 0A – LPZ 1
the lattice-shaped shield with all other rods,
separation
including the simulated lightning channel. distance
To consider whether it is the effect of the electro- direct lightning
magnetic field of the first partial lightning strike strike: ds/1 = w
volume Vs
or the subsequent lightning strike which is the for electro-
more critical interference variable for the electric w nic devices
installation requiring protection, the calculations
must be done with the maximum value of the cur- ds/1
rent of the short strike (if/max) and the maximum
value of the current of the long strike (is/max) corre-
sponding to the lightning protection level derived
from Table 5, IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1). Fig. 7.3.3 Volume for electronic devices within LPZ 1

158 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

The fundamentals of the calculation of the shield- located within the lightning protection zone with
ing effect of lattice-shaped shields for nearby a separation distance ds/1 from the shielding.
lightning strikes are explained more in detail by
Figures 7.3.4 and 7.3.5. The separation distance ds/1 (for SF < 10) results in:
Figure 7.3.4 shows the formation of the electro-
magnetic field whose reduction in field strength is ds /1 = w [m ]
indirectly proportional to the distance sa . The
magnitude of the magnetic field inside a protect-
ed volume, e.g. lightning protection zone LPZ 1 w corresponds to the mesh size of the lattice-
(Figure 7.3.5), can be described by the quality of shaped shield in metres
the shielding.
The shielding factor SF can be calculated as shown Implementation of the magnetic shield-attenua-
in Table 7.3.1. tion of building / room shielding
The results of this calculation of the magnetic field Particularly important when shielding against
are valid for a safety volume Vs (Figure 7.3.3), magnetic fields, and hence for the installation of
lightning protection zones, are
extended metal components,
e.g. metal roofs and facades,
field of the field of the
steel reinforcements in con-
lightning lightning
channel channel crete, expanded metals in
walls, lattices, metal support-
ing structures and pipe systems
H0 existing in the building. The
H0 H1 meshed connection creates
sa an effective electromagnetic
sa
shield.
without shield with shield Figure 7.3.6 shows the princi-
H0
H0 = i H0 = i H1 = ple how a steel reinforcement
2πSa 2πSa 10 SF1/20
[A/m] can be developed into an elec-
tromagnetic cage (hole shield).
Fig. 7.3.4 Magnetic field at a lightning strike Fig. 7.3.5 Magnetic field at a distant lightning
In practice, however, it will not
(LEMP) IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) strike (LEMP) IEC 62305-4 (EN
62305-4) be possible to weld or clamp
together every junction in
large buildings and structures.
Material Shielding factor SF (dB) w = mesh size (m) The usual practice is to install a
25 kHz (first short strike) 1 Mhz (subsequent strike) (w ≤ 5 m) meshed system of conductors
Copper into the reinforcement, said
20 • log (8.5/w) 20 • log (8.5/w) r = rod radius (m)
Aluminium system typically having a size
(8.5 / w) μr ≈ 200 of a ≤ 5 m. This meshed net-
Steel 20 ⋅ log 20 • log (8.5/w) (permeability)
−6
1 + 18 ⋅ 10 / r 2
work is connected in an electri-
cally safe way at the cross-
Example: Steel lattice points, e.g. by means of
w (m) r (m) dB at 25 kHz dB at 1 MHz clamps. The reinforcement is
“electrically hitched” onto the
0.012 0.0010 44 57 meshed network at a typical
0.100 0.0060 37 39 distance of b ≤ 1 m. This is
0.200 0.0090 32 33 done on the building side, for
example by means of tie con-
0.400 0.0125 26 27 nections.
Table 7.3.1 Magnetic attenuation of lattices at a nearby lightning strike acc. to IEC 62305-4 Mats made of construction
(EN 62305-4) steel in concrete are suitable

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 159

for shielding purposes. When upgrading existing Figure 7.3.8 shows an installation of this type,
installations, such steel mats are also laid later. For which must be taken into consideration for design-
this type of design, the steel mats must be gal- ing the preliminary building works.
vanised to protect them from corrosion.
The magnetic field inside the building or structure
These galvanised steel mats are then laid on roofs, is reduced over a wide frequency range by means
for example, so that they overlap, or applied either of reduction loops, which arise as a result of the
externally or internally to the exterior wall to pro- meshed equipotential bonding network. Typical
vide shielding for the building. mesh sizes are a ) 5 m. The interconnection of all
metal components both inside, as well as on the
buildings and structures results in a three-dimen-
Figures 7.3.7a and 7.3.7b show the subsequent sional meshed equipotential bonding network.
installation of galvanised steel mats on the roof of
a building. Figure 7.3.9 shows a meshed equipotential bond-
ing network with appropriate terminals.
To bridge expansion joints, connect the reinforce-
ment of precast concrete components, and for ter- If an equipotential bonding network is installed in
minals on the external earth-termination system or the lightning protection zones, the magnetic field
the internal equipotential bonding system, the calculated according to the formulae stated above
building must already be equipped with sufficient is typically further reduced by a factor of 2 (corre-
fixed earthing points. sponds to 6 dB).

(Typical dimension: a ≤ 5 m, b ≤ 1 m)
a
4 4
1

b
a

Fig. 7.3.7a Galvanised construction steel mats for shielding the

7 building
5

9
8

1 Metal cover of the attic

2 Steel reinforcing rods
3 Intermeshed conductors, superimposed of the reinforcement
4 Connection of the air-termination system
5 Internal equipotential bonding bar
6 Connection capable of carrying lightning currents
7 Connection, e.g. tie connection
8 Ring earth electrode (if existing)
9 Foundation earth electrode
Fig. 7.3.6 Use of reinforcing rods of a building or structure for Fig. 7.3.7b Use of galvanised construction steel mats for shielding,
shielding and equipotential bonding e.g. in case of planted roofs

160 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 earthing ring conductor

concrete tape conductor holder

facade concrete support

steel support

fixed earthing point

base plate

Fig. 7.3.8 Shielding of a structure or building

min. 50 mm2

earthing bus

connection to
the earthing bus

reinforcement

Fig. 7.3.9 Earthing bus according to DIN VDE 0800-2 (German standard)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 161

7.3.1 Cable shielding Shielding material ρc in Ωm
Cable shields are used to reduce the effect of the Copper 17.241 . 10-9
interference on the active lines, and the interfer-
Aluminium 28.264 . 10-9
ence emitted from the active lines to neighbouring
systems. From the point of view of lightning and Lead 214 . 10-9
surge protection, attention must be paid to the Steel 138 . 10-9
following applications of shielded lines:
Table 7.3.1.1 Specific shield resistance ρc for different materials
⇒ No shield earthing
Some installation systems recommend a shielded
cable but, at the same time, forbid shield earthing, Examples Electric strength
(e.g. KNX). If there is no shielding terminal, the LV cable 15 kV
shield is not effective against interferences and
TC cable 5 kV
must therefore be considered as non-existing (Fig-
ure 7.3.1.1). TC subscriber’s side 1.5 kV
⇒ Double-ended shield earthing Measuring and control equipment 0.5 – 1 kV
A cable shield must be continuously connected Table 7.3.1.2 Electric strength
along the whole of its length for good conducting
performance, and earthed at least at both ends.
Only a shield used at both ends can reduce induc- Bus conductor shield up to the terminal device, Cu,
tive and capacitive inputs. Cable shields entering a loaded with 5 kA, length 100 m : Scmin ≈ 17 mm2.
building or structure must have a certain minimum Such cable shields for bus conductors, however,
cross section to avoid the risk of sparking. Other- being not convenient for the practice the
wise the shields are not considered being capable described conductor has to be considered as not
of carrying lightning current. The minimum cross capable of carrying lightning current.
section of a cable shield (Scmin) laid isolated from ⇒ Single-ended and indirect shield earthing
earth or air, depends on its specific shield resist- For operational reasons, cable shields are some-
ance (ρc) (Table 7.3.1.1) on the lightning current times earthed at only one end. In fact, a certain
flowing (lf), on the impulse withstand voltage of attenuation of capacitive interference fields is giv-
the system (Uw), and on the cable length (Lc). en. Protection against the electromagnetic induc-
tion arising with lightning strikes, however, is not
Scmin = ( I f ⋅ ρc ⋅ Lc ⋅ 10 6 / U w )[ mm 2 ] provided. The reason for the single-ended shield
earthing is the fear of low frequency equalising
currents. In extended installations, a bus cable, for
If can be calculated in accordance with IEC 62305-1 example, can often stretch many hundreds of
(EN 62305-1). The shield connection technology metres between buildings. Especially with older
usually being tested up to 10 kA (10/350 μs), this installations, it can happen that one part of the
value, as a first approximation, can be drawn on as earth-termination systems is no longer in opera-
maximum value. tion, or that no meshed equipotential bonding is
Uw can be interpreted quite differently. If the cable existing. In such cases, interferences can occur as a
shield away from the internal system is interrupted result of multiple shield earthing. Potential differ-
at the building entry then the electric strength of ences of the different building earthing systems
the cable is decisive. The cable shield, however, can allow low frequency equalising currents
being uninterrupted up to the terminal device, the (n x 50 Hz), and the transients superimposed there-
electric strength of the terminal device is the on, to flow. At the same time, currents measuring
important (Table 7.3.1.2). up to a few amperes are possible which, in
Two examples shall illustrate the difference: extreme cases, can cause cable fires. In addition,
TC cable shield up to the building entry, Al, loaded crosstalk can cause signal interference if the signal
with 10 kA, length 100 m : Scmin ≈ 6 mm2. It also has frequency is in a similar frequency range to the
to be minded, that the shield terminals at the interference signal.
MEBB must be capable of carrying lightning The aim, however, must be to virtually implement
current. the requirements of EMC and prevent equalising

162 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 currents. This can be
achieved by combining
single-ended and indirect
shield earthing. All shields
C are directly connected
with the local equipoten-
tial bonding at a central
point such as the control
room. At the far ends of
the cable, the shields are
EBB 1 EBB 2 indirectly connected to
the earth potential via
isolating spark gaps. Since
the resistance of a spark
gap is around 10 GΩ,
equalising currents are
Fig. 7.3.1.1 No shield connection – No shielding from capacitive/inductive couplings prevented in surge-free
operation. Should EMC
interferences such as
lightning strikes occur,
the spark gap ignites and
discharges the interfer-
ence pulse without conse-
quential damage to the
equipment. This reduces
the residual impulse on
the active lines and the
the impulse transfer terminal devices are sub-
EBB 1 impedance of the EBB 2 ject to even less stress.
shield has to be The BLITZDUCTOR CT
considered! arrester is equipped with
an insert which can take
a gas discharge tube, if
Fig. 7.3.1.2 Shield connection at both ends – Shielding from capacitive/inductive couplings necessary. This switches
between the cable shield
and the local earth. The
gas discharge tube can be
inserted or removed dur-
ing upgrading or mainte-
nance work in order to
change between direct
and indirect shield earth-
ing (Figure 7.3.1.3).
direct earthing ⇒ Low impedance shield
indirect earthing via earthing
EBB 1 gas discharge tube EBB 2 Cable shields can conduct
impulse currents of up to
several kA. During the dis-
charge, the impulse cur-
rents flow through the
Fig. 7.3.1.3 Shield connection at both ends – Solution: Direct and indirect shield earthing shield and the shield ter-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 163

minals to earth. The impedance of the cable shield ⇒ Extension of LPZs with the help of shielded
and the shielding terminal creates voltage differ- cables
ences between shield potential and earth. In such IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) states that using a shield-
a case, voltages of up to some kV can develop and ed cable between two equal LPZs obviates the
destroy the insulation of conductors or connected need for arresters. This statement applies to inter-
devices. Coarse-meshed shields and the twisting of ferences to be expected from the spatial surround-
the cable shield (pig tail) to the terminal in a rail ings of the shielded cable (e.g. electromagnetic
clamp are particularly critical. The quality of the fields) and for meshed equipotential bonding con-
cable shield used affects the number of shield forming to the standard. But beware. Depending
earthings required. Under certain circumstances, on the conditions the installation is set up in, haz-
an earthing is required every 10 metres in order to ards can still arise and make the use of arresters
achieve an efficient shielding effect. Suitable large necessary. Typical potential hazards are: the feed-
contacting clamps with slipping spring elements ing of the terminal devices from different low volt-
are recommended for the shielding terminal. This age main distribution boards (MDB), TN-C systems,
is important to compensate for the yield of the high coupling resistances of the cable shields or
synthetic insulation of the conductor (Figure insufficient earthing of the shield. Further caution
7.3.1.4). must be exercised with cables with poor shield cov-
⇒ Maximum length of shielded cables er, which are often used for economic reasons. The
result is residual interferences on the signal lines.
Cable shields have a so-called coupling resistance Interferences of this type can be controlled by
which roughly corresponds to the d.c. resistance using a high-quality shielded cable or surge pro-
provided by the cable manufacturer. An interfer- tective devices.
ence pulse flowing through the resistance creates
a potential drop on the cable shield. The permissi-
ble coupling resistance for the cable shield can be
determined as a function of the dielectric strength 7.4 Equipotential bonding network
of the terminal device and the cable, as well as the
cable length. It is crucial that the potential drop is The main function of the equipotential bonding
less than the insulation strength of the system. If network is to prevent hazardous potential drops
this is not the case, arresters must be used (Figure between all devices / installations in the inner LPZs,
7.3.1.5). and to reduce the magnetic field of the lightning.

shield terminal I = 5 kA
cable shield

l = 200 m

dielectric strength Uiso = 2 kV

cable to be calculated: max. permissible coupling impedance RKh of the cable shielding

anchor bar Uiso 2000 V

RKh = = = 0.4 Ω
I 5000 A
0.4 Ω 10-3 Ω
l = 200 m: RKh = =2
200 m m

Fig. 7.3.1.4 Shield connection Fig. 7.3.1.5 Shield connection at both ends – Shielding from capacitive/inductive coupling

164 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

The low inductance equipotential bonding net-
work required is achieved by means of intercon-
nections between all metal components aided by
equipotential bonding conductors inside the LPZ
of the building or structure. This creates a three-
dimensional meshed network (Figure 7.4.1). Typi-
cal components of the network are:
⇒ all metal installations (e.g. pipes, boilers),
⇒ reinforcements in the concrete (in floors, walls
and ceilings),
⇒ gratings (e.g. intermediate floors),
⇒ metal staircases, metal doors, metal frames,
⇒ cable ducts,
⇒ ventilation ducts,
⇒ lift rails,
⇒ metal floors,
⇒ supply lines. Fig. 7.4.1 Equipotential bonding network in a structure or building

Ideally, a lattice structure of the equipotential

bonding network would be around 5 m x 5 m. This
would typically reduce the electromagnetic light-
ning field inside an LPZ by a factor of 2 (correspon-
ding to 6 dB).

Enclosures and racks of electronic devices and sys-

tems should be integrated into the equipotential
bonding network with short connections. This
requires sufficient numbers of equipotential bond-
ing bars and / or ring equipotential bonding bars
(Figure 7.4.2) in the building or structure. The bus-
bars, in turn, must be connected to the equipoten-
tial bonding network (Figure 7.4.3).
Fig. 7.4.2 Ring equipotential bonding bar in a computer facility

Protective conductors (PE) and cable shields of the

data links of electronic devices and systems must
be integrated into the equipotential bonding net-
work in accordance with the instructions of the
system manufacturer. The connections can be
made as a mesh or in the shape of a star (Figure
7.4.4).
When using a star point arrangement S, all metal
components of the electronic system must be suit-
ably insulated against the equipotential bonding
network. A star-shaped arrangement is therefore
usually limited to applications in small, locally con-
fined systems. In such cases, all lines must enter the
building or structure, or a room within the build-
ing or structure, at a single point. The star point Fig. 7.4.3 Connection of the ring equipotential bonding bar with the
arrangement S must be connected to the equipo- equipotential bonding network via fixed earthing point

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 165

 Star shape arrangement S Mesh shape arrangement M Legend to 7.4.4 and 7.4.5
Basic
arrangement Equipotential bonding network
Equipotential bonding conductor
S M
Device
Termination point to the
equipotential bonding network

Integration ERP Earthing reference point

into the Star shape arrangement
equipotential Ss
integrated via a neutral point
bonding
network Ss Mm Mesh shape arrangement
Mm
integrated via a meshed lattice
Mesh shape arrangement
Ms
integrated via a neutral point
ERP
Fig. 7.4.4 Integration of electronic systems into the equipotential bonding network

Combination 1 Combination 2 individual devices. A further advantage of this

arrangement is the fact that the lines of the system
can enter a building, structure or room at different
points.
Complex electronic systems, also allow combina-
Ss Ms tions of star point and meshed arrangements (Fig-
ure 7.4.5) in order to combine the advantages of
both arrangements.

ERP ERP
7.5 Equipotential bonding on the
Mm Mm boundary of LPZ 0A and LPZ 1
7.5.1 Equipotential bonding for metal
installations
At the boundaries of the EMC lightning protection
Fig. 7.4.5 Combination of the integration methods according to zones, measures to reduce the radiated electro-
Figure 7.4.4 magnetic field must be realised, and all metal and
electrical lines / systems passing through the sec-
tential bonding network at one single earthing tional area must be integrated into the equipoten-
reference point (ERP) only. This produces the tial bonding without exception.
arrangement SS. This requirement on the equipotential bonding
When using the meshed arrangement M, all metal basically corresponds to that on the main equipo-
components of the electronic system do not have tential bonding bar in accordance with IEC 60364-
to be insulated against the equipotential bonding 4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54, HD 60364-5-54.
network. All metal components shall be integrated Further towards the main equipotential bonding
into the equipotential bonding network at as bar, the lightning equipotential bonding must also
many equipotential bonding points as possible. be implemented for cables of electrical and elec-
The resulting arrangement Mm is used for extend- tronic systems (see also Chapter 7.5.2) at this
ed and open systems with many lines between the boundary of the zones.

166 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

This equipotential bonding must be installed as A corrosion-free earth connection can be easily
close as possible to the location where the lines constructed by using fixed earthing points. During
and metal installations enter the building or struc- this process, the reinforcement can be connected
ture. The equipotential bonding conductor should to the equipotential bonding at the same time
be designed to be as short (low impedance) as pos- (Figure 7.5.1.1).
sible.
The procedure of tying in the equipotential bond-
For equipotential bonding, the following mini- ing bar to the fixed earthing point, and connecting
mum cross sections for tying in the equipotential the conduits to the equipotential bonding, is
bonding bar to the earth-termination system, shown below (Figure 7.5.1.1).
interconnecting the different equipotential bond-
ing bars, and tying in the metal installations to the Chapter 7.3 illustrates the tying in of cable shields
equipotential bonding bar, must be taken into to the equipotential bonding.
account:

Material Cross section 7.5.2 Equipotential bonding for power

Cu 14 mm2 supply installations
In analogy to metal installations, all electrical pow-
Al 22 mm2
er lines and data links at the entrance of the build-
Fe 50 mm2 ing (lightning protection zone boundary LPZ 0A to
LPZ 1) must be integrated into the equipotential
bonding. Whereas the design of data links is
The following metal installations have to be incor-
described in Section 7.5.3, the following section
porated into the equipotential bonding:
will look at the design of equipotential bonding
⇒ Metal cable ducts with electrical power lines in more detail. The
⇒ Shielded cables and lines intersections for the equipotential bonding at the
⇒ Building reinforcement LPZ boundary LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 are defined with the
help of the specific design of the property which
⇒ Metal water supply pipes
requires protection. For installations fed by low
⇒ Metal conduits for lines voltage systems, the LPZ boundary LPZ 0A / LPZ 1 is
⇒ Other metal pipe systems or conductive com- usually taken to be the boundary of the building
ponents (e.g. compressed air) (Figure 7.5.2.1).

SPD

0/1

Fig. 7.5.1.1 Connection of EBB with fixed earthing point Fig. 7.5.2.1 Transformer outside the structure or building

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 167

 ing or structure centrally at one point. If local cir-
cumstances do not permit this, the use of a ring
equipotential bonding bar (Figures 7.5.2.3 and
7.5.2.4) is recommended.
The ability of the lightning current arrester used
(SPD, Class 1) to discharge the current must corre-
spond to the loads at the location where it is
employed, based on the lightning protection sys-
tem level used for the property. The lightning pro-
tection system level appropriate for the building
or structure under consideration must be chosen
on the basis of a risk assessment. If no risk assess-
SPD ment is available, or if it is not possible to make
detailed statements about the splitting of the
0/1 lightning current at the LPZ boundary LPZ 0A to
LPZ 1, it is recommended to use the class of light-
ning protection system with the highest require-
Fig. 7.5.2.2 Transformer inside the structure or building (LPZ 0 inte- ments (lightning protection level I) as a basis. The
grated in LPZ 1) resulting lightning current load of the individual
discharge paths is shown in Table 7.5.2.1.
For properties fed directly from the medium volt- When installing lightning current arresters on the
age network, the lightning protection zone LPZ 0A LPZ boundary LPZ 0A to LPZ 1, it must still be borne
is extended up to the secondary side of the trans- in mind that, if the recommended installation site
former. The equipotential bonding is carried out is directly at the service entrance box, this can fre-
on the 230/400 V side of the transformer (Figure quently only be done with the agreement of the
7.5.2.2). power supplier (new: distribution network opera-
tor). The requirements on lightning current
To avoid damage at the transformer the addition- arresters in main distribution systems are laid
al use of surge protective devices on the high volt- down in the directive of the Association of the
age side of the transformer is
recommended.
2 1 Reinforcement of the outer walls and the
To prevent the flow of partial foundation
1 3
lightning currents in LPZ 0 2 Other earth electrodes, e.g. intermeshing
from affecting parts of the to neighbouring buildings
installation / systems in LPZ 1, 4 10 3 Connection to the reinforcement
additional shielding meas- 8 4 Internal (potential) ring conductor
ures are required for the 6
5 Connection to external conductive parts,
medium voltage line enter- e.g. water pipeline
ing the building or structure. 6 Earth electrode Type B, ring earth
7 electrode

To prevent equalising cur- 9 7 Surge protective device

5
rents from occurring bet- 8 Equipotential bonding bar
ween the various equipoten- 9 Electrical power or telecommunications
tial bonding points in an elec- line
trical installation, it is recom- 10 Connection to supplementary earth
mended to carry out the electrodes, earth electrode Type A
lightning equipotential bon-
ding of all metal lines and Fig. 7.5.2.3 Example for equipotential bonding in a structure or building with several entries or the
electrical power lines and external conductive parts and with an internal ring conductor as a connection between
data links entering the build- the equipotential bonding bars

168 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 consumer's circuits electronic equipment

heating antenna line

meter

service
entrance box

meter EBB
power

gas

water

foundation earth electrode water meter

Fig. 7.5.2.4 Internal lightning protection with a common entry of all supply lines

German network operators (VDN) 2004-08: “Surge 6.2.1.2, lightning current arresters based on spark
protective devices Type 1. Directive for the use of gaps should have a high self-quenching capacity
surge protective equipment Type 1 (up to now and a good ability to limit follow currents, in order
Class B) in main distribution systems” and IEC to ensure that follow currents at the mains fre-
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001). When quency are switched off automatically, and to pre-
choosing lightning current arresters for the LPZ vent overcurrent protective devices, e.g. fuses,
boundary LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 then, besides the rating from false tripping (Figures 7.5.2.5 – 7.5.2.7).
of the discharge capability, the prospective short The special issues relating to the choice, installa-
circuit current to be expected at the installation tion and assembly of lightning current arresters
site must also be taken into account. According to (SPD Type 1) are described in more detail in Chap-
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Annex E, Subclause ter 8.1.

Lightning protection level Lightning impulse current carrying capability

LPL in TN systems in TT systems in TT systems
(former: Type of LPS) (L – N) (N – PE)
I 100 kA / m 100 kA / m 100 kA
II 75 kA / m 75 kA / m 75 kA
III / IV 50 kA / m 50 kA / m 50 kA
m: Quantity of conductors, e.g. for L1, L2, L3, N and PE; m = 5
Table 7.5.2.1 Required lightning impulse current carrying capability of surge protective devices SPDs Type 1 according to the lightning protec-
tion level LPL and the type of low voltage consumer’s installation

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 169

Fig. 7.5.2.5 DEHNventil combined lightning current and surge Fig. 7.5.2.6 Lightning equipotential bonding for power supply and
arrester information technology systems situated centrally at
one point

Fig. 7.5.2.7 Lightning current arrester at LPZ boundary LPZ 0A – LPZ 1

7.5.3 Equipotential bonding for information arresters providing a suitable discharge capacity.
technology installations For IT lines a general discharge capability of 2.5 kA
(10/350 μs) each wire is required for the boundary
LPZ 0 – LPZ 1 from LPZ 0A to LPZ 1. The generalised approach is
The lightning equipotential bonding from LPZ 0 to not used, however, when designing the discharge
LPZ 1 must be carried out for all metal systems capability for installations with a large number of
entering a building. IT lines must be connected as IT lines. After calculating the partial lightning cur-
close as possible to the point where they enter the rent to be expected for an IT cable (see IEC 62305-3
building or structure with lightning current (EN 62305-3)), the lightning current must then be

170 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 25 ⇒ they have no inductance as a decoupling ele-
ment
⇒ the specified nominal discharge current is
Impulse current (8/20 μs) in kA

20
(8/20 μs) > 25 x the required discharge current
(10/350 μs) per core (Figure 7.5.3.1).
15
If the equipotential bonding is carried out for lines
on the LPZ boundary 0B to LPZ 1, it is sufficient to
10
use surge protective devices with a discharge
capacity of 20 kA (8/20 μs) since no electrically cou-
5 pled partial lightning currents flow.

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
7.6 Equipotential bonding on the
Testing lightning current (10/350 μs) in kA
boundary of LPZ 0A and LPZ 2
Fig. 7.5.3.1 Comparison of the amplitudes of test currents wave
form 10/350 μs and 8/20 μs, each at equal loads 7.6.1 Equipotential bonding for metal
installations
See Chapter 7.5.1.

7.6.2 Equipotential bonding for power sup-

ply installations
LPZ 0A – LPZ 2
Depending on the design of the building or struc-
ture, it is often unavoidable to realise a LPZ bound-
ary from LPZ 0A to LPZ 2, especially with compact
installations (Figure 7.6.2.1).
SPD
Putting such an LPZ transition into practice makes
0/1/2 high demands on the surge protective devices
employed, and the surroundings of the installa-
tion. Besides the parameters previously described
in Section 7.5.2, a protection level must be
Fig. 7.6.2.1 Only one SPD (0/1/2) required (LPZ 2 integrated in LPZ 1) achieved which ensures the safe operation of
equipment and systems of LPZ 2. A low voltage
protection level and high limiting of the inter-
divided by the number of individual cores in the
ference energy still transmitted by the arrester,
cable actually used, in order to arrive at the
form the basis here for a safe energy coordination
impulse current per core. The partial lightning cur-
to surge protective devices in LPZ 2, or to surge
rent load is lower for multi-core cables than it is for
suppressing components in the input circuits of
cables with fewer individual cores. For further
the equipment to be protected. The combined
information please see Chapter 6.3.
lightning current and surge arresters of the
DEHNventil M family are designed for such appli-
The following surge protective devices can there-
cations and enable the user to combine lightning
fore be used:
equipotential bonding and coordinated terminal
1. Arresters designed for a discharge current of device protection in a single device (Figure 7.6.2.2).
(10/350 μs)
2. Arresters designed for a discharge current of Since, for the LPZ boundary from LPZ 0 to LPZ 2, it
(8/20 μs) if is inevitable for both lightning protection zones to

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 171

 separately from the zone shield flown through by
a lightning current, so that, as can be seen in Fig-
ure 7.6.2.1, LPZ 1 is assembled for a further area of
the installation. The attenuation of the electro-
magnetic field in LPZ 2 this measure brings about,
obviates the need for systematic shielding of all
lines and systems within LPZ 2, which would other-
wise be necessary.

7.6.3 Equipotential bonding for information

technology installations
Fig. 7.6.2.2 DEHNventil M TT 255 LPZ 0A – LPZ 2
Generally, a lightning current arrester from LPZ 0
border directly on each other, a high degree of to LPZ 1 acts like a kind of of wave breaker. It con-
shielding at the zone boundaries is absolutely ducts a large part of the interference energy away,
imperative. As a matter of principle, it is recom- thus protecting the installation in the building
mended to design the area of the lightning protec- from damage. However, it is frequently the case
tion zones LPZ 0 and LPZ 2, which border directly that the level of residual interference is still too
on each other, to be as small as possible. Provided high to protect the terminal devices. In a further
that the building or structure will permit it, LPZ 2 step, additional surge protective devices are then
should be equipped with an additional zone shield installed at the LPZ boundary from LPZ 1 to LPZ 2
which is constructed at the zone boundary LPZ 0, to make available a low level of residual interfer-

external
lightning
protection
system lightning current arrester surge arrester

terminal device
Y/L SPD class H Y/L SPD class Q (severity 1)

combined lightning current and surge arrester

shielded cable
?

terminal device
Y/L SPD class M (severity 1)

Fig. 7.6.3.1 Combination aid for Yellow/Line SPD classes (see also Figure 7.8.2.2)

172 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

ence adjusted to the immunity of the terminal 7.7 Equipotential bonding on the
device.
boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2
and higher
When the equipotential bonding from LPZ 0 to
LPZ 2 is carried out, the first thing is to choose the 7.7.1 Equipotential bonding for metal
installation site, and determine the partial light- installations
ning current of the individual lines and shields, This equipotential bonding must be done as close
precisely as described in Chapter 6.3. as possible to the location where the lines and
However, the requirements on an SPD to be metal installations enter the zone.
installed changes at the LPZ boundary, as do the
requirements on the wiring after this boundary. All systems and conductive components must also
The protective device must be designed as a com- be connected as described in Chapter 7.5.1.
bined lightning current and surge arrester and its
energy must be coordinated with that of the ter- The equipotential bonding conductors should be
minal device (Figure 7.6.3.1). Combined lightning designed to be as short (low impedance) as possi-
current and surge arresters have, on the one hand, ble.
an extremely high discharge capacity and, on the
other, a low level of residual interference to pro- Ring equipotential bonding in these zones facili-
tect the terminal devices. Furthermore, care must tates a low impedance tie-in of the systems into
be taken that the outgoing line from the protec- the equipotential bonding.
tive device to the terminal device is shielded, and Figure 7.7.1.1 illustrates the preparation for tying-
that both ends of the cable shield are integrated in a cable trough to the ring equipotential bond-
into the equipotential bonding. ing at the zone transition.

The following metal installations have to be inte-

Combined lightning current and surge arresters grated into the equipotential bonding:
are recommended
⇒ metal cable ducts
⇒ if the terminal devices are near to the location ⇒ shielded cables and lines
where the cables enter the building
⇒ building reinforcement
⇒ if low impedance equipotential bonding from ⇒ metal water supply pipes
protective device to terminal device can be
created ⇒ metal conduits for lines
⇒ other metal pipe systems or conductive com-
⇒ if the line from the protective device to the ponents (e.g. compressed air)
terminal device is continuously shielded and
earthed at both ends
⇒ if a particularly cost-effective solution is
sought.

The use of lightning current arresters and surge

arresters is recommended
⇒ if there are long cable distances from the pro-
tective device to the terminal device
⇒ if the SPDs for power systems and IT surge pro-
tective devices are earthed via different
equipotential bonding bars
⇒ if unshielded lines are used
Fig. 7.7.1.1 Ring equipotential bonding and fixed earthing point for
⇒ if large interferences can occur inside LPZ 1. connection of metal installations

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 173

 I0, H0 1 primary source of interference 1 Primary source of interference defined
H0 according to the chosen lightning protection
H1 level by

IEC 62305-1 (EN 62305-1):

I0 and H0: impulse 10/350 μs and 0.25/100 μs
shield H2
2 Electronic system (susceptible device) defined
by the immunity against conducted (U, I) and
2 radiated (H) lightning effects:
shield
electronic system IEC 61000-4-5:
(susceptible device) U2, I2 U1, I1 partial U: impulse 1.2/50 μs
lightning I: impulse 8/20 μs
shield (enclosure) current
IEC 61000-4-9
H: impulse 8/20 μs, (attenuated wave 25 kHz),
Tp = 10 μs

IEC 61000-4-10:
H: (impulse 0.2/5 μs), attenuated wave 1 MHz,
Tp = 0.25 μs

Fig. 7.7.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility in case of a lightning strike

The cross sections described in Chapter 7.5.1 must The function of the surge protective devices
again be used for equipotential bonding conduc- employed at the LPZ boundaries LPZ 1 to LPZ 2, or
tors combining the equipotential bonding bar and at the higher LPZ boundaries, is to minimise the
the earth-termination systems as well as other residual values of upstream surge protective
equipotential bonding bars. devices yet further. They must reduce induced
surges affecting the lines laid in the LPZ, and
For the tie-ins of the metal installations to the surges generated in the LPZ itself. Depending on
equipotential bonding, reduced cross sections can the location where the protective measures are
be used for these zone boundaries: taken, they can be either assigned to a device
(device protection) (Figure 7.7.2.2) or represent
Material Cross section the infrastructural basis for the functioning of a
device or system in the installation (Figure 7.7.2.3).
Cu 5 mm2
Al 8 mm2
Fe 16 mm2

7.7.2 Equipotential bonding for power sup-

ply installations
LPZ 1 – LPZ 2 and higher
For LPZ boundaries LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 and higher, as
well, surge limitation and field attenuation is
achieved by systematical integration of the electri-
cal power lines and data links, also, into the
equipotential bonding at each LPZ boundary, as is
done with all metal systems (Figure 7.7.2.1). Shield-
ing the rooms and devices leads to the attenuation
of the electromagnetic effect. Fig. 7.7.2.2 Surge protective device for terminal circuits DEHNflex M

174 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 7.7.2.3 Multi-pole surge arrester DEHNguard M TT Fig. 7.7.3.1 Protection of industrial electronic equipment (e.g. an
SPC) by BLITZDUCTOR CT and SPS Protector

The embodiments of the surge protection at the 7.8 Coordination of the protective
LPZ boundaries LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 and higher can thus
be designed in very different ways.
measures at various LPZ bound-
aries
7.8.1 Power supply installations
7.7.3 Equipotential bonding for information Whereas surge protection in the terminal device,
technology installations or immediately upstream of it, expressly fulfils the
LPZ 1 – LPZ 2 and higher function of protecting the device, the function of
At the LPZ boundaries inside buildings, further surge protective devices in the surrounding instal-
measures must be taken to reduce the level of lation is twofold. On the one hand, they protect
interference (Figure 7.7.3.1). Since, as a rule, termi- the installation, and, on the other, they form the
nal devices are installed in LPZ 2 or higher, the pro- protective link between the threat parameters of
tective measures must ensure that the level of the complete system and the immunity of the
residual interference, lies below values the termi- device of the equipment and systems requiring
nal devices can cope with. protection. The threat parameters of the system,
and the immunity of the device to be protected,
⇒ Use of surge protective devices in the vicinity
are thus dimensioning factors for the protective
of terminal devices
cascade to be installed. To ensure that this protec-
⇒ Integration of the cable shields into the tive cascade, beginning with the lightning current
equipotential bonding arrester and ending with the terminal device pro-
⇒ Low impedance equipotential bonding of the tection, is able to function, one must ensure that
SPD for IT installations to terminal device and individual protective devices are selectively effec-
SPD for power installations tive, i.e. each protection stage only takes on the
amount of interference energy which it is
⇒ Paying attention to the energy coordination designed for. The synchronisation between the
of SPD and terminal device protective stages is generally termed coordination
⇒ Telecommunications lines and gas discharge and is explained more detailed in IEC 62305-4
lamps must be installed at least 130 mm apart (EN 62305-4) Chapter 7. In order to achieve the
⇒ The distribution boards of electrical installa- described selectivity as the protective device oper-
tions and data should be located in different ates, the parameters of the individual arrester
cabinets stages must be coordinated in such a way that, if
one protection stage is faced with the threat of an
⇒ Low voltage lines and telecommunications energy overload, the upstream more powerful
lines must cross at an angle of 90 ° arrester “responds“ and thus takes over the dis-
⇒ Cable intersection must be carried out using charge of the interference energy. When design-
the shortest route ing the coordination, one must be aware that the

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 175

 pulse waveform with the greatest pulse length
must be assumed to be a threat for the complete
arrester chain. Even though surge protective
devices, by definition, are only tested with pulse
waveforms of 8/20 μs, for the coordination
between surge arrester and lightning current
arrester, and also for the surge protective device, it
is imperative to determine the ability of the device
to carry an impulse current of the partial lightning
currents with the waveform 10/350 μs. The
Red/Line family of energy-coordinated products,
was created to avert the dangers arising from
defective coordination and the resulting overload-
ing of low-energy protective stages . These surge
protective devices, which are coordinated both
Fig. 7.8.1.1 DEHNbloc 3-pole – Lightning current arrester and with each other and also with the device to be pro-
DEHNventil ZP – Combined arrester tected, provide the user with high safety. By
designing them as lightning current arresters,
surge arresters and combined lightning current
and surge arresters, they are ideally matched to
the requirements of the corresponding LPZ bound-
aries (Figures 7.8.1.1 – 7.8.1.3).

7.8.2 IT installations
When implementing measures to protect against
disturbance variables from nearby, distant and
direct lightning strikes within buildings, it is re-
commended to apply a concept of protective
devices with several protective stages. This reduces
the high energy interference (partial lightning cur-
Fig. 7.8.1.2 DEHNguard TT H LI – Multi-pole surge arrester with rent) in stages because an initial energy absorbing
service life indication stage prevents the main part of the interference
from reaching the downstream system. The subse-
quent stages serve to reduce the interference to
values which the system can cope with. Depending
on the conditions of the installation, several pro-
tective stages can also be integrated into one
surge protective device using a combined protec-
tive circuit.
The relevant interfaces where the protective
devices are employed as part of a cascade are, for
example, the zone boundaries (LPZ) of a lightning
protection zone concept which conforms to IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4).

A cascading of the surge protective devices must

be carried out with due regard to the coordination
Fig. 7.8.1.3 DEHNventil M TNS – Modular combined arrester criteria.

176 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 IP1 IIN2 IP2 IIN ITE UIN Surge immunity against
impulse voltages
IIN Surge immunity against

UIN ITE
SPD 1 SPD 2 ITE impulse currents

UIN2
UP1

UP2
UP Voltage protection level
impulse voltage
IP Let-through impulse
current

Fig. 7.8.2.1 Coordination according to let-through method of 2 SPDs and one terminal device (according to IEC 61643-21)

Use of a combined lightning current and surge arrester

immunity severity
lightning current acc. to EN 61000-4-5

terminal
device

Cascaded use of SPDs

immunity severity
lightning current surge acc. to EN 61000-4-5

H Q

terminal
device

Energy coordination of Yellow/Line

is independent of conductor length HQ
discharge capacity

H Q

+ specific protection
decoupling for SPD suitable for coordination of terminal equipment
coordination with with an other arrester EN 61000-4-5
a further arrester ( ) ( +)

Fig. 7.8.2.2 Examples for the energy coordinated use of arresters according to the Yellow/Line TYPE of arresters and structure of the Yellow/Line-
TYPE of arresters symbol

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 177

 Characteristic Symbol Legend

Discharge capacity of A Impulse D1 (10/350 μs), lightning impulse current ≥ 2.5 kA / line or ≥ 5 kA / total
an SPD (acc. to categories • exceeds the discharge capacity of B – D
of IEC 61643-21) B Impulse C2 (8/20 μs), increased impulse load ≥ 2.5 kA / line or ≥ 5 kA / total
• exceeds the discharge capacity of C – D
C Impulse C1 (8/20 μs), impulse load ≥ 0.25 kA / line or ≥ 0.5 kA / total
• exceeds the discharge capacity of D
D Load < C
Protective effect of an SPD M Test level required for the terminal device: 1 or higher
(limitation below the test L Test level required for the terminal device: 2 or higher
levels acc. to EN 61000-4-5)
K Test level required for the terminal device: 3 or higher
K Test level required for the terminal device: 4
Energy coordination (with k SPD has a decoupling impedance and is suitable for coordination with
another Yellow/Line arrester) an arrester labeled Q
Q SPD suitable for coordination with an arrester having a decoupling
impedance k
Table 7.8.2.1 Symbol of the SPD class

Cabling SPD Exemplified assignment of SPD classes to LPZ

boundaries
to LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 to LPZ 3
From LPZ 0A Combined SPD M
Cascading H Q
G O
From LPZ 0B Same solution as from LPZ 0A s. a.
Surge arrester T or Q
Cascading F J
From LPZ 1 Combined arrester − M
Surge arrester − T or Q
From LPZ 2 Same solution as from LPZ 1 − s. a.
Surge arrester − − T
− − W
− − [
Table 7.8.2.2 Assignment of the Yellow/Line class of the SPDs at the LPZ boundaries

To determine the coordination conditions acc. to eters and hence can be understood from both a
IEC 61643-22, various methods are available (IEC mathematical and a practical point of view.
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001)), some of
which require certain knowledge about the struc- All parts of the cascade are considered to be coor-
ture of the protective devices. A “black box” dinated if the residual values Ip for a short-circuit-
method is the so-called “Let-Through-Energy ed output, and Up for an open-circuit output, are
Method”, which is based on standard pulse param- smaller than the input values Iin / Uin.

178 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

These methods are, however, difficult for the user 7.9 Inspection and maintenance of
to carry out because they are very time-consuming.
In order to save time and work, the standard per-
the LEMP protection
mits the use of information supplied by the manu- The fundamentals and pre-conditions governing
facturers for the coordination (Figure 7.8.2.1). the inspection and maintenance of the LEMP pro-
tection are the same as those governing the
Lightning current arresters at LPZ 0 /1 or higher inspection and maintenance of lightning protec-
are, as a rule, specified with a discharge capacity of tion systems, as previously described in Chapter
waveform 10/350 μs. Surge arresters, by contrast, 3.4.
are only specified with a waveform of 8/20 μs. This The inspections carried out during the construc-
originates from the fact that surge arresters were tion phase are particularly important for the
developed primarily for interferences of inductive inspection of the LEMP protection, since many
and capacitive inputs. If, however, a line passing components of the LEMP protection are no longer
out of the building is connected to a cascade com- accessible when the building work has been com-
prising lightning current arrester and surge pleted. The necessary measures (e.g. connecting
arrester, it follows from the coordination condi- the reinforcement) must be documented photo-
tions that graphically and included with the inspection
⇒ the most sensitive element responds first – the report.
surge arrester
Inspections shall be carried out:
⇒ the surge arrester must also be able to carry
part of the partial lightning current with the ⇒ during the installation of the LEMP protection,
waveform 10/350 μs, albeit a small one ⇒ after the installation of the LEMP protection,
⇒ before the surge arrester is overloaded, the ⇒ periodically,
lightning current arrester must trip and take ⇒ after each modification to components which
over the discharge process. are relevant for the LEMP protection,
⇒ after a lightning strike to the building or struc-
The surge protective devices of the Yellow/Line
ture, if necessary.
family are coordinated sequentially and safely
with each other and with the terminal devices.
After completion of the inspection, all defects
Therefore they provide markings indicating the
found must be corrected forthwith. The technical
symbol of their SPD class (Figure 7.8.2.2, Tables
documentation must be updated as and where
7.8.2.1 and 7.8.2.2).
necessary.
A comprehensive inspection of the LEMP protec-
tion should be carried out at least every four years
as part of the inspection of the electrical installa-
tion in accordance with workplace regulations.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 179

8. Selection, installation and assembly of surge protective
devices (SPDs)
8.1 Power supply systems (within and surge protection system at the boundary of
lightning protection zone LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 and
the scope of the lightning pro- higher, as shown in Figure 8.1.1. These protective
tection zones concept according devices must be capable of carrying partial light-
to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4)) ning currents, waveform 10/350 μs, many times
without consequential damage to the equipment.
The installation of a lightning and surge protec- These SPDs Type 1 are called lightning current
tion system for electrical installations represents arresters. The function of these protective devices
the latest state of the art and is an indispensable is to prevent destructive partial lightning currents
infrastructural condition for the trouble-free oper- from penetrating the electrical installation of a
ation of complex electrical and electronic systems structure.
without consequential damage. The requirements
on SPDs needed for the installation of this type of At the boundary of lightning protection zone
lightning and surge protection system as part of LPZ 0B to LPZ 1 and higher, or lightning protection
the lightning protection zones concept according zone LPZ 1 to LPZ 2 and higher, SPDs Type 2 are
to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) for power supply sys- employed to protect against surges. Their dis-
tems are stipulated in IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC charge capacity is around some 10 kA (8/20 μs).
64/1168/CDV: 2001). The last link in the lightning and surge protection
system for power supply installations is the protec-
SPDs employed as part of the structure’s fixed tion of terminal devices (boundary from lightning
installation are classified according to the require- protection zone LPZ 2 to LPZ 3 and higher). The
ments and loads on the installation sites as surge main function of a protective device Type 3 used at
protective devices Type 1, 2 and 3 and tested this point is to protect against surges arising
according to IEC 61643-1 (EN 61643-11). between L and N in the electrical system. These are
The highest requirements with respect to the dis- particularly switching surges.The different func-
charge capacity are made on SPDs Type 1. These tions, arrangements and requirements of arresters
are employed within the scope of the lightning is given in Table 8.1.1.

main distribution board subdistribution board terminal equipment

lightning current arrester surge arrester

F1 meter
L1
L2
Wh L3
SEB N
PEN
PE

F2 F3
protection system
external lightning

MEBB local EBB

Fig. 8.1.1 Use of SPDs in power supply systems (schematic diagram)

180 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Standard E DIN VDE 0675-6 with A1, A2 IEC 61643-1: EN 61643-11:
Type/Description (already withdrawn) 2005 2002
Lightning current arrester; Combined Class B SPD class I SPD Type 1
lightning current and surge arrester
Surge arrester for distribution boards, Class C SPD class II SPD Type 2
subdistribution boards, fixed installations
Surge arrester for socket outlets / Class D SPD class III SPD Type 3
terminal units
Table 8.1.1 Classification of SPDs according to VDE, IEC and EN

8.1.1 Technical characteristics of SPDs characterising their capacity to limit surges to a

Maximum continuous voltage Uc residual level.
The maximum continuous voltage (equal to: rated
voltage) is the root mean square (rms) value of the Depending on the type of SPD, the voltage protec-
max. voltage which may be applied to the corre- tion level is determined by means of the following
spondingly marked terminals of the surge protec- individual tests:
tive device during operation. It is the maximum ⇒ Lightning impulse sparkover voltage
voltage on the arrester in the defined non-conduc- 1.2/50 μs (100 %)
tive state which ensures that this state is regained
after it has responded and discharged. ⇒ Residual voltage for nominal discharge current
The value of Uc shall be selected in accordance (in accordance with EN 61643-11: Ures)
with the nominal voltage of the system to be pro-
tected and the requirements of the installation The surge protective device appropriate to the
provisions (IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: installation site is chosen in accordance with the
2001)). Taking into account a 10 % voltage toler- overvoltage categories described in IEC 60664-1
ance for TN and TT systems, the maximum contin- (EN 60664-1). It must be noted that the required
uous voltage Uc is 253 V for 230/400 V systems. minimum value of 2.5 kV for a 230/400 V three-
phase system only applies to equipment belonging
Lightning impulse current Iimp to the fixed electrical installation. Equipment in
This is a standardised impulse current curve with a the terminal circuits supplied by the installation
10/350 μs waveform. Its parameters (peak value, require a voltage protection level which is much
charge, specific energy) simulate the load caused lower than 2.5 kV.
by natural lightning currents. IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) also
Lightning impulse currents (10/350 μs) apply to requires a minimum voltage protection level of
SPDs Type 1. They must be able to discharge such 2.5 kV for a 230/400 V low-voltage consumers‘
lightning impulse currents several times without installation. This minimum voltage protection
consequential damage to the equipment. level can be realised by means of a coordinated
system of SPDs Type 1 and SPDs Type 2, or by
Nominal discharge current In employing a Type 1 combined lightning current
The nominal discharge current In is the peak value and surge arrester.
of the current flowing through the surge protec-
tive device (SPD). It has an 8/20 μs impulse current Short-circuit withstand capability
waveform and is rated for classifying the test of This is the value of the prospective power-frequen-
SPDs Type 2 and also for conditioning the SPDs for cy short circuit current controlled by the surge pro-
Type 1 and 2 tests. tective device in case it is furnished with an
upstream backup fuse (backup protection).
Voltage protection level Up
The voltage protection level of an SPD denotes the Follow current extinguishing capability Uc (Ifi)
maximum instantaneous value of the voltage on The follow current extinguishing capability, also
the terminals of an SPD while at the same time termed breaking capacity, is the unaffected

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 181

(prospective) rms value of the mains follow current (EN 62305-4) the manufacturer must prove the
which can automatically be extinguished by the energy coordination of its SPDs.
surge protective device when Uc is applied. The devices in the Red/Line family are coordinated
According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) and IEC with each other and tested with reference to their
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) the follow energy coordination.
current extinguishing capability of the SPDs should
correspond to the maximum prospective short cir- TOV
cuit current at the SPD’s installation site. For distri- TOV (Temporary OverVoltage) is the term used to
butions in industrial plants with very high short cir- describe temporary surges which can arise as a
cuit currents a corresponding backup fuse has to result of faults within the medium and low-volt-
be chosen for the protective device which inter- age networks.
rupts the mains follow current through the protec- To TN systems as well as the L-N path in TT systems
tive device. and for a measuring time of 5 seconds applies:
According to both IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/ UTOV = 1.45 x U0 , where U0 represents the nominal
CDV: 2001) and EN 61643-11, SPDs connected bet- a.c. voltage of the line to earth.
ween neutral conductors and PE conductors, At 230/400 V systems the TOV to be taken into
where a follow current with mains frequency can consideration for the SPDs between L and N is
arise after the SPD has responded (e.g. spark gaps), Utov = 333.5 V. For TOVs arising in low-voltage sys-
must have a follow current extinguishing capabili- tems as a result of earth faults in the high-voltage
ty of Ifi ≥ 100 Arms . system, UTOV = 1200 V for the N-PE path in TT sys-
tems has to be taken into consideration for 200 ms.
Follow current limiting (for spark-gap based SPDs IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) requires
Type 1) a TOV withstand capability for SPDs installed in
Follow current limiting is the capability of a spark- low voltage consumer’s installations.
gap based SPD to limit any mains follow currents
The devices of the Red/Line family of products
arising to such a degree that the current actually
must be rated for TOVs according to EN 61643-11
flowing is noticeably smaller than the possible
and meet th requirements of IEC 60364-5-53/A2
short circuit current at the installation site.
(IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001).
A high degree of follow current limiting prevents
upstream protective elements (e.g. fuses) from
tripping because of a too high mains follow cur-
rent. 8.1.2 Use of SPDs in various systems
The follow current limiting is an important para- Measures to ensure protection against life hazards
meter for the availability of the electrical installa- always take priority over surge protective meas-
tion, particularly for spark-gap based SPDs with a ures. Since both measures are directly linked to the
low voltage protection level. type of power supply systems and hence also with
the use of surge protective devices (SPDs), the fol-
Coordination lowing describes TN, TT and IT systems and the
In order to ensure a selective functioning of the variety of ways in which SPDs can be used. Electric
various SPDs, an energy coordination among the currents flowing through the human body can
individual SPDs is absolutely essential. The basic have hazardous consequences. Every electrical
principle of energy coordination is characterised installation is therefore required to incorporate
by the fact that each protective stage must only protective measures to prevent hazardous currents
discharge the amount of interference energy the flowing through the human body. Components
SPD is designed for. If higher interference energies being energised during normal operation must be
occur, the protective stage upstream of the SPD, insulated, covered, sheathed or arranged to pre-
e.g. SPD Type 1, must take over the discharge of vent from being touched if this could result in haz-
the impulse current and relieve the downstream ardous currents flowing through the body. This
protective devices. This type of coordination protective measure is termed “protection against
must take into account all possible incidences electric shock under normal conditions”. More-
of interference such as switching surges, partial over, it goes without saying, of course, that a haz-
lightning currents, etc.. According to IEC 62305-4 ard must not be caused either by current flowing

182 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

through the body if, as the result of a fault, e.g. a I Insulation of all active components from the
faulty insulation, the voltage is transferred to the earth or connection of one point of the power
metal enclosure (body of a piece of electrical source to earth via an impedance.
equipment). This protection against hazards
which, in the event of a fault, can result from The SECOND LETTER describes the earthing condi-
touching bodies or extraneous conductive compo- tions of the bodies of the equipment of the electri-
nents, is termed “protection against electric shock cal installation:
under fault conditions”. T Body of the equipment is earthed directly,
Generally, the limit of the permanently permissible regardless of any possible existing earthing of
touch voltage UL for a.c. voltages is 50 V and for one point of the power supply,
d.c. 120 V.
N Body of the electrical equipment is directly
In electrical circuits containing socket outlets and
connected to the power system earthing
in electrical circuits containing Class I mobile
(earthing of the power source of the electrical
equipment normally held permanently in the hand
installation).
during operation, higher touch voltages, which
can arise in the event of a fault, must be discon-
SUBSEQUENT LETTERS describe the arrangement
nected automatically within 0.4 s. In all other elec-
of the neutral conductor and the protective con-
trical circuits, higher touch voltages must be auto-
ductor:
matically disconnected within 5 s.
IEC 60364-4-41: 2005-12 describes protective meas- S Neutral conductor and protective conductor
ures against indirect shock hazard with protective are separate from each other,
conductors. These protective measures operate in C Neutral conductor and protective conductor
the event of a fault by means of automatic discon- are combined (in one conductor).
nection or message. When setting up the measures
for the “protection against electric shock under There are therefore three possible options for the
fault conditions”, they must be assigned according TN system:
to the system configuration and the protective TN-S system, TN-C system and TN-C-S system.
device.
According to IEC 60364-4-41: 2005-12, a low volt- The protective devices which can be installed in
age distribution system in its entirety, from the the various systems are:
power source of the electrical installation to the ⇒ overcurrent protective device,
last piece of equipment, is essentially characterised
by: ⇒ residual current device,
⇒ earthing conditions at the power source of the ⇒ insulation monitoring device,
electrical installation (e.g. low voltage side of ⇒ fault-voltage-operated protection device (spe-
the local network transformer) cial cases).
and
⇒ earthing conditions of the body of the equip- As previously mentioned, the system configuration
ment in the electrical consumer´s installations. must be assigned to the protective device. This
results in the following assignments:
Hence, essentially, three basic types are defined as TN system
distribution systems: ⇒ Overcurrent protective device,
TN system, TT system and IT system.
⇒ Residual current device.
The letters used have the following significance:
TT system
The FIRST LETTER describes the earthing condi-
⇒ Overcurrent protective device,
tions of the supplying power source of the electri-
cal installation:
T direct earthing of one point of the power ⇒ Residual current device,
source (generally the neutral point of the ⇒ Fault-voltage-operated protective device (spe-
transformer), cial cases).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 183

IT system 8.1.3 Use of SPDs in TN Systems
⇒ Overcurrent protective device, For “protection against electric shock under fault
⇒ Residual current device, conditions“ in TN systems, overcurrent and resi-
⇒ Insulation monitoring device, dual current devices have been approved. For the
use of SPDs this means that these protective
devices may only be arranged downstream of the
These measures to protect against life hazards
devices for “protection against electric shock
have top priority when installing power supply sys-
under fault conditions” in order to ensure that the
tems. All other protective measures such as light-
measure to protect against life hazards also oper-
ning and surge protection of electrical systems and
ates in the event of a failure of an SPD.
installations are secondary to the protective meas-
ures taken against indirect contact with protective If an SPD Type 1 or 2 is installed downstream of a
conductors under consideration of the system con- residual current device, it has to be expected that,
figuration and the protective device. The latter because of the discharged impulse current to PE,
must not be overridden by the use of protective this process will be interpreted as residual current
devices for lightning and surge protection. The by a residual current device (RCD), and it interrupts
occurrence of a fault in an SPD, unlikely as it may the circuit.
be, shall also be taken into account. This has partic- Moreover, if an SPD Type 1 is loaded with partial
ular significance because the surge protective lightning currents it must be assumed that the
devices are always used to the protective conduc- high dynamics of the lightning current will cause
tor. mechanical damage on the residual current device
In the following sections we therefore describe the (Figure 8.1.3.1). This would override the protective
use of SPDs in various system configurations. These measure “protection against electric shock under
circuit proposals are taken from IEC 60364-5-53/A2 fault conditions”.
(IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001).
Of course, this must be avoided. Therefore both
The concepts shown illustrate the use of lightning lightning current arresters Type 1 and SPDs Type 2
current arresters mainly in the area of the service should be used upstream of the residual current
entrance box, i.e. upstream of the meter. IEC device. Hence, for SPDs Type 1 and 2, the only pos-
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) defines the sible measure for “protection against electric
installation site of lightning current arresters as shock under fault conditions” is using overcurrent
“close to the origin of the installation”. protective devices. The use of SPDs must therefore
always be considered in conjunction with a fuse as
In Germany the use of lightning current arresters the overcurrent protective device. Whether or not
upstream the meter is regulated by the VDN- a supplementary separate backup fuse must be
Richtlinie 2004-08 [engl.: Directive of the Asso- designated for the arrester branch, depends on
ciation of the German Network Operators]: the size of the next upstream supply fuse and the
“Überspannungs-Schutzeinrichtungen Typ 1. Richt- backup fuse approved for the SPD. The following
linie für den Einsatz von Überspannungs- maximum continuous voltages apply to SPDs Type
Schutzeinrichtungen (ÜSE) Typ 1 (bisher Anfor- 1, 2 and 3 when used in TN systems (Figures.8.1.3.2
derungsklasse B) in Hauptstromversorgungssyste- and 8.1.3.3a to b):
men.“ [engl: “Surge protective devices Type 1. Figure 8.1.3.4 illustrates an example of the connec-
Directive for the use of surge protective equip- tions for use of lightning current arresters and
ment Type 1 (up to now Class B) in main distribu- surge protective devices in TN-C-S systems. It can
tion systems” be seen that SPDs Type 3 are used downstream of
This directive, compiled by the VDN defines basic the residual current device (RCD). In this context,
requirements which, depending on the Distribu- please note the following:
tion Network Operator (DNO) can lead to different As a result of the frequency of switching surges in
technical designs. the terminal circuits, SPDs Type 3 are primarily
The preferred kind of supply (network configura- employed to protect against differential mode
tion) must be ascertained from the responsible voltages. These surges generally arise between L
operator of the distribution network and N. A surge limitation between L and N means

184 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 U0 = 230 V a.c.
L1
L2
Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
L3
PEN => 3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.

1.1 U0
U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
phase conductors to earth

RA

Fig. 8.1.3.2 “3-0” circuit in TN-C systems

L1 U0 = 230 V a.c.
L2 Phase conductor to PE:
L3 Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
N Neutral conductor to PE:
PE
Uc 230 V a.c.
Fig. 8.1.3.1 RCD destroyed by lightning impulse
current 3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.
1 x SPD with Uc 230 V a.c.
1.1 U0 U0
that no impulse current is discharged The values of U0 between neutral
to PE. Thus, this process can also not conductor and PE already refer to
be interpreted as residual current by most unfavourable operating con-
ditions. A tolerance of 10 % was
the RCD. In all other cases, SPDs Type 3 therefore not considered
are designed for a nominal discharge
RA
capacity of 1.5 kA. These values are
sufficient in the sense that upstream U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the phase conductors to earth
protective stages of SPDs Type 1 and 2 Fig. 8.1.3.3a “4-0” circuit in TN-S systems
take over the discharge of high ener-
gy impulses. When using an RCD capa-
ble of withstanding impulse currents,
these impulse currents are not able to L1 U0 = 230 V a.c.
trip the RCD or cause mechanical dam- L2 Phase conductor to PE:
age. The Figures 8.1.3.5 to 8.1.3.9 illus- L3 Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
N Neutral conductor to PE:
trate the use of SPDs as part of the
PE Uc 230 V a.c.
lightning protection zones concept,
and the required lightning and surge 3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.
protective measures for a TN-C-S sys- 1 x SPD with Uc 230 V a.c.
tem. 1.1 U0
The values of U0 between neutral
conductor and PE already refer to
most unfavourable operating con-
U0
8.1.4 Use of SPDs in TT systems ditions. A tolerance of 10 % was
therefore not considered.
For “protection against electric shock
under fault conditions“ in TT systems,
U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
the overcurrent protective devices,
RA phase conductors to earth
residual current devices (RCD) and, in
special cases, fault-voltage-operated Fig. 8.1.3.3b “3+1” circuit in TN-S systems

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 185

 protection system
external lightning
main distribution board subdistribution board terminal equipment
lightning current arrester surge arrester

protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)

F1 protection acc. to IEC 60364-4-443

L1
L2

RCD
Wh L3
SEB N
PEN
PE

F2 F3

MEBB local EBB

Fig. 8.1.3.4 Use of SPDs in TN-C-S systems

main distribution board subdistribution board terminal equipment

protection system
external lightning

lightning current arrester surge arrester

protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)

protection acc. to IEC 60364-4-443
F1
L1
L2
Wh L3
SEB N
PE

F2 F3

MEBB local EBB

Fig. 8.1.3.5 Use of SPDs in TN-S systems

186 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

Socket Outlet
ÜS-Schutz

DEHNflex

Cable lengt 1 x DSA 230 LA Part No. 924 370 1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396 1 x STC 230 Part No. 924 350
h≥5m
for cable ducts for flush-mounted systems for existing socket outlets

16 A

125 A 1 125 A 1

L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N

Subdistribution Board
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

fault signal
PE PE

or with remote signalling contact:

1 x DG M TNS 275 Part No. 952 400 1 x DG M TNS 275 FM Part No. 952 405

SPD Type 2 SPD Type 2

(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

DEHNventil®
DEHNbloc® Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length ≥ 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard® Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.

SPD Type 1 SPD Type 1

SPD Type 1 (Coordinated lightning (Combined lightning current
(Lightning current arrester) current arrester) and surge arrester)
Main Distribution Board

315 A 1 315 A 1 315 A 1

L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´

L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3' L L' L L' L L'

DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi

DEHNbloc® DB 3 255 H DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L
DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

N´/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN

D D D
S S S
I I I
! ! !
PEN

1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300

3x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026 alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305
1 x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 also available as
EBB alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222 alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025 1 x DV M TNS 255 Part No. 951 400
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 1 x DV M TNS 255FM Part No. 951 405

1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.

Fig. 8.1.3.6 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Office Building – Separation of the PEN in the main distribution board

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 187

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

Socket Outlet
Überspannungsschutz

S-PROTECTOR

230V~ Defect

0
1
SFL-Protector

1 x SF PRO Part No. 909 820

Cable lengt 1 x NSM PRO EW Part No. 924 342 1 x S PRO Part No. 909 821 1 x SFL PRO Part No. 912 260
h≥5m

16 A

125 A 1 125 A 1

L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

Subdistribution Board
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

fault signal
PEN PEN

or with remote signalling contact:

1 x DG M TNC 275 Part No. 952 300 1 x DG M TNC 275 FM Part No. 952 305

SPD Type 2 SPD Type 2

(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

DEHNventil®
DEHNbloc® Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length ≥ 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard® Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.

SPD Type 1 SPD Type 1

SPD Type 1 (Coordinated lightning (Combined lightning current
(Lightning current arrester) current arrester) and surge arrester)
Main Distribution Board
315 A 1 315 A 1 315 A 1

L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´

L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3' L L' L L' L L'

DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi

DEHNbloc® DB 3 255 H DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L
DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

N´/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN

D D D
S S S
I I I
! ! !
PEN

3x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026

1 x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
EBB alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222 alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025 1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305

1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.

Fig. 8.1.3.7 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Office Building – Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board

188 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)
25 A also 16 A 1

Switchgear/Machine
3A 1
permissible
without NF 10 4 3

L L N N
IN

DR MOD 255

DEHNrail
NETZFILTER N L1 L2 L3
/ IN function
DEHN SPD electronic
SPS PRO
PLC PLC DEHNrail 230/3N FML
DR 230 3N FML
equipment
OUT
OUT / FM L' L' N' N'

N L1 L2 L3

10 A 1
2 1

Cable lengt 1 x DR M 2P 255 FM Part No. 953 205

h≥5m 1 x SPS PRO Part No. 912 253 1 x NF 10 Part No. 912 254 1 x DR 230 3N FML Part No. 901 130

16 A
125 A 1

L1 L2 L3

Subdistribution Board
VNH VNH VNH
V NH 00 280 V NH 00 280 V NH 00 280

2
DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

PEN

1 x DG M TNC 275 Part No. 952 300

or with remote signalling contact:
3 x V NH00 280 Part No. 900 261 1 x DG M TNC 275 FM Part No. 952 305

SPD Type 2 SPD Type 2

(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

DEHNventil®
DEHNbloc® Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length ≥ 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard® Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.

SPD Type 1 SPD Type 1

SPD Type 1 (Coordinated lightning (Combined lightning current
(Lightning current arrester) current arrester) and surge arrester) Main Distribution Board
fault signal

315 A 1 315 A 1 315 A 1

L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´

14 11 12 L L' L L' L L'

DEHNsignal DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi

DEHNbloc NH
®
DEHNbloc NH
®
DEHNbloc NH
®
DSI DBM DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L
DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255
DEHNventil

DEHNventil

DEHNventil
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

fault signal

N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN

1 2 3 D D D
S S S
I I I
! ! !
PEN

3 x DB NH00 255 H Part No. 900 273 3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
EBB alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222 1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 S Part No. 900 220 alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300

1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
2) Without separate backup fuse in case of earth-fault- and short-circuit-proof installation.

Fig. 8.1.3.8 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Industry – Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 189

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

Heating Control

Socket Outlet
1 2

S-PROTECTOR
heating

DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
230V~ Defect

3 4

1 x S PRO Part No. 909 821

1 x SF PRO Part No. 909 820
1 x DR M 2P 255 Part No. 953 200 1 x SFL PRO Part No. 912 260
16 A

SPD Type 1

Subdistribution Board
(Combined lightning current
KW h Note:
and surge arrester)

Central Main and

As an alternative, surge arresters can also be used
(e.g. DG M TNC 275 Part No. 952 300),
PEN if no
- lightning protection system,
L1 - electrical power supply by the service entry mast,
DEHNventil® ZP
DV ZP TNC 255 - antenna on the roof
L2
is available.
L3 1 x DV ZP TNC 255 Part No. 900 390
also available for 5-wire systems
PEN
1 x DV ZP TT 255 Part No. 900 391

315 A gL/gG EBB

PEN
L1
L2
L3

Fig. 8.1.3.9 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Residential building

protective devices have

been approved. This means L1 U0 = 230 V a.c.
that, in TT systems, light- L2
ning current and surge L3 Phase conductor to neutral conductor
arresters may only be ar- N
PE
Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
ranged downstream of
the above described pro- Neutral conductor to PE:
tective devices in order Uc 230 V a.c.
to ensure the “protection 1.1 U0
against electric shock un- 3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.
der fault conditions” in
1 x N-PE arrester with Uc 230 V a.c.
the event of an SPD fail-
ure. The values of U0 between neutral con-
ductor and PE already refer to the most
As previously described in unfavourable operating conditions.
U0 A tolerance of 10 % has therefore not
Section 8.1.3, in case of an
arrangement of an SPD been considered.
Type 1 or 2 downstream of
an RCD, it has to be
expected that, because of
U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
the impulse current dis- RA phase conductors to earth
charged to PE, this dis-
charge process will be Fig. 8.1.4.1 TT system (230/400 V); “3+1” circuit

190 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 protection system
external lightning
main distribution board subdistribution board terminal equipment
lightning current arrester surge arrester

lightning current and surge protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)

F1 protection acc. to IEC 60364-4-443

L1
L2

RCD
Wh L3
N
SEB PE
F2
F3

MEBB local EBB

Fig. 8.1.4.2 Use of SPDs in TT systems

interpreted by the RCD as residual current, and short circuit currents. In certain circumstances,
then the circuit is interrupted by the same. If SPDs however, these earth fault currents do not trip an
Type 1 are used, it must further be assumed that upstream overcurrent protective device within the
the dynamics of the discharged partial lightning time required.
current would cause mechanical damage to the
RCD as the SPD Type 1 responds as is the case with
SPDs Type 1 and 2 in TT systems are therefore
TN systems. This would damage the protective
arranged between L and N. This arrangement shall
device for “protection against electric shock under
ensure that, in the event of a faulty protective
fault conditions” and override the protective
device in the TT system, a short circuit current can
measure. This type of state, which can result in life
develop and cause the next upstream overcurrent
hazard, must of course be avoided. Hence, both
protective device to respond. However, since light-
SPDs Type 1 and SPDs Type 2 must always be
ning currents always occur to earth, i.e. PE, a sup-
installed upstream of the residual current device in
plementary discharge path between N and PE
TT systems. SPDs Type 1 and 2 must be arranged in
must be provided.
TT systems to meet the conditions for the use of
overcurrent protective devices for “protection These so-called “N-PE arresters” must meet special
against electric shock under fault conditions”. requirements since here, on the one hand, the sum
of the partial discharge currents from L1, L2, L3
In the event of a failure, i.e. a faulty SPD, short cir- and N must be carried and, on the other, there
cuit currents must flow to initiate an automatic must be a follow current extinguishing capability
disconnection of the overcurrent protective of 100 Arms because of a possible shifting of the
devices within 5 s. If the arresters in the TT system neutral point.
were arranged as shown in Figures 8.1.3.4 and The following maximum continuous voltages
8.1.3.5 for TN systems then, in the event of a fault, apply to the use of SPDs in TT systems between L
only earth fault currents would arise instead of and N (Figure 8.1.4.1):

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 191

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

Heating Control

Socket Outlet
1 2

heating

DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
DEHNflex

3 4

1 x DR M 2P 255 Part No. 953 200 1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396

16 A SPD Type 1
(Combined lightning current
and surge arrester)

Subdistribution Board
Note:

Central Main and

As an alternative, surge arresters can also be used
(e.g. DG M TT 275 Part No. 952 310),
if no
- lightning protection system,
L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´ N N´
- electrical power supply by the service entry mast,
- antenna on the roof
is available.
DEHNventil
DEHNventil

DEHNventil

DEHNventil

DV MOD NPE
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

50

125 A 1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310

PE

EBB

Fig. 8.1.4.3 SPDs used in TT systems – Example: Residential Building

The lightning current carrying capability of the Figure 8.1.4.2 to 8.1.4.6 shows examples of the
SPDs Type 1 must be designed to conform to light- connections for use of SPDs in TT systems. As is the
ning protection levels I, II, III/IV, as per IEC 62305-1 case in TN systems, surge protective devices Type 3
(EN 62305-1). are installed downstream of the RCD. Generally,
For the lightning current carrying capability of the the impulse current discharged by this SPD is so
SPDs between N and PE, the following values must low that the RCD does not recognise this process as
be maintained: a residual current.

Lightning protection level: However, it is still important to use an RCD capable

I Iimp ≥ 100 kA (10/350 μs) of withstanding impulse currents.
II Iimp ≥ 75 kA (10/350 μs)
III/IV Iimp ≥ 50 kA (10/350 μs).
8.1.5 Use of SPDs in IT systems
The SPDs Type 2 are also connected between L and
N and between N and PE. For the SPD between N For “protection against electric shock under fault
and PE, in combination with SPDs Type 2, the dis- conditions“ in IT systems, overcurrent protective
charge capacity must be at least In ≥ 20 kA (8/20 μs) devices, residual current devices (RCD) and insula-
for three-phase systems and In ≥ 10 kA (8/20 μs) for tion monitoring devices have been approved.
single-phase systems.
Since coordination is always performed on the Whereas in TN or TT systems, the “protection
basis of the worst-case conditions (10/350 μs wave- against electric shock under fault conditions” in
form), the N-PE Type 2 arrester from the Red/Line the event of the first fault is ensured by the appro-
family is based on a value of 12 kA (10/350 μs). priate automatic disconnection from supply

192 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

Socket Outlet
ÜS-Schutz

DEHNflex

Cable lengt 1 x DSA 230 LA Part No. 924 370 1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396 1 x STC 230 Part No. 924 350
h≥5m
for cable ducts for flush-mounted systems for existing socket outlets

16 A
RCD
125 A 1 125 A 1

Subdistribution Board
L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®
DG MOD NPE

DG MOD NPE
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

fault signal
PE PE

or with remote signalling contact:

1 x DG M TT 275 Part No. 952 310 1 x DG M TT 275 FM Part No. 952 315

SPD Type 2 SPD Type 2

(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

DEHNventil®
DEHNbloc® Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length ≥ 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard® Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.

SPD Type 1 SPD Type 1

SPD Type 1 (Coordinated lightning (Combined lightning current
(Lightning current arrester) current arrester) and surge arrester) Main Distribution Board

315 A 1 315 A 1 315 A 1

L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´ N N´

L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3' L L' L L' L L' N N'

Durchgangsklemme DEHNgap B/n DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNgap Maxi
DEHNbloc® DB 3 255 H DK 35 DGP BN 255 DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DGP M255
DEHNventil®
DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DV MOD NPE
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

50

N´/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N

D D D D
S S S S
I I I I
! ! ! !
PE

fault signal
1x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120
alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222 3x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
1x DGP BN 255 Part No. 900 132 alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
EBB 1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699 1x DGPM 255 Part No. 900 055 1 x DV M TT 255 FM Part No. 951 315
1x MVS 1 4 Part No. 900 610 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310

1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.

Fig. 8.1.4.4 SPDs used in TT systems – Example: Office building

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 193

 L1 L2 L3 N PE
SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3 SPD Type 3
(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)
25 A also 16 A 1

Switchgear/Machine
3A 1
permissible
without NF 10 4 3

L L N N
IN

DR MOD 255

DEHNrail
NETZFILTER N L1 L2 L3
/ IN function
DEHN SPD electronic
SPS PRO
PLC PLC DEHNrail 230/3N FML
DR 230 3N FML equipment
OUT
OUT / FM L' L' N' N'

N L1 L2 L3

10 A 1
2 1

Cable lengt 1 x DR M 2P 255 FM Part No. 953 205

h≥5m 1 x SPS PRO Part No. 912 253 1 x NF 10 Part No. 912 254 1 x DR 230 3N FML Part No. 901 130

16 A
RCD
125 A 1 125 A 1

Subdistribution Board
L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®
DG MOD NPE

DG MOD NPE
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

fault signal
PE PE

or with remote signalling contact:

1 x DG M TT 275 Part No. 952 310 1 x DG M TT 275 FM Part No. 952 315

SPD Type 2 SPD Type 2

(Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)

DEHNventil®
DEHNbloc® Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length ≥ 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard® Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.

SPD Type 1 SPD Type 1

Main Distribution Board

SPD Type 1 (Coordinated lightning (Combined lightning current
(Lightning current arrester) current arrester) and surge arrester)
indication of
interference

315 A 1 315 A 1 315 A 1

L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´ N N´

14 11 12 L L' L L' L L' N N'

® ® ® ®
DEHNbloc NH DEHNbloc NH DEHNbloc NH DEHNbloc NH
DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255
DEHNsignal DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNgap Maxi
DSI DV DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DGP M255
DEHNventil®
DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DV MOD NPE
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

50

N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N’/PEN N/PEN N

1 2 3 4 D D D D
S S S S
I I I I
! ! ! !
PE

3x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026 fault signal

alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
EBB 3 x DB NH00 255 H Part No. 900 273 1x DGPM 255 Part No. 900 055 1 x DV M TT 255 FM Part No. 951 315
1 x DGP B NH00 N 255 Part No. 900 269 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310

1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.

Fig. 8.1.4.5 SPDs used in TT systems – Example: Industry

194 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

through the overcurrent protective devices or
RCDs, the first fault in an IT system only creates an L1 UL-L 500 V a.c.
alarm. An excessive shock hazard voltage cannot L2
L3 Phase conductor to PE:
occur because the first fault in the IT system simply PE Uc 500 V a.c.
creates an earth connection of the system. The 3 x SPD with Uc 500 V a.c.
operating state of the IT system then becomes a TN UL-L
The values of Uc between neutral
or TT system. Hence, an IT system can be further
conductor and PE already refer to
operated at no risk after the first fault. Thus, work the most unfavourable operating
or production processes already begun (e.g. chem- conditions. A tolerance of 10 %
ical industry) can still be completed. For the first has therefore not been considered.
fault, the protective conductor adopts the poten-
tial of the faulty external conductor, which, how- RA
ever, does not create a risk, because all bodies and
Fig. 8.1.5.1a IT system without neutral conductor; “3-0” circuit
metal components which persons can come into
contact with, adopt this potential via the protec-
tive conductor. Hence, no hazardous potential dif-
ferences can be bridged either. When the first fault U0 = 230 V a.c.
L1
occurs, however, it must be noted, that the voltage L2 Phase conductor to neutral conductor:
of the IT system of the intact conductors to earth L3 Uc 3 x 230 V = 398 V a.c.
corresponds to the voltage between the external N
PE Neutral conductor to PE:
conductors. Hence, in a 230/400 V IT system, in the Uc 230 V a.c.
event of a faulty SPD there is a voltage of 400 V
across the non-faulty SPD. This possible operating 3 x SPD with Uc 398 V a.c.
1 x SPD with Uc 230 V a.c.
state must be taken into account when choosing √3 U0 U0
the SPDs with respect to their maximum continu- The values of Uc between neutral
conductor and PE already refer to
ous voltage.
the most unfavourable operating
conditions. A tolerance of 10 %
When considering IT systems, a distinction is made has therefore not been considered.
between IT systems with neutral conductors enter-
U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
ing the building with the others, and IT systems RA
phase conductors to earth
without such neutral conductors. For IT systems
with the latter configuration, the SPDs in the so- Fig. 8.1.5.1b IT system with neutral conductor; “4-0” conductor
called “3-0” circuit must be installed between each
external conductor and the PE conductor. For IT
systems with neutral conductors entering the
building with the others, both the “4-0” and the L1 U0 = 230 V a.c.
“3+1” circuit can be used. When using the “3+1” L2
Phase conductor to neutral conductor:
circuit, it must be noted that, in the N-PE path, an L3
N Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
SPD must be employed with a follow current extin- PE Neutral conductor to PE:
guishing capability appropriate to the system con- Uc 230 V a.c.
ditions.
3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.
1,1 U0
1.1 1 x SPD with Uc 230 V a.c.
The following maximum continuous operating
voltages apply to the use of SPDs Type 1, 2 and 3 in The values of Uc between neutral
conductor and PE already refer to
IT systems with and without neutral conductors
the most unfavourable operating
entering the building with the others (Figures U0
conditions. A tolerance of 10 %
8.1.5.1a – c). has therefore not been considered.

A second fault in an IT system must then cause a U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
tripping of a protective device. The statements RA phase conductors to earth
about TN and TT systems made in Sections 8.1 and
8.2 apply to the use of SPDs in IT systems in connec- Fig. 8.1.5.1c IT system with neutral conductor; “3+1” circuit

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 195

 protection system
external lightning
main distribution board subdistribution board terminal equipment
lightning current arrester surge arrester
protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)

F1 protection acc. to IEC 60364-4-443

L1
L2
Wh L3

SEB PE

F2 F3

MEB local EBB

Fig. 8.1.5.2 Use of SPDs in IT systems without neutral conductor

tion with a protec- L1 L2 L3PE 1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value
is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
tive device for "pro-
tection against electric
shock under fault con-
ditions". 1 1

Subdistribution Board
125 A 125 A
The use of SPDs Type 1
and 2 upstream of the
DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard
DG MOD 440

DG MOD 440

DG MOD 440

DG MOD 440

DG MOD 440

DG MOD 440

RCD is therefore also

recommended for IT fault signal
systems. A connection
example for the use or with remote signalling contact:
of SPDs in IT systems 3 x DG S 440
1 x MVS 1 4
Part No. 952 075
Part No. 900 610
3 x DG S 440 FM Part No. 952 095
1 x MVS 1 4 Part No. 900 610
without neutral con- SPD Type 2 SPD Type 2
ductors entering the (Surge arrester) (Surge arrester)
building with the oth-
ers is shown in Figure DEHNbloc® Maxi
1
8.1.5.2 and 8.1.5.3. 250 A Coordinated lightning current arrester Type 1
Main Distribution Board

Figure 8.1.5.4 shows

the use of SPDs in IT
systems with neutral
conductor. L L' PE PE' L L' PE PE' L L' PE PE'

DEHNbloc® MAXI DBM 440 DEHNbloc® MAXI DBM 440 DEHNbloc® MAXI DBM 440

3 x DBM 440 Part No. 900 044

Fig. 8.1.5.3 Use of SPDs in 400 V IT systems – Example without neutral conductor

196 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 L1 L2 L3 N PE vided by the surge pro-
tective device. Therefore,
SPD Type 2 IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC
(Surge arrester) 64/1168/CDV: 2001) sug-
gests a series connection

Subdistribution Board
system (V-shape) as shown
1 in Figure 8.1.6.1 to be
125 A
used for connecting surge
Durchgangsklemme
4 x DG S 275 Part No. 952 070 protective devices. This
DK 35
1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
requires no separate con-
DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard

DEHNguard
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275
1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699
ductor branches for con-
necting the surge protec-
tive devices.

Parallel connection sys-

tem in accordance with
DEHNbloc® IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC
Coordinated lightning current arrester Type 1 64/1168/CDV: 2001)
The optimum series con-

Main Distribution Board

nection system cannot be
1 used under all system con-
315 A
L L' L L' ditions. L L' L L'

4x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025

DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi DEHNbloc® Maxi
DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L
1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
Nominal currents carried
DBM 1 255 L
Durchgangsklemme
DK 35
DEHNbloc® Maxi
DBM 1 255 L

1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699 via the double terminals

on the surge protective
N/PEN N/PEN N/PEN N/PEN N/PEN N/PEN N/PEN N/PEN
D D D D
S S S S
I I I I
! ! ! !

device as part of the series

wiring are limited by the
EBB
thermal loadability of the
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value
is not already provided in the upstream power supply. double terminals. For this
reason, the manufacturer
Fig. 8.1.5.4 Use of SPDs in 230/400 V IT systems – Example with neutral conductor of the surge protective
device prescribes a certain
8.1.6 Rating the lengths of the connecting max. permissible value of the backup fuse which,
leads for SPDs in turn, means that series wiring can sometimes
Rating the lengths of connecting leads of surge not be used for systems with higher nominal oper-
protective devices is a significant part of the IEC ating currents.
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) installation Meanwhile, the industry provides so-called two-
regulations. conductor terminals to solve this problem. Thus,
the cable lengths can still be kept short, even if the
The aspects stated below are also frequently the
nominal operating current is increased. When
reason for complaints through experts, members
using the two-conductor terminals, however, it
of technical inspectorates, etc. inspecting the
must be ensured that the value of the backup fuse
structure.
stated by the manufacturer for this particular
application is always observed (Figures 8.1.6.2 and
Series connection (V-shape) in accordance with IEC 8.1.6.3).
60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) If series connection is definitely no option, surge
Crucial for the protection of systems, equipment protective devices must be integrated into a sepa-
and consumers is the actual level of impulse volt- rate branch circuit. If the nominal value of the next
age across the installations to be protected. The upstream installation fuse exceeds the nominal
optimum protective effect is then achieved when current of the max. permissible backup fuse of the
the impulse level across the installation to be pro- surge protective device, the branch must be
tected matches the voltage protection level pro- equipped with a backup fuse for the surge protec-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 197

 iimp uSPD Utotal

Utotal = uSPD
iimp Discharged impulse current
uSPD Limiting SPD voltage
Utotal Limiting voltage on the terminal
equipment

Fig. 8.1.6.1 Surge protective devices in Fig. 8.1.6.2 Principle of “two-conductor ter- Fig. 8.1.6.3 Pin connection terminal (PCT)
V-shape series connection minals (TCT)“ – Illustration of a 2x16
single-pole unit

tive device (Figure 8.1.6.4), or SPDs with integrated and the rate of current change (di/dt) for transient
backup fuse are used (Figures 8.1.6.5 and 8.1.6.6). processes of a few 10 kA/μs, the dynamic voltage
drop Udyn is considerably determined by the induc-
When the surge protective device in the conductor tive component.
branch responds, the discharge current flows In order to keep this dynamic voltage drop low,
through further elements (conductors, fuses) caus- the electrician carrying out the work must keep
ing additional dynamic voltage drops across these the inductance of the connecting cable and hence
impedances. its length as low as possible. IEC 60364-5-53/A2
It can be stated here that the ohmic component is (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) therefore recommends to
negligible compared to the inductive component. design the total cable length of surge protective
devices in branch circuits to be not longer than
Taking into account the relation 0.5 m (Figure 8.1.6.7).

⎛ di ⎞ Design of the connecting lead on the earth side

udyn = i ⋅ R + ⎜ ⎟ L This requirement, which is seemingly difficult to
⎝ dt ⎠
realise, shall be explained with the help of the

L/N
udyn 1

uSPD Utotal
iimp
udyn 2
PE
Utotal = udyn 1 + uSPD + udyn 2
iimp Discharged impulse current
uSPD Limiting SPD voltage
Utotal Limiting voltage on the terminal equip-
ment
udyn 1 Dynamic voltage drop on the phase-
side connection of the SPD
udyn 2 Dynamic voltage drop at the earth-side
connection of the SPD

Fig. 8.1.6.4 Connection of surge protective Fig. 8.1.6.5 DEHNbloc Maxi S: coordinated Fig. 8.1.6.6 Surge protective device Type
devices in cable branches lightning current arrester for the 2 V NH for use in NH fuse
busbar with integrated backup fuse bases

198 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Thus, the effective cable length
(la) for the surge protective
a devices corresponds to the dis-
tance between the installation
site of the surge protective
SPD

TEI TEI devices (e.g. service entrance

SPD
box, main distribution board) to
the equipotential bonding bar. A
b

connection configuration of this

type mostly achieves minimum

b1
EBB EBB
b2 effective protection of the instal-
lation. Without great expenses,
a+b ≤ 0.50 m (b1 + b2) < 0.50 m however, it is possible to use
a conductor leading as shown
TEI = Terminal Equipment Interface in Figure 8.1.6.8b to reduce
Fig. 8.1.6.7 Recommended max. cable lengths of surge protective devices in branch circuits the effective cable length of
the surge protective devices
(lb < 0.5 m).
This is achieved by using a
L1 L1 “bypass” conductor (y) from the
L2 L2
L3 L3
terminal of the earth side of the
PEN PEN arrester to the PEN. The connec-
lb

tion from the terminal of the

y earth side of the arrester to the
la

equipotential bonding bar (x)

remains as it was.
x x
EBB EBB According to the VDN-Richt-
linie 2004-08 [engl.: Directive of
the Association of the German
Network Operators]: “Überspan-
unfavourable favourable nungs-Schutzeinrichtungen Typ 1.
Richtlinie für den Einsatz von
Überspannungs - Schutzeinrich-
Fig. 8.1.6.8a Unfavourable conductor rout- Fig. 8.1.6.8b Favourable conductor routing tungen (ÜSE) Typ 1 (bisher An-
ing from the “consumer’s point from the “consumer’s point of forderungsklasse B) in Haupt-
of view” view” stromversorgungssystemen.“
[engl: “Surge protective devices
example shown in Figures 8.1.6.8a and b. These Type 1. Directive for the use of surge protective
show the main equipotential bonding (in future: equipment Type 1 (up to now Class B) in main dis-
protective equipotential bonding) of a low voltage tribution systems.“], the bypass conductor (y) may
consumer’s installation in accordance with IEC only be omitted if the surge protective device is
60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54. Here, the use of installed in the immediate vicinity (≤ 0.5 m) of the
surge protective devices Type 1 extends the service entrance box and hence also in the immedi-
equipotential bonding to become a lightning ate vicinity of the equipotential bonding.
equipotential bonding.
In Figure 8.1.6.8a, both measures are installed sep- When installing the connection y, the distance
arately. In this case, the PEN was connected to the between service entrance box or main distribution
equipotential bonding bar and the earthing con- board and equipotential bonding bar is thus
nection of the surge protective devices was per- insignificant. The solution for this problem
formed via a separate equipotential bonding con- referred only to the design of the connecting cable
ductor. on the earth side of the surge protective devices.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 199

 L1'
L2'
l1 L3'

installation site 1
PEN
F4 F5 F6
L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´ F1 – F3
l2 SEB
> 125 A gL/gG

F1-F3

installation site 2

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255
F4 – F6
= 125 A gL/gG
PEN

A B C D
L1 L2 L3 PEN
l1: Total cable length at installation site 1 new connecting cable EBB
l2: Total cable length at installation site 2

Fig. 8.1.6.9 Arrangement of surge protective Fig. 8.1.6.10 Series connection V-shape
devices in a system and the resulting
effective cable length

Design of the phase-side connecting cable effectiveness of surge protective devices and must
The cable length on the phase side must also be therefore be taken into consideration at the
taken into consideration. The following case study design stage of the installation!
shall illustrate this:
In expanded control systems, surge protection The contents of IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/
must be provided for the busbar system and the CDV: 2001) described above were important guide-
circuits attached thereto (A to D) with their con- lines for the development of the new DEHNventil
sumers (Figure 8.1.6.9). combined lightning current and surge arrester
For the use of the surge protective devices in this which was supposed to combine the requirements
case, installation sites 1 and 2 are taken as alterna- on lightning current and surge arresters in ac-
tives. Installation site 1 is located directly at the cordance with the IEC 62305 Part 1 – 4 (EN 62305
supply of the busbar system. This ensures the same Part 1 – 4) standard series in a single device.
level of protection against surges for all con- This allows to realise a series connection directly
sumers. The effective cable length of the surge via the device. Figure 8.1.6.10 shows such a series
protective device at installation site 1 is l1 for all connection in form of an operating circuit dia-
consumers. If there is not enough space, the instal- gram.
lation site of the surge protective
devices is sometimes chosen at a
position along the busbar system. In
extreme cases, installation site 2 can
be chosen for the arrangement
shown in Figure 8.1.6.9. For circuit A
results the effective cable length l2.
Busbar systems in fact have a lower
inductance compared to cables and
conductors (approx. 1/4) and hence
a lower inductive voltage drop.
However, the length of the busbars
must not be disregarded.

The design of the connecting cables Fig. 8.1.6.11 V-shape series connection of the DEHNventil M TNC combined lightning cur-
has considerable influence on the rent and surge protective device by means of a busbar

200 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 L1'
L2'

ok
L3'
PEN
F4 F5 F6
s s s
L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´ IN (OUT) IN (OUT)
SEB
F1 – F3
F1-F3 > 315 A gL/gG
DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

F4 – F6
PEN
= 315 A gL/gG
OUT (IN) OUT (IN)
L1 L2 L3 PEN
EBB
Connection cabel

Fig. 8.1.6.13 Cable routing

Fig. 8.1.6.12 Parallel wiring

From Figure 8.1.6.11 it can be taken how advanta- 8.1.7 Rating of the terminal cross-sections
geous it is to implement a series connection with and the backup protection of surge
the aid of a busbar. protective devices
Connecting leads of arresters can be subjected to
Because of the thermal loading capacity of the
loads from impulse currents, operating currents
double terminals employed, a v-shape series con-
and short circuit currents. The individual loads
nection (also called through-wiring) can be used
depend on various factors:
up to 125 A.
⇒ Type of protective circuit: one-port (Figure
For load currents > 125 A, the surge protective 8.1.7.1) / two-port (Figure 8.1.7.2)
devices are connected in the conductor branch (so- ⇒ Type of arrester: lightning current arrester,
called parallel wiring). The maximum cable lengths combined lightning current and surge arrester,
according to IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: surge protective devices
2001) must be observed. The parallel wiring can be
implemented as shown in Figure 8.1.6.12.
S2 1
In this context, it should be ensured that the con-
necting cable on the earth side still benefits from
the double terminal for the earth connection. As
shown in Figure 8.1.6.12, it is often possible, with- S3 2
out great effort, to achieve an effective cable
length of the order of magnitude l < 0.5 m with a
Fig. 8.1.7.1 One-port protective circuit
conductor leading from terminal component “PE”
of the earth-side double terminal to PEN.

At the installation of surge protective devices in 1 3

distributions it must generally be considered that
conductors loaded by impulse currents and those
not loaded by impulse currents are routed as sepa-
rately as possible. In any case, a parallel routing of 2 4
both conductors has to be avoided (Figure
8.1.6.13). Fig. 8.1.7.2 Two-port protective circuit

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 201

 Conductor Insulating material ⇒ Performance of the arrester on follow cur-
material PVC EPR / XLPE Rubber rents: follow current extinction / follow current
limitation
Cu 115 143 141
Al 76 94 93 If surge protective devices are installed as shown in
Table 8.1.7.1 Material coefficient k for copper and aluminium con- Figure 8.1.7.1, the S2 and S3 connecting cables
ductors with different insulating material must only be rated upon the criteria of short circuit
protection according to IEC 60364-4-43 and the
impulse current carrying capability. The data sheet
of the protective device provides the maximum
permissible overcurrent protection which can be
used in this application as backup protection for
the arrester.
When installing the devices, it must be ensured
that the short circuit current actually flowing is
able to trip the backup protection. The rating of
the cross-sectional area or of the conductor is then
Fig. 8.1.7.3 SPD with through-wiring given by the following equation:

F1
F1
L1 L1'
L1
L2 L2' L2
L3 L3' L3
PEN PEN N
PE
F2
F2
S2
L1 L1´ L2 L2´ L3 L3´
current carrying S2
L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3' capability of the L1 L2 L3 N

H1

DEHNventil® DV TNC 255

H2 H3
DINrail to be
considered
DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®

DEHNventil®
DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DV MOD 255

DEHNguard®
DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DEHNguard®

DG MOD NPE
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

PEN
- only for DEHNsignal -
- nur für DEHNsignal -
PEN

S3 PE

MEBB L1' A
L2' S3
L3' local EBB
Fuse F1 S2 / mm2 S3 / mm2 Fuse F2
DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 A gL / gG A gL / gG
DEHNguard M TNC 275 Fuse F1 S2 / mm2 S3 / mm2 Fuse F2
25 10 16 --- A gL / gG A gL / gG
F1 > 315 A gL / gG 35 10 16 --- DEHNguard M TNS 275 35 4 6 ---
40 10 16 --- DEHNguard M TT 275 40 4 6 ---
50 10 16 --- 50 6 6 ---
F1 > 125 A gL / gG
F1 63 10 16 --- 63 10 10 ---
80 10 16 --- F1 80 10 10 ---
F2 ≤ 315 A gL / gG 100 16 16 --- 100 16 16 ---
125 16 16 --- F2 ≤ 125 A gL / gG
F1 ≤ 315 A gL / gG 125 16 16 125
160 25 25 --- 160 25 16 125
F2
200 35 35 --- F1 ≤ 125 A gL / gG
200 35 16 125
250 35 35 --- F2 250 35 16 125
315 50 50 --- 315 50 16 125
F2 > 315 50 50 ≤ 315 F2
400 70 16 125

Fig. 8.1.7.4 Example: DEHNventil, DV TNC 255 Fig. 8.1.7.5 Example: DEHNguard (M) TNC/TNS/TT

202 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 F1
k2 ⋅ S2 = I 2 ⋅ t
L
N t Permissible time for disconnection in the event
PE of a short circuit in s
Conductor cross section in mm2
1 2

S
I Current at complete short circuit in A
F1 ≤ 25 A gL / gG electronic
DR MOD 255

device k Material coefficient in A ⋅ s /mm2 according to

DEHNrail

Table 8.1.7.1
3 4
Furthermore, it must be ensured that the informa-
tion concerning the maximum permissible overcur-
rent protection circuits in the data sheet of the
F1 surge protective device is only valid up to the val-
L ue of the stated short-circuit withstand capability
N of the protective device. If the short circuit current
PE
at the installation site is greater than the stated
F2 short-circuit withstand capability of the protective
device, a backup fuse must be chosen which is
electronic
device
smaller than the maximum backup fuse stated in
F2 ≤ 25 A 1 2
the data sheet of the arrester by a ratio of 1:1.6.
For surge protective devices installed as shown in
Figure 8.1.7.2, the maximum operating current
must not exceed the nominal load current stated
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail

for the protective device. To protective devices

which can be connected in series, applies the max-
3 4

imum current for through-wiring (Figure 8.1.7.3).

Fig. 8.1.7.6 Example: DEHNrail Figure 8.1.7.4 shows examples of cross-sectional

areas and backup protection for lightning current
arresters and combined lightning current and surge
arresters Type 1.
Figure 8.1.7.5 shows examples of
Nominal currents
and design cross-sectional areas and backup
protection for surge protective
devices Type 2. Figure 8.1.7.6 shows
250 A/1 25 kA 75 kA
the same for surge protective
200 A/1 22 kA 70 kA devices Type 3.

160 A/00 20 kA 50 kA The behaviour of the impulse cur-

rent must be taken into considera-
100 A/C00 9.5 kA 25 kA tion when rating the backup fuses
for surge protective devices. There is
63 A/C00 5.5 kA 20 kA
a noticeable difference in the way
35 A/C00 4 kA 15 kA fuses disconnect short circuit cur-
rents compared to the way they dis-
20 A/C00 1.7 kA 8 kA connect loads with impulse currents,
particularly with lightning impulse
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 currents, waveform 10/350 μs.
explosion I (kA) The performance of fuses was
melting explosion determined as a function of the rat-
ed current of the lightning impulse
Fig. 8.1.7.7 Performance of NH fuses bearing impulse current loads current (Figure 8.1.7.7).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 203

 kA kV F1 L1
8 4.0 F2 L2
F3 L3
7 3.5 N
I impulse current U
6 3.0
F1... F3 > max. F4 F5 F6
5 2.5
permissible US
4 fuse voltage 2.0 backup fuse of
3 1.5 the SPD

2 1.0 F4... F6 = max.

permissible UP
1 0.5
backup fuse of
0 0 the SPD
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
PE
t μs

Fig. 8.1.7.8 Current and voltage of a blowing 25 A NH fuse being charged with lightning Fig. 8.1.7.9 Use of a separate backup fuse for
impulse currents (10/350 μs) surge protective devices

Field 1: No melting Field 3: Explosion

The energy brought into the fuse by the lightning
If the energy of the lightning impulse current is so
impulse current is too low to cause a melting of
high to be much higher than the pre-arcing of the
the fuse.
fuse, then the fuse strip can vaporise explosively.
This often results in a bursting fuse box. Apart
Field 2: Melting
from the mechanical consequences, it must be not-
The energy of the lightning impulse current is suf-
ed that the lightning impulse current continues to
ficient to melt the fuse and hence interrupt the
flow through the bursting fuse in the form of an
current path through the fuse (Figure 8.1.7.8).
electric arc; the lightning impulse current can thus
It is characteristical for the performance of the
not be interrupted nor, linked to this, can the
fuse that the lightning impulse current, since it is
required impulse current carrying capability of the
injected, continues to flow, unaffected by the per-
employed arrester be reduced.
formance of the fuse. The fuse disconnects only
after the lightning impulse current has decayed.
The fuses are therefore not selective with respect
Selectivity to the protection of the installation
to the disconnection of lightning impulse currents.
Therefore it must be ensured that, because of the When using spark-gap based surge protective
behaviour of the impulse current, the maximum devices, care must be taken that any starting mains
permissible backup fuse as per the data sheet follow current is limited to the extent that overcur-
and / or installation instructions of the protective rent protective devices such as fuses and / or
device is always used. arrester backup fuses cannot trip. This characteris-
tic of the protective devices is called follow current
From Figure 8.1.7.8 it can also be seen that, during limitation or follow current suppression. Only by
the melting process, a voltage drop builds up using technologies such as the RADAX Flow tech-
across the fuse which in part can be significantly nology allows to develop arresters and combina-
above 1 kV. For applications as illustrated in Figure tions of arresters which, even for installations with
8.1.7.9, a melting of the fuse can also result in the high short circuit currents, are able to reduce and
voltage protection level of the installation being extinguish the current to such a degree that
significantly higher than the voltage protection upstream fuses for lower rated currents do not trip
level of the surge protective device employed. (Figure 8.1.7.10).

204 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 arc voltage U
U (V)
400 mains
voltage
200

-200 U0

-400 flowing
I (kA) I (kA) follow current If
70 prospective
short circuit 0.5
current Ikpros
35 0

0 10 15 t (ms)
0

0 5 10 15 20 25 t (ms)

Fig. 8.1.7.10 Reduction of the follow current with the patented RADAX Flow principle

prearcing I2 t
of the fuse in A2 s

250A I2 t of a sinusoidial
half-wave (10 ms)
100 000

100A = minimum prearcing I2t

NH-gG values of the fuse link
fuse link 10 000 63A
nominal current

32A
1 000 25A
let-through I2 • t of the
20A RADAX Flow spark gap,
no follow current 16A e.g. in DEHNventil® modular

100 prospective
0.1 1 10 50 100 short-circuit current [kArms]

Fig. 8.1.7.11 Disconnection selectivity of DEHNventil to NH fuse holders with different rated currents

The system availability required by EN 60439-1, only take on the function of the lightning equipo-
even in the event of responding surge protective tential bonding but also that of surge protection
devices, can be fulfilled by the aforementioned in the installation, the performance of the follow
“follow current suppression” characteristic of the current limitation is more important than ever for
device. For surge protective devices with low the availability of the electrical installation (Figure
sparkover voltage, in particular, designed to not 8.1.7.11).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 205

8.2 Information technology systems or hollow conductor systems, depending on the
physical design of the antenna cable.
The primary function of arresters is to protect
In the case of coaxial and hollow conductor sys-
downstream terminal devices. They also reduce
tems, the outer conductor can generally be con-
the risk of cables from being damaged.
nected directly to the equipotential bonding.
The choice of arresters depends, among other
Earthing couplings specially adapted to the respec-
things, on the following considerations:
tive cables are suitable for this purpose.
⇒ Lightning protection zones of the installation
site, if existing
Procedure for selection and installation of arres-
⇒ Energies to be discharged
ters: Example BLITZDUCTOR CT
⇒ Arrangement of the protective devices
Opposite to choosing surge protective devices for
⇒ Immunity of the terminal devices power supply systems (see Chapter 8.1), where uni-
⇒ Protection against differential-mode and / or form conditions can be expected with respect to
common-mode interferences voltage and frequency in 230/400 V systems, the
⇒ System requirements, e.g. transmission param- types of signals to be transmitted in automation
eters systems differ with respect to their
⇒ Compliance with product or user-specific stan- ⇒ voltage (e.g. 0 – 10 V)
dards, where required
⇒ current (e.g. 0 – 20 mA, 4 – 20 mA)
⇒ Adaption to the environmental conditions /
installation conditions ⇒ signal reference (balanced, unbalanced)
⇒ frequency (DC, NF, HF)
Protective devices for antenna cables are classified
according to their suitability for coaxial, balanced ⇒ type of signal (analogue, digital).

BCT MLC _ _ _ _ _ Discharge capacity Voltage protection level

BCT MOD _ _ _ _ _ l in kA U in V
10 500
SPD classification
8 400
6 300
B = Lightning current arrester 4 200
Iimp = 2.5 kA (10/350 μs) 2 100
per line
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
t in μs t in μs

l in kA U in V
10 500
B_ = Combined lightning current 8 400
and surge arrester 6 300
Iimp = 2.5 kA (10/350 μs) 4 200
per line. 2 100
However: voltage protection
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

level like surge arrester

t in μs t in μs

l in kA U in V
10 500
8 400
M_ = Surge arrester 6 300
Isn = 10 kA (8/20 μs) 4 200
per line 2 100

MLC = Arrester module with integrated LifeCheck (LC)

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

MOD = Standard arrester module t in μs t in μs

Fig. 8.2.1 SPD classification

206 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 BCT MLC _ _ _ _ _ BCT MLC _ _ _ _ _
BCT MOD _ _ _ _ _ BCT MOD _ _ _ _ _
SPD classification SPD classification

C = Additional limiting of differenti-

al-mode interferences and addi-
tional decoupling resistors in the
E = Fine limiting of BLITZDUCTOR CT output for de-
Up
surges coupling the BLITZDUCTOR pro-
line ⇒ earth tective diodes from eventually
(limiting of Up existing diodes in the input of
common-mode the device to be protected
interferences) (e.g. clamping diodes, optocoup-
ler diodes)
HF = Design for protection of high-
D = Fine limiting frequency transmission lengths
of surges (use of a diode matrix for fine
line ⇒ line Up limiting of surges), limiting of
(limiting of common-mode and differential-
differential-mode mode interferences
interferences)
EX = Protective device for use in
intrinsically safe circuits
MLC = Arrester module with integrated LifeCheck (LC) (a.c. voltage resistance to
MOD = Standard arrester module earth 500 V a.c.)

Fig. 8.2.2 Limiting performance Fig. 8.2.3 Note on special applications

Each of these electrical characteristics for the sig-

nal to be transmitted can contain the actual infor- BCT MLC _ _ _ _ _
mation to be transferred. BCT MOD _ _ _ _ _
Therefore, the signal must not be influenced intol- SPD classification
erably by the use of lightning current and surge The indication of the nominal voltage characterises the range of a
arresters in measuring and control installations. typical signal voltage which has no limiting effect on the protective
Several points must be taken into account when device under nominal conditions. The value of nominal voltage is
choosing protective devices for measuring and indicated as d.c. value. Transmitting a.c. voltages, the peak value of
control systems. They are described below for our the a.c. voltage must not exceed the nominal voltage value.
universal BLITZDUCTOR CT protective devices and The nominal voltages for the individual types are indicated as follows:
illustrated by means of application examples (Fig- Type Nominal voltage UN
ures 8.2.1 – 8.2.4 and Table 8.2.1). _E = Voltage between line-earth

_D = Voltage between line-line

Type designation of the protective modules
_E C = Voltage between line-line
C Supplementary limiting of differential-mode
as well as line-earth
interferences and supplementary decoupling
resistors in the BLITZDUCTOR CT output for _D HF = Voltage between line-line
decoupling the BLITZDUCTOR protective
diodes from any diodes possibly present at the _D HFD = Voltage between line-line
input of the device to be protected (e.g. _D EX = Voltage between line-line
clamping diodes, optocoupler diodes)
Uline-earth Uline-line
HF Design for protection of high frequency trans- 1 3 1 3
mission paths (use of a diode matrix for fine BLITZDUCTOR CT BLITZDUCTOR CT
2 4 2 4
limiting of surges), limiting of common-mode
and differential-mode interferences Fig. 8.2.4 Nominal voltage

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 207

 MLC B 110 MOD B 110
MLC BE 5 MOD ME 5 1 3
MLC BE 12 MOD ME 12
MLC BE 15 MOD ME 15
MLC BE 24 MOD ME 24
MLC BE 30 MOD ME 30
MLC BE 48 MOD ME 48 2 4
MLC BE 60 MOD ME 60
MLC BE 110 MOD ME 110
MLC BD 5 MOD MD 5
MLC BD 12 MOD MD 12
MLC BD 15 MOD MD 15
MLC BD 24 MOD MD 24 Voltage
MLC BD 30 MOD MD 30 du/dt = 1 kV/μs
MLC BD 48 MOD MD 48
MLC BD 60 MOD MD 60 Fig. 8.2.5 Test arrangement for determining the limiting voltage at a
MLC BD 110 MOD MD 110 rate of voltage rise of du/dt = 1kV/μs
MLC BD 250 MOD MD 250
MLC BE C 5 MOD ME C 5
U in V
MLC BE C 12 MOD ME C 12
MLC BE C 24 MOD ME C 24 1000 rate of voltage rise
MLC BE C 30 MOD ME C 30 900 du/dt = 1 kV/μs
MLC BD HF 5 MOD MD HF 5 800
MLC BD HFD 5 MOD MD HFD 5 700
600
MLC BD HFD 24 MOD MD HFD 24
500
MOD MD EX 24 limiting voltage
400
MOD MD EX 30 300
MOD MD EX HFD 6 200
100
Table 8.2.1 Type designation of the protection modules 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
EX Protective device for use in intrinsically safe t in μs
circuits approved by, ATEX and FISCO (a.c. volt-
age resistance to earth 500 V a.c.) Fig. 8.2.6 Sparkover performance of an SPD at du/dt = 1kV/μs

Technical Data: B 1A
Voltage protection level Up BE 1A ME 1A
The voltage protection level is a parameter that BD 1A MD 1A
characterises the performance of a surge protec- BE C 0.1 A ME C 0.1 A
tive device in limiting the voltage at its terminals. BD HF 0.1 A MD HF 0.1 A
BD HFD 0.1 A MD HFD 0.1 A
The voltage protection level must be higher than
MD EX 0.5 A
the maximum limiting voltage measured. MD EX HFD 4.8 A
The measured limiting voltage is the maximum
voltage measured at the terminals of the surge Table 8.2.2 Nominal currents of the protection modules BCT
protective device when exposed to a surge current
and/or surge voltage of a certain waveform and switch from > 10 GΩ (in non-ignited state) to val-
amplitude. ues < 0.1 Ω (in ignited state) when a certain volt-
age value is exceeded and the surge applied is
Measured limiting voltage with a steepness of the nearly short circuited. The response voltage of the
applied test voltage waveform of 1 kV/μs GDT depends on the steepness of the incoming
This test is to determine the response characteris- voltage (du/dt).
tics of gas discharge tubes (GDT). These protective
elements have a “switching characteristic”. The Generally applies:
mode of functioning of a GTD can be compared to The higher the steepness du/dt, the higher is the
a switch whose resistance can “automatically“ response voltage of the gas discharge tube. The

208 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 U in V To the different types of protec-
current isn
tion modules of BLITZDUCTOR
60 limiting voltage CT apply the nominal currents
1 3 40 according to Table 8.2.2:
20
0
−20
Cut-off frequency fG
2 4
−40 The cut-off frequency describes
−60 the performance of an SPD
depending on the frequency. It

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
is that frequency which gives an
t in μs
insertion loss (aE) of 3 dB under
Fig. 8.2.7 Test arrangement for determining Fig. 8.2.8 Limiting voltage at nominal dis- certain test conditions (see EN
the limiting voltage at nominal charge current 61643-21)
discharge current
If there is no other indication in
the catalogue, this frequency
fG f in Hz stated applies to a 50 Ohm sys-
3 dB tem (Figure 8.2.10).

1 3
Selection features (SF)
IL BLITZDUCTOR CT
2 4
1. Which discharge capacity is
required?
The rating of the discharge
capacity of BLITZDUCTOR CT is
aE in dB determined by the protective
task to be fulfilled. For easy
Fig. 8.2.9 Nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR Fig. 8.2.10 Typical frequency response of a
CT BLITZDUCTOR CT selection, the following cases a
to d are explained.

comparability of different gas discharge tubes is Case a: In this case the terminal equipment to be
made possible by applying a voltage rise of 1 kV/μs protected is located in a building structure with an
at the gas discharge tube for determination of the external lightning protection system or the roof of
dynamic response voltage (Figures 8.2.5 and 8.2.6). the building is equipped with metal roof structures
exposed to lightning (e.g. antenna masts, air-con-
Measured limiting voltage at nominal discharge ditioning systems). The measuring and control or
current telecommunications cable connecting the terminal
This test is carried out to determine the limiting equipment (Figure 8.2.11) to the transformer is
behaviour of protective elements with constant mounted outside the building structure. Due to
limiting characteristics (Figures 8.2.7 and 8.2.8). the fact that the building structure is fitted with an
external lightning protection, the installation of a
lightning current arrester TYPE 1 is necessary. The
Nominal current IL
modules BCT MLC B... or B... of the BLITZDUCTOR
The nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT charac-
CT family can be used for this purpose.
terises the permissible continuous operating cur-
rent. The nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT is
determined by the current carrying capability and Case b: Case b is similar to case a, only the building
the insertion loss of the impedances used for structure, where the terminal equipment to be
decoupling of gas discharge tubes and fine protec- protected is located, has no external lightning pro-
tion elements as well as by the follow current tection system: The arising of lightning currents or
extinguishing capability. The value is stated as d.c. partial lightning currents is not assumed here. The
value (Figure 8.2.9). installation of a lightning current carrying capable

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 209

 Case a: external lightning protection system Case b:

SPD SPD

measuring/control cable terminal device measuring /control cable terminal device

telecommunications cable telecommunications cable
Fig. 8.2.11 Building with external lightning protection system and Fig. 8.2.12 Building without external lightning protection system
cables installed between buildings and cables installed between buildings

Case c: external lightning protection system Case d:

transducer

transducer

SPD terminal device SPD terminal device

Fig. 8.2.13 Building with external lightning protection system and Fig. 8.2.14 Building without external lightning protection system
cables installed inside of the building and cables installed inside of the building

Type 1 arresters is only necessary if the measuring surge protective devices BCT MOD M... of the
and control cable can be influenced by lightning BLITZDUCTOR CT family are installed here (Figure
striking adjacent building structures. If this can be 8.2.13).
excluded, BLITZDUCTOR CT module BCT MOD M...
as surge protective device TYPE 2 is used (Figure Case d: The difference between case d and case c is
8.2.12). that the building structure concerned has neither
an external lightning protection system nor are
Case c: In case c, no cable of the data and telecom- cables of the data and telecommunications system
munications system is mounted outside the build- mounted outside the building structure. Therefore
ing. Although the building structure is fitted with only the installation of surge arresters is necessary
an external lightning protection system, direct for protection of the equipment. As in cases b and
lightning currents cannot be injected into this part c, protection modules BCT MOD M... of the BLITZ-
of the telecommunications system. Therefore, DUCTOR CT family are installed (Figure 8.2.14).

210 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

2. Which kinds of interferences have to be con- ed for sinusoids. However, sinusoid signals are not
trolled? very common in data transmissions. With respect
Basically, interferences are classified into common- to this fact, a BLITZDUCTOR is to be chosen with a
mode and differential-mode interferences. Com- higher cut-off frequency than the nominal fre-
mon-mode interferences always arise between the quency of the signalling circuit. When transmitting
signal line and earth whereas differential-mode waveshape signals evaluating the rising or sinking
interferences only arise between two signal lines. pulse edge, it must be considered that this edge
The majority of interferences arising in communi- changes from L to H or from H to L within the
cation / signalling systems are common-mode inter- appropriate interval. This time interval is impor-
ferences. Therefore protective surges devices limit- tant for the identification of an edge and for
ing between signal line and earth (Type ...E) should passing “restricted areas“. This signal therefore
normally be chosen. Some input modules of requires a frequency bandwidth which is consider-
devices, as e.g. isolating transformers, do not need ably higher than the fundamental of this wave.
fine protection of the line-to-earth connection That is why the frequency of the protective device
against surges. Only gas discharge tubes protect must be rated that high. As a general rule applies
them against common-mode interferences. Due that the cut-off frequency must not be lower than
to their different response characteristics, the five times the fundamental wave.
response of gas discharge tubes might cause a
common-mode interference to change to a differ- 5. How high is the operating current of the
ential-mode interference. Therefore, fine protec- installation to be protected?
tion elements are integrated between the signal Due to the electrical features of the components
lines (Type ...D). used in the protection circuit of BLITZDUCTOR CT,
the signal current which can be transmitted by the
3. Are there special requirements to adopt the protective device is limited. For practical applica-
protection circuit to the input circuit of the tions this means that the operating current of a
equipment to be protected? signalling system has to be lower than or equal to
In some cases it is necessary to protect the equip- the nominal current of the protective device.
ment against common-mode and differential-
mode interferences. The input modules of such
electronic equipment are normally fitted with 6. Which maximum continuous operating volt-
their own protection circuit or contain optocou- age can arise in the installation to be protect-
pler inputs for control-to-load isolation of sig- ed?
nalling circuit and internal circuit of the automa- The maximum continuous operating voltage in sig-
tion equipment. Therefore additional measures nalling systems must be lower than or equal to the
are required for decoupling BLITZDUCTOR CT and nominal voltage of BLITZDUCTOR CT, so that the
input circuit of the equipment to be protected. protective device has no limiting effects with nor-
This decoupling is realised with additional decou- mal operating conditions.
pling elements between the fine protection ele- The maximum continuous operating voltage in sig-
ments and output terminals of BLITZDUCTOR CT. nalling systems is normally the nominal voltage of
a transmission system regarding also tolerances.
4. How high is the signal frequency / data trans- When current loops (e.g. 0 – 20 mA) are used, the
mission rate to be transmitted? open circuit voltage of the installation is to be
As every transmission system, the protection circuit applied to the maximum continuous operating
of BLITZDUCTOR CT has certain low-pass character- voltage.
istics. The cut-off frequency indicates the frequen-
cy value from which the frequency to be transmit- 7. Which reference has the maximum continuous
ted is attenuated in its amplitude (above 3 dB). In operating voltage?
order to keep the feedback effects of BLITZDUC- Different signal current circuits have different sig-
TOR CT on the communication / signalling system in nal references (balanced / unbalanced). On one
the limits, the signal frequency of the signalling hand, the continuous operating voltage of the
circuit must be below the cut-off frequency of installation can be stated as line / line voltage, on
BLITZDUCTOR CT. The cut-off frequency is indicat- the other hand, as line / earth voltage. This is to be

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 211

considered when choosing the protective devices: determining Yellow/Line SPD class symbols (Table
Different nominal voltages are stated on the basis 7.8.2.1). If, for example, automation engineering
of the different circuit of the fine protection ele- equipment is tested according to test level 1, the
ments in the protection module of BLITZDUCTOR equipment may only have a let-through energy
CT. corresponding to this test level. In practice this
These are shown in Figure 8.2.4 and Table 8.2.1. means that an equipment tested with level 4 can
only discharge overvoltages without damaging
the equipment if the output of the surge protec-
8. Do the integrated decoupling elements of
tive device corresponds to a let-through energy of
BLITZDUCTOR CT affect the signal transmis-
1, 2, 3, or 4. This makes it very easy for the user to
sion?
choose suitable protective devices.
Decoupling elements are used inside of BLITZDUC-
TOR CT in order to coordinate the energy load
of the integrated protection elements. They are 10. Shall there be one or two stages of
mounted directly in the signalling circuit and protection?
may influence it. Especially with current loops Depending on the building structure and the pro-
(0 ... 20 mA, 4 ... 20 mA), the operation of a BLITZ- tection requirements stipulated by the Lightning
DUCTOR CT can cause the overrange of the permis- Protection Zones Concept it may be necessary to
sible load of the signalling circuit when it is already install lightning current and surge arresters locally
operated with its maximum load. This has to be separated from each other or at one point of the
considered before use! installation. In the first case, the protection mod-
ule Type BCT MLC B of BLITZDUCTOR CT is installed
as lightning current arrester and the protection
9. Which protection level is required? module Type BCT MOD M... as surge arrester. If
Basically it is possible to dimension the protective lightning and surge protective measures are
level of a surge protective device to be lower than required at one point of the installation, the use of
the immunity level of an automation / telecommu- a combined lightning current and surge arrester
nications equipment. However, the problem is that BLITZDUCTOR CT, Type B... is required.
this level is often unknown. Therefore it is neces-
sary to use other means of comparison. In the tests Remark:
for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electrical The following examples show the choice of surge
and electronic equipment must have a certain protective devices of the BLITZDUCTOR CT family
immunity level against line-conducted interfer- in accordance with the 10 selection features
ences. The requirements for testing and test set-up described in Table 8.2.3. The result of each single
are stipulated in IEC 61000-4-5: 2005. Different test stage is indicated in the column “intermediate
levels are determined with respect to the immuni- result“.
ty to pulse-shaped interferences for the various The column “final result” shows the influence of
devices used under varying electromagnetic envi- the intermediate result on the total result.
ronmental conditions. These test levels bear the
designation 1 to 4, whereby test level 1 contains Surge protection for electrical temperature control
the lowest immunity requirements (on the devices systems
to be protected) and test level 4 ensures the high- The electrical temperature control of media in
est immunity requirements of a device. technological processes is applied in all branches
of industry. The branches differ a lot from each
With regard to the protection provided by the other: They stretch from food industry via chemical
surge protective devices this means that the “let- processes up to ventilation systems of building
through energy“ must be below the immunity lev- structures and building services control systems.
el of the equipment to be protected. Therefore the However, they have something in common: the
Yellow/Line devices were classified according to distance between measuring sensor and indicator
certain characteristics allowing a coordinated or measured-value processing is long. Due to the
installation of the SPDs for protection of automa- long connection cables, overvoltages can be cou-
tion engineering equipment. The surge immunity pled which are not only caused by atmospheric dis-
test of this equipment was taken as a basis of charges. Therefore a possible protection concept

212 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 SF Application Intermediate result Final result
1 The measuring sensor is situated at a process framework in a production hall and
the measuring transducer is installed in a control room inside of the production
building. The building has no external lightning protection system. The measuring BLITZDUCTOR CT BLITZDUCTOR CT
lines are inside the building. This example corresponds to case d (Figure 8.2.14). BCT MOD M... BCT MOD M...
2 The threat to the measuring sensor Pt 100 as well as the measuring transducer
Pt 100 by surges arises between signal line and earth. This requires a fine BLITZDUCTOR CT BLITZDUCTOR CT
limiting of common-mode interferences. BCT MOD ME BCT MOD ME
3 There are no special requirements on the adjustment of the protective circuit to the BLITZDUCTOR CT
input circuit of the devices to be protected (Pt 100, Pt 100 measuring transducer). no influence BCT MOD ME
4 The temperature measuring equipment is a system supplied by d.c. current. The
temperature-related measuring voltage is also a d.c. voltage variable.
Thus no signal frequencies have to be considered. BLITZDUCTOR CT
no influence BCT MOD ME
5 The operating current of the supply circuit is limited to 1 mA due to the physical IL type ME = 1 A
measuring principle of Pt 100. The operating current of the measuring signal amounts 1 mA < 1 A ⇒ ok BLITZDUCTOR CT
to some μA due to the very high impedance measurement tapping. μA < 1 A ⇒ ok BCT MOD ME
6 The maximum arising operating voltage in this system results from the following
consideration:
According to IEC 60751, Pt 100 measuring resistors are designed for a maximum
temperature of up to 850 °C. The respective resistance is 340 Ω. Considering the
load-independent measuring current of 1 mA, results a measuring voltage of approx. BLITZDUCTOR CT BLITZDUCTOR CT
340 mV. BCT MOD ... 5 V BCT MOD ME 5
7 The operating voltage of the system arises from line to line. BCT MOD ME 5 V
has nominal voltage 5 V d.c.
line ⇒ earth, this allows line ⇒
line 10 V d.c. ⇒ no influence on BLITZDUCTOR CT
the measuring signal BCT MOD ME 5
8 Using the four-wire circuit for measuring the temperature with Pt 100, the influence
of the cable resistance and its temperature-related fluctuations on the measuring
result are completely eliminated. This also applies to the increasing of the cable
resistance by the decoupling impedances of BLITZDUCTOR CT. BLITZDUCTOR CT
no influence BCT MOD ME 5
9 The Pt 100 measuring transducer has an immunity against conducted interferences BLITZDUCTOR CT
according to test level 2 according to IEC 61000-4-5: 2005. The “transmitted energy” BCT MOD ME 5
being related to the voltage protection level of the surge protective device may Q
correpond to max. test level 2 of IEC 61000-4-5: 2005. “transmitted energy” corresponds
to level 1
“transmitted energy” of the pro-
tective device is less than immunity
of the terminal device
BLITZDUCTOR CT
⇒ Q is ok BCT MOD ME 5
10 The surge protection shall be performed in one stage. BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5 BLITZDUCTOR CT
⇒ surge arrester BCT MOD ME 5
Result of selection: BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT MOD ME 5

Table 8.2.3 Selection features for an electrical temperature measuring equipment

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 213

 feed-in (l = const.) 4 ... 20 mA
Pt 100
ϑ

measuring signal (Um / ϑ) 230 V supply

4 ... 20 mA

measuring sensor connecting line Pt 100 measuring transducer

Pt 100

Fig. 8.2.15 Block diagram of temperature measuring

of temperature measurements against surges by a Remark:

standard type Pt 100 shall be worked out in the For ease of assembly, power supply and measuring
following. The building structure where the meas- lines of the temperature control system are fitted
uring instrument is located has no external light- with the same type of surge protective device. In
ning protection system. practice it has proved that the balanced lines for
supply, compensation and measurement are allo-
The temperature is controlled indirectly by meas- cated to one protected device each (Table 8.2.3).
uring the electrical resistance. The resistance ther- Surge protection of the 230 V power supply of the
mometer Pt 100 has a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C. Pt 100 receiver as well as the 4 ... 20 mA current
This value varies by around 0.4 Ω/K depending on loop coming from the receiver is also necessary but
the temperature. The temperature is controlled by not shown here in order to retain clearness.
injecting a constant current causing a voltage drop
proportional to the temperature rise at the resist-
ance thermometer. In order to prevent the the self-
8.2.1 Measuring and control systems
heating of the resistance thermometer, the current
is limited to 1 mA. In this case, a voltage drop of The large separations between the measuring sen-
100 mV appears at the Pt 100 at 0 °C. This meas- sor and the evaluation unit in measuring and con-
ured voltage must now be transmitted to the indi- trol systems allow a coupling of surges. The conse-
cator or receiver (Figure 8.2.15). Out of many vari- quential destruction of components and the
ous connections of Pt 100 measuring sensors to the breakdown of complete control units can severely
measuring transformer, the four-wire configura- interfere with a process technology procedure.
tion is chosen. It represents the best connection for The extent of a surge damage caused by a light-
resistance thermometers. By this configuration, ning strike often becomes apparent only some
the interfering effects of the conductor resistance weeks later because more and more electronic
and its temperature sensitivity on the measured components have to be replaced because they no
result are excluded. The Pt 100 sensor is supplied longer operate safely. Such kind of damage can
with an injected current. Alternations of the con- have serious consequences for the operator who
ductor resistance are compensated by automatic uses a so-called field bus system because all intelli-
adjustment of the supply voltage. If the conductor gent field bus components together in one seg-
resistance does not alter, the measured voltage Um ment can break down simultaneously.
remains unchanged. This measured voltage is only The situation can be improved by installing light-
influenced by the alternation of the measuring ning and surge protective devices (SPDs) which
resistance depending on the temperature. It is have to be chosen to suit the specific interface.
measured at the transformer using a high-resist- Typical interfaces and the protective devices
ance voltage detector. Line compensation is there- appropriate to the system can be found in our
fore not necessary with this configuration. (Table “Surge Protection” product catalogue or at
8.2.3) www.dehn.de.

214 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 Hence, in this case, common-mode and differen-
input current IF output current IC
tial-mode interference limiting SPDs, e.g. BLITZ-
1 3 DUCTOR XT Type BXT ML BE C 24, must be in-
stalled.
2 4
Detailed designs for the application-specific choice
radiation
of protective devices for measuring and control
systems can be found in Chapter 9.
transmitter

optical fibre
sheathing 8.2.2 Technical property management
substrate
The pressure of rising costs is forcing the owners
and operators of buildings in both the public and
the private sector to look more and more for cost
saving opportunities for building services manage-
receiver ment. Technical property management can help to
reduce costs on a permanent basis. Technical prop-
connections connections erty management is a comprehensive instrument
3, 4 1, 2 to make technical equipment in buildings continu-
ously available, to keep it operative and to adapt it
Fig. 8.2.1.1 Optocoupler – Schematic diagram to changing organisational requirements. This
facilitates optimum management which increases
Electrical isolation using optocouplers: the profitability of a property.

Optoelectronic components (Figure 8.2.1.1), which Building automation (BA) has grown out of meas-
typically produce a dielectric strength between the uring and control systems on the one hand, and
input and output of a few 100 V to 10 kV, are fre- central control systems on the other. The function
quently installed to transmit signals in process of building automation is to automate the techni-
technology systems in order to isolate the field cal processes within the building in their entirety.
side electrically from the process side. Thus their This involves networking the complete installation
function is similar to that of transmitters and they comprising room automation, the M-bus measur-
can primarily be installed to block low common- ing system and the heating-ventilation-air-condi-
mode interferences. However, they cannot provide tioning and alarm systems via powerful computers
sufficient protection against arising common- on the management level (Figure 8.2.2.1), where
mode and differential-mode interferences. When also data archiving takes place. Long term data
being affected by a lightning strike (> 10 kV) storage allows evaluations concerning the energy
above their transmitter / receiver surge withstand consumption and the adjustment of the installa-
capability. tions in the building to be obtained.

Many designers and operators of such installations The actual control devices are at the automation
misleadingly assume that this also realises light- level. DDC stations (Direct Digital Control) are
ning and surge protection. At this point it is increasingly being installed. They implement the
expressly emphasised that this voltage only pro- complete control and switching functions from a
vides the insulating resistance between input and software point of view. All operating modes, con-
output (common-mode interference). This means trol parameters, nominal values, switching times
that, when installed in transmission systems atten- and alarm trigger levels and the corresponding
tion must be paid not only to the limitation of software is filed at the automation level.
common-mode interferences but also to sufficient Process field devices such as actuators and sensors
limitation of differential-mode interferences. Fur- are located at the lowest level, the field level. They
thermore, the integration of supplementary represent the interface between the electrical con-
decoupling resistors at the output of the SPD trol and the process. Actuators transform an elec-
achieves an energy coordination with the opto- trical signal into another physical value (engines,
coupler diode. valves, etc.). Sensors transform a physical value

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 215

 management level

automation level

field level

Fig. 8.2.2.1 Levels of building automation

into an electrical signal (temperature sensor, limit 8.2.3 Generic cabling systems (EDP net-
switch, etc.). works, TC installations)
The European standard EN 50173 “Information
It is precisely the diffuse branched network of DDC technology – Generic cabling systems” defines a
stations and the consequential integration into universal cabling system which can be used in sites
building control systems which offer a large con- of one or more buildings. It deals with cable sys-
tact area for interferences caused by lightning cur- tems with balanced copper cables and optical fibre
rents and surges. If this causes a breakdown of the cables (OF cables). This universal cabling supports a
complete lighting, air-conditioning or heating wide range of services including voice, data, text
control, this not only incurs primary costs for the and images.
equipment, it is also precisely the consequences of
this system breakdown which make a difference. It provides:
They can significantly increase the energy costs ⇒ users with an application independent generic
because peak loads can no longer be analysed and cabling system and an open market for (active
optimised due to the fault in the control electron- as well as passive) cabling components;
ics. If production processes are integrated into the
BA, damage to the BA can lead to breakdowns in ⇒ users with a flexible cabling scheme that
production and hence quite possibly to large eco- allows to carry out modifications in a both
nomic losses. To ensure permanent availability, easy and economical way;
protective measures are required, whose exact ⇒ building professionals (for example, architects)
nature depends on the risk to be controlled. with guidance allowing the accommodation

216 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 CD BD FD TP TO
(optionally)

campus backbone building backbone horizontal

terminal
cabling subsystem cabling subsystem cabling subsystem terminal cabling subsystem
device

universal cabling system

Fig. 8.2.3.1 Universal cabling structure

of cabling before specific requirements are distributors) and the cross-connections at the cam-
known; i.e. in the initial design stage either for pus distributor.
construction or refurbishment,
⇒ industry and standardisation bodies for appli- A building backbone cabling subsystem extends
cations with a cabling system which supports from building distributor(s) to the floor distribu-
current products and provides a basis for tor(s). The subsystem includes the building back-
future product development. bone cables, the mechanical termination of the
building backbone cables (at both the building
The universal cabling system comprises the follow- and floor distributors) and the cross connections at
ing functional elements: the building distributor.
⇒ Campus distributors (CD),
The horizontal cabling subsystem extends from the
⇒ Campus backbone cables,
floor distributor to the telecommunications out-
⇒ Building distributors (BD), let(s) connected to it. The subsystem includes the
⇒ Building backbone cables, horizontal cables, the mechanical termination of
the horizontal cables at the floor distributor, the
⇒ Floor distributors (FD),
cross connections at the floor distributor and the
⇒ Horizontal cables, telecommunications outlets.
⇒ Transition points (optional),
⇒ Telecommunication outlet (TO). Optical fibre cables are usually used as data con-
nection between the CD and the BD. This means
Groups of these functional elements are connect- that no surge arrester (SPD) is required for the
ed together to form cabling subsystems. field side. If, however, the OF cables have a metal
Generic cabling schemes contain three cabling sub- rodent protection, this must be integrated into the
systems: campus backbone, building backbone and lightning protection system. The active OF compo-
horizontal cabling. The cabling subsystems are nents for the distribution of the optical fibre
connected together to create a generic cabling cables, however, are supplied with 230 V on the
structure as shown in Figure 8.2.3.1. The distribu- power side. In this case, SPDs can be used for the
tors provide the means to configure the cabling to power supply system.
support different topologies like bus, star and
ring. Nowadays, building backbone cables (BD to FD)
The campus backbone cabling subsystem extends are equipped almost exclusively with OF cables for
from the campus distributor to the building dis- the transmission of data. Balanced copper cables
tributor(s) usually located in separate buildings. (so-called master cables), however, are still used to
When present, it includes the campus backbone transmit voice (telephone).
cables, the mechanical termination of the campus With a few exceptions, balanced copper cables are
backbone cables (at both the campus and building used today for the horizontal cables (FD to TO).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 217

 IT cabling 100 Ω (Cat. 3, 5, 6, ...)

Horizontal cabling system

– Connecting lead between FD and TO
– Transmission characteristics up to
250 MHz, (Category 6)
TO Telecommunication outlet TO TO
FD Floor distributor TO FD
BD Building distributor
external
Building backbone cabling subsystem lightning
– Connecting lead between BD and FD protection
OF cabling FD

FD FD

FD BD SD

optical fibre cabling (data)

copper cabling (telecommunications)

Fig. 8.2.3.2 Influence of lightning on IT cabling subsystems

For cable lengths of around 500 m (building back- 8.2.4 Intrinsically safe circuits
bone cables) or 100 m (horizontal cables) direct
In all fields of industry where combustible materi-
lightning strikes to the structure (Figure 8.2.3.2)
als are processed or transported gases, vapors, mist
can induce common-mode interferences which
or dust will be produced. These, when mixed with
would overload the insulation capacity of a router
air, can form a potentially explosive atmosphere of
or an ISDN card in the PC. Both the building / floor
hazardous proportions. Therefore special meas-
distributors (hub, switch, router) and the terminal
ures must be taken to protect against explosions.
equipment must be equipped with protective
measures in this case.
Depending on the possibility and the duration of
the occurrence of a potentially explosive atmos-
The protective devices required here must be cho-
phere, sections of the installation are divided into
sen according to the network application. Com-
hazardous areas – so-called Ex-zones.
mon network applications are:
⇒ Token Ring, Hazardous areas:
⇒ Ethernet 10 Base T, Areas where hazardous potentially explosive
⇒ Fast Ethernet 100 Base TX, atmospheres arise due to gases, vapors and mist,
for example, are divided into zones 0 to 2. Those
⇒ Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Base TX. where hazardous potentially explosive atmos-
pheres can arise due to dust are divided into zones
An appropriate protection concept for choosing 20, 21 or 22.
the appropriate protective devices can be found in Explosion groups I, IIA, IIB and IIC provide a system
Chapter 9.11 “Surge protection for ETHERNET net- of classification according to the explosiveness of
works”. the combustible materials used in the respective

218 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

field of application. Classification criteria are the siderable advantages compared to other types of
“Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG)“ and protection.
the “Minimum Ignition Current (MIC)”. The MESG
Firstly, no expensive special constructions are
and MIC are determined for the various gases and
required for the electrical equipment used in the
vapors according to a stipulated testing arrange-
field, for example flame-proof encapsulation or
ment.
embedding in cast resin, which results mainly in
Explosion group IIC contains the most highly com- more cost-effective solutions. Another advantage
bustible materials such as hydrogen and acetylene. is that the intrinsic safety is the only type of protec-
When heated, these materials have different igni- tion which allows the user to work freely at all live
tion temperatures classified into temperature intrinsically safe installations in a hazardous area
classes (T1 ... T6). without having an adverse effect on the protec-
To avoid electrical equipment from being sources tion against explosion.
of ignition in explosive atmospheres, these are
The economic advantage of using intrinsically safe
designed with different types of protection. One
circuits lies in the fact that, even in the hazardous
type of protection used all over the world, particu-
areas, conventional non-certified passive equip-
larly in measuring and control systems, is the type
ment can be used. Thus this type of protection is
of protection “Intrinsic safety” Ex(i).
also one of the simplest types of installation.

Ignition protection type – intrinsic safety: Intrinsic safety has therefore considerable signifi-
cance, particularly in measuring and control sys-
Intrinsic safety being a type of protection is based
tems, not least because of the increased use of
on the principle of current and voltage limitation
electronic automation systems. However, intrinsic
in an electric circuit. With this system, the energy
safety demands more from the designer or con-
of the circuit or a part of the circuit, which is in a
structor of an installation than other types of pro-
position to ignite potentially explosive atmos-
tection. The intrinsic safety of a circuit not only
pheres, is kept so low to ensure that neither sparks
depends on compliance with the design provisions
nor intolerable surface heating of the electrical
for the individual pieces of equipment, but also on
components can cause an ignition of the surround-
the correct connection of all equipment in the
ing potentially explosive atmosphere. Apart from
intrinsically safe circuit and the correct installation.
voltages and currents of the electrical equipment,
the inductances and capacitances in the complete
circuit acting as energy storage devices must be
Transient surges in hazardous areas:
limited to safe maximum values.
For the safe operation of a measuring and control Intrinsic safety as type of protection considers all
system circuit, for example, this means that neither electrical energy storage devices present in the sys-
the sparks arising during the operational opening tem but not energy from outside, such as coupled
and closing of the circuit (e.g. at a make-or-break surges resulting from atmospheric discharges.
contact in an intrinsically safe circuit), nor those Coupled surges come up in expanded industrial
arising in the event of a fault (e.g. a short circuit or installations mainly as a result of close and distant
earth fault) must be capable of causing an igni- lightning strikes. In the event of a direct lightning
tion. Moreover, both for normal operation and strike, the voltage drop across the earth-termina-
also in the event of a fault, heat ignition as a result tion system causes a potential rise between some
of overheating of the equipment and cables in the 10 and 100 kV. This potential rise acts as a poten-
intrinsically safe circuit, must also be excluded. tial difference on all equipment connected via
This basically limits intrinsic safety as a type of pro- cables to distant equipment. These potential dif-
tection to circuits requiring relatively little power. ferences are considerably greater than the insula-
These are circuits of measuring and control systems tion resistance of the equipment and can easily be
and also data systems. Intrinsic safety which can be sparked over. For distant lightning strikes it is
achieved by limiting the energies available in the mainly the coupled surges in conductors that can
circuit does not relate to individual devices – as is destroy the inputs of electronic equipment by act-
the case with other types of protection – but to the ing as differential-mode interferences (differential
complete circuit. This produces a number of con- voltage between the lines).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 219

Classification of electrical equipment into catego- ⇒ Maximum output voltage U0
ry ia or ib ⇒ Maximum output current I0
An important aspect of intrinsic safety for explo-
⇒ Maximum external inductance L0
sion protection is the issue of the reliability with
respect to maintaining of voltage and current lim- ⇒ Maximum external capacitance C0
its, even assuming certain faults. There are two
categories of reliability. The designer / constructor must test whether these
Category ib specifies that the intrinsic safety must safety-related permissible maximum values of the
be maintained if a fault occurs in the intrinsically equipment connected and located in the intrinsi-
safe circuit. cally safe circuit (i.e. process field devices, conduc-
tors and SPD) are maintained for each individual
Category ia requires that the intrinsic safety must
case. The corresponding values have to be taken
be maintained if two independent faults occur.
from the rating plate of the pertinent equipment
or the type examination certificate.
The classification of the BLITZDUCTOR CT or DEHN-
connect DCO as category ia is the classification in
Classification in explosion groups
the highest category. This means that the BLITZ-
Explosive gases, vapors and mist are classified
DUCTOR may also be used with other equipment
according to the spark energy required to ignite
located in zones 0 and 20. Extra attention must be
the most explosive mixture with air.
paid to the special conditions of zones 0 and 20
Equipment is classified according to the gases
and clarified in each individual case.
which it can be used with.
Group II C applies to all fields of application, e.g.
Figure 8.2.4.1 shows the principle use of SPDs in chemical industry, coal and grain processing, with
measuring and control circuits exception of underground mining.
Group II has the highest risk of explosion, since this
Maximum values of current I0 , voltage U0 , group considers a mixture with the lowest ignition
inductance L0 and capacitance C0 energy.
At the interface between hazardous area and safe The certification of BLITZDUCTOR for explosion
area, safety barriers or transmitters with Ex(i) out- group II C means that it fulfils the highest, i.e. most
put circuit are used to separate these two different sensitive, requirements for a mixture of hydrogen
zones. in air.
The safety-related maximum values of a safety bar-
rier or a measuring transformer with Ex(i) output Classification into temperature classes
circuit are defined by the test certificates of an When a potentially explosive atmosphere is ignit-
authorised testing laboratory: ed as a result of the hot surface of a piece of equip-

non-hazardous area hazardous area MC circuit Ex(i)

1’ 1 1 1’
® ®
MT BLITZDUCTOR BLITZDUCTOR
2’ 2 2 2’
signal line
measuring transfor-
® ®
mer with Ex(i) input BLITZDUCTOR XT BLITZDUCTOR XT transmitter
(max. perm. Lo , Co)
LBXT LLtg LBXT LGe
1’ 1 1 1’
CBXT CLtg CBXT CGe
2’ 2 2 2’
C C
EB/PE EB/PE
Lo LBXT + LLtg + LBD + LGe Co CBXT + CLtg + CBXT + CGe + C

Fig. 8.2.4.1 Calculating of L0 and C0

220 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

ment, a minimum temperature specific to the zone 1 and also in conductors from zone 0
material is required to cause the explosion. The (to protect terminal devices in zone 0)
ignition temperature is a characteristic of the
EEx Testing laboratory certifies that this electri-
material characterising the ignition behaviour of
cal equipment conforms to the harmonised
the gases, vapors or dust on a hot surface. For eco-
European standards.
nomic reasons, gases and vapors are therefore clas-
sified into certain temperature classes. Tempera- EN 50014: General Principles
ture class T6 specifies that the maximum surface EN 50020: Intrinsic safety “i”
temperature of the component must not exceed
85 °C either in operation or in the event of a fault, BLITZDUCTOR CT equipment has passed a
and that the ignition temperature of the gases and type examination successfully.
vapors must be higher than 85 °C. ia Type of protection – the SPD controls even a
With its T6 classification, BLITZDUCTOR CT also ful- combination of two arbitrary faults in an
fils the highest stipulated requirements in this intrinsically safe circuit without causing
aspect. ignition itself.
IIC Explosion group – the SPD fulfils the
In accordance with the certificate of conformity
requirements of explosion group IIC and
issued by KEMA, the following electrical parame-
may also be used with ignitable gases such
ters must also be taken into consideration.
as hydrogen or acetylene.
Selection criteria for SPD – BLITZDUCTOR XT T4 between -40 °C and +80 °C
Using the example of BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 T4 between -40 °C and +75 °C
BD EX 24, the specific selection criteria for this
component are explained below (Figures 8.2.4.2a T6 between -40 °C and +60 °C
and 8.2.4.2b).
This component has already a certificate of con- Further important electrical data:
formity issued by KEMA.
⇒ Maximum external inductance L0 and maxi-
mum external capacitance (C0):
The SPD has the following classification:
The special choice of components in BLITZ-
II 2(1) G EEx ia IIC T4 ,T5, T6 DUCTOR XT means that the values of the inter-
nal inductance and capacitance of the various
This classification states the: individual components are negligibly small.
II Group of devices – the SPD may be used in ⇒ Maximum input current (Ii):
all fields apart from mining. The maximum permissible current which may
2(1) G Device category – the SPD may be installed be supplied via the connections is 500 mA,
in potentially explosive gas atmospheres in without overriding the intrinsic safety.

protected
KEMA 06 ATEX 0274 X 1 1´
intrinsically safe
II 2(1) G EEx ia IIC equipment
2 2´
T4 / T5 / T6
1 1’
2 ® 2’
protected
3
BLITZDUCTOR XT 3’
3 3´ 4 4’

4 4´

circuit application example

Fig. 8.2.4.2a Intrinsically safe SPD Fig. 8.2.4.2b Schematic diagram of BXT ML4 BD EX 24

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 221

 protected
Fieldbus FISCO
Power supply Field device
Uo ≤ 17.5 V, Ui ≤ 17.5 V, Ii ≤ 380 mA, 3
Io ≤ 380 mA Pi ≤ 5.32 W, Ci ≤ 5 nF,
Li ≤ 10 mH

Segment 1

Segment 2
protected

1 2 Power supply (Fisco); Segment 1 / 2 3 3

3 Blitzductor BXT ML4 BD EX 24

4 Field device (Fisco) protected protected

Terminator
4 4 4

Fig. 8.2.4.3 SPD in hazardous location – Insulation resistance > 500 V a.c.

⇒ Maximum input voltage (Ui): Intrinsically safe circuits must be earthed if this is
The maximum voltage which may be applied required for safety reasons. They may be earthed if
to BLITZDUCTOR XT is 30 V, without overriding this is required for functional reasons. This earth-
the intrinsic safety. ing must be carried out at only one point by con-
nection with the equipotential bonding. SPDs with
Insulation resistance a d.c. sparkover voltage to earth < 500 V d.c. repre-
The insulation between an intrinsically safe circuit sent an earthing of the intrinsically safe circuit.
and the frame of the electrical equipment or other If the d.c. sparkover voltage of the SPD is > 500 V
components which can be earthed must usually be d.c., the intrinsically safe circuit is considered to be
able to withstand the root mean square value of non-earthed. This requirement corresponds to
an a.c. test voltage which is twice as high as the BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BD EX 24.
voltage of the intrin-
sically safe circuit, or
500 V, whichever val-
ue is higher. 1 1´

2 2´
Equipment with an 1 1’
insulation resistance 2 ® 2’
protected BLITZDUCTOR XT 3’
< 500 V a.c. is consid- 3
4 4’
ered to be earthed. 3 3´

Intrinsically safe equip- 4 4´

ment (e.g. cables, sen-

sors, transmitters) ge-
nerally have an insu- circuit application example
lating strength > 500 V
a.c. (Figure 8.2.4.3). Fig. 8.2.4.4 Application – Insulation resistance < 500 V a.c.

222 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

In order to coordinate the dielectric strength of Chapter 9.15 “Installation of surge protective
the devices to be protected (transmitter and sen- devices in intrinsically safe circuits”, lists the most
sor) with the voltage protection level of the SPDs, important selection criteria for both intrinsic safe-
it must be ensured that the insulation resistance of ty and EMC / surge protection in installations in
the devices to be protected is considerably higher order to detect the interaction on the other
than the requirements for an a.c. test voltage requirement profile in each case.
500 V a.c..
In order to avoid that the voltage drop of the
interference current to be discharged in the earth
connection does not degrade the voltage protec-
tion level, it must be ensured that the equipoten- 8.2.5 Special features of the installation of
tial bonding between the device to be protected SPDs
and the SPD is consistent.
The protective effect of an SPD for a device to be
Figure 8.2.4.4 illustrates a special type of applica- protected is provided if a source of interference is
tion. This particular application arises if the termi- reduced to a specified value below the interfer-
nal device to be protected has an insulation resist- ence or destruction limit and above the maximum
ance < 500 V a.c.. In this case, the intrinsically safe operating voltage of a device to be protected.
measuring circuit is not floating. Generally, the protective effect of an arrester is
indicated by the manufacturer in form of the
A BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE, which is not cer- voltage protection level Up (see IEC 61643-21,
tified for use in hazardous areas, is used as the SPD EN 61643-21). The effectiveness of a surge pro-
in the hazardous area and realises a voltage pro- tective device, however, depends on additional
tection level between lines to earth / equipotential parameters, which are determined by the instal-
bonding which is considerably less than 500 V. This lation. During the discharge, the current flow
is necessary in this particular application since the through the installation (e.g. L and R of the
insulating strength of the transmitter corresponds equipotential bonding conductor) can cause a
to < 500 V a.c.. voltage drop UL + UR which must be added to Up
and results in the residual voltage at the terminal
This example illustrates particularly the impor- device Ur .
tance of a common consideration of the conditions
of intrinsic safety and the EMC / surge protection Ur = U p + U L + U R
to be brought into line with each other in systems
engineering.

Earthing / Equipotential bonding Optimal surge protection is possible under the fol-
A consistent equipotential bonding and an inter- lowing conditions:
meshing of the earth-termination system in the
hazardous area of the installation must be ⇒ The maximum operating voltage Uc of the SPD
ensured. is just above the open circuit voltage of the
The cross section of the earth conductor from the system
SPD to the equipotential bonding must be at least ⇒ Up of the SPD should be as low as possible,
4 mm2 Cu. since additional voltage drops through the
installation have less effect
Installation of SPD BLITZDUCTOR CT in Ex(i)-cir-
cuits ⇒ The equipotential bonding should be de-
The normative stipulations for Ex(i)-circuits from signed to have the lowest impedance possi-
the point of view of the protection against explo- ble
sion and of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
correspond to different positions, a situation ⇒ Installing the SPD as close as possible to the
which occasionally causes consternation among terminal device has a favourable effect on the
designers and building constructors. residual voltage

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 223

Installation examples: equipotential bonding conductor must be in-
stalled separately, if possible, and / or be designed
Example 1: Correct installation to have extremely low impedance (e.g. metal
(Figure 8.2.5.1) mounting plate). This form of installation illus-
trates current installation practice for terminal
The terminal device is only earthed directly via the devices protection class I.
earth connection point of the arrester. The conse-
quence is that the Up of the SPD is in fact available Ur = U p + Uv
at the terminal device. This form of installation
illustrates the most favourable application of the
SPD for protection of the terminal device. Example 3: Wrong method of equipotential bond-
ing (Figure 8.2.5.3)
Ur = U p
The terminal device is only earthed directly via the
protective conductor terminal, for example. There
UL + UR have no effect is no low impedance equipotential bonding to the
surge protective device. The path of the equipo-
Example 2: Most common installation tential bonding conductor from protective device
(Figure 8.2.5.2) to where it meets the protective conductor termi-
nal of the terminal device (e.g. equipotential
The terminal device is earthed directly via the bonding bar) has considerable effect on the resid-
earth connection point of the arrester and is also ual voltage. Depending on the length of the con-
connected via the protective conductor. The conse- ductor, voltage drops up to a few kV can arise
quence is that a part of the discharge current, which add up to Up and can lead to the destruction
depending on the impedance ratio, flows away via of the terminal device during the discharge of
the connection to the terminal device. To prevent surges.
a coupling of the interference from the connecting
equipotential bonding conductor to the protected
lines, and to keep the residual voltage low, this
Ur = U p + U L + U R

BLITZDUCTOR BLITZDUCTOR
1 IN 2

3 OUT 4
1 IN 2

3 OUT 4

BCT MLC BD 110 BCT MLC BD 110

No.919 347 No.919 347

Up
Up
discharge current
discharge current

Uv

L of line Ur L of line Ur

R of line R of line

e.g. connection of protective conductor of power supply

L and R of the line have no effect on Ur out of Ur = Up L and R of the line have a little effect on Ur , if the connection
Up = voltage protection level has a low impedance: Ur = Up + Uv
Ur = residual voltage Uv = voltage drop connection; BCT > terminal device

Fig. 8.2.5.1 Correct installation Fig. 8.2.5.2 Most frequent installation

224 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 no direct equipotential
bonding connection between
BLITZDUCTOR and terminal device

BLITZDUCTOR
1 3
1 IN 2

3 OUT 4
BCT MLC BD 110
BLITZDUCTOR

1 IN 2

3 OUT 4
No.919 347
BCT MLC BD 110
No.919 347

Up
2 4
discharge current

UL Ur Ur

UR

Due to wrong conductor leading interferences are coupled

L and R of the line impair Ur: Ur = Up + UL + UR from the unprotected to the protected line

Fig. 8.2.5.3 Wrong method of equipotential bonding Fig. 8.2.5.4 Wrong conductor leading

Example 4: Wrong conductor leading Shielding

(Figure 8.2.5.4)
The shielding of cables is described under 7.3.1.
Even if the equipotential bonding is carried out
Recommendations for installation:
correctly, a wrong conductor leading can interfere
The use of metal shields or cable ducts reduces the
with the protective effect or even result in damage
interaction between line pair and surroundings.
to the terminal device. If strict spatial separation or
For shielded cables, please note the following:
shielding of an unprotected conductor upstream
of the SPD, and protected conductor downstream ⇒ Shield earthing at one end reduces the irradia-
of the SPD, is not maintained, then the electro- tion of electric fields
magnetic interference field can cause coupling of ⇒ Shield earthing at both ends reduces the irra-
interference impulses on the protected conductor. diation of electromagnetic fields

Type of installation Distance

Without divider Aluminium Steel
or non-metallic divider divider
divider
Unshielded l.v. supply lines and
unshielded telecommunications lines 200 mm 100 mm 50 mm
Unshielded l.v. supply lines and
shielded telecommunications lines 50 mm 20 mm 5 mm
Shielded l.v. supply lines and
unshielded telecommunications lines 30 mm 10 mm 2 mm
Shielded l.v. supply lines and
shielded telecommunications lines 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm
Table 8.2.5.1 Separation of telecommunications and low voltage supply lines (based on EN 50174-2)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 225

 Recommended

not recommended
l.v. cables

auxiliary cables
right
telecommunica-
tion cables

sensitive
applications

metal cable trays

Low voltage cables Telecommunication cables

Auxiliary cables
Cables for sensitive applications
(e.g. fire alarm systems, door openers)
Fig. 8.2.5.5 Separation of cables in cable duct systems

⇒ Conventional shields offer no significant pro- of factors. The recommended guide values for the
tection against low frequency magnetic fields. spatial distances to low voltage lines are described
in EN 50174-2. For a cable length less than 35 m no
Recommendations: distance is generally required. In all other cases,
Shields should run continuously between IT instal- Table 8.2.5.1 gives the distances applying.
lations, have a low coupling resistance and be con- It is recommended to install telecommunication
ducted around the complete circumference, if pos- lines in metal ducts which are electrically connect-
sible. The shield must enclose the conductors com- ed and completely enclosed. The metal cable duct
pletely, if possible. Interruptions in the shield and systems should be connected with low impedance
high impedance earth connections and “pig tails“ to earth as frequently as possible, at least at the
of cables should be avoided. beginning and the end (Figure 8.2.5.5).
The extent to which low voltage lines can affect
telecommunication lines depends on a multitude

226 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9. Application proposals
9.1 Surge protection for frequency converters
In principle a frequency converter consists of a rec- The problems, however, result from the short-term
tifier, a d.c. link converter, an inverter and of the induction of fault currents by the frequency con-
control electronics (Fig. 9.1.1). verter. These are sufficient to activate sensitive
At the input of the inverter the single phase or earth leakage circuit breakers (RCDs). A surge-
interlinked, three-phase a.c. voltage is changed proof RCD circuit breaker available for a tripping
into a pulsating d.c. voltage and is pushed into the current IΔn = 30 mA and a min. discharge capability
d.c. link converter that also serves as energy store of 3 kA (8/20 μs) provides a remedy.
(buffer).
Capacitors in the d.c. link converter and the LC net- By the control electronics, the inverter delivers a
works connected to earth in the a.c. line filter, can clocked output voltage. The higher the clock fre-
cause problems with the residual current devices quency of the control electronics for the pulse-
(RCD) connected in series. The reason for this is width-modulation, the more sinusoidal is the out-
often wrongly seen in the application of surge put voltage. With each cycle, a peak voltage is cre-
arresters. ated that is superimposed on the curve of the fun-

INPUT line-side d.c. link load-side OUTPUT

converter rectifier bank of capacitors converter inverter
L1 + + motor load
V1 V3 V5
U1
M
L2 C V1
3~
W1
L3 V4 V6 V2
− −

control electronics
control / regulation / monitoring / communication
data

Fig. 9.1.1 Schematic diagram of a frequency converter

shielded motor supply line

shield is earthed on both
sides over a wide area
frequency motor
converter 1 1

power supply line connection to FC filter

compact filter
kept as short
as possible
metal mounting plate connected to earth
general: all cables should be kept as short as possible

No. Type Part No.

1 Constant force spring SA KRF ... 919 031 - 919 038

Fig. 9.1.2 EMC conforming shield connection of the motor supply line

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 227

damental frequency. This peak voltage reaches the output of the frequency converter more fre-
values of 1200 V and higher (according to the fre- quently.
quency converter). The better the simulation of
the sine curve at the output, the better is the per- For choosing of surge arresters, the maximum con-
formance and control response of the motor. This tinuous operating voltage Uc has to be taken into
means, however, that the voltage peaks appear at account. It specifies the maximum permissible

d.c. link

INPUT OUTPUT

PX
PR
P1
+

−
3x 400V/50Hz
L1 L1 U M
L2 L2 V 3~
L3 L3 W

1 L11 power 2
L21 supply
input
signal circuit
charge
protective
PC circuits
STF
STR alarm
STOP
RH
RM A fault
RL B
Processor/DSP C indicator
RT
JOG
MRS Software AM analogue
AU 5 output
CS
SD Functions: FM
reset Hz
RES PID controller SD
operator’s station
Basic functions: SE operating
PU/DU Voltage/frequency RUN state
SU
function OL and
vector control IPF fault
FU indicator
10E
10
2
4-20 mA 5
4
3 1 LCD/LED display PU/DU

No. Type Part No.

1 DEHNguard

DG MOD 275 DEHNguard S DG S 275 952 070

DEHNguard S DG S 600 952 076

DEHNguard®T

2
BLITZDUCTOR XT 920 324 +
3
3 OUT 4

1 IN 2

BCT MOD ...

BXT ML4 BE 24 + BXT BAS 920 320

Blitzductor CT

Fig. 9.1.3 Structure of a frequency converter with SPD

228 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

operating voltage a surge protective device may ed cabling so that adjacent systems are not dis-
be connected to. This means that surge protective turbed.
devices with a correspondingly higher Uc are used For shielding the motor power supply line, a bila-
at the output side of the frequency converter. This teral shield earthing at the frequency converter
avoids faster ageing due to gradually heating of and the drive motor has to be ensured. The large-
the surge protective device under normal operat- surface contacting of the shield results from the
ing conditions and the consequential voltage EMC requirements. Advantageous is here the use
peaks. This heating of the arrester leads to a short- of constant force springs (Fig. 9.1.2). By means of
er service life and consequently to a disconnection intermeshed earth-termination systems, i.e. the
of the surge protective device from the system to earth-termination system the frequency converters
be protected. and the drive motor are connected to, potential
differences are reduced between the parts of the
installation and thus equalising currents via the
The voltage at the output of the frequency con-
shield are avoided.
verter is variable and adjusted a little bit higher
than the nominal voltage at the input. Often it is
Figure 9.1.3 shows the use of surge protective
approx. + 5 % during continuous operation, in
devices Type DEHNguard on the power supply side
order to compensate the voltage drop at the con-
and Type BLITZDUCTOR for 0 – 20 mA signals. The
nected line, for example. Otherwise, one can sim-
protective devices have to be individually adapted
ply say that the maximum voltage at the input of
according to the interface.
the frequency converter is equal to the maximum
voltage at the output of the frequency converter.
For the integration of the frequency converter into
the building automation it is absolutely essential
The high clock frequency at the output of the fre- that all evaluation and communication interfaces
quency converter generates fieldborne interfer- are connected with surge protective devices in
ences and therefore, requires necessarily a shield- order to avoid system failures.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 229

9.2 Lightning and surge protection for outdoor lighting
systems
Outdoor lighting can be installed at the outer IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). Table 9.2.1 shows an
walls of buildings as well as on open site. In any excerpt of it for practical use. The material to be
case it has to be considered whether the outdoor used always has to be selected with regard to
lighting is located in lightning protection zone LPZ probable corrosion.
0A or in lightning protection zone LPZ 0B. Outdoor
lighting in LPZ 0A is at risk of direct lightning Measures to reduce the risk of electric shock haz-
strikes, impulse currents up to the whole lightning ard due to touch and / or step voltage are subject
current and of the whole field of the lightning to individual examination.
flash. In LPZ 0B they are protected against direct Analogously to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) the
lightning strikes, however, at risk of impulse cur- required measure to reduce the touch voltages is,
rents up to partial lightning currents and the for example, an asphalt layer of at least 5 cm thick-
whole field of lightning. ness or 15 cm gravel, 3 m around the lamp pole
(Figure 9.2.1).
Lamp poles in lightning protection zone LPZ 0A
have to be interconnected underground and they In IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) also the potential con-
have to be connected with the earth electrodes of trol, for example, is mentioned as measure to
reduce step voltages. In this case four rings are
the buildings or structures via permissible earthing
conductors. The recommended materials, dimen- installed in the distances 1.0 m, 4.0 m, 7.0 m, and
10.0 m, and in the corresponding depths of 0.5 m,
sions and cross sections are indicated in Table 7 of
1.0 m, 1.5 m, and
2.0 m around the
Material Form Earthing conductor Notes lamp pole. These
Copper cable 50 mm2 min. wire thickness 1.7 mm rings are inter-
round 50 mm2 Ø 8 mm connected by four
strip 50 mm2 min. thickness 2 mm connecting leads
Steel round galvanised 50 μm Ø 10 mm - which are stag-
strip galvanised 70 μm 90 mm2 min. thickness 3 mm gered by 90 ° and
Stainless round Ø 10 mm - also with the
Steel strip 100 mm 2 min. thickness 2 mm lamp pole (Fig-
ure 9.2.2).
Table 9.2.1 Min. dimensions of earthing conductors for interconnecting lamp poles in LPZ 0A and for connecting to
the earth-termination system of the building or structure

asphalt layer
≥ 5 cm

3m 3m

Fig. 9.2.1 Insulation of the place around the lamp pole to reduce the risk of touch voltage in case of lightning strike

230 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

The following types of lightning current and surge by the rolling sphere, the outdoor lighting is in
protective devices are installed at the boundary lightning protection zone LPZ 0A (Figure 9.2.3 and
of the lightning protection zone LPZ 0A – LPZ 1 or Figure 9.2.4).
LPZ 0B – LPZ 1.
All outdoor lightings in lightning protection zone Before installing lightning current arresters Type 1,
LPZ 0A shall be protected by lightning current it has to be checked, whether the circuits of the
arresters Type 1 to be installed at the entrance to outdoor lighting are already protected by an ener-
the building or structure. This lightning protection gy coordinated SPD Type 2 in the current distribu-
zone to be determined, requires “to approach” tion board, if not, combined lightning current and
the corresponding rolling sphere from all possible surge arresters are recommended to be installed at
directions to the outdoor lighting. If it is touched the lightning protection zone boundary.

±0
-0.5 m
-1.0 m
-1.5 m
-2.0 m
1m
4m
7m
10 m

Fig. 9.2.2 Potential control to reduce the arising step voltage at lightning strikes into a lamp pole

Lightning current arresters

TN system
DB 1 255 H (2x), Part No. 900 222
TT system
DB 1 255 H, Part No. 900 222
DGP BN 255, Part No. 900 132
Combined lightning current
and surge arresters
TN system
radiu DV M TN 255, Part No. 951 200
s of t
rollin he TT system
g sph DV M TT 2P 255, Part No. 951 110
ere

Fig. 9.2.3 230 V wall lamp as outdoor lighting in lightning protection zone LPZ 0A

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 231

 Lightning current arresters
TNC system
DB 3 255 H, Part No. 900 120
rad
iu
roll s of th TNS system
ing e DB 3 255 H, Part No. 900 120
sph
ere DB 1 255 H, Part No. 900 222
TT system
DB 3 255 H, Part No. 900 120
DK 35, Part No. 900 699
DGP BN 255, Part No. 900 132
Combined lightning current
and surge arresters
TNC system
DV M TNC 255, Part No. 951 300
TNS system
DV M TNS 255, Part No. 951 400
TT system
DV M TT 255, Part No. 951 310

Fig. 9.2.4 Lamp pole with 3 x 230/400 V outdoor lighting in lightning protection zone LPZ 0A

f the e
us o r
radi g sphe
n
rolli

he
of t e
ius er
rad sph
ing
roll

TN system TNC system

DG M TN 275, Part No. 952 200 DG M TNC 275, Part No. 952 300
TT system TNS system
DG M TT 2P 275, Part No. 952 110 DG M TNS 275, Part No. 952 400
TT system
DG M TT 275, Part No. 952 310

Fig. 9.2.5 230 V wall lamp as outdoor lighting in lightning protec- Fig. 9.2.6 Lamp pole with 3 x 230/400 V outdoor lighting in light-
tion zone LPZ 0B ning protection zone LPZ 0B

232 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

All outdoor lightings in lightning protection zone the corresponding rolling sphere from all possible
LPZ 0B shall be protected by surge protective directions to the outdoor lighting, which in this
devices Type 2, to be installed at the entrance to case, may not be touched by the rolling sphere
the building or structure. This lightning protection (Figures 9.2.5 and 9.2.6).
zone to be determined, requires “to approach”

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 233

9.3 Lightning and surge protection for biogas plants
In modern biogas plants biodegradable organic for the heating of residential and agricultural
substrates such as liquid manure, dung, grass, buildings.
straw, biowaste, residues of sugar, wine, beer pro-
duction, leftovers, and fats, are fermented in an Necessity of a lightning protection system
air-tight container (fermenter / fermentation tank). Until January 2003, the ElexV “Verordnung über
In this atmosphere without oxygen, bacteria pro- elektrische Anlagen in explosionsgefährdeten
duce biogas of the fermentable, organic biomass Bereichen“ (Directive for electrical installations in
components. This biogas is used to generate heat explosion hazard areas) had to be applied and is
and current. now replaced by the German Health and Safety at
Work Regulations (BetrSichV). These regulations
Figure 9.3.1 shows the system layout of a typical are applicable for the provision of work equip-
biogas plant usually consisting of a slurry store ment by employers as well as for the use of work
(collecting basin), a sanitation system, one or more equipment by employees (compare § 1 Subclause 1
heatable fermenters, a repository tank, probably a BetrSichV). It is also applied for systems which
refermenter, a gasholder and a gas conditioner. require monitoring in the sense of § 2 Subclause 2a
Grain, for example, is preserved in the ligavator of the Device Safety Act (German: Gerätesicher-
(liquids tank) shown in Figure 9.3.1. The gas motor heitsgesetz). According to the Device Safety Act,
with heat exchanger and connected generator is a systems with hazard of explosion are rated to be
combined heat and power unit (CHP). Depending monitored. As, for example, the vicinity of gas-
on the energy content of biogas, the CHP gener- holders and gas tanks of a biogas plant is at risk of
ates electrical current with an efficiency degree of an explosive gas / air mixture, biogas plants are cat-
approx. 30 % and heat with an efficiency degree egorised as explosion endangered systems.
of approx. 60 %. Partly the heat is used for the fer- According to the German Health and Safety at
menter while the surplus of it, for example, is used Work Regulations (BetrSichV § 12) biogas plants

collecting basin condensor

pump weighing vessel

mixer sanitation
mixer

cooling tank
liquids tank
flare system
weigher valve
electric
pump valve pump power

fermenter
gas analyser
grain silo pump
gas pipe CHP
CHP
circulating repository tank
pump heat
control
valve valve cabinet

mixer mixer E-technology

mill building
valve

Fig. 9.3.1 System layout of a biogas plant

234 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

have to be mounted, installed, and operated necessary to minimize the damage risk due to
according to the state of the art. Hence also the lightning strike by lightning protection measures
lightning protection systems have to meet the so that the tolerable risk is no longer exceeded.
requirements of the BetrSichV.
The German national Supplement 2 of DIN EN
In the German safety regulations for agricultural 62305-3 gives additional information for special
biogas plants BGR 104 Section E 2 it is pointed out buildings or structures and a closer specification of
that in areas with hazard of explosion “measures the requirements for the lightning protection of
to avoid the ignition of hazardous explosive biogas plants. Thus biogas plants shall be protect-
atmosphere” have to be carried out. ed by isolated air-termination and down conduc-
tors systems if the risk of ignition by sparks at join-
According to EN 1127-1 Subclause 5.3.1 there are ings and connecting points can not be excluded.
thirteen different sources of ignition. In subclause
5.3.8 of EN 1127-1 and in the German safety regu- External lightning protection
lations BGR 104 lightning is defined as source of The fermenter is the core of every biogas plant.
ignition: “Lightning striking potentially explosive There is a wide spectrum of fermenters and fer-
atmosphere will always cause ignition. Moreover, menting systems on the market with different
there is also a possibility of ignition due to the designs. The required lightning protection system
high temperature reached by lightning conduc- must always be adapted to the structural condi-
tors. Large currents flow from where the lightning tions of the plant. Different solutions can be found
strikes and these currents can produce sparks in for one protective aim. As already mentioned, a
the vicinity of the point of impact. Even in the lightning protection system class II meets the gen-
absence of lightning strikes, thunderstorms can eral requirements for systems with explosive areas
cause high induced voltages in equipment, protec- and hence those for biogas plants.
tive systems and components.” The lightning protection system comprises an
The rules of explosion protection require to take external and an internal lightning protection.
appropriate protection measures against lightning The functions of the external lightning protection
hazard. are to intercept all lightning strikes, including side
The BetrSichV clearly obligates the employer to strikes into the building or structure, to conduct
make a comprehensive determination and assess- the lightning current from the striking point to the
ment of the risk factors for operation facilities earth and to distribute it in the earth without hav-
with hazard of explosion. According to § 5 of the ing any damage at the building or structure to be
BetrSichV the employer have to subdivide explo- protected due to the thermal, mechanical, or elec-
sion endangered areas into zones taking into tric effects.
regard the results of the risk assessment. The zones
of protection against explosion have to be defined Fermenter with film dome
in a document of protection against explosion. In biogas plants often fermenters with film dome
“Further information for lightning protection sys- are used which can be damaged by lightning
tems for buildings and installations with explosive strike. The melting and spraying effect at the strik-
areas” is given in the lightning protection stan- ing point causes the risk of fire and explosion. The
dard IEC 62305-3 Annex D which requires a light- lightning protection measures have to be designed
ning protection system class II for such systems. in a way that there will be no direct lightning
In special cases the requirement of additional strike into the film dome of the fermenter (Figure
measures, however, has to be checked according to 9.3.2).
IEC 62305-2. A risk analysis can be made by means In the safety regulations for agricultural biogas
of the calculation method specified in IEC 62305-2. plants, the Ex zone 2 is determined to be in the
For this risk analysis (acc. to IEC 62305-2) the soft- area of 3 m around the film dome of the fer-
ware DEHNsupport can be used. So it is possible to menter. In Ex zone 2 explosive atmosphere is
determine the risk of damage for a building or unusual and only temporary. This means, in zone 2
structure and the persons and equipment therein explosive atmosphere has to be taken into consid-
from direct and indirect lightning strikes. The risk eration only at seldom, unforeseen operational
of damage being higher than an tolerable risk, it is conditions (in case of failure and service / mainte-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 235

 rolling sphere radius r rolling sphere radius r

Fig. 9.3.2 Use of the DEHNiso-Combi system to protect a fermenter

with film dome

DEHNiso-Combi Set (Part No. 105 455) Fig. 9.3.3 Protection of a fermenter with film dome by steel tele-
scopic lightning protection masts
1-part unit, total length 5700 mm consisting of:
1x air-termination tip Al, L = 1000 mm
(Part No. 105 071) has to be installed to avoid uncontrolled flashover
1x insulating pipe, L = 4700 mm from the down conductor to the metal wall of the
(Part No. 105 301) fermenter. The isolated leading of the down con-
3x wall mounting bracket StSt (V2A) ductors on distance holders out of GRP (glass-fibre
(Part No. 105 340) reinforced plastic) ensures an electric isolation of
2x distance holder GRP/Al, L = 1030 mm the lightning protection system from conductive
(Part No. 106 331) parts of the fermenter. The length of the distance
Table 9.3.1 DEHNiso-Combi Set holders being a function of the separation dis-
tance determined according to IEC 62305-3.
The DEHNiso-Combi Set according to Table 9.3.1 is
nance work). According to IEC 62305-3 therefore used in a case as illustrated in Figure 9.3.2.
the positioning of air-termination systems in Ex
zone 2 is permitted. Another possibility to avoid the film dome of the
fermenter being at hazard of direct lightning
strike is the use of steel telescopic lightning protec-
The rolling sphere method is used to determine tion masts (Figure 9.3.3). These masts are installed
height and number of air-termination installa- in natural soil or in a concrete foundation. Free
tions. The sag of the rolling sphere is decisive for heights of 21 m above ground level can be
the dimensioning of the air-termination system, achieved, even higher, if custom-made ones are
which can be determined according to IEC 62305-3. used. The standard lengths of the steel telescopic
The corresponding class II for systems with explo- lightning protection masts are supplied in sections
sive areas requires a rolling sphere radius of 30 m of 3.5 m, offering enormous advantages for trans-
(Figure 9.3.2). portation. Further information about the use of
steel telescopic lightning protection masts can be
Depending on the gas volume, the inner mem- found in installation instructions No. 1574.
brane in the gasholder of the fermenter is pressed
more or less tightly against the metal inner wall of A third possibility to protect the fermenter with
the fermenter. An isolated down conductor system film dome against direct lightning strike is to use

236 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 rolling sphere radius r rolling sphere radius r
≤ 8.5 m

≤ 8.5 m
≤ 12.5 m

≤ 16.0 m
≤ 10.0 m

≤ 13.5 m
> 0.2 m

Fig. 9.3.4 Fermenter protected with air-termination masts isolated Fig. 9.3.5 Fermenter protected with air-termination masts isolated
by 1 HVI conductor by 2 HVI conductors

the DEHNconductor system. The DEHNconductor Note: The distance between the two HVI conduc-
system is a programme comprising the HVI conduc- tors, to be installed in parallel, has to be more than
tor and the specially adapted connecting and fix- 20 cm.
ing elements. The HVI conductor is a high voltage-
resistant, insulating down conductor with a special Further information about the DEHNconductor
outer coating. It is typically used as isolated down system can be found in the following installation
conductor in lightning protection to handle the instructions under www.dehn.de:
separation distance according to IEC 62305-3. The
separation distance has to be calculated according
⇒ Installation instructions 1565: Air-termination
to IEC 62305-3. Subsequently it has to be exam-
mast with inner HVI conductor for biogas
ined if this calculated separation distance can be
plants
realised with the equivalent separation distance of
the HVI conductor. The DEHNconductor system
offers two variants of solution: ⇒ Installation instructions 1501: HVI conductor in
the Ex area
Variant 1: Air-termination masts with one HVI con-
ductor (Figure 9.3.4). The maximum total length of Designing service
the air-termination system from the equipotential Isolated air-termination systems being rather
bonding level (earth-termination system) to the complex and extensive systems. DEHN + SÖHNE
air-termination tip here is 12.5 m, the maximum would be pleased to assist you in designing of iso-
free length above the top edge of the fermenter lated air-termination systems on the basis of the
must not exceed 8.5 m (for mechanical reasons). DEHNconductor system, DEHNiso-Combi system or
steel telescopic lightning protection masts. This
designing service offered against payment com-
Variant 2: Air-termination masts with two HVI con- prises
ductors (Figure 9.3.5). The maximum total length
of the air-termination system from the equipoten-
tial bonding level (earth-termination system) to ⇒ the compiling of drawings of the lightning
the air-termination tip here is 16 m, the maximum protection (general layout drawings),
free length above the top edge of the fermenter ⇒ detail drawings for an isolated air-termination
also 8.5 m. system (partly as explosion drawings),

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 237

⇒ comprehensive parts list of the necessary com- hausting vents being in the protected area of met-
ponents for the isolated air-termination sys- al enclosure parts capable of carrying lightning
tem, currents, supplementary air-termination systems
⇒ a quotation based on this parts list. are not necessary. Otherwise supplementary air-
termination systems have to be installed to protect
If you are interested please contact your local con- the exhausting vents from direct strike.
sultant or the head office in Neu-
markt (www.dehn.de).

Fermenters out of sheet metal

Fermenters out of sheet metal usu-
ally have a wall thickness between
0.7 and 1.2 mm. The individual
plates being screwed together
(Figure 9.3.6)

If sheet metal shall be used as nat-

ural air-termination system Table 3
of IEC 62305-3 is applicable for the
thickness. In case the required val-
ues of plate thickness are not com-
plied with, a lightning strike might
cause through-melting or intolera-
ble heating-up at the point of
strike with risk of fire and explo-
sion. These fermenters then must
be protected by supplementary air-
termination systems to avoid melt- Fig. 9.3.6 Fermenter out of screwed sheet metal
ing-out at the point of strike. In
this case an isolated lightning pro-
tection system will be installed. Its
location be to determined by the
rolling sphere method. The down-
conductor system has to be in-
stalled on distance holders accord-
ing to the determined separation
distance at the metal plates (Figure
9.3.7).

Steel tank
Figure 9.3.8 shows completely
welded biogas tank with a sheet
steel enclosure of at least 4 mm
thickness. The requirements of
Table 3 of IEC 62305-3 with regard
to the material are met. For the
lightning protection system hence
the requirement according to
IEC 62305-3 Annex D “Additional Fig. 9.3.7 Isolated air-termination system to Fig. 9.3.8 Welded steel tank (Ref.: Eisenbau
information for LPS in case of protect a fermenter out of sheet Heilbronn GmbH)
structures with risk of explosion” is metal (Ref.: Büro für Technik,
applicable. The Ex zones of ex- Hösbach)

238 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 operation room

reference
measuring of the control
measuring
difference in limits system
power feed-in

3 x 20 kV

3 G
EBB EBB ∼ M

2
repository

grain silo
1

collecting liquid container

basin M ϑ
∼

fermenter refermenter
4

Fig. 9.3.9 Intermeshed earth-termination system for a biogas plant

Earthing concept tems, the mesh sizes varying between 20 m x 20 m

Connecting the individual earth-termination sys- up to 40 m x 40 m, is an economically and techni-
tems with an overall earth-termination system pre- cally reasonable method. Potential differences
vents the arising of high potential differences (Fig- between the various parts of the installation are
ure 9.3.9 and Table 9.3.2). Intermeshing the indi- clearly reduced, by intermeshing all earth-termina-
vidual building and system earth-termination sys- tion systems. Also the voltage loading of the cables
going outside of the building will be
lower in case of lightning effects.
No. Part No.
1 Strip steel StSt (V4A) 30 mm x 3.5 mm 860 335
Alternative: Round-bar StSt (V4A), Ø 10 mm 860 010 Power feed-in
2 Cross unit StSt (V4A) 319 209 By the biogas produced, usually pilot
Alternative: SV Terminal StSt (V4A) 308 229 injection gas engines generate cur-
Note: Anticorrosive band 556 125 rent and heat. In this context such
engines are called combined heat and
3 Equipotential bonding bar StSt 472 209
Alternative: Earthing busbar 472 139 power units (CHP). These CHPs are
installed in a separate operation
4 Terminal lugs directional strip steel StSt (V4A) 860 215 building, with the switching and con-
Alternative: Terminal lugs directional round-bar StSt (V4A) 860 115 trol cabinets in the same or a separate
Table 9.3.2 Material recommendation for earthing and equipotential bonding room. The electric power generated

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 239

 tems shall be incorporated into the
equipotential bonding so as to
20 kV; 3 50 Hz
cause as little impedance as possible
3 3
and that all live systems shall be con-
nected indirectly via surge protec-
tive devices Type 1. The lightning
3 3
equipotential bonding should be
performed preferably near the
3 3
entrance of the structure in order to
3 3
prevent a penetration of partial
lightning currents into the building.
3 The 230/400 a.c. power input of the
3 Z low-voltage main distribution of the
consumer system (Figure 9.3.10)
shall be protected by surge protec-
tive devices SPDs Type 1. Such a
surge protective device SPD Type 1
4 4 on RADAX Flow spark gap basis for
power supply systems is DEHNbloc.
3 3
This lightning current arrester has a
discharge capability up to 50 kA
4 4
(10/350 μs) each pole. By the pa-
Z tented RADAX Flow principle the
amplitude of system short-circuit
CHP
currents up to 50 kArms is reduced
distribution to approx. 500 A and extinguished
3 3 3 3 3
125 A G after approx. 5 ms. Hence a discon-
3
nection selectivity of the surge pro-
M tective device is possible also in case
5
3 of too weak system fuses. An inter-
1 ruption of supply by tripping of the
main fuse thus is avoided. Surge
protective devices Type 2, for exam-
ple DG TNS H230 400 LI, will be
2 installed in downstream subdistribu-
tions (Table 9.3.3). This surge protec-
tive device has a three-stage visual
service life indication with remote
signalling link informing any time
consumer system generating system
about the function standby of surge
protection.
Fig. 9.3.10 Sectional view of an overall circuit diagram of a biogas plant
The DEHNventil, a multipole modu-
lar combined lightning current and
by the CHP is feed into the public power supply sys- surge arrester with high follow current limitation
tem (see Figure 9.3.10). is installed in the CHP distribution (Figure 9.3.10).
This combined lightning current and surge arrester
An essential part of a lightning protection system is wired ready for connection, comprising a base
is the lightning equipotential bonding to be car- part and plug-in protective modules. The DEHN-
ried out for all conductive systems entering the ventil ensures utmost system availability and a dis-
building or structure from outside. Lightning connection selectivity to 20 A gl/gG fuses up to 50
equipotential bonding requires that all metal sys- kArms short-circuit current.

240 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 No. Protection for: SPDs Part No. Note
Lightning current arrester Type 1
1 TN-C system 3 x DB 1 255 H 900 222 1-pole lightning current arrester
with high follow current limiting
TN-S system 4 x DB 1 255 H 900 222
TT system 3 x DB 1 255 H 900 222
+ 1 x DGP BN 255 + 900 132
Alternative
1 TN-C system 3 x DBM 1 255 S 900 220 Coordinated lightning current
arrester with integrated backup
TN-S system 4 x DBM 1 255 S 900 220 fuse for industrial busbar systems
TT system 3 x DBM 1 255 S 900 220
+ 1 x DGPM 1 255 S + 900 050
Surge arrester Type 2
2 TN-C system DG TNC H230 400 LI 950 160 Multi-pole surge arrester with
SPD control „Pro-Active-Thermo-
TN-S system DG TNS H230 400 LI 950 170 Control“ and 3-stage visual service
TT system DG TT H230 400 LI 950 150 life indicator

Combined lightning current and surge arrester

3 TN-C system 1 x DV M TNC 255 951 300 Modular combined lightning
current and surge arrester with
TN-S system 1 x DV M TNS 255 951 400 high follow current limiting and
TT system 1 x DV M TT 255 951 310 a protection level ≤ 1.5 kV

Table 9.3.3 Surge protection for the power supply

At little distances between the DEHNventil and the the Uk0 interface upstream of the NTBA which the
consumers (≤ 5 m) also the terminal equipment is ISDN modem is connected to, is protected by a
protected. surge protective adapter NT PRO (Figure 9.3.11).
This adapter ensures additional protection of the
230 V power supply of the NTBA. The recommend-
Remote monitoring
ed protection of telecommunication terminal
By the remote monitoring system the performance devices and telecommunication system with RJ
data of the biogas plant are always available. The socket outlet and plug is the surge arrester Type
system specific measured data can be directly read BLITZDUCTOR VT ISDN (Table 9.3.4).
at the acquisition unit. The data acquisition unit
has RS 232 or RS 485 interfaces to connect a PC
Figure 9.3.11 shows the protection of a surveil-
and / or modems for remote enquiry and mainte-
lance camera. The shielded surge arrester UKGF
nance. The remote monitoring, for example per
BNC protects the coaxial cable of the video trans-
modem, allows the service staff to log on an exist-
mission system (Table 9.3.4). More about the pro-
ing system and to provide direct assistance to the
tection of video surveillance systems is provided in
operator in case of failure. The modem is connect-
the protection proposal “Surge protection for
ed to the network termination unit (NTBA) of an
video surveillance systems” in Chapter 9.
ISDN basic access. The forwarding of the measured
data via the telecommunication network per ISDN
modem must be provided as well, in order to pro- Process control
vide a continuous control and optimisation of the One of the most important components of operat-
performance of the installation. For this purpose ing a biogas plant is the process control. All pumps

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 241

 operation building
2
3

ISDN
system

NTBA

NT 1
4 5
PROFIBUS DP
1

switchgear cabinet PROFIBUS PA

NT
EBB 6

Fig. 9.3.11 Surge protection for information technology systems

No. Protection for... SPDs Part No.

1 Power and data input of an NTBA NT PRO 909 958
2 Telcommunications terminal devices and telephone system with RJ-plug-in connector BLITZDUCTOR BVT ISDN 918 410
3 Coaxial line (frame transfer) UGKF BNC 929 010
Table 9.3.4 Surge protection for information technology systems

No. Protection for... BLITZDUCTOR XT Type Part No.

4 – 20 mA BXT ML4 BE 24 + BXT BAS 920 324 + 920 300
0 – 10 V BXT ML4 BE 12 + BXT BAS 920 322 + 920 300
4 Profibus DP / FMS BXT ML4 BD HF 5 + BXT BAS 920 371 + 920 300
Temperature measuring PT 100, PT 1000, Ni 1000 BXT ML4 BE 5 + BXT BAS 920 320 + 920 300
5 Profibus PA; Ex (i) BXT ML4 BD EX 24 + BXT BAS EX 920 381 + 920 301
Table 9.3.5 Surge arresters for the measuring and control technology

No. DEHNpipe Type Application / Approval Thread Part No.

6 DPI MD EX 24 M 2 4 – 20 mA, Profibus PA, Fieldbus Foundadtion; Ex (i) M20 x 1,5; Internal / External thread 929 960
Table 9.3.6 Surge arresters for field devices

242 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 9.3.12 Combined lightning current and surge arrester modules with LifeCheck Fig. 9.3.13 Surge arrester DEHNpipe for outdoor
areas for screwing into 2-wire process
field devices

and agitators shall be operated centrally, process the type of signal (d.c., LF, HF) and the signal sup-
data such as gas volume and gas quality shall be ply (balanced, unbalanced).
recorded, temperature and all input materials shall Table 9.3.5 exemplifies protective devices for signal
be acquired, all data shall be visualised and docu- and control lines.
mented. In order to protect 2-wire process field devices such
A failure of the process control due to surges as pressure or fill level sensors, valves, pressure
results in procedural disturbances and interrup- transmitters, flow meters, the installation of the
tions of the biogas generation. These processes surge arrester DEHNpipe (Figure 9.3.13, Table
being very complex anyway, unscheduled placing 9.3.6) is recommended. This arrester offers an
out of operation can lead to additional difficulties, energy coordinated surge protection for process
and the period of standstill might be extended to field devices in the outside area at a minimum
several weeks. need of space. The German safety regulations for
agricultural biogas plants BGR 104 and European
The control unit is installed in a control cabinet. In
Standard EN 1127 are applicable for biogas plants,
addition to digital inputs and outputs, T 1000 sig-
being a system with risk of explosion.
nals, 20 mA signals are evaluated. To ensure an
In BGR 104 and EN 1127 lightning is described as
undisturbed and continuous transmission of the
source of ignition. If the risk of lightning strike is
measured data to the control unit in the control
stipulated, the BGR 104 requires all zones to be
cabinet, the control and signal lines entering the
protected by suitable lightning protection meas-
building, for example from frequency inverters
ures.
and actuators have to be protected as close as pos-
sible to the point where they enter the building by The lightning protection standard IEC 62305-3
lightning current arresters, Type BLITZDUCTOR XT requires to implement at least a lightning protec-
(Figure 9.3.12). tion system Class II for systems with hazard of
A non-contact and quick arrester check, called explosion. The external lightning protection to be
LifeCheck, is integrated in this surge protective designed in such a way that no partial lightning
device. An extreme thermal or electrical loading is currents can flow into the explosive area. This tar-
safely detected and can be read out in a second by get of protection can be achieved by an isolated
the DEHNrecord DRC LC, a hand-held reader with air-termination system. In order to increase the
non-contact RFID technology. The protective availability of sensitive electronic equipment sup-
devices for IT systems are selected according to the plementary measures as the use of surge protec-
maximum operating voltage, the nominal current, tive devices shall be taken.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 243

9.4 Lightning and surge protection retrofitting for
sewage plants
Resources of drinking water running short require undefinable costs for the removal of ground water
a more efficient treatment. Therefore, sewage contamination. In order to come up to this threat
plants play a central role in the circle of drinking effectively and increase the availability of the sys-
water. The necessary high efficiency of sewage tems, external and internal lightning protection
plants (Figure 9.4.1) requires the optimisation of must be provided.
the operating procedure at a simultaneous reduc-
tion of the running operating costs. For this pur- Lightning protection zones concept
pose, considerable financial efforts were made for
In order to obtain the best technical and economi-
electronic measuring equipment and decentralised
cal protection, the sewage plant control is divided
electronic control and automation systems in
into lightning protection zones (LPZ). Subsequent-
recent years. Compared to conventional technolo-
ly, a risk analysis is carried out for each LPZ and for
gy, however, the new electronic systems provide
the relevant types of damage. For the risk analysis
only a low resistance against transient surges. The
acc. to IEC 62305-2 the software tool DEHNsupport
structural conditions of the spacious open-air
can be used. Lastly, the mutual dependences of the
plants with wastewater treatment technology and
LPZs are examined and the finally required protec-
the spread measuring devices and controls
tion measures are defined in order to reach the
increase additionally the risk of interferences due
necessary protection aim in all lightning protec-
to lightning discharges or surges. Thus, a failure of
tion zones. The following areas were assigned
the complete process control system or parts of it,
lightning protection zone LPZ 1 and lightning pro-
is highly probable to expect, if no protective meas-
tection zone LPZ 2:
ures are taken. The consequences of such a failure
can be far-reaching. They can reach from the costs ⇒ Electronic evaluation system in the control
for the recovery of the system function to the room (LPZ 2)

pumping draw works

rough / fine rake

rain overflow basin

ventilation / sand /fat catcher

black water basin
sewage plant control
primary sedimentation tank

sedimentation tank precipitant tank

activated sludge basin

outlet
nitrification – denitrification

Fig. 9.4.1 Schematic structure of a sewage plant

244 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 sewage plant control

230 V L N

DEHNguard

DEHNguard
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275
PE

measuring point

1’ 3’ 1’ 3’ 1’ 3’ 1’ 3’ 1’ 3’

protected protected protected protected protected

2’ 4’ 2’ 4’ 2’ 4’ 2’ 4’ 2’ 4’
BLITZDUCTOR

BLITZDUCTOR

BLITZDUCTOR

BLITZDUCTOR

BLITZDUCTOR
BXT ML4 BE 24

BXT ML4 BE 24

BXT ML4 BE 24

BXT ML4 BE 24
BXT ML4 BD
EX 24

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3

MCS
O2-value

Fig. 9.4.2 Division of a sewage plant control into lightning protection zones

⇒ Oxygen measurement in the aeration tank Site description

(LPZ 1) The complete process control of the sewage plant
⇒ Interior of the control room (LPZ 1) is situated centrally in the sewage plant control.
According to the lightning protection zones con- Characterised by the extended cable connections
cept of IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4), all conductors at to the measuring stations as well as substations,
the LPZ boundaries must be provided with appro- considerable partial lightning currents and surges
priate protective measures against surges, (Figure are imported by these lines into the control rooms
9.4.2). at a lightning strike. In the past, this resulted again
and again in destruction of the installation and
Risk assessment for the sewage plant control system failures.
The following example was calculated by using IEC The same applies to the power supply line and the
62305-2 (EN 62305-2). It should be pointed out telephone line (Figure 9.4.3).
that the procedure is only described as an exam- The sewage plant control itself shall be protected
ple. The solution presented is in no way binding against damage by fire (direct lightning strike),
and can be replaced by any other equivalent solu- and the electric and electronic systems (control
tions. The following states only the essential char- and automation system, telecontrol) against the
acteristics of the example. effects of lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMP).
First, a questionnaire with relevant questions on
the structure and its utilisation was discussed with Additional conditions
the operator and fixed in writing. This proceeding ⇒ Protective measures against effects of light-
ensures the elaboration of a lightning protection ning actually are already existing (external
concept that is comprehensible for all parties lightning protection, surge protective devices
involved. This concept represents then the mini- (SPD), (previously class B), type VGA 280/4 at
mum requirements, which, however, can still be the service entrance of the 230/400 V power
technically improved anytime. supply line, SPD, (previously class C) type

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 245

 fixed telecommunication network

230 / 400 V power supply

sewage plant control

O2 value

1’

protected
2’
3’

4’
L N
measuring point
BLITZDUCTOR

BXT ML4 BE 24

DEHNguard

DEHNguard
DG MOD 275

DG MOD 275

2 4

1 3
PE

230 V supply

4 - 20 mA

Fig. 9.4.3 Electrical lines going into the sewage plant control

VM 280 in the switchgear cabinets of the mea- (this is the same result as stated in VdS publica-
suring and control system). tion 2010)
⇒ The following types of damage are relevant: ⇒ Installation of SPDs Type 1 according to EN
L2 for loss of services (water supply and water 61643-11 (power supply) and SPDs, category
disposal) and L4 for economic losses (buildings D1 according to IEC 61643-21 for the data pro-
or structures and their contents). Type of dam- cessing lines (data lines of the measuring and
age L1 (loss of human life) was excluded, since control system and telecommunication lines)
the installation should run fully automatically ⇒ SPD Type 2 according to EN 61643-11 (power
in future operation. supply) and surge protective devices, category
C2 according to IEC 61643-21 for the data pro-
The result after calculating the actual state is that cessing lines (data lines of the measuring and
the calculated risk R for L2 for loss of service is still control system and telecommunication lines)
well above the tolerable risk RT .
Lightning protection system
Now, possible protective measures are initiated in
The existing lightning protection system of the
order to obtain R < RT whereas with respect to L4
sewage plant control was upgraded in accordance
loss of economic values the most cost effective
with the requirements of lightning protection sys-
solution has to be selected:
tems Class III (Figure 9.4.4). The existing, indirect
⇒ Installation of a lightning protection system connection of the structures mounted on the roof
Class III according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) (air conditioning systems) via isolating spark gaps

246 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 room, no more partial light-
αϒ
80 ning current can flow into
the structure and cause da-
70 mage. Due to the size of the
60 control room (15 m x 12 m),
the number of down con-
50
Class of LPS ductors (4) did not have to
40 be changed. The local earth-
ing system of the sewage
30
I II III IV
plant control was checked
20 at all measuring points and
10 the values were recorded.
Also, no upgrades had to be
0 made here.
0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 h[m]
Lightning equipotential bon-
Fig. 9.4.4 Protective angle method according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
ding for all cables entering
from the outside
was removed. The protection against direct light- In principle, all conductive systems entering the
ning strikes was realised by means of air-termina- sewage plant from the outside must be integrated
tion rods in compliance with requested separation into the lightning equipotential bonding (Figure
distances and protective angles. Consequently, in 9.4.5) The requirements of lightning equipotential
the case of a direct lightning strike into the control bonding are fulfilled by direct connection of all

lightning equipotential bonding

EBB

external lightning protection system

power
supply

water

gas Z

cathodic protected tank pipe

foundation earth electrode

Fig. 9.4.5 Lightning equipotential bonding according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 247

 do not have to be expected, even at a failure. For
the application of surge protective devices, the
cross section of the earth conductor for equipoten-
tial bonding must be minimum 6 mm2 Cu for SPDs
for power supply systems, and minimum 4 mm2 Cu
for SPDs for information technology. Moreover, in
areas with potentially explosive atmospheres the
connections of the equipotential bonding conduc-
tors must be secured at e.g. equipotential bonding
bars against self-loosening (e.g. by means of spring
washers).

Surge protection for the low-voltage power

supply
In the described application, the SPD type VGA
280/4 installed at the service entrance of the build-
ing is replaced by an SPD Type 1 DEHNventil M TNS
255 (Figure 9.4.6), since the “old” SPD does no
more comply with the requirements for lightning
protection systems according to IEC 62305-3
(EN 62305-3). The SPDs Type 2, (previously class C),
Type VM 280, were tested with an arrester test
unit, type PM 10. Since the test values were still
within the tolerances, there was no reason to
remove the SPDs. If further SPDs are installed for
protection of the terminal equipment as in the
present case, they must be coordinated among
Fig. 9.4.6 DEHNventil installed into a switchgear cabinet for protec- each other and with the terminal equipment to be
tion of the power supply system protected. The corresponding instructions given in
the enclosed installation instructions must be
observed.
metal systems and indirect connection of live sys-
Otherwise, the use of surge protective devices in
tems via surge protective devices. The SPD Type 1
low voltage consumer's installations shows no
(power supply system) and the SPD Type D1 (infor-
peculiarities compared to other applications and
mation technology) must have a lightning current
has already been described many times (for more
discharge capability of test waveform 10/350 μs.
information, please also see publication DS649 E
The lightning equipotential bonding shall prefer-
“Surge Protection – Easy Choice”).
ably be installed near the entrance into the build-
ing or structure in order to prevent a penetration
of lightning currents into the inside of the build- Surge protection in data processing systems
ing. From the protection point of view, the transfer
interface of all data processing lines to the sewage
Equipotential bonding plant is the service entrance. At this point SPDs
In the entire sewage plant control, a consistent (category D1) type DRL 10B 180 FSD are used,
equipotential bonding is carried out according to which are capable of carrying lightning currents.
IEC 60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54. The already From the transfer interface, the cables are led
existing equipotential bonding is tested to avoid directly to the switchgear cabinets and are con-
potential differences between different as well as nected there. In accordance with the performed
extraneous conductive parts. Also, supporting risk analysis, the incoming cables must be led via
parts of the building and parts of the construction, SPDs, types DCO RK ME 24 (20 mA signal) or DCO
pipelines, containers, etc., are included in the RK MD 110 (telecontrol). These are suitable for use
equipotential bonding, so that voltage differences in the lightning protection zones concept (catego-

248 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Fig. 9.4.7 DCO ME 24 surge protective device installed into a Fig. 9.4.8 DCO ME 24 surge protection device installed into a
switchgear cabinet for protection of the complete switchgear cabinet, incoming lines from double bottom
measuring and control system

ry C2), and are system compatible (Figures 9.4.7 Additional applications for protection of sewage
and 9.4.8). plants can be found in publication DS107 E.
This ensures a complete surge protection concept This can be downloaded from our website:
for the data processing cabling. www.dehn.de.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 249

9.5 Lightning and surge protection for cable networks and
antennas for TV, sound signals and interactive services
IEC 60728-11: 2005 complies with the state of the ed, conductive and touchable components of the
art and offers easy, standardised and effective pro- installation should be integrated into the equipo-
tective mechanisms against the effects of lightning tential bonding as well.
strikes into antennas.
Antennas must not be installed on buildings with
Antennas installed according to this standard do easily inflammable roofing (e.g. thatch or similar
not increase the probability of lightnings to strike materials). Antenna cables and earthing conduc-
the object under consideration. Nor is an antenna tors must not lead through those sections of rooms
system installed according to this standard a sub- where easily inflammable materials like hay, straw
stitute for a lightning protection system of a build- or alike are stored, or in which there is a potential
ing or structure. This standard deals with the safe- risk of explosive atmosphere to arise.
ty requirements for stationary systems and devices
and is, if applicable, also valid for mobile and tem- An equipotential bonding conductor has to be
porary systems (e.g. campers, recreational vehi- mechanically solid with a copper cross section of
cles). The range of validity comprises cable TV net- minimum 4 mm2. The shields of the coaxial cables
works (CATV networks) and satellite community going in or out of the building have to be connect-
antenna television systems as well as individual ed with an equipotential bonding conductor and
receiving networks. by the shortest route with a common equipoten-
tial bonding bar.
Outside antennas which are installed at a level of An earthing conductor being capable of carrying
more than 2 m below the roofing or the roof-edge lightning current can be a single solid wire having
and at distance of less than 1.5 m from the build- a minimum cross section of 16 mm2 of insulated or
ing (Figure 9.5.1) as well as antenna systems inside bare copper, or of insulated 25 mm2 aluminium or
a building are excepted from the following meas- of 50 mm2 aluminium wrought alloy (not to be
ures. However, at least the connection of the coax- directly installed on or in plaster nor on or in con-
ial cable shields to an equipotential bonding con- crete), or of steel 50 mm2, preferably for external
ductor is urgently recommended. All interconnect- installation.

Natural components which can be used, are for

example,
equipotential bonding conductor 4 mm2 Cu ⇒ the metal frame of the building or structure,
⇒ the interconnected reinforcement steel of the
building or structure,
⇒ facades, railings and substructures of metal
facades,
provided that
⇒ their dimensions meet the requirements of
down-conductor systems and their thickness is
min. 2 m not less than 0.5 mm,
⇒ their electrical conductivity in vertical direc-
tion is ensured (these permanent connections
have to be carried out by brazing, welding,
pressing, screwing or riveting), or that the
distance between metal structures does
not exceed 1 mm and the overlapping of
two structural elements is at least 100 cm2.
max. 1.5 m IEC 62305-3 does no longer stipulate this possi-
bility of overlapping sheet metal, except the
Fig. 9.5.1 Horizontal and vertical distances of antenna arrange- substructure is continuously conductive in ver-
ments requiring no earthing connection tical direction. If not, the overlapping sheet

250 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 0.5 m
1m

α > 60° α 2.5 m

2.5
foundation earth electrode m 2 .5 m 1m
flat shaped earth electrode earth rod

earthing connection

1m
1.5 m
building foundation
3m 1.5 m
earth rod steel skeleton, reinforced concrete buildings Fig. 9.5.2 Examples of permitted earth
electrodes

metals have to be safely interconnected ac- earth electrode not shorter than 2.5 m or two
cording to the requirements of IEC 62305-3. vertical earth electrodes not shorter than
Attention: Forming of loops has to be avoided. 1.5 m, installed at a distance of 3 m from each
other and not closer than 1 m to the founda-
The earth-termination system has to be designed tion.
according to one of the following manners (Figure Minimum cross section of each earth electrode to
9.5.2): be 50 mm2 copper or 80 mm2 steel.
⇒ Connection with the external lightning protec- Natural components such as interconnected rein-
tion system of the building or structure. forcement of concrete or other suitable under-
⇒ Connection with the earth-termination system ground metal constructions embedded into the
of the building or structure. foundation of the building the dimensions of
which complying with the above limit values, can
⇒ Connection with at least two horizontal earth
be used as well.
electrodes having a minimum length of 2.5 m,
being installed in an angle > 60 °, at least 0.5 m Other earth-termination system according to
deep and not closer than 1 m to the founda- IEC 62305-3 are also permitted. If a supplementary
tion, or connected with one vertical or slanted earth electrode is installed adjacent to the earth-

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 251

 equipotential equipotential bonding conductor
bonding conductor 4 mm2 Cu protective
earthing conductor 16 mm2 Cu angle
DEHNiso Distance Holder
e.g. with pipe clamp
Part No. 106 225

highly insulating
equipotential distance holder
bonding bar

multiswitch
without mains
connection
equipotential
bonding bar earth
connection
EBB

Fig. 9.5.3 Earthing and equipotential bonding of antennas on Fig. 9.5.5 Antenna with air-termination rod and highly insulating
buildings without external lightning protection system distance holder on pitched roofs with external lightning
protection system

connection of isolated air-

equipotential bonding protective angle termination system to exter-
Potentialausgleichsleiter
conductor 4 mm2 Cu
nal lightning protection system
equipotential
Air-termination rod, e.g. 1500 mm bonding conductor 4 mm2 Cu
Part No. 104 150
Concrete base, e.g. 17 kg s surge arrester
Part No. 102 010

equipotential
bonding bar

EB terminal
1
Fig. 9.5.4 Antenna with air-termination rod on a flat roof of
buildings with external lightning protection system multiswitch
metal
2 DIN rail
termination system of the building, the earth elec- 1
earth
trodes have to be interconnected. connection
1 DEHNgate DGA FF TV 2 DEHNflex DFL M 255 EBB
In case of buildings without lightning protection Part No. 909 703 Part No. 924 396
system (LPS), the mast with an earthing conductor
has to be connected by the shortest route with the Fig. 9.5.6 Surge protective devices downstream the equipotential
earth electrode. The earthing conductor has to be bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of anten-
na systems with external lightning protection system and
installed straightly and vertically. The coaxial cable
isolated air-termination system
shields have to be connected with the mast by
equipotential bonding conductors (Figure 9.5.3).
In case of buildings with lightning protection existing protective zones or by isolated air-termi-
system (LPS), the antennas preferably shall be nation systems. Only if this is not possible, a direct
installed within the protective range of an air-ter- connection with the external lightning protection
mination system, which means in the range of system shall be implemented. In this case the aris-

252 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 equipotential equipotential
bonding conductor 4 mm2 Cu bonding conductor 4 mm2 Cu

earthing conductor 16 mm2 Cu earthing conductor 16 mm2 Cu

surge arrester combined lightning current

and surge arrester
surge arrester

equipotential
equipotential bonding bar
bonding bar

1 EB terminal

EB terminal
1 multiswitch
3
metal
multiswitch DIN rail
2
metal
2 DIN rail 1 DEHNgate DGA GFF TV
1 Part No. 909 705
EBB
2 DEHNgate DGA FF TV earth
EBB Part No. 909 703 connection
earth 3 DEHNflex DFL M 255
1 DEHNgate DGA FF TV 2 DEHNflex DFL M 255
Part No. 909 703 Part No. 924 396 connection Part No. 924 396

Fig. 9.5.7 Surge protective devices downstream the equipotential Fig. 9.5.8 Combined lightning current and surge arresters down-
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of anten- stream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial cable
na systems without external lightning protection system shields in case of antenna systems without external light-
and with isolated air-termination system ning protection system

ing partial lightning currents via the coaxial con- the protective zone of the protective angle
ductors have to be taken into account individually. (according to the applicable class of LPS) (Fig-
Lightning equipotential bonding has to be per- ure 9.5.5). Also here the antenna arrangement
formed for the conductors going into the building. is no longer in lightning protection zone
LPZ 0A (risk of direct lightning currents), but in
If an antenna is protected by isolated air-termina- lightning protection zone LPZ 0B (risk of indi-
tion systems it means rect impulse currents and of the unattenuated
⇒ that in the area of flat roofs an air-termination electromagnetic field of lightning).
rod will be installed with the required separa-
tion distance s, putting the whole antenna Protection against surges, irrespective of an
arrangement (mast and antennas) in the pro- installed isolated air-termination system, has to be
tective zone of the protective angle (Figure provided for the coaxial cable shields by surge pro-
9.5.4). Now the antenna arrangement is no tective devices, to be installed downstream the
longer in lightning protection zone LPZ 0A (risk equipotential bonding bar (Figure 9.5.6). These
of direct lightning currents) but lightning pro- surge protective devices to be used both as single
tection zone LPZ 0B (risk of indirect impulse devices and for rail mounting protect the down-
currents and of the unattenuated electromag- stream devices against inductive and / or capacitive
netic field of lightning. inputs of waveform 8/20 μs, arising from cloud /
⇒ that in the area of pitched roofs an air-termi- cloud flashes, distant strikes or direct strikes into
nation rod will be installed with the required the isolated air-termination system.
separation distance s using highly insulating
distance holders (DEHNiso distance holders) to Surge protective devices Type 3 have to be provid-
fix it at the antenna mast, putting the whole ed for any electrical equipment with 230/50 Hz
antenna arrangement (mast and antenna) into downstream the equipotential bonding bar, which

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 253

 equipotential
bonding conductor 4 mm2 Cu

combined lightning current ...

and surge arrester
surge arrester

2
terminal 1 DEHNgate DGA GFF TV
amplifier block Part No. 909 705
3
2 DEHNgate DGA FF TV
Part No. 909 703
junction box 1
3 DEHNflex DFL M 255
Part No. 924 396

equiptential
bonding bar

Fig. 9.5.9 Combined lightning current and surge arresters downstream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of
underground cable networks

is installed for the coaxial cable shields. Care has to ing bar have to be connected with the earth
be taken that the lightning equipotential bonding electrode via an equipotential bonding con-
is carried out for all systems leading into the build- ductor.
ing. ⇒ If the antenna mast is earthed directly, com-
bined lightning current and surge arresters
A lightning protection system not being installed, have to be provided (Figure 9.5.8), because
the following is recommended: partial lightning currents, which the surge
⇒ An air-termination rod mounted with insulat- arresters are not able to control, will be con-
ed distance holders prevents from a direct ducted in this case through the coaxial cables.
strike to the antenna. For this the air-termina- The antenna mast has to be connected with
tion rod has to be connected with the earth the earth electrode by an earthing conductor.
electrode by a separately installed earthing Underground utility lines of systems require com-
conductor (Figure 9.5.7) to be guided prefer- bined lightning current and surge arresters being
ably on the outside of the building and to be able to carry lightning currents. They also have to
connected with the earth electrode at ground be mounted near the point of entrance into the
level. Antenna mast and equipotential bond- building (Figure 9.5.9).

254 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.6 Lightning and surge protection in modern agriculture

1 2

DEHNrail
DR M 2P 255 FM

DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
Part No. 953 205

3 4

Fig. 9.6.1 Modern automatic milking system

3 OUT 4

BLITZDUCTOR CT
BCT BAS
BLITZDUCTOR

Part No. 919 506 +

BCT MLC BE 24
No. 919 323

BCT MLC BE 24
1 IN 2 Part No. 919 323 Fig. 9.6.4 Heating system with heat recovery and service water
supply

Complex electrical and data processing systems

characterise the picture of modern agriculture.
DEHNguard S
Many processes are automated, and controlled
DG S 275
and monitored by computers. Today, an intact data
DEHNguard

DG MOD 275

Part No. 952 070

network is an important survival factor on the
market not only for industry but also for agricul-
ture.
Fig. 9.6.2 Automatic feeding system For protecting the installations and systems
against the destruction by powerful transient
surges, the use of surge protective devices is
required. An external lightning protection alone is
by far no longer sufficient there.

Structure
An example for the high degree of automation in
agriculture is the keeping of cattle. Ultramodern
electrical and electronic installations like automat-
DEHNflex ic milking systems (Figure 9.6.1), automatic feeders
DFL M 255 (Figure 9.6.2), ventilation systems, flushing plants
DEHNflex

Part No. 924 396 (Figure 9.6.3), and heating systems with heat
recovery and industrial water supply (Figure 9.6.4)
ensure a trouble-free operation.

The milking system (Figure 9.6.5), for example,

Fig. 9.6.3 Ventilation and flushing system runs almost fully automatically in a modern farm.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 255

 1 2

DEHNrail
DR M 2P 255 FM
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail

Part No. 953 205

3 4

Fig. 9.6.5 Electrical milking system with control box Fig. 9.6.6 Cow with collar and registration chip

Following to a natural rhythm, the dairy cows Reports on such damage in the following:
enter the milking carousel once in the early morn-
ing and once in the evening – always at the same
[ Donaukurier Online ] 29.06.2001
time – to deliver their milk. The quantity delivered
is immediately acquired by the electronic operat- Lightning killed cow in the barn
ing control system of this installation, saved and Power failed: Pigs suffocated
transmitted online to an existing computer net- Munich. During the thunderstorms in the night
work for administration. towards Thursday, a flash of lightning set a barn
on fire in the rural district of Roth. In a barn in Höt-
Each animal has a collar with a registration chip
tingen (rural district of Weißenburg-Gunzen-
(Figure 9.6.6) for identification. Beside the milk
hausen), a cow was killed by lightning. The
quantity, inter alia the name, date of birth,
strongest cloudburst happened in Kempten,
descent, diseases, feed quantity, pregnancy dura-
where more than 21 litres of rain per square metre
tion, etc. of the animal is acquired and stored. The
fell in one hour. In Weißenburg, it was 20 litres.
farmer can immediately intervene, when e.g. the
milk quantity changes, by modifying the feed Around 450 pigs suffocated in a fattening shed in
quantity accordingly, and compensate for losses as Kitzingen and died of panic attacks. A power fail-
quickly as possible. ure, apparently caused by a thunderstorm, has put
the ventilation of the stable out of operation in
the night towards Thursday, said the police. The
The failure of even only one plant component due farmer could still open a window of the barn but
to surges leads to non-foreseeable consequences could not prevent the perishing of the animals.
for operators and animals. For example to
⇒ an impairment of the animals’ health, [ Oberpfalznet ] 16.06.2003
⇒ downtimes of the systems, 60 cows burn in the stable
Lightning discharge sets farm on fire in Kainsricht
⇒ production losses,
– 500,000 Euro damage
⇒ additional costs of medical care for the ani- Kainsricht. A flash of lightning struck a farm on
mals, early Saturday evening and set a stable with two
outbuildings on fire. 60 cows died in the flames.
⇒ high expenditure on data reconstruction and
The owner of the farm, a 70 year old farmer, suf-
⇒ expenses for the replacing of the faulty de- fered a shock. The caused damage amounts to at
vices and the time required for it. least 500,000 Euro.

256 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 No. Type Part No.
TN-S system 951 400
DEHNventil M TNS
telephone telecommu-
DV M TNS 255
power nication 1
supply line supply line TT system 951 310
2
DEHNventil M TT
DV M TT 255
HUB
1 kWh NTBA ISDN Protector 909 954
4 2 ISDN PRO
3
BLITZDUCTOR CT 919 370 +
3
BCT MLC BD HF 5 + BCT BAS 919 506

lines to stabling BLITZDUCTOR CT 919 347 +

4
BCT MLC BD 110 + BCT BAS 919 506

Fig. 9.6.7 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural installations, residential building and office

feeding system control

lines to residential milking

building system control No. Type Part No.
230 V TN-S-System 951 400
3
2 4 DEHNventil M TNS
4 DV M TNS 255
1
2 TT-System 951 310
4 DEHNventil M TT
milking carousel DV M TT 255
2 DEHNrail DR M 2P 255 FM 953 205
1
S-Protector 909 821
3
S PRO
5 5
4–20 mA BLITZDUCTOR CT 919 370 +
M M 4
BCT MLC BD HF 5 + BCT BAS 919 506
5 5
feeding trough feeding trough BLITZDUCTOR CT 919 323 +
5
BCT MLC BE 24 + BCT BAS 919 506

potential control close

to the standing animals
(IEC 60364-7-705)

Fig. 9.6.8 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural installations, stabling

[ Stuttgarter Nachrichten Online ] 09.05.2003 wolfach (district of Ortenau), a flash of lightning

Many fires and full cellars set a farm on fire and caused a damage of approx-
The fire brigade of Fribourg moved out for more imately 150,000 Euro. The almost 100 year old
than 60 deployments. Within two hours, the police building burned down to the foundation walls.
received 150 emergency calls in the city. In Ober- Nobody was injured.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 257

These examples obviously show the importance of The Figures 9.6.7 and 9.6.8 show the implementa-
lightning and surge protection in agricultural sys- tion of lightning and surge protection in agricul-
tems. An extensive protection requires the use of tural buildings or structures. Here, the design of
components for electrical engineering as well as the lightning and surge protection on the power
for information technology (telecommunications supply side using protective devices arranged in a
network, computer network, measuring and con- decentralised manner by means of combined light-
trol line). Companies located at network spurs of ning current and surge arresters.
distribution networks are especially at risk.

258 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.7 Lightning and surge protection for video surveillance
systems
In the industry as well as in the private sector, (inner conductor). The shielding (earth) is the ref-
video surveillance systems are used more and more erence point for the signal transmission. The two-
frequently for entrance monitoring and property wire transmission is, beside the coaxial cable trans-
supervision. mission, a common possibility. If there is already a
The following describes protective measures global telecommunication infrastructure for the
against surges that meet the availability require- object to be monitored, a free twin wire (two-wire
ments on video surveillance systems. cable) in the telecommunication cables is used to
A video surveillance system consists at least of one transfer the video signal
camera, one monitor and one suitable video trans-
mission line. Remotely controllable camera sta- Video surveillance systems are partially powered
tions are normally equipped with an inclination directly from the distribution panels, but also via
and swivel support so that position and viewing inserted UPS.
angle of the station can be individually adapted by
an operator.
Choice of surge protective devices
As shown in Figure 9.7.1, video transmission and
power supply of the camera are implemented via
an interface cable between terminal box and cam- Building with external lightning protection system
era. In Figure 9.7.1, the camera is installed on a pole. A
The communication line between terminal box direct lightning strike into the camera can be pre-
and monitor can be a coaxial cable or a balanced vented by an air-termination rod mounted at the
two-wire cable. The transfer of the video signals top end of the pole. With reference to the camera
through coaxial cables is certainly the most com- as well as to its connection cable, a sufficient sepa-
mon type in video technology. In this case, an ration distance (IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)) must be
unbalanced transfer is used, i.e. the video signal is maintained from parts of the external lightning
transferred through the core of the coaxial cable protection system.

air-termination rod system cable

camera
monitor
camera
inclination and control board
swivel head

control cable

inclination and
junction box
swivel head
2 3

LV supply
3 2
coax or two-wire cable
1
4
junction box
control cable 230 V power cable MEBB

electrical distributor

meshed earth termination system

1 Surge arrester 2 BLITZDUCTOR XT ML4 BE HF5 3 BLITZDUCTOR XT ML4 BE... 4 Combined lightning
DEHNguard modular for two-wire cables or (e.g. 24 V) current and surge arrester
UGKF BNC for coax cable DEHNventil modular

Fig. 9.7.1 Video surveillance system – Lightning and surge protection

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 259

Usually, the connecting cable between terminal
box and camera is laid inside the metal pole.
If this is not possible, the camera cable has to be
air-termination rod
laid in a metal pipe, which must be electrically con-
nected with the pole. For cable lengths of a few
meters, a protective circuit in the terminal box is
not necessary in these cases.
For the coaxial cable or the two-wire cable as well
as for the control cable leading from the terminal
box at the pole into a building with an external
lightning protection system, lightning equipoten-
tial bonding must be implemented (Table 9.7.1).
This includes connecting the lightning protection
system with pipings, metal installations within the
building and the earth-termination system. Addi-
tionally, all earthed parts of the power supply and
data processing systems must be integrated into
the lightning equipotential bonding. All live wires Fig. 9.7.2 Camera for video surveillance in the protective area of the
of power supply and data processing cables and air-termination rod

No. in Figure Protection for ... SPDs Part No.

9.7.1 and 9.7.3
2-wire cable BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE HF 5 920 370
2
(video transmission) + BXT BAS 920 300
Coax cable UGKF BNC 929 010
2
(video transmission)
Control cable BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BD 24 920 324
3
(e.g. 24 V DC) + BXT BAS 920 300
Table 9.7.1 Lightning and surge protection for signal lines

No. in Figure Combined SPDs (lightning current and surge arresters)

9.7.1
Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 951 300
3-phase TN-S system DEHNventil DV M TNS 255 951 400
4 3-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 255 951 310
Single-phase TN system DEHNventil DV M TN 255 951 200
Single-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255 951 110
No. in Figure Surge arresters
9.7.1 and 9.7.3
Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 952 300
3-phase TN-S system DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 952 400
1 3-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 275 952 310
Single-phase TN system DEHNguard DG M TN 275 952 200
Single-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
Table 9.7.2 Lightning and surge protection for power supply lines

260 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 system cable monitor
camera
camera control board
inclination and
swivel head

control cable

inclinationd
and swivel head 2 3
junction box

coax or
two-wire cable 1
3 2
1

junction box
control cable 230 V power cable
electrical distributor

1 Surge arrester 2 BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BE HF 5 3 BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BD...

DEHNguard modular for two-wire cable (e.g. 24 V)
or UGKF for coax cable

Fig. 9.7.3 Video surveillance system – Surge protection

lines leading in and coming out of the structure When mounting the camera at an external build-
are connected indirectly with the lightning ing facade it should be ensured that the camera is
equipotential bonding via lightning current fixed below the outer edge of the roof, in the pro-
arresters (SPD Type 1). If no lightning current tection zone. If this is not possible, an area must be
arresters (SPD Type 1) are installed in the low volt- created that is protected against lightning strikes
age main distribution board, the operator must be by means of additional external lightning protec-
informed that these need to be upgraded. tion measures. This can be done with an air-termi-
Tables 9.7.1 and 9.7.2 show the surge protective nation system, as shown in Figure 9.7.2, to safe-
devices to be used for signal and power supply guard the camera against direct lightning strikes.
lines according to consecutive numbers in Figure
9.7.1. Buildings without external lightning protection
Figure 9.7.1 (No. 4) shows the application of a com- system
bined lightning current and surge arrester DEHN- For buildings without external lightning protec-
ventil modular (Table 9.7.2). This combined SPD tion system, it is assumed that the risk of damage
unites lightning current arrester and surge arrester caused by a direct or close lightning strike into the
(SPD Type 1 + 2) in one device, requires no decou- building, is low and therefore accepted.
pling coil and is available as complete prewired If this risk is also accepted for a subsequently
unit for each type of low voltage system (TN-C, TN- mounted video transmission equipment, this can
S, TT). be sufficiently protected by installing SPDs.
Up to cable lengths of ≤ 5 m between DEHNventil The surge protective devices to be used for the
and terminal equipment, there is sufficient protec- power supply line in Figure 9.7.3 can be taken
tion without additional protective devices. In case from Table 9.7.2.
of greater cable lengths, additional surge protec- The surge arresters for protection of the signal
tive devices are required for the terminal equip- lines in Figure 9.7.3 are listed in Table 9.7.1.
ment, e.g. DEHNrail modular.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 261

9.8 Surge protection for public address systems
(PA systems)
Public address systems are applied as compact of loudspeaker columns at approx. 20 – 100 W and
devices with standardised performance character- of horns at approx. 10 – 60 W. The lowest nominal
istics as well as in 19 “ modular design. They are power of amplifiers in modular design is about
used for voice, music and signal transmission. For 100 W going up to 600 W and more.
this the wanted signal is modulated to a carrier
voltage (50, 70, 100 V) and transmitted to the In a line or group, loudspeakers of different power
loudspeakers. can be used in common. The minimum power of
This transmitter transforms the low impedance of the amplifier is equal to the sum of power of the
the loudspeaker to a higher value, thus reducing individual loudspeakers. Not the sum of the loud-
the signal current. This allows also telecommunica- speakers‘ nominal power is decisive for the addi-
tion cables (0.6 or 0.8 mm diameter) to be used. tion, but rather the sum of power levels actually
chosen at the tappings of the transmitters.
Most different kinds of loudspeakers are used. The
nominal power in the range of fitting or surface- Designing of the conductor system of a public
mounted loudspeakers being at approx. 6 – 30 W, address system is subject to EN 50174-2.

7
loudspeaker 100 V

power amplifier EBB

relay module 100 V
2 7
loudspeaker 100 V

EBB
3 3
DCF 77 antenna
CD Player
EBB

4 4 8
230 V supply
Tuner
EBB PC terminal RS 232
1
coax
5 5
75 Ω intercom with
control and
EBB selection keys
6
central unit with 230 V supply
input slots

EBB

1 DGA FF TV, Part No. 909 703 3 DGA G BNC, Part No. 929 042 6 DR M 2 P 255, Part No. 953 200

2 DR M 2P 150, Part No. 953 204 4 FS 9E HS 12, Part No. 924 019 7 DCO RK ME 110, Part No. 919 923
(currents > 1 A – 25 A) AD DCO RK GE, Part No. 919 979
or (currents < 0.5 A)
BCT MLC BE 110, Part No. 919 327
BCT BAS, Part No. 919 506 5 BXT ML4 BD HF 5, Part No. 920 371 8 S PRO, Part No. 909 821
(currents < 1A) BXT BAS, Part No. 920 300

Fig. 9.8.1 Public address system in modular design with surge protective devices

262 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 In the following presentation we do not refer to
any further regulations which might be applicable
(e.g. building regulation, public address emer-
gency systems, danger alarm in case of fire and
raid, etc.).

Major PA systems have a 19 “ modular design (Fig-

1 ure 9.8.1) and are in the vicinity of a permanently
occupied working place.
EBB

Therefore the existing interconnecting line to the

1 BCT MLC BE 110, Part No. 919 327 PC or the site of the intercom is determining for
BCT BAS, Part No. 919 506
(currents < 1 A)
the use of the surge arresters given under and
. A protection of the line usually is
Fig. 9.8.2 Building without external lightning protection and horn in required if the distance is > 5 m.
LPZ 0A protected by combined lightning current and surge
arresters
Dimensioning of the surge arresters listed under
and requires to determine the maximum
protective angle current in the corresponding conductor branch.
This is done by the relation I = P/U, with U being
the carrier voltage and P the power of the amplifi-
er to dimension the surge arrester and the
power of the loudspeaker to dimension the surge
arrester . In case of several loudspeakers in close
spatial vicinity, P is the sum of the individual loud-
speaker’s power.

It is recommended to connect all earthing termi-

1
nals of the surge arresters to with an adja-
cent equipotential bonding point (mini EB bar).
EBB
If loudspeakers are positioned in lightning protec-
tion zone LPZ 0A (area with hazard of direct light-
1 DCO RK ME 110, Part No. 919 923
AD DCO RK GE, Part No. 919 979 ning strike) of buildings without external lightning
(currents < 0,5 A) protection system, combined lightning current and
surge arresters have to be installed (Figure 9.8.2). If
Fig. 9.8.3 Building with external lightning protection and horn in
here only a lightning current arrester is installed,
LPZ 0B protected by surge arresters
the loudspeakers in the building installed in this
track can be damaged.
In the quoted EN standard, surge protection is
described in the installation guidelines under If loudspeakers are positioned in lightning protec-
6.11.3. Beside the mentioned protection of the tion zone LPZ 0B (area without hazard of lightning
conductors, the main focus, namely the protection strike) of buildings with external lightning protec-
of the devices installed in the conductor system, is tion system, surge arresters have to be installed at
pointed out. the entrance of the building (Figure 9.8.3).

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 263

9.9 Surge protection for hazard alert systems
In a dangerous situation, hazard alert systems (fire charges and improves the availability of the early
alarm systems or burglar alarm systems) shall sig- detection of dangers and alarms.
nal actively, and remain passive in safe situations. When installing comparable alarm transmission
Malfunctions of these systems (no response in case systems, for which, out of financial reasons, a VdS
of danger, or alarm signal in case of no danger) are approval is not used (e.g. residential building), the
undesirable and expensive. False alarms sent by guidelines may also be used for project design and
hazard alert systems result in expenses, which, in for the construction as well as for agreeing individ-
the industrial countries, amount to several hun- ual measures between constructors and operators.
dred million Euro per year. Another aspect of mal-
functions is the possible direct or indirect danger
Indeed, most of the nowadays installed fire alarm
to human lives. In this context, we may remember
systems have an increased surge immunity in
the malfunction of the fire alarm system in the
accordance with IEC 61000-4-5 for primary and sec-
tower of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main airport in 1992,
ondary wires as well as for the mains inputs. How-
where a false activation of the fire extinguishing
ever, a comprehensive protection against damage
system occurred because of a lightning strike.
by lightning discharge and surges can only be
Within a few minutes, the air traffic controllers
achieved by external and internal lightning protec-
had to leave the control room. In this critical situa-
tion measures (Figure 9.9.1 to Figure 9.9.4).
tion, approaching airplanes had to be redirected
to other airports. Considerable delays occurred in
the air traffic. Monitoring principles
Different monitoring principles are applied for
False alarms of hazard alert systems are also dis- hazard alert systems:
turbing in another respect:
⇒ When false alarms accumulate, the operator ⇒ Impulse line technology
can no longer rely on the system and questions The information from the triggering alarm
the significance of the system (investment) as device is transferred in digital form. This
such. allows to recognise the alarm device and the
⇒ The guard starts ignoring alarm messages. exact localisation of the trouble spot (Figure
⇒ Neighbours will be disturbed by acoustic 9.9.1).
alarms. ⇒ d.c. line technology
⇒ Action forces (e.g. fire brigade) will be bound Each alarm line is permanently monitored
unnecessarily. according to the closed-circuit principle. If an
⇒ The activation of the fire extinguishing system alarm device is activated in the line, this line is
causes interruptions of operations. interrupted and an alarm is triggered in the
control and indication equipment. Hereby,
⇒ Damage is caused by not signalling existing however, only the alarm line can be identified
hazard. but not the individual detector (Figures 9.9.3
and 9.9.4).
All these factors cause unnecessary expenses. They
can be avoided, when possible causes for false
alarms are already recognised in the design stage Regardless of the used monitoring principle, the
and are eliminated by suitable preventive meas- lines of the hazard alert system must be integrated
ures. For this purpose, the German Insurance Asso- into the lightning and surge protection of the
ciation (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Ver- complete system.
sicherungswirtschaft e.V. - GDV) published VdS
guidelines (VdS 2095; VdS 2311; VdS 2833). One of Protection recommendations
the measures also requested in the VdS guidelines For protection of alarm lines with d.c. line tech-
is lightning and surge protection. nology, BLITZDUCTOR XT, Type BXT ML4 BE ... is
A coordinated lightning and surge protection pre- recommended. It is chosen according to the volt-
vents a false alarm caused by atmospheric dis- age of the alarm lines, which is normally 12 or 24 V.

264 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

BLITZDUCTOR XT, Type BXT
4
ML4 BE is recommended in Detector group 1 8 8 8 8 8 magnetic
order not to change the loop Detector group 2 4 contacts
resistance of the alarm lines 4 glass breakage
Detector group 3 8 8 8 8 8 detector
too much. Detector group 4 4

Control and indication unit

Detector group 5 IR detector 1
Regardless of the line topolo-
gy, the outputs of the control Detector group 6 6
IR detector 2
and indication equipment, as
Detector group 7 impact sound detector
e.g. for acoustic and visual 2 2
Burglar group robbery alarm button 1+2
signalisation, should be pro- 6
tected by BLITZDUCTOR XT. Block lock block lock 1
2
Care should be taken that the Area 1 activation acknowledging 1
6
nominal current of the pro- Block lock block lock 2
2
tective devices is not exceed- Area 2 activation acknowledging 2
ed. In case of nominal cur- Signal transmitter 2
buzzer 1
rents > 0.5 A, DEHNrail, Type Exterior alarm system 1 siren 1
DR M 2P 30 protective device Sabotage line
has to be used alternatively. siren 2
Exterior alarm system 2
flash
Exterior alarm system 3
The control and indication light
unit is normally connected 1
to an exchange line of a
fixed-network operator (e.g.
Deutsche Telekom) by means L1 N PE 3
of a telephone dial unit. For
this application, the SPD type
BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 Fig. 9.9.1 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a burglar alarm system with
BD 180 is suitable (see also impulse line technology
Chapter 9.14 “Surge protec-
2
tion for telecommunications A− A+
accesses”).
analogue ring
Control and indication unit

The surge protection of the

power supply is important, 2
B− B+
too. It is recommended to use
DEHNguard modular surge 10
protective devices here (see annunciator
Table 9.9.2).
Exterior alarm 2
siren 1
system 1
For alarm systems, which are
Exterior alarm 2
siren 2
certified by the German system 2
Insurance Association, (sys- flash
tems recognised by VdS), the Exterior alarm 2
system 3 light
manufacturer of the alarm SPD
1
system should be contacted.
The installations as well as 2
the lightning and surge pro- Telecom
L1 N PE 3
tection equipment have to be
set up in accordance with VdS
2095, VdS 2311 or VdS 2833. Fig. 9.9.2 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a fire alarm system – Analogue ring

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 265

 No. Protective device Short definition Part No.
BLITZDUCTOR XT ... Four pole, universal device as terminal block for protection of
IT systems and devices consisting of a base part and a protection
module with integrated LifeCheck

1
BXT ML4 BE 12 or Combined lightning current and surge arrester for use in the EMC- 920 322
BXT ML4 BE 24 orientated lightning protection zones concept at the boundaries or 920 324
+ BXT BAS LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 or LPZ 0A to LPZ 2 + 920 300

2 BXT ML4 BD 180 Combined lightning current and surge arrester for use in the EMC- 920 347
+ BXT BAS orientated lightning protection zones concept at the boundaries + 920 300
LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 or LPZ 0A to LPZ 2
Table 9.9.1 Short definition of the SPDs

IR detector 1
magnetic contacts and block lock 1
glass breakage detector

3 3
Detector line 1
activation
buzzer acknowledging
Control and indication unit

IR detector 2 device
magnetic contacts and block lock 2
glass breakage detector

3 3
Detector line 2
activation burglar
acknowledging alarm
device button

Exterior alarm system 1 siren 1

Exterior alarm system 2 siren 2

Exterior flash
alarm system 3 light
SPD
1

Telecom
L1 N PE 3

Fig. 9.9.3 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a burglar alarm system with d.c. line technology

As an example, the enclosed diagrams contain a system, then all lines entering the building shall be
proposal for surge protection of fire alarm and connected with lightning current arresters or com-
burglar alarm control and indication units, which bined lightning current and surge arresters. See
are operated on the principle of d.c. line tech- Tables 9.9.1 and 9.9.2.
nology or pulse engineering.
If the fire and burglar alarm post and the control A distinct increase of the operational reliability of
unit shall be integrated into a lightning protection these systems can be reached with specific light-

266 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 No. Multi pole, modular combined lightning current and surge arrester, Type 1 (LPZ 0A – LPZ 2)
Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
TN system DEHNventil DV M TN 255 951 200
TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255 951 110
Multi pole, modular surge arrester, Type 2 (LPZ 0B – LPZ 1 and higher)
Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 952 300
3
3-phase TN-S system DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 952 400
3-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 275 952 310
Single-phase TN-S system DEHNguard DG M TN 275 952 200
Single-phase TN-C system DEHNguard DG S 275 952 070
Single-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
Table 9.9.2 Selection of SPDs

catastrophic conditions (e.g.

Detector group 1 2 danger to human lives, pol-
Detector group 2 2 lution of the environment,
Detector group 3 2 etc.). Notice that in case of
Control and indication unit

Detector group 4 2 injuries to persons or envi-

10 ronmental damage, the
annunciator
4
operator of a plant is liable
sprinkler system first. This comprehensive
8
FB control panel responsibility for security
8
FB key depot can normally be expected
4
main detector from managers or execu-
2 tives of a company. How-
Exterior alarm system 1 siren 1
ever, in the legal sense, an
operator of a plant is a tech-
2
Exterior alarm system 2 siren 2 nical layman, who is not
1 able to estimate, if threats
Exterior 2
flash
alarm system 3 light can arise from a technical
SPD
solution. Therefore, skilled
persons as suppliers of tech-
2 nical solutions must ensure
Telecom in each individual case, that
L1 N PE 3 FB = fire brigade
the solutions offered also
correspond to the actual
Fig. 9.9.4 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a fire alarm system with d.c. line tech- requirements. Retreating to
nology the accepted rules of tech-
nology is not sufficient, if
ning and surge protection of hazard alert systems. the state of the art already describes a higher qual-
On the one hand, this refers to the prevention of ity solution. This may entitle a technical layman
false alarms when no danger exists, and on the (plant operator) to claim recourses.
other, costs eventually arising from this, can be
prevented. This again, allows an effective damage Regardless of the fact, whether fire alarm systems
limitation by informing the auxiliary personnel are VdS-approved systems or not, they should be
reliably. This counteracts a possible formation of furnished with a surge protection.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 267

9.10 Lightning and surge protection for KNX systems

standardised in IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) and

describes the protective measures against light-
ning electromagnetic impulses. An important part
is the classification of the infrastructure to be pro-
tected in lightning protection zones. The higher
the ordinal number of the lightning protection
zones, the smaller must be the electromagnetic
threat parameters. Electrical and electronic sys-
tems like the KNX system have to be classified in
accordance with their electromagnetic immunity
into lightning protection zones, which also offer
an electromagnetic environment in case of a direct
lightning strike to ensure that the equipment con-
tinues to function without getting disturbed or
even destroyed.
If an external lightning protection system is
installed in accordance with IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3), an effective lightning and surge protec-
tion is necessary and is to be implemented for the
Fig. 9.10.1 Application of the BUStector (Part No. 925 001) KNX according to the lightning protection zones
concept. Within the context of KNX systems, the
measures taken are often called primary and sec-
In modern office buildings and public utilities, like ondary protective measures.
schools, KNX bus systems are used for the automa-
tion of sequences of operations of the building If the aim of the protective measures is only the
control system. KNX offers the possibility to realise protection against surges (secondary protection),
complex processes with a single, upwards compat- the hazard potential of a direct lightning strike is
ible system. However, this future-proof investment not taken into account. In the case of a direct or
can be quickly destroyed by lightning discharges. very near lightning strike into buildings with built-
Then, the building automation is not available and in KNX, damage must be expected there. Only
further costs are caused by replacement and recon- interferences resulting from inductive or capaci-
figuration of the system. Therefore, measures shall tive coupling, as they occur during lightning dis-
be taken against the direct and indirect effects charges some kilometres away or during switching
of a lightning discharge when designing and operations, can be controlled. Lightning dis-
installing such complex systems (Figure 9.10.1). charges create electromagnetic interference fields,
which can cause dangerously high voltages and
currents in installation loops.
Lightning protection or surge protection?
Basic conditions must be considered when choos-
ing the surge arresters correctly. This does not only Cabling between buildings
include the system-specific electric data, like nomi-
nal voltage, nominal current, frequency, but also In an extended building complex, which is
the threat parameters, which must be controlled. equipped with a lightning protection system, a
It makes a difference, if the risk of direct lightning KNX installation shall be integrated and protected
strikes into buildings, where the KNX is installed, against transient surges. A gatehouse is approxi-
must be considered when designing the protective mately 50 m away from a main building. Both
measures, or if safety against surges is desired only. buildings are equipped with a lightning protection
If direct lightning strikes and the high destruction system. Since the gatehouse is connected to the
potential involved should be handled properly, the KNX installation of the main building via a bus
infrastructure of the KNX system must be designed line, measures for internal lightning protection
according to the lightning protection zones con- must be taken both for the 230/400 V line as well
cept. The lightning protection zones concept is as for the bus line.

268 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

General conditions 1: General conditions 3:
Connecting the two buildings with a buried cable The KNX connection between both buildings is
(copper cable). achieved via an optical fibre connection (OFC). If
Solution 1: Figure 9.10.2, Table 9.10.1 the fibre-optic cable has a metal braid inside the
cable (protection against rodents), this braid has to
General conditions 2: be connected to the equipotential bonding at the
Connection of the two buildings with cable and point where it enters the building.
lines in a supply duct, the reinforcement of which Solution 3: Figure 9.10.4, Table 9.10.1
is integrated into the equipotential bonding at
both ends. This condition is also fulfilled by an
earthing strip steel 50 mm2 laid upon the buried For the design and implementation of an KNX sys-
cables and connected to the equipotential bond- tem, it is absolutely necessary that designers and
ing bar at both ends. contractors take appropriate measures for the cor-
Solution 2: Figure 9.10.3, Table 9.10.1 rect operation of such a system. Of particular con-

No. Protection for ... SPDs Part No.

3-phase TN-C system DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 951 300
1 3-phase TN-S system DEHNventil DV M TNS 255 951 400
3-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 255 951 310
BLITZDUCTOR XT, Typ BXT ML4 BD 180 920 347
2
+ BXT BAS 920 300
3-phase TN-C system DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 952 300
3 3-phase TN-S system DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 952 400
3-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 275 952 310
4 BUStector BT 24 925 001
Table 9.10.1 Short description of the SPDs

main building complex gatehouse

KNX distribution board KNX distribution board

3 4 3

power cable 4

1 2 bus cable 2 1

EBB EBB EBB

Fig. 9.10.2 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems installed between buildings without interconnection of the foundation earth
electrodes

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 269

 main building complex gatehouse

KNX distribution board KNX distribution board

3 4 3
cable duct
or 50 mm2 steel

power cable
4

bus cable

EBB EBB EBB

Fig. 9.10.3 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems installed between buildings with interconnection of the foundation earth
electrodes

main building complex gatehouse

KNX distribution board KNX distribution board

3 4 3

power cable
4

optical fibre cable

1 1

EBB EBB EBB

Optical fibre / KNX converter

Fig. 9.10.4 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems installed between buildings without interconnection of the foundation earth
electrodes, with KNX optical fibre cabling

cern should be into which surroundings the KNX Proper lightning protection systems and surge pro-
system is integrated and installed. Interfaces to tection systems and the corresponding surge pro-
other infrastructures, like low-voltage systems, tective devices are available for protection against
telecommunications and data systems have to be the effects of interferences. These can protect the
protected against interferences or even destruc- future-proof KNX building installation cost-effec-
tion as the KNX itself. tively due to technical and economic considera-
tions during the design and by expert installation.

270 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.11 Surge protection for Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
networks
Surges not only cause malfunctions but also ⇒ direct lightning strikes creating impermissible
destructions and thus, failures of computer sys- potential differences and partial lightning cur-
tems, by which the operation can be persistently rents in the building installations.
impaired because of longer down times. Besides a
protected power supply and data backup, the reli- Choice of surge protective devices
able utilisation of computer systems also requires For an effective surge protection it is necessary
protection concepts against surges. that the measures for the different systems are
coordinated by the involved experts like electrical
Causes of damage engineering technicians, computer specialists and
Failures of computer systems are typically caused telecommunications technicians as well as the
by manufacturer. In case of bigger projects, it is neces-
sary to consult an expert (e.g. from an engineering
⇒ distant lightning strikes generating conducted company).
transient overvoltages in power supply lines,
data lines, or communication lines Protection of the power equipment
⇒ close lightning strikes generating electromag- Figure 9.11.1 shows an administration building as
netic fields, by which transient surges are an example. For the power supply, lightning cur-
induced in power supply lines, data lines, or rent arresters Type 1 (e.g. DEHNbloc Maxi) and
communication lines SPDs Type 2 (e.g. DEHNguard modular) can be

No. SPD Type Part No.

1 DEHNbloc Maxi DBM 1 255 900 025
SDB 12
2 DEHNrapid LSA DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
Disconnection block TL2 10 DA LSA 907 996
4
Mounting frame for MB2 10 LSA 907 995
11 term. blocks 10 x 10 TC
3 Equipotential bonding bar K12 563 200
4 DEHNguard modular DG M TNS 275 952 400
5 DEHNrail modular DR M 2P 255 953 200
5 6 6 DEHNpatch DPA M 929 110
SDB EDP TC floor distri- CAT6 RJ45H 48
bution board DEHNlink DLI TC 1 I 929 027
server

7
9 10
4 6 8 TC system (upstream splitter)
6 8 SFL-Protector SFL PRO 912 260
11
9 NET-Protector for 8x2DA NET PRO TC 2 LSA 929 072
7 19" bay EG NET PRO 19" 929 034
5 5
10 DEHNflex M DFL M 255 924 396
11 Telephone protection DSM TC 1 SK 924 271
telephone module DSM
MDB building
distri- terminal board 12 DATA-Protector DATA PRO 4TP 909 955
bution 2
1
board
4 3
EBB

Fig. 9.11.1 Administration building with highly available installation parts

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 271

installed. DEHNrail, SFL-Protector, or DEHNflex M, between building distributors and floor distribu-
for example, can be used for protection of the ter- tors are the standard practice, copper wires are still
minal equipment. used between the floor distributor and the termi-
nal equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to protect
Protection of the data and telephone lines active components with DEHNpatch for example.
Whether data or voice transmission is concerned, Terminal equipment should also be protected for
both require appropriate protective components example by DEHNpatch.
for safe operation. Even if fibre optic cables

272 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.12 Surge protection for M-Bus
M-Bus is used for the transmission of readings repeaters, the installation can be divided in M-Bus
from consumption meters. All devices connected segments. Each segment can include up to 250
to an M-Bus system can be read off centrally, either slaves like heat counters, water meters, power
directly on the spot or per data transmission from meters, gas meters, and also sensors and actuators
an external head office. This increases the housing of any type. More and more manufacturers imple-
quality of the tenants, and the energy budget of ment the electric M-Bus interface including proto-
an entire building can be controlled anytime. col layer into their consumption meters.
The M-Bus corresponds to European standard and
The following describes surge protective measures is described in standard EN 1434.
that meet the availability claim of this system.
Previously, the energy data of individual buildings
The M-Bus were transferred via on-wire connections from the
The M-Bus (meter bus) is a cost-optimised field bus network to the master station. Frequently, in case
for the transmission of energy consumption data. of widespread building complexes, the data is
As shown in Figure 9.12.1, a central master (in the transmitted via a modem connection.
simplest case a PC with a level converter down-
stream of the PC) communicates via a two-wire bus The M-Bus system is used for the consumption cost
with the units sharing the bus. Using M-Bus accounting and remote monitoring of

direct connection telephone connection

RS 232 RS 232

M-Bus control unit

modem
RS 485
level transformer
RS 485 M-Bus
modem modem

telephone network

RS 232 RS 232

M-Bus control unit

M-Bus control unit

level transformer remote monitoring of
bus segment an M-Bus system with
5 supply meters
RS 485
repeater
M-Bus M-Bus

M-Bus

Fig. 9.12.1 Example of an M-Bus system

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 273

 Total capacity Max. The maximum baud rate per M-Bus segment can
M-Bus segment data transmision rate be determined by means of the following table
(Table 9.12.1).
up to 382 nF 9600 Baud
up to 1528 nF 2400 Baud If surge protective devices are used, the capaci-
up to 12222 nF 300 Baud tances and series impedances of the surge protec-
tive devices must be considered and taken into
Table 9.12.1 Max. data transmission rate
account when defining the network clients. The
following tables show the capacitances and the
series impedances of the surge protective devices
⇒ local and district heating systems
(Table 9.12.2).
⇒ multifamily residences
Choice of surge protective devices for M-Bus sys-
The readout of the supply meters can be per- tems
formed by central and decentralised systems. If the For establishing an M-Bus system, the bus lines are
supply meters are situated immediately close, the also installed outside the buildings. Therefore, the
simple and economical central system network devices are exposed to the danger of destruction
architecture is chosen. This includes a star-shaped by transient surges of lightning discharges and
connection of each individual meter to the control must be protected accordingly. In the following,
centre. In case of a decentralised system, the data the surge protective circuit for M-Bus systems is
of the meters installed on the spot is first collected described in detail considering two applications.
in substations and is then sent via a bus line to the
control centre. Example of application: Building with external
lightning protection system
The M-Bus is a two-wire bus system, which is pow- If a building has an external lightning protection
ered by an isolated supply source from the bus system, the lightning equipotential bonding must
master. For all other units sharing the M-Bus, no be implemented. This comprises connecting of the
reference to the ground may be created during lightning protection system to pipelines, metal
operation. The maximum bus voltage amounts to installations within the building and the earth-ter-
42 V. mination system. In addition, all earthed parts of
the power supply and data processing systems
The expansion of the network as well as the maxi- must be integrated into the lightning equipoten-
mum bit rate is limited by the number of M-Bus tial bonding. All live lines of power supply and
devices, the protective wiring, the cable routing, data processing cables and lines entering and com-
and the cable types used. ing out of the building or structure are indirectly
The total sum of all cables as well as of the con- connected to the lightning equipotential bonding
nected M-Bus devices and of protective wirings via lightning current arresters. If no lightning cur-
creates a capacitance in the M-Bus segment. This rent arresters are installed at the service entrance
capacitance restricts the baud rate. of the building (for example in the low-voltage

SPDs Part No. Capacity: line /line Series impedance per line
BLITZDUCTOR CT BCT MLC BD 48 919 345 ≤ 0.6 nF 2.2 Ω
BLITZDUCTOR CT BCT MLC BE 24 919 323 ≤ 0.7 nF 2.2 Ω
BLITZDUCTOR CT BCT MLC BE 5 919 320 ≤ 3 nF 1.4 Ω
DEHNconnect DCO RK MD 48 919 942 ≤ 0.6 nF 0.4 Ω
DEHNconnect DCO RK ME 24 919 921 ≤ 0.5 nF 1.8 Ω
DEHNconnect DCO RK MD HF 5 919 970 ≤ 19 pF 1Ω
Table 9.12.2 Capacitances and series impedances of surge protective devices

274 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

consumer's installation of the low-voltage main Cascaded use of lightning current and surge ar-
distribution), the operator must be informed that resters
these must be added. Energy coordination is the principle of a cascaded
application of lightning current and surge
arresters. Energy coordination is usually achieved
Further measures for protection of electrical instal-
by the impedance of the connecting cable of at
lations and systems include installing of surge pro-
least 15 m length between the SPDs. If this is not
tective measures. These measures also allow the
possible, the surge protection concept can be indi-
protection of the electrical installations and sys-
vidually adjusted to the requirements of the sys-
tems in the event of a direct lightning strike as
tem by the installation of coordinated lightning
additional measure to the lightning equipotential
current arresters DEHNbloc Maxi and of DEHN-
bonding.
guard surge arresters.

If lightning equipotential bonding and the instal- Another possibility is using DEHNventil. This com-
lation of surge protective measures are imple- bined SPD unites lightning current and surge
mented as carefully as the external lightning pro- arrester in one device, requires no decoupling coil,
tection system, this contributes to a reliable per- and is available as complete prewired unit for
formance of electrical systems. Failures, even in the every low-voltage (TN-C, TN-S, TT) system (Table
event of direct lightning strikes, are reduced. 9.12.3).

temperature sensor
UPS
modem PT 100
cable length 0 ... 20 mA
≥ 15 m

PC Server
10 11
1 2 1 2

COM 2 COM 1 8 9
3 4 3 4
processor processor

M-Bus box M-Bus box

building 1 3 4 repeater
1
1 2 3 4 3 4
3 4
6 7
2 1 2 1 2
3 1
1 2
M-Bus

3
4 2

230 V power supply 12

1 3
4
2 4

1 3 building 2
5
2 4

Fig. 9.12.2 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings with external lightning protection system

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 275

 No. in Fig. 9.12.2 Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 951 300
3-phase TN-S system DEHNventil DV M TNS 255 951 400
10 3-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 255 951 310
Single-phase TN system DEHNventil DV M TN 255 951 200
Single-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255 951 110
Table 9.12.3 Selection of combined SPD with regard to the power supply system

No. in Fig. 9.12.2 Protection for ... SPDs BLITZDUCTOR CT Type Part No.
1 to 7 M-Bus BCT MLC BD 48 + base part BCT BAS 919 345 + 919 506
8 0 – 20 mA, 4 – 20 mA BCT MLC BE 24 + base part BCT BAS 919 323 + 919 506
temperature measure- BCT MLC BE 5 + base part BCT BAS 919 320 + 919 560
9
ment PT 100, PT 1000
Table 9.12.4 Surge protection for signal interfaces

No. in Fig.
9.12.2 Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
3-phase TN-C system DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H – phase L1/L2/L3 to PEN 900 120
3-phase TN-S system DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H – phase L1/L2/L3 to PE + 900 120
DEHNbloc DB 1 255 H – N to PE 900 222

10 3-phase TT system DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H – phase L1/L2/L3 to N 900 120

+ DEHNgap DGP BN 255 – N to PE 900 132
Single-phase TN system 2 x DEHNbloc DB 1 255 H – phase L + N to PE 900 222
Single-phase TT system DEHNbloc DB 1 255 H – phase L to N 900 222
+ DEHNgap DGP BN 255 – N to PE 900 132
3-phase TN-C system DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 952 300
3-phase TN-S system DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 952 400
11 12 3-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 275 952 310
Single-phase TN system DEHNguard DG M TN 275 952 200
Single-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
Table 9.12.5 Surge protection for the 230 V power supply

Up to cable lengths of ≤ 5 m between DEHNventil Application example:

and terminal equipment, sufficient protection Building without external lightning protection
exists without additional surge protective devices. system
For greater cable lengths, additional surge protec-
tive devices have to be installed at terminal equip- Figure 9.12.3 shows an example how a networked
ment, e.g. DEHNrail. M-Bus system must be wired in order to get an effi-
Tables 9.12.3, 9.12.4 and 9.12.5 list surge protective cient protection against surges.
devices to be applied in accordance with the con- Tables 9.12.6 and 9.12.7 list the surge protective
secutive numbers in Figure 9.12.2. devices to be used.

276 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 temperature sensor
UPS modem PT 100
0 ... 20 mA

PC server
10
1 2 1 2
COM 2 COM 1 8 9
processor processor 3 4 3 4

M - Bus box M - Bus box

building 1 3 4 repeater
1
1 2 3 4 3 4
3 4 6 7
2 1 2 1 2
3 1
1 2
3

M-Bus
4 2

230 V power supply

11

1 3
4
2 4

1 3 building 2
5
2 4

Fig. 9.12.3 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings without external lightning protection system

No. in Fig. 9.12.3 Protection for ... SPDs Part No.

1 to 7 M-Bus DEHNconnect DCO RK MD 48 919 942
8 0 – 20 mA, 4 – 20 mA DEHNconnect DCO RK ME 24 919 921
9 Temperature measurement PT 100, PT 1000 DEHNconnect DCO RK MD HF 5 919 970
Table 9.12.6 Surge protection for signal interfaces

No. in Fig. 9.12.3 Protection for ... SPDs Part No.

3-phase TN-C-System DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 952 300
3-phase TN-S-System DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 952 400
10 11 3-phase TT-System DEHNguard DG M TT 275 952 310
Single-phase TN-System DEHNguard DG M TN 275 952 200
Single-phase TT-System DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
Table 9.12.7 Surge protection for the power supply

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 277

9.13 Surge protection for PROFIBUS FMS, PROFIBUS DP,
and PROFIBUS PA
The application of PROFIBUS as communications The bus sharing units can be connected in various
system in process-related and production-related ways:
fields as well as its use as multi-data cell and multi- ⇒ Connection via 9-pin D subminiature plug
object control medium results in high availability (usual pin assignment 3/8)
requirements on this bus system. These availability
requirements face a high degree of surge risks due ⇒ Connection via screw terminals
to the application sites. ⇒ Connection via bus terminals.

PROFIBUS Selection of surge protective devices

Is the SIEMENS name for communication products
(hardware / software) of the PROFIBUS standard Building with external lightning protection
(Process Field Bus) standardised in the German system
standard DIN 19245 and EN 50170. Alternative If a building has an external lightning protection
Siemens names for PROFIBUS FMS and PROFIBUS system, lightning equipotential bonding must be
DP are SINEC L2 and SINEC L2-DP. While PROFIBUS implemented. This includes connecting the light-
FMS is designed for baud rates up to 500 kBit/s ning protection system to pipelines, metal installa-
only, PROFIBUS DP is able to transfer data with a tions within the building, and the earthing system.
rate of up to 12 MBit/s. First of all, the main appli- Additionally, all earthed parts of the power supply
cation of PROFIBUS FMS (SINEC L2) is the handling and data processing systems must be integrated
of big quantities of data at the process manage- into the lightning equipotential bonding. All live
ment and group control level. The fast PROFIBUS wires of power supply and data processing cables
DP is designed for applications in the field of the and lines leading into and coming out of the struc-
decentralised periphery of programmable control ture are indirectly connected to the lightning
systems. equipotential bonding via lightning current
arresters. If no lightning current arresters are
The most recent development in the PROFIBUS installed in the low-voltage consumer's system, the
segment is the intrinsically safe PROFIBUS PA, operator must be informed that these have to be
which, in process engineering, can also be used in refitted.
areas where explosion hazards may occur.
Further measures for protection of electrical instal-
A two-wire bus cable serves normally as transmis- lations and systems include the installation of
sion medium. The physical characteristics of the surge protection systems. As an additional meas-
bus system essentially correspond to the RS 485 ure to lightning equipotential bonding, these
standard. devices also allow the protection of electrical

No. in Fig. 9.13.1 SPD DEHN-Type Part No.

at service entrance BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 B 180 920 310
1
+ Base part BXT BAS 920 300
at bus station BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BE HF 5 920 370
2
+ Base part BXT BAS 920 300
Table 9.13.1 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS DP/PROFIBUS FMS

No. in Fig. 9.13.2 SPD DEHN-Type Part No.

at bus station BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT ML4 BD EX 24 920 381
5 + Base part BXT BAS EX 920 301
or DEHNpipe DPI MD EX 24 M 2 929 960
Table 9.13.2 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS PA

278 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 switchgear cabinet /
services management room
230/400 V
1 2 3 4
4 5 6 6 5 4

bus line
1 2 2 1

equipotential bonding

1−4 bus station

Fig. 9.13.1 Lightning and surge protection for SIMATIC Net PROFIBUS FMS and DP

non-hazardous area hazardous area

switchgear cabinet /
services management room
230/400 V
4 5 6
5 5 5
PROFIBUS PA
1 3 5

equipotential bonding

Fig. 9.13.2 Use of surge protective devices in an intrinsically safe PROFIBUS PA

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 279

 No. in Fig. Protection for ... SPDs Part No.
9.13.1 und 9.13.2
Combined arresters – Type 1
3-phase TN-C system DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 951 300
DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 FM 951 305
3-phase TN-S system DEHNventil DV M TNS 255 951 400
DEHNventil DV M TNS 255 FM 951 405
3-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 255 951 310
4
DEHNventil DV M TT 255 FM 951 315
Single-phase TN system DEHNventil DV M TN 255 951 200
DEHNventil DV M TN 255 FM 951 205
Single-phase TT system DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255 951 110
DEHNventil DV M TT 2P 255 FM 951 115
Surge arresters – Type 2
3-phase TN-C system DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 952 300
DEHNguard DG M TNC 275 FM 952 305
3-phase TN-S system DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 952 400
DEHNguard DG M TNS 275 FM 952 405
3-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 275 952 310
5
DEHNguard DG M TT 275 FM 952 315
Single-phase TN system DEHNguard DG M TN 275 952 200
DEHNguard DG M TN 275 FM 952 205
Single-phase TT system DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
DEHNguard DG M TT 2P 275 FM 952 115
Surge arresters – Type 3
for 230 V supply DEHNrail DR M 2P 255 953 200
6 DEHNrail DR M 2P 255 FM 953 205
for 24 V d.c. supply DEHNrail DR M 2P 30 953 201
DEHNrail DR M 2P 30 FM 953 206
Table 9.13.3 Surge protection for power supply

installations and systems, even in case of a direct protected by a DEHNventil modular, an SPD Type 1.
lightning strike. This complete prewired unit is available for every
If lightning equipotential bonding and the instal- low voltage system (TN-C, ‚TN-S, TT) (Table 9.13.3).
lation of surge protection systems are performed In addition to the operating state/fault indication
as carefully as the external lightning protection which is not supplied by operating currents, this
system, failures are reduced even at direct light- SPD Type 1 has a 3-pole terminal for remote sig-
ning strikes. nalling.
Up to conductor lengths of ≤ 5 m between DEHN-
The 230/400 V a.c. supply lines going from outside ventil and terminal equipment, there is sufficient
to the low-voltage main distribution board will be protection without additional protective devices.

280 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Longer conductors require additional surge pro- Building without external lightning protection
tective devices at terminal equipment, e.g. DEHN- system
rail. If there is no external lightning protection system,
the bus sharing units must be connected to surge
Tables 9.13.1 and 9.13.2 show surge protective protective devices. Here, the use of lightning cur-
devices for bus lines and Table 9.13.3 lists the surge rent arresters on the power supply and data cables
protective devices to be installed for the power is not required. In Figure 9.13.1 and 9.13.2 the
supply. combined arrester Type 1 with No. (4) on the pow-
er line nor the lightning current arrester with No.
(1) on the bus line are not required.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 281

9.14 Surge protection for telecommunication accesses
Beside the power supply line, telecommunication ing installation and the incoming cables. A poten-
lines are the most important line connection to the tial increase on the wires by galvanic and inductive
outside. For the high-technological process in coupling has to be expected. When arranging
industrial plants and offices, an always functioning power supply and communication lines in parallel,
interface to the “outside world” is essential for switching surges in the power mains can also cause
survival today. The user faces difficult problems interferences to the telecommunication lines. Pro-
when this service is unavailable. The damage to ceeding from cases of damage in installations,
one's image due to surge-related equipment trou- surge protective devices were sought for the NT,
ble of the network termination NT (NTBA, NTPM, which could also be installed subsequently.
or data network terminating unit) is only one A common customer preference, but also a ques-
aspect of these incidents. High downtime costs tion of reliability of the offered service, is the use
arise for the user for a short time, since customer's of a surge protective circuit already at the input
orders can not be handled, for example, or compa- side in order to prevent the penetration of danger-
ny records can only be updated locally, and can no ous surges into the NT and via the NT. Surge pro-
longer be provided nationwide. Regarding the tection for the a/b wires and the 230 V power sup-
question of protection-worthiness, the focus is not ply of the modem is recommended. The same
on the protection of the hardware but on the per- applies to telephone systems, where outputs to
manent availability of an important service by the extensions must be additionally protected.
fixed-network operator.
According to the statistics of the damage insurers Surge protection for ADSL with analogue port or
of electronic devices, the most frequent cause of ISDN access
damage are surges.
The most relevant type of the formation is the Requirements for an ADSL connection
surge caused by direct or distant lightning effects. Additionally to the conventional telephone exten-
Surges due to direct lightning strikes into a build- sion, an ADSL connection requires, according to
ing or structure is the severest load but the rarer access version, a network interface card or ATM
case. card in the PC and a particular ADSL modem plus a
Telecommunication lines often cover a surface of a splitter for the separation of telephone and data
few km2 as network. communication traffic. The telephone extension
With a frequency of lightning strikes of approxi- can alternatively be installed with analogue or
mately 1 to 5 lightning strikes per km2 and year ISDN access.
e.g. in Germany, frequent surge inductions have to The splitter separates the analogous voice signal or
be expected for large area networks. the digital ISDN signal of the ADSL data under con-
A complete lightning protection system including sideration of all important system parameters like
external and internal lightning protection meas- impedances, attenuation, levels, etc. Consequently
ures is the safest way to protect a building or struc- it fulfils the function of a crossover network. The
ture against the effects of lightning discharges. splitter is connected at its input side to the tele-
This total measure, however, is the duty of the phone outlet. At its output side, it provides the
owner of the structure and also comprises the higher frequency signals of the ADSL frequency
complete lightning equipotential bonding within band for the ADSL modem on the one hand, and
the internal lightning protection system and there- on the other hand, it controls the communication
fore also the protection of the telecommunication in the low frequency range with the NTBA or the
cables. This is described in the lightning protection analogous terminal equipment. Since the splitter
standards IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) and IEC 62305- should be compact and cost-effective, it is usually
4 (EN 62305-4). designed in passive form, i.e. without own power
supply.
The threat ADSL modems are manufactured in different
The connecting cables to the local exchange as types. External devices very often use a separate
well as the internal house wiring is implemented splitter. The ADSL modem is connected to the PC
by copper cables whose shielding effect is very low. via an Ethernet (10 MBit/s), ATM25, or a USB inter-
By laying cables between several buildings, high face. Additionally, the modem requires a 230 V
potential differences can arise between the build- supply voltage (Figures 9.14.1 and 9.14.2).

282 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Surge protection for data transmission ISDN ferred by digital transmission. A network termina-
primary rate multiplex access tion unit (NT) is the transfer interface for the sub-
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is used scriber. The supply line of the digital local
to provide different services in a common public exchange is a 4-wire line. Additionally, the NT is
network. Both voice as well as data can be trans- powered with 230 V.

No. Type Part No.

telecommunication consumer
Ethernet 10 MBit BLITZDUCTOR® XT 920 347
network
or ATM 25 BXT ML4 BD 180 + BXT BAS + 920 300

230 V~ 1 DRL DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401

+ DRL PD 180 + 907 430
3 3 + EF 10 DRL + 907 498
RJ 45 PC
ADSL modem 2 NT-Protector NT PRO 909 958
3 DATA-Protector DATA PRO 4TP 909 955
DEHNlink DLI TC 1 I 929 027
4 4 4
1 2 DSM DSM TC 1 SK 924 271
NT 1) analogue
splitter
telephone DEHNguard® modular
5
SDB DG M TNS 275 952 400
1)
Network Termination
5

Fig. 9.14.1 Lightning and surge protection for ADSL with analogue connections

No. Type Part No.

telecommunication consumer Ethernet 10 MBit
network or ATM 25 BLITZDUCTOR® XT 920 347
BXT ML4 BD 180 + BXT BAS + 920 300
2)
BBTU 1 DRL DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
230 V~
+ DRL PD 180 + 907 430
+ EF 10 DRL + 907 498
3 3
RJ 45 PC
2 NT-Protector NT PRO 909 958
ADSL
modem 3 DATA-Protector DATA PRO 4TP 909 955
ISDN 4 ISDN-Protector ISDN PRO 909 954
telephone
DEHNlink DLI ISDN I 929 024
S0 5
DSM DSM IDSN SK 924 270
4
1 2 NTBA RJ 45 5
NT 1) DEHNguard® modular
splitter 6
DG M TNS 275 952 400
1)
Network Termination
SDB 2)
Broad Band Termination Unit

6 *BLITZDUCTOR® CT and NT Protector have been officially

approved by Deutsche Telekom for protection of NTBAs

Fig. 9.14.2 Lightning and surge protection for ISDN and ADSL connections

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 283

 No. Type Part No.
telecommunication consumer analogue
network telephone BLITZDUCTOR® XT 920 375
BXT ML4 BD HF 24 + BXT BAS + 920 300
SDB
1 DRL DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
3 + DRL HD 24 + 907 470
2 2 + EF 10 DRL + 907 498
DEHNlink DLI TC 1 I 929 027
2
DSM DSM TC 1 SK 924 271
U2m S2m- 5
DEHNguard® modular
3
DG M TNS 275 952 400
1 1 1 1
NT 1) TC system 4 SFL-Protector SFL PRO 912 260
NTPM
1)
Network Termination

Fig. 9.14.3 Surge protection for telecommunications systems “ISDN Primary rate Multiplex access”

Figure 9.14.2 shows the protection of an ISDN con- rate access, data transmission can be handled up to
nection with th corresponding surge protective 2 MBit/s. The NT is powered by the U2m interface –
devices. the subscriber interface is called S2m. PABX with a
high number of extensions or data transmission
The primary rate multiplex access lines with high data volumes are connected to this
The Network Termination for Primary rate Multi- interface .
plex access (NTPM) has 30 B channels with 64 kBit/s Figure 9.14.3 shows the protection of such a con-
and one D channel with 64 kBit/s. Via the primary nection against surges.

284 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.15 Lightning and surge protection for intrinsically safe
circuits
In chemical and petrochemical industrial plants, areas were divided into lightning protection zone
potentially explosive areas develop frequently dur- LPZ 1 and lightning protection zone LPZ 2:
ing the manufacture, processing, storage, and ⇒ Electronic evaluation unit in the control room
transportation of flammable materials (e.g. gaso- (LPZ 2)
line, alcohol, liquid gas, explosive dust), where any
⇒ Temperature transducer at the tank (LPZ 1)
source of ignition must be avoided to prevent
explosions. Relevant protective provisions refer to ⇒ Interior of the tank (LPZ 1)
the threat of atmospheric discharges (lightning) to
such installations. Here it has to be considered that In accordance with the lightning protection zones
there is a fire risk and explosion hazard by direct or concept according to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4), all
indirect lightning discharges due to the partially lines at the LPZ boundaries must be equipped with
widespread extension of such installations. corresponding surge protective devices as
To achieve necessary plant availability and also the described below.
necessary safety of the system, a conceptual action
is necessary for protection of process-specific elec- External lightning protection
tric and electronic parts of the plant against light- The external lightning protection system is the
ning currents and surges. entire equipment installed and existing outside at
or in the installation to be protected for intercep-
tion and conducting the lightning current into the
Lightning Protection Zones Concept earth-termination system.
Intrinsically safe circuits are often used in areas A lightning protection system for explosive areas
where explosion hazard may occur. Figure 9.15.1 corresponds to lightning protection system Class II
shows the principal design of such a system and at normal conditions. In well-founded, individual
the assignment in lightning protection zones. Due cases and under special conditions (legal provi-
to the necessary, very high availability of the sys- sions), or by the result of a risk analysis in accor-
tems and in order to meet the high requirements dance with IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) it can differ
on safety in the hazardous area, the following from the standards.

metal container with

sufficient material thickness

air-termination system

air ventilation

building shield, e.g.

steel reinforcement

conductor to
remote potential

intermeshed equipotential bonding

Fig. 9.15.1 Division of a hazardous location into lightning protection zones (LPZ)

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 285

In order to prevent direct lightning strikes to tank
facilities they are very often protected by air-ter- air-termination
mination rods with additional air-termination conductors air-termination
cables in case of greater distances (Figure 9.15.2). rod

In any case, the following requirements are based

on lightning protection system Class II. As with all
lightning protection systems, the separation dis-
tance must also be maintained here.

Lightning equipotential bonding outside the haz-

ardous area
The application of surge protective devices in the
low voltage installation and for telecommunica-
tion lines outside the hazardous area (control
room) shows no peculiarities with respect to other concrete tub
applications. In this context it should be noted that of the tank
the surge protective devices for lines of LPZ 0A to
LPZ 1 (Figures 9.15.3 and 9.15.4) must have a light-
ning current discharge capacity, which is specified
in test waveform 10/350 μs. The surge protective
devices of the different requirement classes must
be coordinated among each other.
Fig. 9.15.2 Air-termination system for a tank with air-termination
Equipotential bonding rods and conductors
In all areas where explosion hazard may occur, a
consistent equipotential bonding has to be imple-
mented. Also building supports and parts of the discharged previously. Also, the availability of the
construction, pipelines, containers, etc., must be temperature transmitter, which is important for
included in the equipotential bonding so that a the process, is considerably increased in this way.
voltage difference must not be feared, even in the Furthermore, the requirements according to
event of a failure. The connections of the equipo- EN 60079-14 must be met (Figure 9.15.5):
tential bonding conductors must be secured ⇒ Use of surge protective devices with a mini-
against self-loosening. The equipotential bonding mum discharge capacity of 10 impulses with
must be carefully realised, installed, and tested in 10 kA (8/20 μs), each without malfunction or
compliance with IEC 60364-4-41, IEC 60364-5-54 impairment of the surge protective function
and IEC 60364-6-61. Using surge protective devices (Table 9.15.1).
of the BLITZDUCTOR product range, the cross sec-
tion of the earth conductor for equipotential ⇒ Mounting of the surge protective device into a
bonding must be at least 4 mm2 Cu. metallic shielded enclosure and earthing with
at least 4 mm2 Cu.
Surge protection in intrinsically safe circuits ⇒ Installation of the cables between the surge
Already during the design process, the lightning protective device and the equipment in a met-
protection zones and hazardous areas shall be har- al pipe earthed at both ends or the application
monised. The consequence is that the require- of shielded cables with a maximum length of
ments both for use of surge protective devices in 1 m.
hazardous areas and at the LPZ boundaries must
be met likewise. Thus, the installation site of the In accordance with the definition of the protection
surge protective device was determined precisely. concept, the programmable controller in the con-
It is located at the boundary of LPZ 0B and LPZ 1. trol room is defined as LPZ 2. The intrinsically safe
This prevents the penetration of dangerous surges cable leaving the temperature transmitter is also
into Ex zone 0 or 20, since the surges are already led at the boundary from LPZ 0B to LPZ 1 via a

286 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 lightning equipotential bonding
EBB

external lightning protection system

power
supply

water

gas Z heating

cathodic protected tank pipe

foundation earth electrode

Fig. 9.15.3 Lightning equipotential bonding according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) based on main equipotential bonding according to
IEC 60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54

Ex zone 1, 2

BLITZDUCTOR XT
BXT BAS EX, BXT ML4 BD EX 24 /
BXT ML4 BC EX 24
protected

protected

1’
2’

BXT ML4 BD EX 24
1

BLITZDUCTOR
4’
3’

3’
4’
3

BLITZDUCTOR
4

BXT ML4 BD EX 24
2’
1’

Ex zone 0
min. 4 mm2 min. 4 mm2

cable length max. 1 m

EB

Fig. 9.15.4 DEHNventil DV TT 255 in a Fig. 9.15.5 Surge protective devices in intrinsically safe circuits
switchgear cabinet for protection
of the power supply system

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 287

Technical data Measuring Surge protective device of surge protective devices
transducer TH02 BCT MOD MD EX 30 must not interfere with this
isolation from earth.
Installation site zone 1 zone 1
If the transducer has an in-
Type of protection ib ia sulation resistance of < 500 V
Voltage Ui max. = 29.4 V d.c. Uc = 34.8 V d.c. a.c., the intrinsically safe
circuit is regarded as earth-
Current Ii max. = 130 mA IN = 500 mA
ed. This requires protec-
Frequency fHart = 2200 Hz fG = 6 MHz tive devices, the voltage
frequency-modulated protection level of which
Immunity acc. to NE 21, e.g. discharge capacity 10 kA (8/20 μs) is below the insulation
0.5 kV line/line Y/L SPD T resistance of the earthed
transducer (e.g. Up (wire/PG)
Test standards ATEX, CE ATEX, CE, IEC 61643-21
≤ 35 V) at a nominal dis-
Isolated from earth 500V Yes Yes charge current of 10 kA
Inner capacitance Ci Ci = 15 nF negligibly small (pulse shape 8/20 μs).
Inner inductance Li Li = 220 μH negligibly small
Type of protection (explo-
Table 9.15.1 Example of a temperature transducer sive atmoshperes): Intrinsic
Safety – Category ia or ib ?
The transducer and the
surge protective device BLITZDUCTOR CT, BCT surge protective device are installed in protection
MOD MD EX 24. This protective device at the oth- zone LPZ 1 so that the category ib is sufficient for
er end of the field line between the buildings must the 4 ... 20 mA current loop. The used surge protec-
have the same discharge capacity as the protective tion fulfils the highest requirements in conformity
device installed at the tank. After the surge protec- with certification according to ia and consequent-
tive device, the intrinsically safe line is led via an ly, is also suitable for ib applications.
isolation amplifier (Figures 9.15.5 and 9.15.6).
From there, the shielded cable is laid to the pro-
grammable controller in LPZ 2. Because of the two-
sided earth connection of the cable shield, no pro-
tective device is required at boundary LPZ 1 to
LPZ 2, since the residual electromagnetic interfer-
ence still to be expected is strongly attenuated by
the cable shield earthed at both ends.

Criteria for the choice of surge protective devices

in intrinsically safe circuits
The example treating a temperature transducer
(Table 9.15.1) shows which aspects must be
observed for choosing surge protective devices
(SPD):

Insulation resistance of the equipment

In order to prevent measuring errors by compen-
sating currents, the sensor signals from the tank
are often isolated electrically. The transducer has
an insulation resistance of < 500 V a.c. between
the intrinsically safe 4 ... 20 mA current loop and
the earthed temperature sensor. Consequently
the equipment is considered as floating. The use Fig. 9.15.6 BCT MOD MD EX 24 for intrinsically safe circuits

288 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 short-circuit current Ii (Table 9.15.1). The rated
voltage Uc of the protective device must be at least
as high as the open-circuit voltage of the supply
unit. Also the nominal current of the protective
device must be at least as high as the short-circuit
current Ii of the transducer to be expected in the
event of a failure. If these parameters differ from
the basic conditions when choosing the surge
arresters, the protective device can be overloaded
and, consequently, can fail or the intrinsic safety of
the circuit is eliminated by an impermissible
increase in temperature at the protective device.

Fig. 9.15.7 Surge arrester for field devices – DEHNpipe, Coordination of the surge protective devices with
DPI MD EX 24 M 2
terminal equipment
The NAMUR recommendation NE 21 determines
Permissible maximum values for L0 and C0 the requirements on the immunity against inter-
Before an intrinsically safe circuit is put into opera- ferences for process technology and process con-
tion, the proof of its intrinsic safety must be pro- trol equipment and its general application (e.g.
vided. For this purpose, the supply unit, the trans- transducers). The signal inputs of such equipment
ducer, the used cables, as well as the surge protec- must withstand transient voltages of 0.5 kV
tive devices must fulfil the interconnection condi- between the wires (differential-mode interfer-
tions. If necessary, the inductances and capaci- ence) and of 1.0 kV between wire and earth (com-
tances of the protective devices must also be taken mon-mode interference). The test arrangement
into consideration. In accordance with the EC type and the waveform are described in the EN 61000-4-5
examination certificate (PTB 99 ATEX 2092), the basic standard. According to the amplitude of the
internal capacitances and inductances are negligi- test pulse, a corresponding surge immunity is
ble in the surge protective device type BCT MOD assigned to the terminal equipment. These immu-
MD EX 24 of DEHN + SÖHNE (Figure 9.15.6) and nities of the terminal equipment are documented
need not be taken into account when considering by the surge immunity (1 – 4). 1 means the lowest
the interconnection conditions. and 4 the highest surge immunity. When there is a
risk of lightning and surge effects, the conducted
Maximum values for voltage Ui and current Ii interference pulses (voltage, current and energy)
According to its technical specifications for intrinsi- must be limited to a value that lies within the
cally safe circuits, the transducer to be protected immunity of the terminal equipment. The coordi-
has a maximum supply voltage Ui and a maximum nation characteristics Q on the protective
devices indicate a direct ref-
erence to the test level of
Intrinsically SPD type Part No.
1) the terminal equipment. P1
safe interface appoved by FISCO
describing the requested
0 – 20 mA, test level of the terminal
4 – 20 mA
BCT MOD MD EX 24 + BCT BAS EX 919 580 + 919 507 equipment and Type 2, the
(also with HART) discharge capacity of the
BCT MOD MD EX 30 + BCT BAS EX 919 581 + 919 507
Digital I/O protective device of 10 kA
DCO RK MD EX 24 919 960 (waveform 8/20 μs).
NAMUR signal
DPI MD EX 24 M 2 929 960
PROFIBUS-PA A threat to chemical and
Foundation Fieldbus petrochemical installations
PROFIBUS-DP BCT MOD MD HFD EX 6 + BCT BAS EX 919 583 + 919 507 by a lightning discharge and
1) FISCO = Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept the electromagnetic influ-
ence resulting from it, is
Table 9.15.2 Surge protective devices for use in intrinsically safe circuits and bus systems covered in the relevant

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 289

guidelines. During the realisation of the lightning scope. The used surge arresters must fulfil the
protection zones concept in design and implemen- requirements of explosion protection, the coordi-
tation of such installations, the risks of a sparking nation to the terminal equipment, as well as the
by a direct strike or discharging of conducted requirements from the operational parameters of
interference energies can be minimised within a the measuring and control circuits (Table 9.15.2).
safety-related and also economically justifiable

290 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.16 Lightning and surge protection of multi-megawatt
wind turbines
There is an unabated trend for the utilisation of For dimensioning lightning protection installa-
regenerative energy gained from wind turbines, tions, it has to be considered that in case of objects
solar, photovoltaic and biogas plants or geother- with a height of > 60 m, and which are exposed to
mal heat. This is an enormous market potential not lightning, also earth-to-cloud flashes can come up,
only for the energy industry but also for the suppli- so-called upward flashes, beside cloud-to-earth
ers and the electrical trade and that worldwide. flashes. This results in greater values as specified in
In Germany meanwhile about 19,000 wind tur- the above formula.
bines supply a total power of almost 21,000 Furthermore, earth-to-cloud flashes starting from
megawatt which is more than three percent of the high exposed objects carry high charges of a light-
power needed. ning current, which are of special importance for
The prognoses for the future turn out to be posi- the protection measures at rotor blades and for
tive. According to the German wind power insti- the design of lightning current arresters.
tute (Deutsches Windenergie-Institut, DEWI),
approximately 4,000 wind turbines are supposed Standardisation
to be installed on the open seas until 2030. The guidelines of Germanischer Lloyd are the basis
Thus, a nominal power of approx. 20,000 for the design of the protection concept.
megawatt could be produced by offshore wind- The German Insurance Association (GDV) recom-
farms. The importance of wind turbines is obvious. mends in its publication VdS 2010 “Risikoorien-
Looking at the growth rates of this power market, tierter Blitz- und Überspannungsschutz” (Risk ori-
the reliable availability of energy is also an impor- ented lightning and surge protection) to imple-
tant aspect. ment at least lightning protection systems Class II
for wind turbines in order to meet the minimum
requirements for protection of these installations.
Danger resulting from lightning effects
An operator of these installations cannot afford Protection measures
downtimes. On the contrary, the high capital
The main concern in this technical contribution is
investments for a wind turbine shall amortize
the realisation of lightning protection measures
within a few years. Wind turbines are comprehen-
and measures of protection against surges for the
sive electrical and electronic installations, concen-
electric and electronic devices / systems of a wind
trated on a very small area. Everything, what elec-
turbine.
trical engineering and electronics offer, can be
The complex problems of the protection of rotor
found: switchgear cabinets, motors and drives, fre-
blades and swivelling parts and bearings require a
quency converters, bus systems with actuators and
detailed examination. They are also producer-spe-
sensors. It goes without saying that surges can
cific and type-specific.
cause considerable damage there. Due to the
exposed position and the overall height, wind tur-
bines are exposed to direct lightning effects. The
risk of being hit by lightning increases quadratical-
ly versus the height of the structure. Multi-
megawatt wind turbines with blades reach a total
height up to 150 m and are therefore particularly
exposed to danger. A comprehensive lightning and
surge protection is required.

Frequency of lightning strikes

The annual number of cloud-to-earth lightning
flashes for a certain region results from the well-
known isokeraunic level. In Europe, a mean num-
ber of one to three cloud-to-earth flashes per km2
and year applies to coast areas and low mountain Fig. 9.16.1 Impulse current laboratory DEHN + SÖHNE – Max. light-
ranges. ning impulse current 200 kA, wave form 10/350 μs

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 291

DEHN + SÖHNE offers the following engineering Being a protection measure, the lightning protec-
and testing service in the company’s impulse cur- tion zones concept includes therefore a reduction
rent laboratory to provide best solutions for the of the conducted and radiated interferences at
individual customer (Figure 9.16.1): boundaries down to agreed values. For this reason,
⇒ Testing of customer-specific, pre-wired con- the object to be protected is subdivided into pro-
nection units for protection of the electrical tection zones. The protection zones result from
installation the structure of the wind turbine and shall consid-
er the architecture of the structure. It is decisive
⇒ Testing of the lightning current carrying that direct lightning parameters affecting light-
capacity of bearings ning protection zone LPZ 0A from outside are
⇒ Lightning current test at down conductors and reduced by shielding measures and installation of
receptors of rotor blades surge protective devices to ensure that the electric
and electronic systems and devices situated inside
These tests in the laboratory prove the effective- the wind turbine can be operated without inter-
ness of the chosen protection measures and con- ferences.
tribute to the optimisation of the “protection
package”. Shielding measures
The nacelle should be designed as a metal shield
Lightning Protection Zones Concept that is closed in itself. Thus a volume can be
The lightning protection zones concept is a struc- obtained inside the nacelle with a considerably
turing measure for creating a defined EMC envi- attenuated, electromagnetic field compared to
ronment within a structure (Figure 9.16.2). The the outside. The switchgear and control cabinets in
defined EMC environment is specified by the elec- the nacelle and, if existing, in the operation build-
tromagnetic immunity of the used electric equip- ing should also be made out of metal. The con-
ment. necting cables should be provided with an outer,
conductive shield. With respect to interference
suppression, shielded cables are effective against
EMC coupling only if the shields are connected
with the equipotential bonding on both sides. The
shields must be contacted with encircling contact
terminals to avoid long and for EMC improper
“pigtails”.
LPZ 1 nacelle
LPZ 2 Earth-termination system
electromagnetic shield For earthing a wind turbine, the reinforcement of
the tower should always be integrated. Installa-
tion of a foundation earth electrode in the tower
shielded cable route base, and, if existing, in the foundation of an oper-
ation building, should also be preferred in view of
the corrosion risk of earth conductors.

The earthing of the tower base and the operation

building (Figure 9.16.3) should be connected by an
operation building
intermeshed earthing in order to get an earthing
LPZ 1 system with the largest surface possible.
outgoing
LPZ 2 lines
The extent to which additional potential control-
ling ring earth electrodes must be arranged
around the tower base depends on the fact
shielded pipe or the like whether too high step and touch voltages must
possibly be reduced to protect the operator in case
Fig. 9.16.2 Lightning protection zones concept for a wind turbine of a lightning strike.

292 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 mast / tower
reinforcement
of the building

concrete foundation
cable duct
foundation earth electrode
reinforcement

earth
conductor
ring earth electrode

Fig. 9.16.3 Intermeshed network of earth electrodes of a wind turbine

Protective circuit for conductors at the boundary Surge protective devices should be chosen accord-
of lightning protection zone LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 and ing to the operating characteristics of the electric
higher and electronic systems.
Besides shielding against radiated sources of inter- After the discharge, surge protective devices to be
ference, protection against conducted sources of used in the power supply system must be capable
interference at the boundaries of the lightning of extinguishing safely the follow currents coming
protection zones must also be provided for reliable from mains afterwards. Beside the impulse current
operation of the electric and electronic devices. carrying capability, this is the second important
aspect of design.
At the boundary of lightning protection zone
Figure 9.16.4 shows lightning current arrester
LPZ 0A to LPZ 1 (conventionally also called light-
DEHNbloc with encapsulated spark gap.
ning equipotential bonding) SPDs must be used,
which are capable of discharging considerable par-
tial lightning currents without damage to the
equipment. These SPDs are called lightning current
arresters (SPDs Type 1) and tested with impulse
currents, wave form 10/350 μs.

At the boundary of LPZ 0B to LPZ 1 and LPZ 1 and

higher, only low energy impulse currents have to
be controlled which result from voltages induced
from the outside or from surges generated in the
system itself. These protection devices are called
surge protective devices (SPDs Type 2) and tested Fig. 9.16.4 Application of DEHNbloc Maxi coordinated lightning
with impulse currents, wave form 8/20 μs. current arrester for 400/690 V TN-C systems

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 293

Fig. 9.16.5 DEHNguard surge arrester, Fig. 9.16.6 Application of BLITZDUCTOR XT lightning current and
DG MOD 750 + DG M WE 600 surge arrester

This lightning current arrester can be mounted reduce the interference level below the immunity
among bare live system parts in the installation to of the equipment to be protected.
be protected without having to take minimum dis- Considering a single telephone line within the
tances into account. The protective device DEHN- lightning protection zones concept, the partial
bloc is used, for example, for low voltage lines lightning current on this conductor can be as-
coming from the wind turbine. sumed to be blanket 5 %. For a lightning protec-
tion system Class III/IV, this would amount to a par-
Surge arresters (Figure 9.16.5) are dimensioned for tial lightning current of 5 kA, wave form 10/350 μs.
loads as they occur in case of inductive couplings
and switching operations. Within the scope of
energy coordination, they have to be connected Figure 9.16.6 shows the approved multipurpose
downstream of the lightning current arresters. device BLITZDUCTOR XT, BCT MOD BE as a light-
They include a thermally monitored metal oxide ning current and surge arrester. This protective
varistor. device can be used for protection of equipment in
Contrary to surge protective devices for power EMC lightning protection zone I and higher. BLITZ-
supply systems, special attention has to be paid on DUCTOR XT is designed as a four-terminal network
system compatibility and the operating character- and limits both common-mode interferences as
istics of the measuring and control or data line well as differential-mode interferences. It can be
when installing SPDs in data processing systems. fixed directly in the course of terminal blocks or,
These protective devices are connected in series instead of these terminals, on supporting rails. Its
with the data processing lines and must be able to special design allows a space-saving arrangement.

294 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.17 Surge protection for radio transmitter / receiver
stations (mobile radio)
According to the require-
ments of DIN VDE 0855-300
radio transmitting / receiv-
ing systems in Germany
are designed in such a way
that incoupled lightning
currents will be safely dis-
charged to the earth elec-
trode via the earthing con-
ductor. Hence also the trans-
mitter/receiver station (radio
base station RBS) has to be
protected against surges
due to lightning currents.
The radio base station (RBS)
comprises the power supply
(power supply unit PSU),
the radio transmitting tech-
nology and the transmitting
technology for the fixed
network (optional). Fig. 9.17.1 Dual cell site

9.17.1 Power supply

230/400 V a.c. socket outlet RBS (radio
base station)
The power supply of the
air-conditioning
RBS has to be independent
from the power supply of lighting
the building. Supplying via power
the subdistribution / floor distribution
distribution shall be avoid- cabinet
ed. The energy meter shall EBB
be near the service entrance roof area
box. The distribution of cir-
cuits is effected upstream
the RBS or directly inside (in basement area
Germany almost exclusive-
ly subdistributions are in-
stalled directly in and near
the RBS). kWh
The DEHNventil DV M TT 255,
a combined lightning cur-
rent and surge arrester on
spark gap basis, protects the
service entrance MEBB
power supply unit (PSU) of a
RBS. This surge protective
device is an arrester Type 1
designed for the protection
of power supply units in existing earth electrode
transmitting / receiving sys-
tems. Fig. 9.17.2 Electrical circuit diagram

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 295

The DEHNventil DV M TT 255 either can be in- using surge protective equipment, that there is an
stalled in the subdistribution directly upstream the energy coordination with the terminal devices to
RBS or in the area of the service entrance. The pro- be protected. The coordination of the DEHNventil
tective device being installed in the subdistribu- DV M TT 255 and hence the protection capability
tion, there is a selected input of lightning current of this surge protective equipment even without
and a selected output in the service entrance area. using a surge arrester Type 2 in the RBS has been
Figure 9.17.2 shows the circuit diagram with the comprehensively tested at different PSUs.
location of the surge protective equipment. In ad- In order to realise a coordinated surge protection
dition Figure 9.17.3 shows the structural diagram at all sites of an operator and to be independent in
of an RBS on a roof and the application of DEHN- designing with regard to the different network
ventil DV M TT 255. Producers of transmitting / systems, the DEHNventil DV M TT 255 a protective
receiving systems sometimes perform a standard- device with “3 + 1” circuit provides a universal
ised application of surge arresters Type 2 according solution for TN-C, TN-S and TT systems.
to Table 9.17.2. Figure 9.17.3 also shows where to A quality characteristic of special importance for
install the DEHNguard modular DG M TT 275. using combined lightning current and surge
arresters is a sufficient follow current extinguish-
The application of lightning current and surge pro- ing capability and follow current limiting/selectivi-
tective equipment depends on the type of low- ty. Thus false tripping of the system fuses and the
voltage system (TT system, TN-C system or TN-S sys- disconnection from power supply is avoided. This
tem). The international standard IEC 60364-5-53 quality characteristic of the combined lightning
describes the use of lightning current and surge current and surge protective equipment or com-
arresters in accordance with the “Protection at bined SPDs called “selectivity” is necessary. If
indirect contact” in low-voltage consumer’s sys- applied in the range of transmitting / receiving sys-
tems. In addition to this requirement of protection tems, a selectivity according to Table 9.17.1 is
against life hazards, care has to be taken when required.

DG M TT 275 elevator building

antenna

mast DV M TT 255
antenna line

antenna lines

SD
RBS (radio
base station) low-voltage supply

meshed operational equipotential bonding (MOEB)

roof surface

Fig. 9.17.3 Basic structure of a RBS with DV M TT 255 and DG M TT 275

296 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

9.17.2 Fixed network No. in Fig. No tripping of a ...at an earth Type
connection (if 9.17.2 fuse... fault/short-circuit Part No.
existing) current up to
DEHNventil DV M TT 255
Depending on the net- 20 A gL/gG 50 kAeff
951 310
work operator, either
fixed network links (cop- Table 9.17.1 Selectivity surge arrester Type 1
per cable) or radio links
are chosen to connect
No. in Fig. Purpose of use Type Part No.
the RBS with the primary 9.17.2
switching technology
“Basic surge protection” DEHNguard modular 952 310
(base station controller
DG M TT 275
(BSC), mobile switching
centre (MSC). In case of a Table 9.17.2 Standardised surge arrester Type 2
fixed network connec-
tion partial lightning
No. in Fig. Connection system Type Part No.
currents also will flow 9.17.2
through the telecommu-
LSA-PLus, series 2 DEHNrapid DRL 10 B 180 FSD 907 401
nication cable if a direct
lightning strikes the screw terminal (D+S BLITZDUCTOR XT BXT BD 180 920 347
antenna system. Here recommendation) BLITZDUCTOR XT Base part BXT BAS 920 300
combined SPDs provide Table 9.17.3 Surge protection for the fixed network connection
sufficient protection as
well. Surge protective
equipment according to No. in Fig. Band / Frequency Type Part No.
Table 9.17.3 is applied. 9.17.2
GSM / 876 ... 960 + DEHNgate DGA L4 7 16 B or 929 048
GSM /1710 ... 1880 DEHNgate DGA L4 N B 929 049
9.17.3 Radio trans- UMTS
mission tech- Microwave link/2400 DEHNgate DGA G N 929 044
nology
WLAN / 2400 DEHNgate DGA G BNC 929 042
The radio transmission
band (frequency) and TETRA / 380 ... 512 DEHNgate DGA L4 7 16 S 929 047
the connection mechan- Table 9.17.4 Surge protection for the transmission technology
ics (connector) are the
decisive factors concern-
ing the selection of suitable surge protective 0855-300 (national) as well as IEC 62305-3 (EN
equipment for the protection of the radio trans- 62305-3) are applicable for design and installation
mission technology. Sufficient discharge capability, of transmitting / receiving systems. A difference has
remote supply voltages of point-to-point (PTP) to be made whether a transmitting / receiving sys-
radio systems, and depending on the application, tem shall be installed on an building or structure
also low passive intermodulation (PIM) have to be with an already existing or planned lightning pro-
taken into account. Table 9.17.4 shows a choice of tection system or whether the object under consid-
DEHN + SÖHNE protection products. eration is without lightning protection system. The
measures of earthing and equipotential bonding
then have to be met the requirements of DIN VDE
9.17.4 Lightning protection, earthing, 0855-300 or IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). Chapter
equipotential bonding 5.2.4.2 of the Lightning Protection Guide describes
With regard to earthing, equipotential bonding, possible measures of protection against lightning
lightning and surge protection mainly DIN VDE applicable for cell sites.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 297

9.18 Lightning and surge protection for PV systems and
solar power plants
9.18.1 Lightning and surge protection for the installation of PV modules on buildings does
photovoltaic (PV) systems not increase the risk of a lightning strike, so that
the request for lightning protection can not be
The guaranteed service life of 20 years for photo-
derived directly from the mere existence of a PV
voltaic generators and their exposed installation
system. However, there may be an increased dan-
sites as well as the sensitive electronics of the
ger for the electric facilities of the building in the
inverter really require effective lightning and
event of a lightning strike. This is based on the fact
surge protection.
that, due to the wiring of the PV lines inside the
Not only house owners install a PV system on their
building in existing risers and cable runs, strong
rooftop but also private operating companies
conducted and radiated interferences may result
make more and more investments in shared sys-
from lightning currents. Therefore, it is necessary,
tems, which are erected on large-surface roofs, on
to estimate the risk by lightning strikes, and to
traffic structures, or unused open areas.
take the results from this into account for the
Because of the big space requirements of the pho- design. IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2) states procedures
tovoltaic generator, PV systems are especially and data for the calculation of the risk resulting
threatened by lightning discharges during thun- from lightning strikes into structures and for the
derstorms. Causes for surges in PV systems are choice of lightning protection systems. For this
inductive or capacitive voltages deriving from purpose DEHN + SÖHNE offers the software
lightning discharges as well as lightning surges DEHNsupport. The risk analysis presented here
and switching operations in the upstream power ensures that it is possible to draw up a lightning
supply system. Lightning surges in the PV system protection concept which is understood by all par-
can damage PV modules and inverters. This can ties involved, and which meets optimum technical
have serious consequences for the operation of and economic requirements, i.e. the necessary pro-
the system. Firstly, high repair costs, for example, tection can be guaranteed with as little expendi-
those of the inverter, have a negative effect, and, ture as possible.
secondly, the system failure can result in consider-
able profit cuts for the operator of the plant. The German Insurance Association has picked up
the risk estimate in their guideline VdS 2010
Necessity of lightning protection “Risikoorientierter Blitz- und Überspannungs-
For the installation of PV systems it must be gener- schutz für Objekte” (Risk oriented lightning
ally distinguished between an installation on a and surge protection for objects) (taken from IEC
building with or without lightning protection. For 62305-2 (EN 62305-2)) and present lightning pro-
public buildings, e.g., assembly places, schools, tection measures for buildings or structures as they
hospitals, in Germany building regulations request are seen by the insurance industry. In Table 3, this
lightning protection systems for safety reasons. For guideline assigns classes of lightning protection
this purpose, buildings or structures are differenti- systems and measures against surges to objects in a
ated, for which, according to their location, con- simplified manner. Furthermore, the guideline also
struction type, or utilisation, a lightning strike refers to buildings with alternative power supply
could easily have severe consequences. Such build- installations, as for example, buildings with a PV
ings or structures in need of protection have to be system (> 10 kW). According to this, for such
provided with a permanently effective lightning objects lightning protection level (LPL) III has to be
protection system. taken into account. Hence a LPS Class III is required
In case of privately used buildings lightning pro- as well as additional surge protective measures.
tection is often refrained from. This happens part- A system of protection against lightning (LPS)
ly out of financial reasons, but also because of designed for class III meets the usual requirements
lacking sensibility with respect to this topic. for PV and solar thermal systems: “Photovoltaic
If a building without external lightning protection and solar thermal systems on buildings must not
was selected as location for a PV system, the ques- interfere the existing lightning protection meas-
tion arises, if, with the additional installation of ures. Photovoltaic and solar thermal systems shall
the PV generator on the roof, lightning protection be protected by isolated air-termination systems
should be provided for the entire structure. according to 5.2 and 6.3 of IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
According to the current scientific state of the art, against direct lightning strikes. If a direct connec-

298 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

tion can not be avoided, the effects of partial lightning currents. This combined arrester is appli-
lightning currents entering the building have to be cable for PV systems up to 1000 V UOC STC . DEHN-
taken into consideration.” limit PV 1000 has a high lightning current dis-
charge capability of 50 kA 10/350 μs.
Protection of photovoltaic inverters against
surges also in case of direct lightning strikes Single pole photovoltaic arrester Type 2 with inte-
If a PV system shall be installed on a building with grated short-circuiting device
external lightning protection system, one of the The inner structure of DEHNguard PV 500 SCP a
basic requirements is that the PV modules are surge arrester Type 2 (Figure 9.18.1.2) sets new pat-
within the protective area of an isolated air-termi- terns for safety. In this arrester the proved double
nation system. Additionally, the separation dis- effect of the monitoring and disconnecting device
tance between the PV supporting frame and the Thermo Dynamic Control has been combined with
external lightning protection system has to be an additional short-circuiting device. This com-
kept in order to prevent uncontrolled sparkover. pletely new kind of arrester monitoring ensures
Otherwise considerable partial lightning currents operation safety without risk of fire hazard, even
can be carried into the building or structure. if the devices are overloaded for example at insula-
tion faults in the PV generator circuit. The follow-
Often the operator wants the whole roof to be ing example explains the effectiveness of the
covered with PV modules in order to gain a possi- short-circuiting device in DEHNguard PV 500 SCP:
bly high economic profit. In these cases the separa-
tion distance often can not be realised and the PV
1. Figure 9.18.1.3: An insulation fault arises dur-
supporting frame has to be integrated into the
ing the operation of the PV system.
external lightning protection. Here, the effects of
the currents coupled into the building or structure 2. Figure 9.18.1.4: With the consequence of the
have to be taken into consideration and a light- surge arrester being overloaded by the ex-
ning equipotential bonding has to be provided. ceeding maximum continuous voltage Uc .
Meaning that lightning equipotential bonding 3. Figure 9.18.1.5: The combined disconnection
now also is necessary for the d.c. conductors carry- and short-circuiting device of DEHNguard PV
ing lightning current. According to IEC 62305-3 the 500 SCP will be activated. It is able to carry a
d.c. conductors have to be protected by surge pro- short-circuit current up to 50 A automatically
tective devices (SPDs) Type 1. Surge protective until the PV system is repaired. This ensures a
devices Type 1 on spark gap basis, for use on the safe operation without risk of fire hazard for
d.c. voltage side, were not available up to now. the system even at an insulation fault in the PV
The problem was that the spark gap once be- generator circuit.
ing tripped, could not be
quenched again and hence
the arc persisted.

With the combined lightning

current and surge arrester
DEHNlimit PV 1000 (Figure
9.18.1.1) DEHN + SÖHNE suc-
ceeded in developing a direct
current extinguishing spark
gap arrester. Thus DEHNlimit
PV 1000 is the ideal arrester
for use in photovoltaic pow-
er plants. The encapsulated Fig. 9.18.1.1 Combined arrester Type 1, DEHNlimit PV, Fig. 9.18.1.2 Single pole photovoltaic
creeping spark gap technolo- to protect photovoltaic inverters from surges arrester Type 2,
gy provides a safe protection also in case of direct lightning strikes DEHNguard PV 500 SCP,
of the PV generator and the with integrated short-
inverter also in case of direct circuiting device

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 299

 Examples of application

Buildings without external lightning protection

+ = system
Figure 9.18.1.6 shows the surge protection concept
– ~ for a PV system on a building without external
lightning protection system. Possible installation
sites of the surge protective devices can be:
⇒ d.c. input of the inverter
⇒ a.c. output of the inverter
⇒ low-voltage (l.v.) supply
SCP SCP

DEHNguard, an SPD Type 2 is installed in the l.v.

incoming feeder. This DEHNguard M Type of surge
Fig. 9.18.1.3 Isolation fault at the PV generator arrester, a complete prewired unit is available for
each low-voltage system (TN-C, TN-S, TT) (Table
9.18.1.1). If the distance between the PV inverter
and the installation site of the DEHNguard is not
greater than 5 m (l.v. supply), the a.c. output of the
+ = inverter is sufficiently protected. At greater con-
ductor lengths additional surge protective devices
–
– ~ SPDs Type 2 are necessary upstream the a.c. input
of the inverter (Table 9.18.1.1).
At the d.c. input of the inverter each of the incom-
ing string conductors has to be protected to earth
by a DEHNguard surge protective device Type PV
500 SCP installed between plus and minus. This
installation provides safe surge protection for PV
SCP SCP
+ systems with a generator voltage up to 1000 V d.c..

The operating voltage of the chosen surge protec-

Fig. 9.18.1.4 Overloading of SPD due to an isolation fault
tive devices shall be approx. 10 % higher than the
expected open-circuit voltage of the solar genera-
tor during maximum solarisation on a cold winter
day.
+ = Buildings with external lightning protection sys-
tem and separation distance kept
–
– ~ The correct operating condition of the lightning
protection system has to be proven by existing test
reports or by maintenance tests. If faults are found
during the examination of the external lightning
protection system (i.e. intense corrosion, loose and
free clamping elements), the constructor of the PV
SCP SCP system has the duty to inform the owner of the
+ building about these faults in writing.
The PV system on the roof surface should be
Fig. 9.18.1.5 Activation of the DEHNguard PV 500 SCP disconnect- designed under consideration of the existing
ing and short-circuiting device ensures safe operating external lightning protection system. For this pur-
state also in case of an isolation fault in the PV gener- pose, the PV system has to be installed within the
ator circuit protection zone of the external lightning protec-

300 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 tion system to ensure its protec-
tion against a direct lightning
strike. By using suitable air-termi-
nation systems, like air-termina-
tion rods, for example, direct light-
ning strikes into the PV modules
can be prevented. The necessary
air-termination rods possibly to be
installed additionally, must be
arranged to prevent a direct strike
2 3
a.c. ~ d.c. into the PV module within their
output = input protection zone and, secondly, any
casting of a shadow on the mod-
ules.
It has to be considered that a sepa-
earthing ration distance s must be kept
conductor
between the PV components and
metal parts like lightning protec-
meter/main tion systems, rain gutters, sky-
distribution 1
kWh kWh lights, solar cells or antenna sys-
tems in compliance with IEC
SEB
62305-3 (EN 62305-3). The separa-
DNO tion distance has to be calculated
according to IEC 62305-3 (EN
62305-3)3. The PV system shown in
Figure 9.18.1.7 is located in the
protective area of the external
Fig. 9.18.1.6 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building without external light- lightning protection system. Figure
ning protection 9.18.1.7 illustrates the concept of

Figure Protection SPDs Part No.

9.18.1.6 for...
L.v. supply
TN-C system DEHNguard M, DG M TNC 275 952 300
DEHNguard M, DG M TNC 275 FM 952 305
TN-S system DEHNguard M, DG M TNS 275 952 400
1
DEHNguard M, DG M TNS 275 FM 952 405
TT system DEHNguard M, DG M TT 275 952 310
DEHNguard M, DG M TT 275 FM 952 315
Ac output of the inverter/ac, inverter installed in the attic
TN system DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275 952 200
DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275 FM 952 205
2
TT system DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275 FM 952 115
Dc input of the inverter
2x DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP 950 500
3 (each between plus DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP FM 950 505
and minus to earth)
Table 9.18.1.1 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems on buildings without external lightning protection system

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 301

 surge protection for a PV system
on a building with external light-
ning protection system and a suffi-
cient separation distance of the PV
s s
modules to the external lightning
protection system.
An essential part of a lightning
2 3 protection system is the lightning
a.c. ~ d.c. equipotential bonding for all con-
output = input ductive systems entering the build-
ing from the outside. The require-
ments of lightning equipotential
bonding are met by direct connec-
tion of all metal systems and by
indirect connection of all live sys-
tems via lightning current arrest-
meter/main kWh kWh
distribution 1 ers. The lightning equipotential
bonding should be performed
preferably near the entrance of
SEB the structure in order to prevent a
DNO penetration of partial lightning
currents into the building. The
low-voltage power supply of the
building is protected by a DEHN-
Fig. 9.18.1.7 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building with external lightning ventil ZP, a multi-pole combined
protection system and the separation distance is being kept lightning current and surge arrest-
er with spark gap technology. It is
designed for installation on 40 mm
DIN rails on the meter mounting
board. The surge protective device
<s has to be chosen according to the
<s
type of power supply system (Table
9.18.1.2).
This combined lightning current
and surge arrester unites lightning
2 3
~ d.c.
current and surge arrester in one
a.c.
output = input device has no interaction limiting
reactor and is available as com-
plete prewired unit for every low-
voltage system (TN-C, TN-S, TT).
There is sufficient protection with-
out additional protective devices
between DEHNventil and terminal
meter/main kWh kWh equipment up to a cable length of
distribution 1 < 5 m. For greater cable lengths
SPDs Type 2 or 3 have to be used in
addition. If the distance between
SEB
DNO the a.c. output of the inverter and
the application site of DEHNventil
is not greater than 5 m, no further
Fig. 9.18.1.8 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building with external lightning protective devices are required for
protection system and the separation distance is not being kept the a.c. side.

302 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

At the d.c. input of the inverter each of the incom- currents carried into the structure or building via
ing string conductors has to be protected to earth the d.c. conductors have to be taken into account
by a DEHNguard surge protective device Type PV and hence lightning equipotential bonding has to
500 SCP installed between plus and minus. be ensured. Meaning that now also the lightning
current carrying d.c. conductors have to be includ-
Buildings with external lightning protection sys- ed into the lightning equipotential bonding (Fig-
tem and separation distance not kept ure 9.18.1.8). According to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-
Often the whole roof is covered with PV modules 3), surge protective devices Type 1 have to be
in order to gain a possibly high economic profit. installed at the d.c. conductors. Here DEHNlimit PV
For the mounting technicians, however, then it is 1000, the combined lightning current and surge
often not possible to keep the required separation arrester is used, which in this case will be connect-
distance. At these points a direct conductive con- ed in parallel with the string conductor. The com-
nection must be provided between the external bined arrester DEHNlimit PV 1000 has been espe-
lightning protection system and the metal PV com- cially developed for application in photovoltaic
ponents. In this case, however, the effects of the power plants. The encapsulated creeping spark

Figure Protection for... SPDs Part No.

9.18.1.7
L.v. supply
TN-C system DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TNC 255 900 390
1 TN-S system and DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TT 255 900 391
TT system
A.c. output of the inverter/a.c., inverter installed in the attic
TN system DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275 952 200
DEHNguard M, DG M TN 275 FM 952 205
2
TT system DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275 952 110
DEHNguard M, DG M TT 2P 275 FM 952 115
D.c. input of the inverter
2x DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP 950 500
3 (each between plus DEHNguard, DG PV 500 SCP FM 950 505
and minus to earth)
Table 9.18.1.2 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems on buildings with external lightning protection system and the
separation distance is being kept

Figure Protection for... SPDs Part No.

9.18.1.8
L.v. supply
TN-C system DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TNC 255 900 390
1 TN-S system and DEHNventil ZP, DV ZP TT 255 900 391
TT system
A.c. output of the inverter/a.c., inverter installed in the attic
TN-C system DEHNventil M, DV M TN 255 951 200
DEHNventil M, DV M TN 255 FM 951 205
2
TT-S system and DEHNventil M, DV M TT 255 951 110
TT system DEHNventil M, DV M TT 255 FM 951 115
D.c. input of the inverter
3 Each string conductor DEHNlimit, DLM PV 1000 900 330
Table 9.18.1.3 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems on buildings with external lightning protection and the separation
distance is not being kept

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 303

gap technology provides safe protection of the PV 9.18.2 Lightning and surge protection for
generator, even at direct lightning currents. solar power plants
Lightning equipotential bonding has to be per-
For such a complex type of installation as a solar
formed also for the l.v. input. The DEHNventil ZP, a
power plant, it is necessary to make an assessment
surge protective device with spark gap technology
of the damage risk due to lightning strikes accord-
is used there (Table 9.18.1.3). If the distance
ing to IEC 62305-2 (EN 62305-2), the result to be
between the PV inverter and the l.v. input is not
taken into account on designing. In case of a solar
greater than 5 m, the a.c. output of the inverter is
power plant the aim is to protect both the opera-
also protected. Surge protection measures always
tion building and the PV array against damage by
are effective only locally, which applies also for the
fire (direct lightning strike), and the electrical and
protection of the PV inverter. The PV inverter
electronic systems (inverters, remote diagnostics
being installed in the attic, additional surge pro-
system, generator main line) against the effects of
tective devices are necessary to protect the a.c.
lightning electromagnetic impulses (LEMP).
output of the inverter, to be performed in this case
also by the DEHNventil surge protective devices
Type 1. This protective device is used because the Air-termination system and down-conductor sys-
partial lightning currents flowing via the protec- tem
tive conductor and the a.c. supply conductor have For protecting the PV array against direct lightning
to be controlled by the surge protective device. strikes, it is necessary to arrange the solar modules
in the protection zone of an isolated air-termina-
Note tion system. Its design is based on lightning protec-
The surge protection of so-called thin-film module tion system Class III for PV systems greater 10 kW in
applications possibly requires separate considera- compliance with VdS guideline 2010. According to
tion. the class of lightning protection system, the height
and the quality of the air-termination rods re-
quired is determined by means of the rolling
sphere. Furthermore, it has to be ensured that the
separation distance s is kept between the PV sup-
porting frames and the air-termination rods in
compliance with IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3). Also,
the operation building is equipped with an exter-
nal lightning protection system Class III. The down
conductors are connected with the earth-termina-
tion system by using terminal lugs. Due to the cor-
rosion risk at the point where the terminal lugs
come out of the soil or concrete, they have to be
made out of corrosion-resistant material (stainless
steel V4A, Material No. 1.4571) or, in case of using
galvanised steel they have to be protected by cor-
responding measures (applying sealing tape or
heat-shrinkable tubes, for example).

Earthing system
tion The earthing system of the PV system is designed
opera g
buildin as a ring earth electrode (surface earth electrode)
with a mesh size of 20 m x 20 m (Figure 9.18.2.1).
The metal supporting frames which the PV mod-
Air-termination rod Earth-termination system
ules are fixed onto, are connected to the earth-
Mesh size 20 x 20 m
Generator junction box termination system approx. every 10 m. The earth-
d.c. line
PV array ing system of the operation building is designed as
a foundation earth electrode according to DIN
Fig. 9.18.2.1 Layout of a large PV installation in an open area 18014 (German standard). The earth-termination

304 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

 steel telescopic
lightning protection mast

generator PV modules
junction
building with inverter box

3
= 3
∼

1 2

foundation earth electrode

Fig. 9.18.2.2 Basic circuit diagram – Surge protection for a solar power plant

No. in Fig. Protection for... SPDs Part No.

9.18.2.2
TN-C system DEHNventil, DV M TNC 255 951 300
1 TN-S system DEHNventil, DV M TNS 255 951 400
TT system DEHNventil, DV M TT 255 951 310

2 D.c. input of the inverter DEHNlimit, DLM PV 1000 900 330

DEHNguard DG PV 500 SCP 950 500
3 Generator junction box
DEHNguard DG PV 500 SCP FM 950 505
Table 9.18.2.1 Selection of surge protective devices for solar power plants

system of the PV system and the one of the opera- considerably the voltage load of lightning effects
tion building have to be connected with each other on the electric connecting cables between PV array
via at least one conductor (30 mm x 3.5 mm steel and operation building. The surface earth elec-
strip V4A, Material No. 1.4571 or galvanised steel). trodes are laid at least 0.5 m deep in the soil. The
The interconnection of the individual earthing sys- meshes are interconnected with four-wire connec-
tems reduces considerably the total earthing resist- tors. The joints in the soil have to be wrapped with
ance. The intermeshing of the earthing systems an anticorrosive band. This also applies to V4A
creates an equipotential surface which reduces steel strips laid in the soil.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 305

 NTBA modem
1

2
3

4
acquisition
= unit for
∼ measured values
4

Fig. 9.18.2.3 Protection concept for data acquisition and evaluation

No. in Fig. Protection for... SPDs Part No.

9.18.2.3
1 Network and data input of an NTBA NT PRO 909 958
Measuring and control systems and devices with BLITZDUCTOR VT, BVT RS 485 5 918 401
2
four-wire data transmission e.g. RS 485 bus systems
Wind direction indicators, e.g. analogue BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE 24 920 324
3
transmission of measured values 4 to 20 mA + Base part BXT BAS 920 300
4 Sensor for environment and module BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BE 5 920 320
temperature + Base part BXT BAS 920 300
Table 9.18.2.2 Surge protective devices for data acquisition and evaluation

Lightning equipotential bonding arresters. Lightning equipotential bonding should

In principle, all conductive systems, entering the be performed preferably near the entrance of the
operation building from outside, have to be gen- structure in order to prevent partial lightning cur-
erally included into the lightning equipotential rents from penetrating the building. In this case
bonding. The requirements of lightning equipo- (Figure 9.18.2.2), the low voltage power supply in
tential bonding are fulfilled by the direct connec- the operation building is protected by a multi pole
tion of all metal systems and by the indirect con- DEHNventil combined lightning current and surge
nection of all live systems via lightning current arrester (see Table 9.18.2.1).

306 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Furthermore, the d.c. lines entering the PV invert- good time. The remote supervisory control system
er in the operation building have to be protected provides the performance data of the PV genera-
by a suitable spark-gap-based lightning current tor constantly in order to optimise the output of
arrester, such as DEHNlimit PV 1000, a combined the PV system.
lightning current and surge arrester. As shown in Figure 9.18.2.3, measurements of
wind velocity, module temperature and ambient
Surge protective measures in the PV array temperature are performed via external sensors at
In order to reduce the load on the isolation inside the PV system. These measurements can be read
the solar modules at a lightning strike into the iso- directly from the acquisition unit. The data acquisi-
lated air-termination system, thermally controlled tion unit provides interfaces like RS 232 or RS 485,
surge protective devices are installed in a genera- which a PC and / or modems are connected to for
tor junction box as close as possible to the PV gen- remote enquiry and maintenance. Thus, the ser-
erator. For generator voltages up to 1000 V d.c., a vice engineers can determine the cause of a mal-
DEHNguard PV 500 SCP type of surge protective function by telediagnosis and then directly elimi-
device is installed here between plus and minus to nate it. The modem in Figure 9.18.2.3 is connected
earth. In this case surge protective devices Type 2 to the network termination unit (NTBA) of an ISDN
are sufficient because the PV modules are within basic access.
the protective area of the external lightning pro- The measuring sensors for wind velocity and mod-
tection. ule temperature are also installed in the zone pro-
In practice, it is a proven method to use surge pro- tected against lightning strikes like the PV mod-
tective devices with floating contacts to indicate ules. Thus, no lightning currents come up in the
the operating state of the thermal disconnection measuring leads, but probably conducted tran-
device. Thus, the intervals between the regular on- sient surges resulting from induction effects in the
site inspections of the protection devices are event of lightning strikes into the isolated air-ter-
extended. mination system.
The surge protective devices in the generator junc-
tion boxes assume the protection for the PV mod- In order to provide a reliable trouble-free and con-
ules locally and ensure that no sparkovers caused tinuous transmission of the measured data to the
by conducted or field-related interferences come measuring unit, it is necessary, to lead the sensor
up at the PV modules. cables entering the building via surge protective
devices (Table 9.18.2.2). When choosing the pro-
Note tective devices, it has to be ensured that the meas-
The surge protection of so-called thin-film module urements cannot be impaired. The forwarding of
applications possibly requires separate considera- the measured data via the telecommunication net-
tion. work per ISDN modem must be provided as well, in
order to provide a continuous control and optimi-
Surge protective measures for data processing sation of the performance of the installation. For
systems this purpose, the Uk0 interface upstream of the
The operation building provides a remote diagnos- NTBA which the ISDN modem is connected to, is
tics system, which is used for a simple and quick protected by a surge protective adapter. This
function check of the PV systems. This allows the adapter ensures additional protection for the
operator to recognise and remedy malfunctions in 230 V power supply of the NTBA.

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 307

Literature
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[engl.: “German Civil Code No. 70 dated 27 Sep- DIN EN 62305-2 Beiblatt 1: 2007-01
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protection concerning the provision of work gement: Abschätzung des Schadensrisikos für
equipment and its use, the safe operation of bauliche Anlagen – Beiblatt 1: Blitzgefährdung in
monitoring requiring systems and the organisa- Deutschland
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(BetrSichV)”] Germany

BGR 104 – Explosionsschutz-Regeln – Ex-RL – DIN EN 62305-2 Beiblatt 2: 2007-02

12/2002 German standard
[engl.: “Employer’s Liability Insurance Association Title (German): Blitzschutz – Teil 2: Risiko-Mana-
Regulations 104 – Explosion protection regula- gement – Beiblatt 2: Berechnungshilfe zur
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German standard tion assistance for assessment of risk for structures
Title (German): Antennentragwerke aus Stahl
Title (English): Steel radio towers and masts DIN EN 62305-3 Beiblatt 1: 2007-01
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DIN 18014: 2007-09 Title (German): Blitzschutz – Teil 3: Schutz von
German standard baulichen Anlagen und Personen – Beiblatt 1:
Title (German): Fundamenterder Zusätzliche Informationen zur Anwendung der
Title (English): Foundation earth electrode – DIN EN 62305-3 (VDE 0185-305-3)
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Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life
DIN 18384: 2000-12 hazard - Supplement 1: Additional information
German standard for the application of DIN EN 62305-3
Title (German): Blitzschutzanlagen (VDE 0185-305-3)
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DIN 48805: 1989-08 German standard
German standard Title (German): Blitzschutz – Teil 3: Schutz von
Title (German): Blitzschutzanlage; Stangenhalter baulichen Anlagen und Personen – Beiblatt 2:
Title (English): Lightning protection system; rod Zusätzliche Informationen für besondere bauliche
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Title (English): Protection against lightning –
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308 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

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Part 3: Physical damage to structurees and life German standard
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DIN VDE 0100-702 (VDE 0100-702): 2003-11
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Title (English): Telecommunications – Part 10:
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Becken von Schwimmbädern und andere Becken
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Title (English): Erection of low voltage installa-
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HD 637 S1: 1999 Informationstechnik (IT-Anlagen)
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DIN VDE 0115-1 (VDE 0115-1): 2002-06 German standard
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construction and safety requirements – Part 1: 300: Safety requirements
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Werkstoffe und Mindestmaße von Erdern Methodik; Deutsche Fassung prEN 1127-1: 2004
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Title (English): Material and minimum dimensions prevention and protection – Part 1: Basic concepts
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tialausgleich tausch und Schnittstellen; Deutsche Fassung
Title (English): Equipment for equipotential bond- EN 1434-3: 1997
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www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 309

Title (English): Protection against corrosion by IEC 60050-826: 2004-08, modified
stray current from direct current systems; German International electrotechnical vocabulary –
version: EN 50162: 2004 Part 826: Electrical installations

EN 50164-1: 1999 IEC 60060-1: 1989-11 + Corrigendum 1: 1992-03

Lightning Protection Components (LPC) – Part 1: High voltage test techniques – Part 1: General
Requirements for connection components definitions and test requirements

EN 50164-2: 2002 IEC 60079-0: 2004-01

Lightning protection components (LPC) – Part 2: EN 60079-0: 2004-03
Requirements for conductors and earth electro- Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
des – Part 0: General requirements

EN 50164-3: 2006 IEC 60079-11: 2004-12

Lightning Protection Components (LPC) – Part 3: Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive
Requirements for isolating spark gaps atmospheres – Intrinsic safety ‘i’

EN 50174-2 (VDE 0800-174-2): 2001-09 IEC 60079-14: 2002-10

Information technology – Cabling installation – Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside – Part 14: Electrical installations in hazardous
buildings areas (other than mines)

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Wind turbines – Protective measures – Require- EN 60099-4: 2007-04
ments for design, operation and maintenance Surge arresters – Part 4: Metal-oxide surge
arresters without spark gaps for a.c. systems
EN 50310 (VDE 0800-2-310): 2006-03
Application of equipotential bonding and earth- IEC 60364-4-41: 2005-12
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equipment Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-41:
Protection for safety – Protection against electric
EN 61643-11: 2007-08 shock
Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 11:
Surge protective devices connected to low-volt- IEC 60364-5-54: 2002-06
age power systems – Requirements and tests Electrical installations of buildings – Part 5-54:
Selection and erection of electrical equipment –
Geräte- und Produktsicherheitsgesetz – GPSG, Earthing arrangements, protective conductors
Stand 060104 and protective bonding conductors
[engl.: German Code on Equipment and Product
Safety (Equipment Reliability and Consumer Prod- IEC 60364-5-548: 1996-02
uct Safety Act), State 2004-01-06] Electrical installatin of buildings – Part 5: Selection
and erection of electrical equipment – Section 548:
Germanischer Lloyd Earthing arrangements and equipotential bond-
Rules and regulations, Chapter IV: Non-maritime ing for information technology installations
technology; Section 1: Regulations on the certifi-
cation of wind turbines IEC 60364-6: 2006-02
Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 6: Verifi-
IEC 64/1168/CDV: 200-01 cation
Erection of low voltage installations – Part 5:
Selection and erection of electrical equipment; IEC 60364-7-71: 2006-02
Chapter 53: Switchgear and controlgear; Section Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 7-701:
534: Devices for protection against overvoltages; Requirements for special installations or locations
Amendment A2 – Locations containing a bath or shower

310 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

IEC 60364-7-705: 2006-07 tenance of electrical installations in hazardous
Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 7-705: areas (other than mines)
Requirements for special installations or locations
– Agricultural and horticultural premises IEC 61400-1: 2007-03
Wind turbines – Part 1: Design requirements
IEC 60364-7-712: 2002-05
Electrical installations of buildings – Part 7-712: IEC 61400-2: 2006-03
Requirements for special installations or locations Wind turbines – Part 2: Design requirements for
– Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems small wind turbines

IEC 60664-1: 2007-04 IEC 61400-24: 2002-07

Insulation coordination for equipment within Wind turbine generator systems – Part 24: Light-
low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles, require- ning protection
ments and tests
IEC 61643-1: 2005-03
IEC 60728-11: 2005-01 Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 1:
Cable networks for television signals, sound sig- Surge protective devices connected to low-volt-
nals and interactive services – Part 11: Safety age power distribution systems – Requirements
and tests
IEC 60950-1: 2005-12
Information technolgy equipment – Safety – IEC 61643-21: 2000-09
Part 1: General requirements Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 21:
Surge protective devices connected to telecom-
IEC 60950-1: 2006-08 – Corrigendum 1
munications and signalling networks – Perfor-
Information technology equipment – Safety –
mance requirements and testing methods
Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61643-21: 2001-03 – Corrrigendum 1
IEC 61000-4-3: 2006-02
Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 21:
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3:
Surge protective devices connected to telecom-
Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated,
munications and signalling networks – Perfor-
radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity
mance requirements and testing methods
test

IEC 61000-4-5: 2005-11 IEC 61643-22: 2004-11

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5: Low-voltage surge protective devices – Part 22:
Testing and measurement techniques; Surge Surge protective devices connected to telecom-
immunity test munications and signalling networks – Selection
and application principles
IEC 61158-2: 2003-05
Digital data communications for measurement IEC 61663-1: 1999 + Corrigendum 1999
and control – Fieldbus for use in industrial control EN 61663-1 (VDE 0845-4-1): 2000-07
systems – Part 2: Physical layer specification and Lightning protection – Telecommunication lines –
service definition Part 1: Fibre optic installation

IEC 61158-2: 2004-07 – Corrigendum 1 IEC 61663-2: 2001

Corrigendum 1 – Digital data communications for EN 61663-2 (VDE 0845-4-2): 2002-07
measurement and control – Fieldbus for use in Lightning protection – Telecommunication lines –
industrial control systems – Part 2: Physical layer Part 2: Lines using metallic conductors
specification and service definition
IEC 62305-1: 2006-01
IEC 61241-17: 2005-01 EN 62305-1: 2006-10
Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of Protection against lightning – Part 1: General
combustible dust – Part 17: Inspection and main- principles

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 311

IEC 62305-2: 2006-01 Raab, V.
EN 62305-2: 2006-10 Überspannungsschutz von Verbraucheranlagen –
Protection against lightning – Part 2: Risk man- Auswahl, Errichtung, Prüfung; 2. Auflage, 2003;
agement Verlag Technik, Berlin
IEC 62305-3: 2006-01 Wetzel, G.R.; Müller, K.P.
EN 62305-3: 2006-10
EMV-Blitzschutz; 1. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung,
Protection against lightning – Part 3: Physical
29.02/01.03.1996; Kassel: Blitzschutz für Gebäude
damage to structures and life hazard
und elektrische Anlagen; VDE Verlag GmbH,
IEC 62305-4: 2006-01 Berlin – Offenbach
EN 62305-4: 2006-10
Protection against lightning – Part 4: Electrical Overmöhle, K.
and electronic systems within structures Nutzung regenerativer Energien – Kurzanalyse
des Marktes für Windkraftprojektierer in Deutsch-
IEC 64364-5-53: 2002-06 land; Update 2002
Electrical installations of buildings – Part 5-53:
Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Brosch, P. F.
Isolation, switching and control Band 36: Frequenzumrichter; 4. Auflage, 2000;
Verlag Moderne Industrie
VDN-Richtlinie 2004-08
[engl.:] Association of German Network Operators VDE-Schriftenreihe
– Directive 2004-08: Surge protective installations
Schutz von IT-Anlagen gegen Überspannungen;
Type 1. Directive on the use of surge protective
Band 119, 2006; VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin –
installations Type 1 (hitherto requirement class B)
Offenbach
in main current supply systems; 2nd edition;
VWEW Energieverlag GmbH, Frankfurt Rudolph, W.; Winter, O.
VdS Richtlinie 2031: 2005-10 EMV nach VDE 0100; EMV für elektrische Anlagen
[engl.:] VdS Directive 2031: 2005-10: Lightning von Gebäuden: Erdung und und Potentialaus-
and surge protection in electrical systems. Guide- gleich nach EN 50130,TN-, TT- und IT-Systeme, Ver-
lines for damage prevention;VdS Cologne meidung von Induktionsschleifen, Schirmung,
Lokale Netze; 3. Auflage, 2000; VDE-Schriften-
reihe, Band 66; VDE Verlag GmbH Berlin – Offen-
Books bach

Hasse, P.; Wiesinger, J. Wettingfeld, K.

Handbuch für Blitzschutz und Erdung; 4. Auflage, Explosionsschutz nach DIN VDE 0165 und
1993; Pflaum Verlag München / VDE Verlag GmbH Betriebssicherheitsverordnung; 3. Auflage, 2005;
Berlin – Offenbach VDE-Schriftenreihe Band 65; VDE Verlag GmbH
Berlin – Offenbach
Hasse, P.
Overvoltage protection of low-voltage systems –
Rev. Ed. (IEE power engineering series; no. 33);
2nd Edition, 2000; The Institution of Electrical Scripts
Engineers
BLIDS Blitz-Informationsdienstleistung
Müller, K.P. Siemens AG, ATD IT PS KHE, Siemensallee 84,
Wirksamkeit von Gitterschirmen, zum Beispiel Karlsruhe
Baustahlgewebematten, zur Dämpfung des elek-
tromagnetischen Feldes; 2. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutz- VDE-Info 12
tagung, 6./7.11.1997; Neu-Ulm: Neue Blitzschutz- Blitzkugelverfahren – Untersuchung von blitzein-
normen in der Praxis; VDE Verlag GmbH Berlin – schlaggefährdeten Bereichen am Beispiel des
Offenbach Aachener Doms; 1. Auflage, 1998

312 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

V. Kopecky Staatliches Amt für Arbeitsschutz Essen, Zentrum
für Umwelt und Energie der Handwerkskammer
Erfahrungen in der Prüfung von inneren Blitz- Düsseldorf, Niederrheinische Industrie- und Han-
schutzanlagen; Elektropraktiker-Online; delskammer Duisburg / Wesel / Kleve
www.elektropraktiker.de
Thern, Stephan
LonWorks Jährliche und regionale Blitzdichteverteilung in
Installationshandbuch; LON Nutzer Organisation Deutschland; 4. VDE / ABB-Blitzschutztagung am
e. V. (LNO); 11/2000 8. und 9. November 2001 in Neu-Ulm; VDE-Fach-
bericht 58, S. 9 – 17; VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin –
MIL-STD-285: 1956-25 June: Military Standard
Offenbach
Attenuation Measurements for enclosures, elec-
tromagnetic Shielding, for electronic Test purpos-
es, method of United States Government; 1956;
Printing Office, Washington DEHN-Software
Dipl.-Chem. Dr. Jürgen Kulka DEHNsupport
Die Betriebssicherheitsverordnung – eine Umset- Planning software for lightning protection
zungshilfe; 2. Aktualisierte Auflage, März 2005; systems

www.dehn.de LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE 313

DEHN + SÖHNE Brochures
Lightning Protection EB
Main catalogue EB DS 427 E
DEHNcondutor System – CUI Conductor DS 139 E
DEHNiso-Distance Holder: The Modular Lightning Protection System DS 111 E
Surge Protection UE
Main catalogue UE DS 570 E
DEHN protects Wind Turbines DS 103
DEHN protects Cell Sites DS 104
Safety for Sewage Plants DS 107 E
DEHN protects Photovoltaic Systems DS 109
DEHN protects the Oil and Gas Industry DS 122
DEHN protects Medium Voltage Systems DS 125 E
Is your surge arrester capable of thinking? DS 136 E
DEHN protects Antenna Feeders DS 137
Innovative Products for Industrial Applications DS 142 E
BLITZDUCTOR CT with LifeCheck DS 143 E
DEHNprotects Biogas Plants DS 144
LSA with Lightning Current Carrying Capacity DS 145 E
Yellow/Line – Easy choice surge protection DS 150
DEHN stops Surges DS 614 E
Coordinated Surge Protection DS 641 E
Surge Protection – Easy choice DS 649 E
Practical Surge Protection in Line with Standardisation SD 61 E
Lightning and Surge Protection for Telecommunications and Signalling Networks SD 63 E
Safety Equipment EK
Main catalogue EK DS 396 E
DEHN Safety Equipment – Success needs Safety DS 695 E
Further Brochures
DEHN tests and analyses DS 113
DEHN protects DS 509
Digital Video (DVD)
DEHNtour DS 707

314 LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE www.dehn.de

Index
Acceptance inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Additional inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Cell site installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 90
ADSL connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Characteristics of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . .14
Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 20
Air-termination masts isolated from the
Chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Air-termination masts spanned with cables . . . .87 Choice of lightning protection measures . . . . . .39
Air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Classification in explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . .220
Air-termination rod with distance holder . . . . . .71 Classification into temperature classes . . . . . . .220
Air-termination system for green and flat Classification of electrical equipment . . . . . . . .220
roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Cloud-to-cloud flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Air-termination system for steeples and Cloud-to-earth flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16
churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Combination of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . .111
Air-termination system for structures with
thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Combination of flat strip earth electrodes
Air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 and earth rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Air-termination systems for buildings with Combined lightning current and surge
gable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Air-termination systems for wind turbines . . . . .75 Common-mode interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Air-termination systems on metal roofs . . . . . . .62 Compact installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Amplitudes of test currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Competent person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Angled support for air-termination rods . . . . . .72 Components for external lightning protection
Anode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 of a residential building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Antenna installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60, 93, 152 Components for thatched roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Concentration cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Anticorrosion measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Condition of the earth-termination system . . . .43
Anticorrosive band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98, 125, 133 Conductivity of the connections . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Assembly dimensions for air-termination and
Conductor holder for ridge tiles . . . . . . . . . . . .102
down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Conductor holders for flat roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Backup protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Cone-shaped protection zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Bare copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Connecting cable on the earth side . . . . . . . . .201
Base insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Control earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 143
Biogas plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Black tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
BLITZDUCTOR CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175, 206 Copper sulphate electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
BLITZDUCTOR XT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Corrosion . . . . . . . .70, 115, 118, 125, 127, 128, 130
Building regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Corrosion cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Burglar alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Corrosion of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Corrosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98, 127
Cable duct systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Cable networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Corrosive waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Cable shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Courtyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Cabling between buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 CUI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Calculating of L0 and C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Current splitting coefficient Kc . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Calculation Δh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Cut-off frequency fG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

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Damage factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Economic efficiency of protective measures . . . .39
Damage probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Economic losses of protective measures . . . . . . .39
Data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Effect of the corrosion current . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Data transmission rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Electrical isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Deflection of the air-termination rod . . . . . . . . .80 Electrical isolation using optocouplers . . . . . . .215
DEHNbloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Electrical temperature control system . . . . . . . .212
DEHNflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Electrochemical corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
DEHNgrip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
DEHNguard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175, 176 Electrolyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
DEHNsnap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Electromagnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
DEHNventil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172, 176, 205 Electromagnetic shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Differential-mode interference . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Electropotential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Dimensions for an external lightning pro- Energy coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171, 175, 182
tection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Entrance to the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Dimensions for ring earth electrodes . . . . . . . . .98
Equalising currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Discharge capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Equipotential bonding . . . . . . . .107, 116, 147, 223
Disconnection selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Equipotential bonding bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Distance between down conductors . . . . . . . . . .82
Equipotential bonding conductors . . . . . . . . . .148
Down conductor installed along a downpipe . .86
Equipotential bonding for information tech-
Down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 92 nology installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Down-conductor systems for courtyards . . . . . . .86 Equipotential bonding for low voltage con-
Downward flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 sumer’s installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Equipotential bonding for metal installations .147
Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Equipotential bonding network . . . .160, 164, 166
Earth connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Equipotential surface of the foundation earth
Earth connection of a metal facade . . . . . . . . . .85 electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Equivalent interception areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Earth electrode materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Equivalents for SPD classifications . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Earth electrode resistance . . . . .106, 107, 109, 115 Ethernet networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Earth electrode Type A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116, 125 Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Earth electrode Type B . . . . . . . . . . . .117, 118, 124 Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Earth electrodes for structures with black Explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Explosive areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Earth electrodes in rocky ground . . . . . . . . . . .125 Extension of LPZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Earth entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 External lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Earth potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 110, 112 External lightning protection of a residential
Earth rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 111, 114, 125 building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Earth rods connected in parallel . . . . . . . . . . . .113 External lightning protection system for wind
Earth-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105, 116 turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Earth-termination system for equipotential External zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Earth-to-cloud flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16 Fast Ethernet networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 FEM-calculation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Earthing concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Fermenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 238
Earthing conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Fibre concrete foundation slabs . . . . . . . . . . . .123

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Fibre optic installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Inspection and maintenance of the LEMP
Field devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Final striking distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Inspection of a lightning protection system . . . .41
Fire alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Inspection of the design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Inspection report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Fixed earthing points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Inspections during the construction phase . . . . .42
Flat tiles or slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Installation of down-conductor systems . . . . . . .83
Flat-roofed structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Installation standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Follow current extinguishing capability Uc (Ifi) .181
Installations above the roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Follow current limiting (for spark-gap based
SPDs Type 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Insulation resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Foundation earth electrode . . . . . . . .106, 113, 118 Integrated decoupling elements . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Interactive services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Foundation earth electrode with terminal lug .118
Interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Foundation earth electrodes for structures
with white tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Intermeshed earth-termination system . . . . . . .239
Fracture resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Intermeshing of earth-termination systems . . .125
Fracture resistance of self-supporting air-ter- Internal down-conductor systems . . . . . . . . . . . .87
mination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Internal lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Frequency converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Internal zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Frequency of lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 285
Intrinsically safe SPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Galvanised steel connecting cables . . . . . . . . .133 Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
Galvanised steel mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 ISDN access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Isolated air-termination systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Generic cabling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Isolated and non-isolated air-termination
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Geometric-electrical mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Isolated down-conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Grooved pantiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Isolated external lightning protection system . .87
Grooved tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Isolating spark gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133, 148
IT cabling subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Hazard alert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 IT installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Hazardous areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 286 IT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184, 192
Hedgehog roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Height of an air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Kinds of interferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Hot-dip galvanised steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 KNX systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
HVI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87, 92
Lattice shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Impulse earth resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 113 Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Induced surges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Legal regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Induction factor Ki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 LEMP protection management . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Inductive coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 LEMP risk levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Influence of lightning on IT cabling sub- Lengths of the connecting leads for SPDs . . . . .197
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Lightning current arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Information technology installations 170, 172, 175 Lightning current parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Information technology system . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Lightning discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Input circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Lightning equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . .170

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Lightning impulse current carrying capability .169 Mesh method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 60
Lightning impulse current Iimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Mesh-shape arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Lightning protection earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Meshed arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Lightning protection for metal roofs . . . . . . . . .63 Meshed equipotential bonding network . . . . .160
Lightning protection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 47 Metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166, 171, 173
Lightning protection mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Metal roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Lightning protection system . . . . .24, 46, 155, 246 Metal roof with round standing seam . . . . . . . .64
Lightning protection zone . . . . . . . . . . . . .155, 230 Metal structures mounted on the roof without
Lightning protection zones conductive connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155, 244, 285, 292 Metal subconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Limit values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Min. thickness of metal plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Limiting voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Mobile radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Location of the lightning discharge . . . . . . . . . .14
Long strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Natural components of a down-conductor
Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Loss factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Natural components of air-termination systems 58
LPZ 0A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Natural earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
LPZ 0B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 No melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
LPZ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Nominal current IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
LPZ 2 ... n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Nominal discharge current In . . . . . . . . . . .181, 209
Non-isolated lightning protection system . . . . .82
M-Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Non-reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Non-reinforced foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Magnetic shield attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 NTBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Main equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 NTPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Number of down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Maintenance of the lightning protection
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 On-site inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Material combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Operating current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Material combinations of earth-termination Optoelectronic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Outdoor lighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
Material factor Km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Overlapped constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Material, configuration and min. cross sections
of air-termination conductors, air-termination
rods and down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Parabolic antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Material, configuration and min. dimensions Parallel connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Peak value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Max. temperature rise ΔT in K of different Perimeter insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
conductor materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Phase-side connecting cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Maximum continuous operating voltage . . . . .211 Photovoltaic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
Maximum continuous voltage Uc . . . . . . . . . . .181 Points threatened by corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Position fixing element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Measuring points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Position fixing for the air-termination con-
Measuring systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 ductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Melting through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Potential control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 142

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Potential gradient area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Ring equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Potential of the earth´s surface . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Ring equipotential bonding bar . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Potential rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Potential values and corrosion rates of Risk components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
common metal materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Power feed-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Rolling sphere method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Power supply installations . . . . . . . . .167, 171, 174 Roof conductor holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Power supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Roof conductor holders on flat roofs . . . . . . . . .60
Primary rate multiplex access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Roof with standing seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Probabilities of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Roof-mounted structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Product standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Roof-mounted structures made of electrically
PROFIBUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 non-conductive material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Protected zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Protection against electric shock under fault Sag of the rolling sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Seasonal fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Protection against electric shock under Selection criteria for SPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
normal conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Selection features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Protection against life hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Self-supporting air-termination rods . . . . . . . . .76
Protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Separation distance 56, 60, 65, 89, 95, 98, 135, 138
Protection from rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Sequence of lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Protection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Series connection (V-shape) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Protection of terminal devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Sewage plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Protection of the data and telephone lines . . .272 Shield connection system capable of carrying
Protective angle method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 56 lightning currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Protective area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Shield earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Protective equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . .147 Shielded cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Protective equipotential bonding conductors .148 Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225, 292
Public address systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Shielding effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Shielding factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Qualification of the inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Shielding measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Short strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Radio transmitter / receiver stations . . . . . . . . .295 Short-circuit withstand capability . . . . . . . . . . .181
Radio transmitting technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Signal frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Radius of the rolling sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Signal transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212, 262
Rating of the terminal cross-sections . . . . . . . .201 Slate roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Reference earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298, 304
Reference electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Sound signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Reference potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Sources of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 SPD classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Remote monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 SPD Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 181
Repeat inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 SPD Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 181
Ridge and hip tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 SPD Type 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 181
Ring distances and depths of the potential Specific earth resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 108
control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Specific energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 21
Ring earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 114, 143 SPS Protector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

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Stabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 TN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 184
Stages of protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 TN-C system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Stainless steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 TN-C-S system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Star-shape arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 TN-S system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Star-type earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Tolerable risk of lightning damage . . . . . . . . . . .39
Steel mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Touch voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 140, 144, 230
Steel reinforcement of concrete foundations .133 TOV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Steel tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Trafficable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Steel with copper sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Transient surges in hazardous areas . . . . . . . . .219
Steepness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 19, 208 Tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Step voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 140, 230 TT system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 185
Straight surface earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . .110 TV signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Stress caused by wind loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Two-conductor terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Strip foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Type designation of the protective modules . .207
Supplementary equipotential bonding . . .147, 150 Types of inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Supplementary protective equipotential Types of loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Surface earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . .106, 114, 115 Underground terminals and connections . . . .133
Surge protection for electrical temperature Upward flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16
control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Use of SPDs in various systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Surge protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
V-shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Technical characteristics of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Vaporisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Technical documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Video surveillance systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Technical property management . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Visual inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Telecommunication accesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Voltage protection level Up . . . . . . . . . . . .181, 208
Telecommunication lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Voltaic cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Temperature classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Temperature-dependent changes in length Walkable roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
of air-termination and down conductors . . . . . .98 White tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Terminal cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Wind contact surface of the air-termination
Terminal lug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Terminals for equipotential bonding . . . . . . . .149 Wind contact surface of the bracing . . . . . . . . . .78
Test voltage waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Wind load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Wind turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
Tilt resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Work contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

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Figures and Tables
Aerial photo of DEHN + SÖHNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Fig. 5.1.1.6 Aachen Cathedral: Model with environment and “rolling
Fig. 2.1.1 Downward flash (cloud-to-earth flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 spheres” for lightning protection systems Class II and III,
Ref.: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Fig. 2.1.2 Discharge mechanism of a negative downward flash
(cloud-to-earth flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Fig. 5.1.1.7 Penetration depth p of the rolling sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Fig. 2.1.3 Discharge mechanism of a positive downward flash Fig. 5.1.1.8 Air-termination system for installations mounted on the
(cloud-to-earth flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 roof with their protective area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Fig. 2.1.4 Upward flash (earth-to-cloud flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Fig. 5.1.1.9 Calculation Δh for several air-termination rods according
to rolling sphere method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Fig. 2.1.5 Discharge mechanism of a negative upward flash
(earth-to-cloud flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Fig. 5.1.1.10 Meshed air-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Fig. 2.1.6 Discharge mechanism of a positive upward flash Fig. 5.1.1.11 Protective angle and comparable radius of the rolling
(earth-to-cloud flash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 2.1.7 Possible components of downward flashes . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Fig. 5.1.1.12 Protective angle α as a function of height h depending on
the class of lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 2.1.8 Possible components of upward flashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Fig. 5.1.1.13 Cone-shaped protection zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 2.2.1 Potential distribution of a lightning strike into homo-
genous soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Fig. 5.1.1.14 Example of air-termination systems with protective
angle α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 2.2.2 Animals killed by shock current due to hazardous step
voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Fig. 5.1.1.15 Area protected by an air-termination conductor . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 2.2.3 Potential rise of the earth-termination system of a build- Fig. 5.1.1.16 External lightning protection system, volume protected
ing compared to the remote earth due to the peak value by a vertical air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
of the lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Fig. 5.1.1.17 Protection of small-sized installations on roofs against
Fig. 2.2.4 Threat to electrical installations by potential rise at the direct lightning strikes by means of air-termination rods . . .56
earth-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Fig. 5.1.1.18 Gable roof with conductor holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Fig. 2.3.1 Induced square-wave voltage in loops via the current Fig. 5.1.1.19 Flat roof with conductor holders: Protection of the dome-
steepness Δi/Δt of the lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Fig. 2.3.2 Example for calculation of induced square-wave voltages Fig. 5.1.1.20 Isolated external lightning protection system with two
in squared loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 separate air-termination masts according to the protective
Fig. 2.4.1 Energy deposited at the point of strike by the load of the angle method: Projection on a vertical area . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
lightning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Fig. 5.1.1.21 Isolated external lightning protection system, consisting
Fig. 2.4.2 Effect of an impulse current arc on a metal surface . . . . . . .21 of two separate air-termination masts, connected by a
horizontal air-termination conductor: Projection on a
Fig. 2.4.3 Plates perforated by the effects of long-time arcs . . . . . . . .21 vertical surface via the two masts (vertical section) . . . . . . .57
Fig. 2.5.1 Heating and force effects by the specific energy of light- Fig. 5.1.2.1 Air-termination system on a gable roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
ning current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Fig. 5.1.2.2 Height of a roof superstructure made of electrically non-
Fig. 2.5.2 Electrodynamic effect between parallel conductors . . . . . . .22 conductive material (e.g. PVC), h ≤ 0.5 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Fig. 3.2.3.1 Lightning density in Germany (average of 1999 – 2005) . . .30 Fig. 5.1.2.3 Additional air-termination system for ventilation pipes . . . .59
Fig. 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception area Ad for direct lightning Fig. 5.1.2.4 Building with photovoltaic system, Ref.: Wettingfeld
strikes into a stand-alone structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Lightning Protection, Krefeld, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Fig. 3.2.3.3 Equivalent interception areas Ad , Al , Aa for direct lightning Fig. 5.1.2.5 Antenna with air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
strikes into structures/supply lines and Am , Ai for indirect
lightning strikes near the structures/supply lines . . . . . . . . .32 Fig. 5.1.3.1 Air-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 3.2.9.1 Flow chart for selection of protective measures for the Fig. 5.1.3.2 Air-termination system on a flat roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
types of loss L1 ... L3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Fig. 5.1.3.3 Use of air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Fig. 3.2.10.1 Basic procedure in case of a purely economic consider- Fig. 5.1.3.4 Bridged attic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
ation and calculation of the yearly costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Fig. 5.1.3.5 Example how to protect a metal roof attic, if melting
Fig. 3.2.10.2 Flow chart for the choice of protective measures in case through is unacceptable (front view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
of economic losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Fig. 5.1.3.6 Synthetic flat roof sheetings – Roof conductor holder Type
Fig. 4.1 Components of a lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . .46 KF/KF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Fig. 4.2 Lightning protection system (LPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Fig. 5.1.4.1 Types of metal roofs, e. g. roofs with round standing seam .63
Fig. 5.1.1 Method for designing of air-termination systems for high Fig. 5.1.4.2 Example of damage: Metal plate cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Fig. 5.1.4.3 Air-termination system on a metal roof – Protection
Fig. 5.1.1.1 Starting upward leader defining the point of strike . . . . . . .49 against holing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Fig. 5.1.1.2 Model of a rolling sphere; Ref: Prof. Dr. A. Kern, Aachen . . . .49 Fig. 5.1.4.4a Conductor holders for metal roofs – Round standing seam .64
Fig. 5.1.1.3 Schematic application of the “rolling sphere” method at Fig. 5.1.4.4b Conductor holder for metal roofs – Round standing seam . .64
a building with considerably structured surface . . . . . . . . . .50
Fig. 5.1.4.5 Model construction of a trapezoidal sheet roof, conductor
Fig. 5.1.1.4 Construction of a new administration building: Model holder with clamping frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
with “rolling sphere” acc. to lightning protection system
Type I, Ref.: WBG Wiesinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Fig. 5.1.4.6 Model construction of a roof with standing seam . . . . . . . .64

Fig. 5.1.1.5 Construction of a DAS administration building: Top view Fig. 5.1.4.7 Air-termination rod for a domelight on a roof with round
(excerpt) on the zones threatened by lightning strikes for standing seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
lightning protection system Class I, Ref.: WBG Wiesinger . . .51 Fig. 5.1.5.1 Air-termination system for buildings with thatched roofs . . .65

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Fig. 5.1.5.2 Components for thatched roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Fig. 5.2.2.2.1 Use of natural components – new buildings made of
Fig. 5.1.5.3 Thatched roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 ready-mix concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Fig. 5.1.5.4 Historical farmhouse with external lightning protection Fig. 5.2.2.2.2 Metal subconstruction, conductively bridged . . . . . . . . . . . .85
(Ref. Photo: Hans Thormählen GmbH & Co.KG) . . . . . . . . . .66 Fig. 5.2.2.2.3 Earth connection of a metal facade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Fig. 5.1.5.5 Sectioning at the central building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Fig. 5.2.2.2.4 Down conductor installed along a downpipe . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 5.1.5.6 Schematic diagram and diagram of the down conductor Fig. 5.2.2.3.1 Measuring point with number plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
installation at the rafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Fig. 5.2.2.4.1 Air-termination system installed on large roofs – Internal
Fig. 5.1.5.7 HVI conductor led through the cornice plank . . . . . . . . . . . .68 down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 5.1.6.1 Lightning protection for car park roofs – Building pro- Fig. 5.2.2.5.1 Down-conductor systems for courtyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
tection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Fig. 5.2.3.1 Air-termination masts isolated from the building . . . . . . . . .87
Fig. 5.1.6.2 Lightning protection for car park roofs – Building and life Fig. 5.2.3.2 Air-termination masts spanned with cables . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
protection IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3); Annex E . . . . . . . . . .69
Fig. 5.2.3.3 Air-termination masts spanned with cables with cross
Fig. 5.1.7.1 Green roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 connection (meshing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Fig. 5.1.7.2 Air-termination system on a green roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Fig. 5.2.4.1 Isolated air-termination system with distance holder . . . . . .89
Fig. 5.1.7.3 Conductor leading on the covering layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Fig. 5.2.4.2 Isolated air-termination system for cell sites – Application
Fig. 5.1.8.1 Connection of roof-mounted structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 of DEHNconductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Fig. 5.1.8.2 Isolated air-termination system, protection provided by an Fig. 5.2.4.1.1 Basic development of a creeping discharge at an isolated
air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 down conductor without special coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 5.1.8.3 Air-termination rod with distance holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Fig. 5.2.4.1.2 Components of HVI Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 5.1.8.4 Angled support for air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Fig. 5.2.4.1.3 HVI conductor I and components of the DEHNconductor
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 5.1.8.5 Supporting element for the air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.2.4.2.1 Integration of a new 2G/3G antenna into the existing
Fig. 5.1.8.6 Isolated air-termination system for photovoltaic system . . .72
lightning protection system by using the HVI conductor . . .91
Fig. 5.1.8.7 Isolated air-termination system for roof-mounted struc- Fig. 5.2.4.2.2a Insulating pipe within the antenna area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
tures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.2.4.2.2b Connection to the antenna frame structure for directing
Fig. 5.1.8.8 Additional protection in the transition area by anticorro- potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
sive band for underground application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3a Fan with air-termination rod and spanned cable . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.1.8.9 Installation of a steel telescopic lightning protection mast .72
Fig. 5.2.4.2.3b Air-termination rod, elevated ring conductor connected
Fig. 5.1.8.10 Installed air-termination system; Ref.: Blitzschutz to the isolated down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Wettingfeld , Krefeld. Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Fig. 5.2.4.2.4 Keeping the required separation distance with voltage-
Fig. 5.1.8.11 Tripod support for self-supporting insulating pipes . . . . . . .73 controlled isolated down conductor (HVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.1.8.12 Isolated air-termination systems with DEHNiso-Combi . . . .73 Fig. 5.2.4.2.5 Air termination system with spanned cable and isolated
Fig. 5.1.8.13 Detail picture of DEHNiso-Combi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 5.1.8.14 Isolated air-termination system with DEHNiso-Combi . . . . .74 Fig. 5.2.4.3.1 Total view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Fig. 5.1.9.1 Installing the down-conductor system at a steeple . . . . . . .74 Fig. 5.2.4.3.2 Isolated air-termination system and isolated ring con-
ductor, Ref.: H. Bartels GmbH, Oldenburg, Germany . . . . . . .94
Fig. 5.1.10.1 WT with integrated receptors in the rotor blades . . . . . . . . .75
Fig. 5.2.4.3.3 Down conductor of isolated ring conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Fig. 5.1.10.2 Lightning protection for wind speed indicators at WT . . . . .76
Fig. 5.2.4.3.4 Total view on a newly installed external lightning protec-
Fig. 5.1.11.1 Protection against direct lightning strikes by self-support-
tion system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
ing air-termination rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Fig. 5.2.4.4.1 Calculation of the required separation distance . . . . . . . . . .95
Fig. 5.1.11.2 Procedure for installation of air-termination systems
according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Fig. 5.4.1 Detail examples of an external lightning protection sys-
tem at a building with a sloped tiled roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Fig. 5.1.11.3 Self-supporting air-termination rod with variable tripod . . .77
Fig. 5.4.2 Air-termination rod for chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Fig. 5.1.11.4 Division of Germany into wind load zones and corres-
ponding values of dynamic pressure and max. wind speed Fig. 5.4.3 Application on a flat roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Ref.: DIN 4131:1991-11: Steel antenna frames, Berlin: Fig. 5.4.4 Dimensions for ring earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Beuth-Verlag, GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Fig. 5.4.5 Points threatened by corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Fig. 5.1.11.5 Comparison of bending moment courses at self-support-
ing air-termination rods with and without braces Fig. 5.4.1.1 Air-termination system – Compensation of expansion
(length = 8.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 with bridging braid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Fig. 5.1.11.6 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod with- Fig. 5.4.2.1a External lightning protection of a residential building . . . .100
out bracing (length = 8.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Fig. 5.4.2.1b External lightning protection of an industrial structure . . .101
Fig. 5.1.11.7 FEM model of a self-supporting air-termination rod with Fig. 5.4.2.2 DEHNsnap and DEHNgrip conductor holders . . . . . . . . . . .102
bracing (length = 8.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Fig. 5.4.3.1 Conductor holder with DEHNsnap for ridge tiles . . . . . . . .102
Fig. 5.2.2.1.1 Loop in the down conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Fig. 5.4.3.2 SPANNsnap with plastic DEHNsnap conductor holder . . . .102
Fig. 5.2.2.1.2 Down-conductor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Fig. 5.4.3.3 FIRSTsnap for mounting on existing ridge clamp . . . . . . . .102
Fig. 5.2.2.1.3 Air-termination system with connection to the gutter . . . . .84 Fig. 5.4.3.4 UNIsnap roof conductor holder with preformed strut –
Fig. 5.2.2.1.4 Earthed downpipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Used on grooved pantiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

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Fig. 5.4.3.5 UNIsnap roof conductor holder with preformed strut – Fig. 5.5.2.7 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in case of
Used on smooth tiles, e.g. plain tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 a closed floor slab (fully insulated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Fig. 5.4.3.6 UNIsnap roof conductor holder with preformed strut – Fig. 5.5.2.8 Fixed earthing terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Used on slate roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Fig. 5.5.2.9 Arrangement of the foundation earth electrode in case
Fig. 5.4.3.7 Conductor holder for direct fitting on the seams . . . . . . . .104 of a closed tank “white tank” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Fig. 5.4.3.8 Roof conductor holder for hanging into the bottom seam Fig. 5.5.2.10 Arrangement of the earth electrode in case of a closed
of pantile roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 tank “black tank” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Fig. 5.4.3.9 ZIEGELsnap, for fixing between flat tiles or plates . . . . . . .104 Fig. 5.5.3.1 Ring earth electrode around a residential building . . . . . . .124
Fig. 5.4.3.10 PLATTENsnap roof conductor holder for overlapped con- Fig. 5.5.4.1 Couplings of DEHN earth rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
struction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Fig. 5.5.4.2 Driving the earth rod in with a work scaffolding and a
Fig. 5.5.1 Earth surface potential and voltages at a foundation vibrating hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
earth electrode FE and control earth electrode CE flown Fig. 5.5.6.1 Intermeshed earth-termination system of an industrial
through by currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Fig. 5.5.2 Current distribution from the spherical earth electrode . . .107 Fig. 5.5.7.1.1 Application example of a non-polarisable measuring
Fig. 5.5.3 Earth electrode resistance RA of a spherical earth elec- electrode (copper/copper sulphate electrode) for tapping
trode with Ø 20 cm, 3 m deep, at ρE = 200 Ωm as a a potential within the electrolyte (cross-sectional view) . . .128
function of the distance x from the centre of the sphere . .107 Fig. 5.5.7.2.1 Galvanic cell: iron/copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Fig. 5.5.4 Specific earth resistance ρE of different ground types . . . .108 Fig. 5.5.7.2.2 Concentration cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Fig. 5.5.5 Specific earth resistance ρE as a function of the seasons Fig. 5.5.7.2.3 Concentration cell: Iron in soil/Iron in concrete . . . . . . . . .130
without influencing of rainfall (burial depth of the earth
electrode < 1.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Fig. 5.5.7.2.4 Concentration cell: Galvanised steel in soil/steel (black)
in concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Fig. 5.5.6 Determination of the specific earth resistance ρE with a
four-terminal measuring bridge acc. to the WENNER Fig. 5.6.1 Illustration – Separation distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Fig. 5.6.2 Potential difference with increasing height . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Fig. 5.5.7 Earth electrode resistance RA as a function of length I Fig. 5.6.3 Air-termination mast with kc = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
of the surface earth electrode at different specific earth
Fig. 5.6.4 Flat roof with air-termination rod and ventilation outlet . .137
resistance ρE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Fig. 5.6.5 Determination of kc with two masts with overspanned
Fig. 5.5.8 Earth potential UE between supply conductor and earth
cable and an earth electrode Type B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
surface as a function of the distance from the earth elec-
trode, at an earth strip (8 m long) in different depths . . . .110 Fig. 5.6.6 Determination of kc for a gable roof with 2 down con-
ductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Fig. 5.5.9 Max. step voltage US as a function of the burial depth
for a stretched earth strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Fig. 5.6.7 Gable roof with 4 down conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Fig. 5.5.10 Earth electrode resistance RA of earth rods as a function Fig. 5.6.8 Value of coefficient kc in case of a meshed network of
of their length I at different specific earth resistances ρE . .111 air-termination conductors and an earthing Type B . . . . . .139
Fig. 5.5.11 Earth electrode resistance RA of crossed surface earth Fig. 5.6.9 Material factors of an air-termination rod on a flat roof . . .139
electrode (90 °) as a function of the burial depth . . . . . . . .112 Fig. 5.6.10 Value of coefficient kc in case of an intermeshed net-
Fig. 5.5.12 Earth potential UE between the supply conductor of the work of air-termination, ring conductors interconnecting
earth electrode and earth surface of crossed surface earth the down conductors and an earthing Type B . . . . . . . . . . .140
electrode (90 °) as a function of the distance from the Fig. 5.7.1 Illustration of touch voltage and step voltage . . . . . . . . . .141
cross centre point (burial depth 0.5 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Fig. 5.7.2 Potential control – Illustration and symbolic course of
Fig. 5.5.13 Impulse earth resistance Rst of single or multiple star- the gradient area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
type earth electrodes with equal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Fig. 5.7.3 Possible potential control in entrance area of the building .143
Fig. 5.5.14 Reduction factor p for calculating the total earth elec-
trode resistance RA of earth rods connected in parallel . . .113 Fig. 5.7.4 Potential control performance for a flood light or cell site
mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Fig. 5.5.15 Earth electrode resistance RA of surface and earth rods
as a function of the length of the earth electrode I . . . . . .115 Fig. 5.7.5 Connection control at the ring/foundation earth elec-
trode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Fig. 5.5.1.1 Minimum lengths of earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Fig. 5.7.1.1 Area to be protected for a person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Fig. 5.5.1.2 Earth electrode Type B – Determination of the mean
radius – example calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Fig. 5.7.1.2 Structure of the CUI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Fig. 5.5.1.3 Earth electrode Type B – Determination of the mean Fig. 5.7.1.3 Withstand voltage test under sprinkling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Fig. 5.7.1.4 CUI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Fig. 5.5.2.1 Foundation earth electrode with terminal lug . . . . . . . . . .118 Fig. 5.7.1.5 (a) Loop formed by conductor and person
Fig. 5.5.2.2 Mesh of a foundation earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 (b) Mutual inductance M and induced voltage Ui . . . . . . . .146

Fig. 5.5.2.3 Foundation earth electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Fig. 6.1.1 Principle of lightning equipotential bonding consisting
of lightning and main equipotential bonding (in future:
Fig. 5.5.2.4 Foundation earth electrode in use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 protective equipotential bonding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Fig. 5.5.2.5 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip Fig. 6.1.2 K12 Equipotential bonding bar, Part No. 563 200 . . . . . . . .149
foundation (insulated basement wall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Fig. 6.1.3 Pipe earthing clamp, Part No. 408 014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Fig. 5.5.2.6 Arrangement of a foundation earth electrode in a strip
foundation (insulated basement wall and foundation Fig. 6.1.4 Pipe earthing clamp, Part No. 407 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
slab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Fig. 6.1.5 Pipe earthing clamp, Part No. 540 910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

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Fig. 6.1.6 Equipotential bonding with straight-through connection . .150 Fig. 7.5.2.2 Transformer inside the structure or building (LPZ 0 inte-
Fig. 6.2.1 DEHNbloc NH lightning current arrester installed in a grated in LPZ 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
busbar terminal field of a meter installation (refer to Fig. Fig. 7.5.2.3 Example for equipotential bonding in a structure or build-
6.2.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 ing with several entries or the external conductive parts
Fig. 6.2.2 DEHNventil ZP combined arrester directly snapped on and with an internal ring conductor as a connection be-
the busbars in the terminal field of the meter cabinet . . . .151 tween the equipotential bonding bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Fig. 6.3.1 Lightning equipotential bonding with isolated air-termi- Fig. 7.5.2.4 Internal lightning protection with a common entry of all
nation system, type DEHNconductor, for professional an- supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
tenna systems according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . .152 Fig. 7.5.2.5 DEHNventil combined lightning current and surge
Fig. 6.3.2 Isolated construction of a lighning protection system at arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
a cell site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Fig. 7.5.2.6 Lightning equipotential bonding for power supply and
Fig. 6.3.3 SAK shield connection system capable of carrying light- information technology systems situated centrally at one
ning currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Fig. 6.3.4 Lightning equipotential bonding for connection of a tele- Fig. 7.5.2.7 Lightning current arrester at LPZ boundary LPZ 0A – LPZ 1 170
communication device BLITZDUCTOR CT (application Fig. 7.5.3.1 Comparison of the amplitudes of test currents wave
permitted by Deutsche Telekom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 form 10/350 μs and 8/20 μs, each at equal loads . . . . . . . .171
Fig. 6.3.5 DEHN equipotential bonding enclosures (DPG LSA) for Fig. 7.6.2.1 Only one SPD (0/1/2) required (LPZ 2 integrated in LPZ 1) .171
LSA-2/10 technology, capable to carry lightning current . .154 Fig. 7.6.2.2 DEHNventil M TT 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Fig. 7.1.1 Lightning protection zones concept according to IEC Fig. 7.6.3.1 Combination aid for Yellow/Line SPD classes (see also
62305-4 (EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Figure 7.8.2.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Fig. 7.1.2 Example for realisation of the lightning protection zones Fig. 7.7.1.1 Ring equipotential bonding and fixed earthing point for
concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 connection of metal installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Fig. 7.3.1 Reduction of the magnetic field by means of lattice Fig. 7.7.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility in case of a lightning strike .174
shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Fig. 7.7.2.2 Surge protective device for terminal circuits DEHNflex M . .174
Fig. 7.3.2 Magnetic field at a lightning strike (LEMP) IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Fig. 7.7.2.3 Multi-pole surge arrester DEHNguard M TT . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Fig. 7.3.3 Volume for electronic devices within LPZ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Fig. 7.7.3.1 Protection of industrial electronic equipment (e.g. an
SPC) by BLITZDUCTOR CT and SPS Protector . . . . . . . . . . .175
Fig. 7.3.4 Magnetic field at a lightning strike (LEMP) IEC 62305-4
(EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Fig. 7.8.1.1 DEHNbloc 3-pole – Lightning current arrester and
DEHNventil ZP – Combined arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Fig. 7.3.5 Magnetic field at a distant lightning strike (LEMP) IEC
62305-4 (EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Fig. 7.8.1.2 DEHNguard TT H LI – Multi-pole surge arrester with
service life indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Fig. 7.3.6 Use of reinforcing rods of a building or structure for
shielding and equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Fig. 7.8.1.3 DEHNventil M TNS – Modular combined arrester . . . . . . . .176
Fig. 7.3.7a Galvanised construction steel mats for shielding the Fig. 7.8.2.1 Coordination according to let-through method of 2 SPDs
building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 and one terminal device (according to IEC 61643-21) . . . .177
Fig. 7.3.7b Use of galvanised construction steel mats for shielding, Fig. 7.8.2.2 Examples for the energy coordinated use of arresters ac-
e.g. in case of planted roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 cording to the Yellow/Line TYPE of arresters and structure
of the Yellow/Line TYPE of arresters symbol . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Fig. 7.3.8 Shielding of a structure or building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Fig. 8.1.1 Use of SPDs in power supply systems (schematic dia-
Fig. 7.3.9 Earthing bus according to DIN VDE 0800-2 (German
gram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
standard)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Fig. 8.1.3.1 RCD destroyed by lightning impulse current . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 7.3.1.1 No shield connection – No shielding from capacitive/
inductive couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Fig. 8.1.3.2 “3-0” circuit in TN-C systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 7.3.1.2 Shield connection at both ends – Shielding from capaci- Fig. 8.1.3.3a “4-0” circuit in TN-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
tive/inductive couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Fig. 8.1.3.3b “3+1” circuit in TN-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
Fig. 7.3.1.3 Shield connection at both ends – Solution: Direct and in- Fig. 8.1.3.4 Use of SPDs in TN-C-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
direct shield earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Fig. 8.1.3.5 Use of SPDs in TN-S systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Fig. 7.3.1.4 Shield connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Fig. 8.1.3.6 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Office Building –
Fig. 7.3.1.5 Shield connection at both ends – Shielding from Separation of the PEN in the main distribution board . . . .187
capacitive/inductive coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Fig. 8.1.3.7 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Office Building –
Fig. 7.4.1 Equipotential bonding network in a structure or building .165 Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board . . . . . .188
Fig. 7.4.2 Ring equipotential bonding bar in a computer facility . . . .165 Fig. 8.1.3.8 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Industry – Sepa-
Fig. 7.4.3 Connection of the ring equipotential bonding bar with ration of the PEN in the subdistribution board . . . . . . . . . .189
the equipotential bonding network via fixed earthing Fig. 8.1.3.9 SPDs used in TN systems – Example: Residential building .190
point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Fig. 8.1.4.1 TT system (230/400 V); “3+1” circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Fig. 7.4.4 Integration of electronic systems into the equipotential
bonding network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Fig. 8.1.4.2 Use of SPDs in TT systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Fig. 7.4.5 Combination of the integration methods according to Fig. 8.1.4.3 SPDs used in TT systems – Example: Residential Building .192
Figure 7.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Fig. 8.1.4.4 SPDs used in TT systems – Example: Office building . . . . . .193
Fig. 7.5.1.1 Connection of EBB with fixed earthing point . . . . . . . . . . .167 Fig. 8.1.4.5 SPDs used in TT systems – Example: Industry . . . . . . . . . . .194
Fig. 7.5.2.1 Transformer outside the structure or building . . . . . . . . . . .167 Fig. 8.1.5.1a IT system without neutral conductor; “3-0” circuit . . . . . . .195

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Fig. 8.1.5.1b IT system with neutral conductor; “4-0” conductor . . . . . .195 Fig. 8.2.11 Building with external lightning protection system and
Fig. 8.1.5.1c IT system with neutral conductor; “3+1” circuit . . . . . . . . .195 cables installed between buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Fig. 8.1.5.2 Use of SPDs in IT systems without neutral conductor . . . . .196 Fig. 8.2.12 Building without external lightning protection system
and cables installed between buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Fig. 8.1.5.3 Use of SPDs in 400 V IT systems – Example without
neutral conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Fig. 8.2.13 Building with external lightning protection system and
cables installed inside of the building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Fig. 8.1.5.4 Use of SPDs in 230/400 V IT systems – Example with
neutral conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Fig. 8.2.14 Building without external lightning protection system
and cables installed inside of the building . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Fig. 8.1.6.1 Surge protective devices in V-shape series connection . . . .198
Fig. 8.2.15 Block diagram of temperature measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Fig. 8.1.6.2 Principle of „two-conductor terminals (TCT)“ – Illustra-
tion of a single-pole unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Fig. 8.2.1.1 Optocoupler – Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Fig. 8.1.6.3 Pin connection terminal (PCT) 2 x 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Fig. 8.2.2.1 Levels of building automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Fig. 8.1.6.4 Connection of surge protective devices in cable branches .198 Fig. 8.2.3.1 Universal cabling structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Fig. 8.1.6.5 DEHNbloc Maxi S: coordinated lightning current arrester Fig. 8.2.3.2 Influence of lightning on IT cabling subsystems . . . . . . . . .218
for the busbar with integrated backup fuse . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Fig. 8.2.4.1 Calculating of L0 and C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Fig. 8.1.6.6 Surge protective device Type 2 V NH for use in NH fuse Fig. 8.2.4.2a Intrinsically safe SPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Fig. 8.2.4.2b Schematic diagram of BXT ML4 BD EX 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Fig. 8.1.6.7 Recommended max. cable lengths of surge protective
Fig. 8.2.4.3 SPD in hazardous location – Insulation resistance
devices in branch circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
> 500 V a.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Fig. 8.1.6.8a Unfavourable conductor routing from the “consumer’s
Fig. 8.2.4.4 Application – Insulation resistance < 500 V a.c. . . . . . . . .222
point of view” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Fig. 8.2.5.1 Correct installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Fig. 8.1.6.8b Fabourable conductor routing from the “consumer’s point
of view” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Fig. 8.2.5.2 Most frequent installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Fig. 8.1.6.9 Arrangement of surge protective devices in a system and Fig. 8.2.5.3 Wrong method of equipotential bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
the resulting effective cable length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Fig. 8.2.5.4 Wrong conductor leading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Fig. 8.1.6.10 Series connection V-shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Fig. 8.2.5.5 Separation of cables in cable duct systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Fig. 8.1.6.11 V-shape series connection of the DEHNventil M TNC com- Fig. 9.1.1 Schematic diagram of a frequency converter . . . . . . . . . . .227
bined lightning current and surge protective device by
means of a busbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Fig. 9.1.2 EMC conforming shield connection of the motor supply
line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Fig. 8.1.6.12 Parallel wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Fig. 9.1.3 Structure of a frequency converter with SPD . . . . . . . . . . .228
Fig. 8.1.6.13 Cable routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Fig. 9.2.1 Insulation of the place around the lamp pole to reduce
Fig. 8.1.7.1 One-port protective circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 the risk of touch voltage in case of lightning strike . . . . . .230
Fig. 8.1.7.2 Two-port protective circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Fig. 9.2.2 Potential control to reduce the arising step voltage at
Fig. 8.1.7.3 SPD with through-wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 lightning strikes into a lamp pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Fig. 8.1.7.4 Example: DEHNventil, DV TNC 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Fig. 9.2.3 230 V wall lamp as outdoor lighting in lightning protec-
Fig. 8.1.7.5 Example: DEHNguard (M) TNC/TNS/TT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 tion zone LPZ 0A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Fig. 8.1.7.6 Example: DEHNrail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Fig. 9.2.4 Lamp pole with 3 x 230/400 V outdoor lighting in light-
ning protection zone LPZ 0A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Fig. 8.1.7.7 Performance of NH fuses bearing impulse current loads . .203
Fig. 9.2.5 230 V wall lamp as outdoor lighting in lightning protec-
Fig. 8.1.7.8 Current and voltage of a blowing 25 A NH fuse being tion zone LPZ 0B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
charged with lightning impulse currents (10/350 μs) . . . . .204
Fig. 9.2.6 Lamp pole with 3 x 230/400 V outdoor lighting in light-
Fig. 8.1.7.9 Use of a separate backup fuse for surge protective ning protection zone LPZ 0B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Fig. 9.3.1 System layout of a biogas plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Fig. 8.1.7.10 Reduction of the follow current with the patented RADAX
Flow principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Fig. 9.3.2 Use of the DEHNiso-Combi system to protect a fermenter
with film dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Fig. 8.1.7.11 Disconnection selectivity of DEHNventil to NH fuse
holders with different rated currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Fig. 9.3.3 Protection of a fermenter with film dome by steel tele-
scopic lightning protection masts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Fig. 8.2.1 SPD classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Fig. 9.3.4 Fermenter protected with air-termination masts isolated
Fig. 8.2.2 Limiting performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 by 1 HVI conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Fig. 8.2.3 Note on special applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Fig. 9.3.5 Fermenter protected with air-termination masts isolated
Fig. 8.2.4 Nominal voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 by 2 HVI conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Fig. 8.2.5 Test arrangement for determining the limiting voltage at Fig. 9.3.6 Fermenter out of screwed sheet metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
a rate of voltage rise of du/dt = 1kV/μs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Fig. 9.3.7 Isolated air-termination system to protect a fermenter
Fig. 8.2.6 Sparkover performance of an SPD at du/dt = 1kV/μs . . . . .208 out of sheet metal (Ref.: Büro für Technik, Hösbach) . . . . .238
Fig. 8.2.7 Test arrangement for determining the limiting voltage at Fig. 9.3.8 Welded steel tank (Ref.: Eisenbau Heilbronn GmbH) . . . . .238
nominal discharge current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Fig. 9.3.9 Intermeshed earth-termination system for a biogas plant .239
Fig. 8.2.8 Limiting voltage at nominal discharge current . . . . . . . . . .209 Fig. 9.3.10 Sectional view of an overall circuit diagram of a biogas
Fig. 8.2.9 Nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Fig. 8.2.10 Typical frequency response of a BLITZDUCTOR CT . . . . . . .209 Fig. 9.3.11 Surge protection for information technology systems . . . .242

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Fig. 9.3.12 Combined lightning current and surge arrester modules Fig. 9.8.1 Public address system in modular design with surge pro-
with LifeCheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 tective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Fig. 9.3.13 Surge arrester DEHNpipe for outdoor areas for screwing Fig. 9.8.2 Building without external lightning protection and horn
into 2-wire process field devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 in LPZ 0A protected by combined lightning current and
Fig. 9.4.1 Schematic structure of a sewage plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 surge arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Fig. 9.8.3 Building with external lightning protection and horn in
Fig. 9.4.2 Division of a sewage plant control into lightning protect-
LPZ 0B protected by surge arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
ion zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Fig. 9.9.1 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a
Fig. 9.4.3 Electrical lines going into the sewage plant control . . . . . .246
burglar alarm system with impulse line technology . . . . . .265
Fig. 9.4.4 Protective angle method according to IEC 62305-3
Fig. 9.9.2 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a
(EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
fire alarm system – Analogue ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265
Fig. 9.4.5 Lightning equipotential bonding according to Fig. 9.9.3 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a
IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 burglar alarm system with d.c. line technology . . . . . . . . .266
Fig. 9.4.6 DEHNventil installed into a switchgear cabinet for pro- Fig. 9.9.4 Lightning and surge protection for the control unit of a
tection of the power supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 fire alarm system with d.c. line technology . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Fig. 9.4.7 DCO ME 24 surge protective device installed into a Fig. 9.10.1 Application of the BUStector (Part No. 925 001) . . . . . . . .268
switchgear cabinet for protection of the complete mea-
suring and control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Fig. 9.10.2 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems in-
stalled between buildings without interconnection of
Fig. 9.4.8 DCO ME 24 surge protection device installed into a the foundation earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
switchgear cabinet, incoming lines from double bottom . .249
Fig. 9.10.3 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems in-
Fig. 9.5.1 Horizontal and vertical distances of antenna arrange- stalled between buildings with interconnection of the
ments requiring no earthing connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 foundation earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Fig. 9.5.2 Examples of permitted earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Fig. 9.10.4 Lightning and surge protection for cabling systems in-
Fig. 9.5.3 Earthing and equipotential bonding of antennas on stalled between buildings without interconnection of
buildings without external lightning protection system . . .252 the foundation earth electrodes, with KNX optical fibre
cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Fig. 9.5.4 Antenna with air-termination rod on a flat roof of build-
ings with external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . .252 Fig. 9.11.1 Administration building with highly available installation
parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Fig. 9.5.5 Antenna with air-termination rod and highly insulating
distance holder on pitched roofs with external lightning Fig. 9.12.1 Example of an M-Bus system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Fig. 9.12.2 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings with
Fig. 9.5.6 Surge protective devices downstream the equipotential external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of an- Fig. 9.12.3 Protection concept for M-Bus systems in buildings with-
tenna systems with external lightning protection system out external lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
and isolated air-termination system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Fig. 9.13.1 Lightning and surge protection for SIMATIC Net
Fig. 9.5.7 Surge protective devices downstream the equipotential PROFIBUS FMS and DP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
bonding bar for the coaxial cable shields in case of an-
Fig. 9.13.2 Use of surge protective devices in an intrinsically safe
tenna systems without external lightning protection
PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
system and with isolated air-termination system . . . . . . . .253
Fig. 9.14.1 Lightning and surge protection for ADSL with analogue
Fig. 9.5.8 Combined lightning current and surge arresters down- connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
stream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial
cable shields in case of antenna systems without exter- Fig. 9.14.2 Lightning and surge protection for ISDN and ADSL
nal lightning protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Fig. 9.5.9 Combined lightning current and surge arresters down- Fig. 9.14.3 Surge protection for telecommunications systems “ISDN
stream the equipotential bonding bar for the coaxial Primary rate Multiplex access” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
cable shields in case of underground cable networks . . . . .254 Fig. 9.15.1 Division of a hazardous location into lightning protection
Fig. 9.6.1 Modern automatic milking system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 zones (LPZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Fig. 9.6.2 Automatic feeding system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Fig. 9.15.2 Air-termination system for a tank with air-termination
rods and conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
Fig. 9.6.3 Ventilation and flushing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Fig. 9.15.3 Lightning equipotential bonding according to IEC 62305-3
Fig. 9.6.4 Heating system with heat recovery and service water (EN 62305-3) based on main equipotential bonding ac-
supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 cording to IEC 60364-4-41 and IEC 60364-5-54 . . . . . . . . .287
Fig. 9.6.5 Electrical milking system with control box . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Fig. 9.15.4 DEHNventil DV TT 255 in a switchgear cabinet for pro-
Fig. 9.6.6 Cow with collar and registration chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 tection of the power supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
Fig. 9.6.7 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural install- Fig. 9.15.5 Surge protective devices in intrinsically safe circuits . . . . .287
ations, residential building and office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Fig. 9.15.6 BCT MOD MD EX 24 for intrinsically safe circuits . . . . . . . .288
Fig. 9.6.8 Lightning and surge protection for agricultural install- Fig. 9.15.7 Surge arrester for field devices – DEHNpipe,
ations, stabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 DPI MD EX 24 M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Fig. 9.7.1 Video surveillance system – Lightning and surge pro- Fig. 9.16.1 Impulse current laboratory DEHN + SÖHNE – Max. light-
tection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 ning impulse current 200 kA, wave form 10/350 μs . . . . . .291
Fig. 9.7.2 Camera for video surveillance in the protective area of Fig. 9.16.2 Lightning protection zones concept for a wind turbine . . .292
the air-termination rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Fig. 9.16.3 Intermeshed network of earth electrodes of a wind
Fig. 9.7.3 Video surveillance system – Surge protection . . . . . . . . . .261 turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

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Fig. 9.16.4 Application of DEHNbloc Maxi coordinated lightning Table 3.3.1.1 Longest interval between inspections of the LPS acc. to
current arrester for 400/690 V TN-C systems . . . . . . . . . . .293 IEC 62305-3, Table E.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Fig. 9.16.5 DEHNguard surge arrester, DG MOD 750 + Table 5.1.1.1 Relations between lightning protection level, interception
DG M WE 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 criterion Ei , final striking distance hB and min. peak value
Fig. 9.16.6 Application of BLITZDUCTOR XT lightning current and of current I Ref.: Table 5, 6 and 7 of IEC 62305-1
surge arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 (EN 62305-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Fig. 9.17.1 Dual cell site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Table 5.1.1.2 Sag of the rolling sphere over two air-termination rods or
two parallel air-termination conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Fig. 9.17.2 Electrical circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Table 5.1.1.3 Mesh size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Fig. 9.17.3 Basic structure of a RBS with DV M TT 255 and
DG M TT 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Table 5.1.1.4 Protective angle α depending on the class of lighting
protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Fig. 9.18.1.1 Combined arrester Type 1, DEHNlimit PV, to protect
photovoltaic inverters from surges also in case of direct Table 5.1.1.5 Min. thickness of metal plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
lightning strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Table 5.1.4.1 Lightning protection for metal roofs – Height of the air-
Fig. 9.18.1.2 Single pole photovoltaic arrester Type 2, DEHNguard termination tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
PV 500 SCP, with integrated short-circuiting device . . . . . .299 Table 5.2.1.1 Distance between down conductors according to
Fig. 9.18.1.3 Isolation fault at the PV generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Fig. 9.18.1.4 Overloading of SPD due to an isolation fault . . . . . . . . . . .300 Table 5.2.2.1 Max. temperature rise ΔT in K of different conductor
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Fig. 9.18.1.5 Activation of the DEHNguard PV 500 SCP disconnecting
and short-circuiting device ensures safe operating state Table 5.3.1 Material, configuration and min. cross sections of air-ter-
also in case of an isolation fault in the PV generator mination conductors, air-termination rods and down con-
circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 ductors according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3) Table 6 . . .96
Fig. 9.18.1.6 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building Table 5.4.1 Material combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
without external lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Table 5.4.1.1 Calculation of the temperature-related change in length
Fig. 9.18.1.7 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building ΔL of metal wires in lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
with external lightning protection system and the sepa- Table 5.4.1.2 Expansion pieces in lightning protection – Recommended
ration distance is being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Fig. 9.18.1.8 Surge protection concept for a PV system on a building Table 5.4.2.1a Components for external lightning protection of a resi-
with external lightning protection system and the sepa- dential building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
ration distance is not being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Table 5.4.2.1b Components for external lightning protection of a resi-
Fig. 9.18.2.1 Layout of a large PV installation in an open area . . . . . . . .304 dential structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Fig. 9.18.2.2 Basic circuit diagram – Surge protection for a solar Table 5.5.1 Formulae for calculating the earth electrode resistance RA
power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 for different earth electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Fig. 9.18.2.3 Protection concept for data acquisition and evaluation . . .306 Table 5.5.7.2.1 Potential values and corrosion rates of common metal
Table 1.1.1 Lightning protection standard valid since January 2006 . . . .11 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Table 1.1.2 Equivalents for SPD classifications (In the following the Table 5.5.7.4.1 Material combinations of earth-termination systems for
Lightning Protection Guide uses the designation SPD different area ratios (AC > 100 x AA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Type 1, SPD Type 2, SPD Type 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Table 5.5.8.1 Material, configuration and min. dimensions of earth
Table 2.5.1 Temperature rise ΔT in K of different conductor materials . .22 electrodes according to IEC 62305-3 (EN 62305-3)
Table 2.6.1 Maximum values of lightning current parameters and Table 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
their probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Table 5.7.1 Ring distances and depths of the potential control . . . . . .143
Table 2.6.2 Minimum values of lightning current parameters and Table 6.1.1 Cross sections for equipotential bonding conductors . . . . .149
their probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Table 7.2.1 LEMP protection management for new buildings and for
Table 3.2.3.1 Site factor Cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 comprehensive modifications of the construction or the
Table 3.2.3.2 Equivalent interception areas Al and Ai in m2 . . . . . . . . . . . .33 utilisation of building according to IEC 62305-4 (EN
62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Table 3.2.3.3 Environment factor Ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Table 7.3.1 Magnetic attenuation of lattices at a nearby lightning
Table 3.2.4.1 Damage factor PB to describe the protective measures strike acc. to IEC 62305-4 (EN 62305-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
against physical damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Table 7.3.1.1 Specific shield resistance ρc for different materials . . . . . .162
Table 3.2.4.2 Damage factor PSPD to describe the protective measures
surge protective devices as a function of the lightning Table 7.3.1.2 Electric strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
protection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Table 7.5.2.1 Required lightning impulse current carrying capability of
Table 3.2.5.1 Sources of damage, types of damage and types of loss surge protective devices SPDs Type 1 according to the
according to the point of strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 lightning protection level LPL and the type of low voltage
consumer’s installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Table 3.2.7.1 In addition to the risk components RU , RV and RW , there
is the frequency of direct lightning strikes into the supply Table 7.8.2.1 Symbol of the SPD class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
line NL and the frequency of direct lightning strikes into Table 7.8.2.2 Assignment of the Yellow/Line class of the SPDs at the
the connected building or structure NDA (compare Figure LPZ boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
3.2.3.). In case of the risk component RZ , however, the fre-
quency of lightning strikes next to the supply line Nl has Table 8.1.1 Classification of SPDs according to VDE, IEC and EN . . . . .181
to be reduced by the frequency of direct lightning strikes Table 8.1.7.1 Material coefficient k for copper and aluminium con-
into the supply line NL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 ductors with different insulating material . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Table 3.2.8.1 Typical values for the tolerable risk RT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Table 8.2.1 Type designation of the protection modules . . . . . . . . . . . .208

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Table 8.2.2 Nominal currents of the protection modules BCT . . . . . . . .208 Table 9.12.5 Surge protection for the 230 V power supply . . . . . . . . . . .276
Table 8.2.3 Selection features for an electrical temperature measur- Table 9.12.6 Surge protection for signal interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
ing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
Table 9.12.7 Surge protection for the power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Table 8.2.5.1 Separation of telecommunications and low voltage
Table 9.13.1 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS DP/
supply lines (based on EN 50174-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
PROFIBUS FMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
Table 9.2.1 Min. dimensions of earthing conductors for interconnect-
Table 9.13.2 Surge protection for bus lines of PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . .278
ing lamp poles in LPZ 0A and for connecting to the earth-
termination system of the building or structure . . . . . . . . .230 Table 9.13.3 Surge protection for power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Table 9.3.1 DEHNiso-Combi Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Table 9.15.1 Example of a temperature transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
Table 9.3.2 Material recommendation for earthing and equipotential Table 9.15.2 Surge protective devices for use in intrinsically safe
bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 circuits and bus systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Table 9.3.3 Surge protection for the power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Table 9.17.1 Selectivity surge arrester Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Table 9.3.4 Surge protection for information technology systems . . . .242 Table 9.17.2 Standardised surge arrester Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Table 9.3.5 Surge arresters for the measuring and control tech- Table 9.17.3 Surge protection for the fixed network connection . . . . . .297
nology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Table 9.17.4 Surge protection for the transmission technology . . . . . . .297
Table 9.3.6 Surge arresters for field devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Table 9.18.1.1 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems
Table 9.7.1 Lightning and surge protection for signal lines . . . . . . . . . .260 on buildings without external lightning protection
Table 9.7.2 Lightning and surge protection for power supply lines . . . .260 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
Table 9.9.1 Short definition of the SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Table 9.18.1.2 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems
Table 9.9.2 Selection of SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 on buildings with external lightning protection system
and the separation distance is being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
Table 9.10.1 Short description of the SPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Table 9.18.1.3 Selection of the surge protective devices for PV systems
Table 9.12.1 Max. data transmission rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 on buildings with external lightning protection and the
Table 9.12.2 Capacitances and series impedances of surge protective separation distance is not being kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Table 9.18.2.1 Selection of surge protective devices for solar power
Table 9.12.3 Selection of combined SPD with regard to the power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Table 9.18.2.2 Surge protective devices for data acquisition and eva-
Table 9.12.4 Surge protection for signal interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 luation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

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construction 7.2 Service industry, in general
3.2 Construction of chimneys and combustion plants 7.3 Insurance sector
4.1 Supply industry 7.4 Architectural practice

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ISBN 3-00-015975-4