Analog & Digital Communications :

Lec01_chapter01

Asad Abbas
Assistant Professor Telecom Department
Air University, E-9, Islamabad

Course Information

Course text books:

Analog Communications

Digital Communications

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems

by B.P. Lathi
Digital communications: Fundamentals and Applications
by Bernard Sklar,Prentice Hall, 2001

Additional recommended books:

Communication systems engineering, by John G.

Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Prentice Hall, 2002, 2nd
edition, ISBN: 0-13-095007-6

2006-01-24

Lecture 1

Scope of the course

Communication is a process by which information

is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behavior

Communication systems are reliable, economical

and efficient means of communications

Public switched telephone network (PSTN), mobile

telephone communication (GSM, 3G, ...), broadcast
radio or television, navigation systems, ...

The course is aiming at introducing fundamental

issues in designing analog and digital
communication systems
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Lecture 1

Scope of the course ...

Example of a communication systems:

Cellular wireless communication systems
BS

Base Station (BS)

UE

UE

UE
User Equipment (UE)
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Scope of the course ...

General structure of a communication systems
Noise

Source

SOURCE

Info.

Received
Transmitted
Received
info.
signal
signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Channel
User

Analog Transmitter

Analog Receiver

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Lecture 1

Scope of the course ...

General structure of a communication systems
Noise

Source

SOURCE

Info.

Received
Transmitted
Received
info.
signal
signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Channel
User

Digital Transmitter
Formatter

Source
encoder

Channel
encoder

Modulator

Digital Receiver
Formatter
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Source
decoder

Channel
decoder
Lecture 1

Demodulator

Review

Signal

It is a set of information e.g. voice signal, video

signal etc

Signal Strength measurement

Signal Energy
Signal power

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Review

Signal Energy (real Signal)

Eg

(t ) dt

Signal Energy (complex signal)

Eg

g (t ) dt

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Review

Signal Power ( Real Signal)

T /2

Pg Lim T1
T

g 2 (t ) dt

T / 2

Signal Power (Complex Signal)

T /2

Pg Lim
T

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1
T

g (t ) dt

T / 2

Lecture 1

Example

Power is infinite

Energy is infinite
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Example 2

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Review

Classification of Signals

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

Analog and Digital Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Deterministic and Probabilistic Signals
Energy and Power Signals

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Review

Classification of Signals

Continuous Time Signal

It is specified for every value
of time of t

Discrete -Time Signal

It is specified for only at
discrete values of t ( i.e.
t=nT; n=1,2,3 )

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Review

Classification of Signals

Analog Signal

A signal whose amplitude can take on any value

in continuous range

Digital Signal
Its amplitude can take on finite number of values
The range set (dependent variable) contains
finite number of values. It may contain 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, 64, 128 or 256 values.

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Review

Digital Signal Types.

Binary Signal (symbol/message)

It is two valued digital signal. Each value is called bit or

some time symbol.

M-ary Signal (symbol/message)

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It is more than two values digital signal. Each value

represents two or more bits.
Each value is called a symbol . The maximum number of
symbols (values) in M-ary signal are M.
Each symbol consists of two or more bits.
M=2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 ,

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Review

M-ary Siginal ..

The number bits per symbol are given by:

k = log2 M bits per symbol
Where M is total number of symbols.
If M=2, it is binary signal.

Periodic and non-periodic signals

x(t)=x(t+T) for all t

A periodic signal
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A non-periodic signal
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Review

Deterministic and random signals

Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with respect to

the signal value at any time.

Random signal: Some degree of uncertainty in

signal values before it actually occurs.

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Thermal noise in electronic circuits due to the random

movement of electrons
Reflection of radio waves from different layers of
ionosphere
The multipath signal in mobile communication system

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Review
Energy and power signals

A signal is an energy signal if, and only if, it has nonzero but
finite energy for all time:

A signal is a power signal if, and only if, it has finite but
nonzero power for all time:

General rule: Periodic and random signals are power signals.

Signals that are both deterministic and non-periodic are energy

signals.
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Trigonometric Fourier Series

A periodic signal of period, To , consists of sum of sinusoids.

The frequency of the fundamental term is 1/To
The frequency of other terms, the harmonics, is integral
multiple of the fundamental (i.e. n/To; n=1, 2, 3..)

x(t ) a0 an cos not bn sin not

n 1

a0 T10
an T20
bn T20
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To
2

T
2o

To
2

T
2o

To
2

T
2o

x(t ) dt
x(t ) cos not dt
x(t ) sin not dt
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Example 2.22 ( B.P. Lathi)

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Example

an

Spectrum of the signal (Plot of amplitudes vs frequency)

All of the odd terms in F.S. expansion are zero, because the signal , w(t), is an even function
The spectrum is discrete and its envelop is a sinc function
Even harmonics are zero because duty cycle is 50%
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Importance of Fourier Series

It

provides the details of

frequency components which
make up a periodic signal.

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Exponential Fourier Series

The periodic signal can also be represented in terms

of exponentials as shown below.

x(t )

De

Dn

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1
T0

To
2

T
2o

jno t

x(t ) e

Lecture 1

jno t

dt

26

Exponential Fourier Series of Example

2.22

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Spectrum Comparison

Trigonometric Fourier
Series Spectrum
Spectrum is single sided
i.e.,
0f<

an

2
n

sin( n2 )

Exponential Fourier
Series Spectrum
Spectrum is double sided
i.e.
- <f<

Dn

1
n

sin( n2 )

Spectrum of A periodic Signal

The details of frequency components which make up an

a periodic signal is given by its Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform of an aperiodic signal g(t) is given as:
G ( )

g (t ) e jt dt

G( f )

g (t ) e j 2 f t dt

The Inverse of Fourier Transform

g (t )

1
2

G ( ) e d
jt

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j 2 f t
G
(
f
)
e
df

29

Example

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Spectral Density
It is distribution of Signals energy or power in
frequency domain.
Energy Spectral Density
The total Energy of a real valued energy signal x(t)
is given by

Energy Spectral Density =

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Spectral Density (contd..)

Power Spectral Density of a Periodic Signal

The average power of a real valued deterministic power
signal x(t) is given by: Parsevals Theorem
1
Px
T0

1
x(t )
T0
1
Px
T0

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To
2
To
2
T0
2

x (t ) dt

Ce

T0
2

To

2 2
n To
2

jno t 2

dt

dt Cn2

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Note:
Cn is same as Dn

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Spectral Density (contd..)

Power Spectral Density of Periodic Signal

P( f )

n if

2
C
n ; i ... 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2,3...

dP
Gx ( f ) = Power Spectral Density =
df

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Spectral Density (contd..)

The Power Spectral density of a non-periodic power

signal ( e.g. noise) is given by:

Where XT(f) is Fourier Transform xT(t), which is truncated version

of x(t). It is observed in (-T/2, T/2)

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Example

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Example (contd..)

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Autocorrelation

It is matching of signal with a delayed version of itself.

Autocorrelation of real valued Energy Signal

Autocorrelation of a complex Energy Signal:

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Autocorrelation (contd..)

Autocorrelation Properties of Energy

Signal

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Autocorrelation is symmetric
around zero.
Its maximum value occurs at the
origin.
Autocorrelation and spectral
density form a Fourier transform
pair.
Its value at the origin is equal to
energy.

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Autocorrelation (contd..)

Real valued Power Signal:

Complex Power Signal :

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For a periodic signal:

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Autocorrelation (contd..)

Autocorrelation Properties of Power

Signal

Autocorrelation is symmetric

around zero.
Its maximum value occurs at the
origin.
Autocorrelation and spectral
density form a Fourier transform
pair.
Its value at the origin is equal to
the average power.

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Communication Systems

Basband Communication

Baseband signals are used to transmit information.

Each message symbol is represented by one of a set of

pulse waveforms g1(t), g2(t)gM(t)
The spectrum of baseband signal lies around the origin in
frequency domain

Passband Communication

Passband signals are used to transmit information.

Each baseband pulse waveform is represented by one set of

bandpass waveforms s1(t), s2(t)sM(t)
The spectrum is located away from the origin

Data rate

It is speed of communication.
In case of Binary signaling, it is measured as bits/sec and in
case of M-ary Signaling it is measured as symbols/sec.

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Review (contd..)

Baseband signal
Its spectra ranges from (near ) DC to some finite value

Passband Signal
Its spectrum is shifted away from DC Value

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END

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