EE-225 Communication System: Intro. To Signals

EE-225 Communication System
Intro. to Signals
M. Inam-ur-Rehman
Lecturer - EE
Inam_rehman@wecuw.edu.pk
https://www.facebook.com/groups/WECEE225CS13/
What we will cover in this lecture?
 Introduction to signals
 Classification of signals
1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals
2. Analogue and digital signals
3. Periodic and a-periodic signals
4. Energy and power signals
 Signal Models
Communication System: Intro. to Signals
2
What is a Signal?
A signal is a pattern of variation of some form
Signals are variables that carry information
Examples of signal include:
Electrical signals
 Voltages and currents in a circuit
Acoustic signals
 Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
Mechanical signals
 Velocity of a car over time
Video signals
 Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time

3
Different types of Signals
 Electroencephalogram(EEG) or (Brain-wave)
 Electrocardiogram(ECG) or (Heart-wave)

4
Different types of Signals
 Acoustic signal
 Image signal

5
How is a Signal Represented?
 Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one or
more independent variables.
 For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent on
x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
 On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals that
are a function of a single variable: time
f(t)

6
Signals Classification (1)
 Signals may be classified into:
1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

2. Analogue and digital signals
3. Periodic and a-periodic signals
4. Energy and power signals

7
Signal Classification (2) – Continuous vs
Discrete
Continuous-time signal
 Most signals in the real world are continuous time, as the scale is
infinitesimally fine. E.g. voltage, velocity,
 Denote by x(t), where the time interval may be bounded (finite) or

infinite
xt  x(t)
t
Indepen t
dent
variable

8
Signal Classification (2) – Continuous vs
Discrete
Discrete-time signal
 Some real world and many digital signals are discrete time,
as they are sampled
 E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything that a digital computer
processes)
 Denote by x[n], where n is an integer value that varies
discretely
xn
Independent variable
n
9
Signal Classification (3) – Analogue vs
Digital

10
Signal Classification (4) – Periodic vs
Aperiodic
 A signal x(t) is said t be periodic if for some positive constant To
 The smallest value of To that satisfies the periodicity condition of this

equation is the fundamental period of x(t).

11
Signal Classification (5) – Energy and
Power Signals
 It is often useful to characterise signals by measures such as
energy and power
 For example, the instantaneous power of a resistor is:
1 2
p(t )  v(t )i(t )  v (t )
R
 And the total energy expanded over the interval [t1, t2] is:
t2 t2 1 2
t1
p(t )dt  
t1 R
v (t )dt
 And the average power is:

1 t2 1 t2 1 2

t2  t1 1
t
p(t )dt  
t2  t1 1 R
t
v (t )dt

12
Power Signals
 Total energy of a continuous signal x(t) over [t1, t2] is:
t2
E   x(t ) dt
2
t1
where |.| denote the magnitude of the (complex) number.

 Similarly for a discrete time signal x[n] over [n1, n2]:
E  n n x[n]
n2 2
 By dividing the quantities by (t2-t1) and (n2-n1+1), respectively,

gives the average power, P
 Note that these are similar to the electrical analogies (voltage),

but they are different, both in value and dimension.

13
Power Signals
 For many signals, we’re interested in examining the power and energy
over an infinite time interval (-∞, ∞). These quantities are therefore
defined by:
T 
E  lim T   x(t ) dt  
2 2
x(t ) dt
T 
E  lim N  n N x[n]  n x[n]

N 2  2
 If the sums or integrals do not converge, the energy of such a signal is

infinite
1
1 T

N

2
2T T
P  lim T 
2
x(t ) dt P lim N  x[ n ]
2 N  1 n N
 Two important (sub)classes of signals
 Finite total energy (and therefore zero average power)
 Finite average power (and therefore infinite total energy)

14
Power Signals
Energy Signal:
 Energy Ex of the signal is measured by:
 Generalized for the complex valued signals to:
 Energy must be finite, which means

15
Signal Classification (9) – Power signals
Power Signal:
 If amplitude of x(t) does not →0 when t →∞, need to
measure power Px instead:
 Again, generalize for a complex valued signal to:
 Power must be finite, to be a power signal
 Remark:
 The terms energy and power are not used in their conventional sense as
electrical energy or power, but only as a measure for the signal size.

16
Signal models
There are following types of signal models,

which are used in this course
 Unit Step Function u(t)

 Pulse signal
 Unit Impulse Function δ(t)

17
Signal Models (1) – Unit Step Function
u(t)
Step function defined by:
Useful to describe a signal

that begins at t = 0 (i.e. causal
signal).
For example, the signal
represents an everlasting
exponential that starts at t = -∞
The causal for of this exponential
can be described as:
18
Signal Models (2) – Pulse signal
A pulse signal can be presented by two step

functions:

19
Signal Model (3) – Unit Impulse Function
δ(t)
First defined by Dirac as:

20
Signal Model (3) – Unit Impulse Function
δ(t)
May use functions other than a rectangular pulse.
Here are three example functions:
Note that the area under the pulse function must
be unity

21

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EE-225 Communication System

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

 Signals may be classified into:

1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

 Denote by x(t), where the time interval may be bounded (finite) or

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

 The smallest value of To that satisfies the periodicity condition of this

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

 And the average power is:

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

where |.| denote the magnitude of the (complex) number.

 By dividing the quantities by (t2-t1) and (n2-n1+1), respectively,

 Note that these are similar to the electrical analogies (voltage),

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

E  lim N  n N x[n]  n x[n]

 If the sums or integrals do not converge, the energy of such a signal is

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

 Generalized for the complex valued signals to:

 Energy must be finite, which means

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

 Again, generalize for a complex valued signal to:

 Power must be finite, to be a power signal

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

There are following types of signal models,

 Unit Step Function u(t)

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

Useful to describe a signal

A pulse signal can be presented by two step

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

First defined by Dirac as:

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

Communication System: Intro. to Signals

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