HVAC Systems at Y2E2

Y2E2 HVAC sequence of operation

(controls)
Week 3

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Big idea
Modern energy management systems include a
combination of passive and active control of energy
distribution
Passive: constant (volume/flow)
Active: variable (volume/flow) under computer
control
Based on If-then conditional control rules of
general form
If setpoint value out of range and
Other conditions met
Then adjust control variable value
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Jargon

Active beam
AHU
CAV
Cfm
Condition
Diffuser
Diff pressure
Fabric loss
Fan coil
Heat exchanger

JK-1
Natural ventilation
Radiant slab
Setpoint
Tempered hot/cold
water
U value
VAV
Zone
Zone splitter

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Control basics
Typically active response components have a setpoint,
i.e., operating functional objective value
E.g., room temperature setpoint = 73 +- 3oF
Under computer control, the HVAC building management
system (BMS) adjusts value of active control components
to maintain the setpoint of response components
e.g., flow rate damper position = 0 100% open
BMS rules tell control system how to reach setpoint
BMS is linked to input sensors and output control signals

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Active beams provide efficient conditioned

fresh air to spaces: mostly passive
(Chilled) water passes through "beam"
heat exchanger
beam chills air
air becomes denser
(cool) air falls to floor
Convection & room cooling

Heating similar
Reason for efficiency: heat capacity of
water >> that of air: 1 cubic foot
Air: heat capacity 37 JK-1
Water: heat capacity 20,050 JK-1.
heat/cool with much lower pumped
volume in smaller components
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Simple control example Active beam

constant

Heat if SP < 71 F
Cool if SP > 75 F
Deadband +/- 2 F

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(Direct)
Response
variable

Deadband control

1000

120

900
100

700

Air flow CFM

80

600
500
400

60

Deadband
40

300

Valve Position percent

800

Control
variable

Air Flow
Cooling Valve
Heating Valve

200
20
100
0

0
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

Temperature degrees F
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Setpoint

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Active beams
Active (control) components: Cold and hot water valves, air
flow damper
Temperature control examples:
Occupied room air temperature setpoint user adjustable +/- 3F
Unoccupied setpoints: cooling =78F; heating = 65F
Control cold and/or hot water active beam valve position to
achieve room air temperature setpoint
Temperature control deadband of +/- 2F
User override can extend occupied hours by 2 hours

Active beam air flow control:

Air flow rate constant on during occupied hours (basement 24/7);
off during unoccupied hours
CAV boxes modulate flow to achieve constant air flow during
occupied hours only, except during night setback and warmup
(compensating for different air pressures)
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North facing spaces contain radiators to

balance fabric heat losses

Fabric heat loss through materials w/ temperature

difference, e.g., walls, windows, floor, roof.
Heat loss Q = U * Area * Delta-temperature
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Baseboard radiators
Active components: hot water control valve
Temperature control examples:
Occupied temperature setpoint adjustable by
user +/- 3F
Unoccupied heating temperature setpoint: 65F
Control hot water valve position of baseboard
heater to achieve room air temperature setpoint
If outside air temperature > 78F close valve
at all times
User override extends occupied hours 2 hours
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Conference rooms
Active beam control as in other rooms
Active component: inline supply fan
Additional CO2 level control
If CO2 concentration > max CO2 setpoint
open inline supply fan
Max CO2 setpoint = 500 ppm above outside
air CO2 concentration

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Laboratories
Active components: damper, water coil valves
Air flow control
The greater of:
The required air changes (6 air changes/hr)
Amount needed for cooling
Sufficient makeup air for fume hoods (supply ~ exhaust)

For heating air flow is set to minimum

For cooling air flow is set to maximum

Temperature control
+/- 2F deadband

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Radiant floor

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Radiant floor
Active components: Pump and valve
Pump off if outside air temperature > 78F
Otherwise
Turn on pump
To reach steady state:
Increase valve position by 10% (every 10 min) until
temperature setpoint of 71F is met
Decrease valve position by 5% (every 10 min) until
temperature setpoint of 71F is met

After reaching steady state

Adjust valve position by 1% (every 10 min) only

During unoccupied hours temperature setpoint = 66F

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Fan Coil Units

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Fan coil units

Active components: chilled water control
valve
On 24/7
Temperature control:
Modulate chilled water valve position to
achieve temperature setpoint if space
temperature is above setpoint
If two spaces are controlled by one unit,
control using higher space temperature
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Main chilled water loop

Serves:
Tempered water loop
Cooling coils
(AHU, FC, CVs, VAVs)
Server Rack
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Chilled water system

Active components: Control valve and
booster pump
Normal operation: Valve is used to control
differential pressure to setpoint (if not
enough booster pump helps out)
If water return temp < 58F (for > 5 min) reset
down differential pressure setpoint
If water return temp < 55F (for > 5 min), start
pump and recirculate water
If water supply temp < 48F go back to normal
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Tempered chilled water

loop

Serves:
Active beams
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Tempered chilled water system

Active components: Two pumps
On/off speed control
Lead/lag operation (weekly)
Pumps are controlled to meet differential pressure setpoint
lead pumps first
If pressure difference too small, lag pump starts in addition
If both run slow (< 25Hz), turn off lag pump
Pumps should be off during unoccupied hours (expect overrides)
Temperature control
Maintain supply water temperature at 60F by opening and
closing control valve
Supply Temp Reset (to prevent condensation on active beams)
If outside dewpoint temperature > 58F
-> supply temperature setpoint = dewpoint temperature + 2F
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Main hot water loop

CEE 243

Serves:
Tempered water loop
Heating coils
(AHU, CVs)
Radiators

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Hot water system

Active components: Two pumps, heat
exchanger valve
On/Off speed control
Same as for tempered chilled water system
If no hot water is needed close heat exchanger
valve

Temperature control
Maintain supply water temperature at 180F by
opening and closing value 1 (1/3 of flow) and
valve 2 (2/3 of flow)

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Main hot water loop

CEE 243

Serves:
Tempered water loop
Heating coils
(AHU, CVs)
Radiators

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Tempered hot water system

Active components: Two pumps, valve
On/Off speed control
Same as for hot water system

Temperature control
Maintain supply water temperature at 110F
by opening and closing value

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Air handling unit

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Air handling unit

Sequence of Operations - Cooling

if 1. Cooling coil valve position (219) > 0
And 2. if the outside air temperature (1123) >
exhaust air temperature (1128),
then 3. heat pipe bypass damper (221) will modulate
closed forcing air to pass over the heat pipe &
CEE 243
avoid
precooling.

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Air Handling Units (1)

Active components: fans, heating and
cooling coil water valve, heat recovery
bypass valve, cooling coil bypass valve
24/7 because of labs in the basement
Maintain static pressure setpoint by
modulating fan speed
Supply air to be maintained at 65F (max
DewPoint 60F)
Cooling, Heating, Dehumidification, Morning
Warm-up
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Air Handling Units (2) - cooling

Active components: heat recovery bypass damper, cooling coil
bypass damper, cooling coil valve
Heat recovery
If outside air temperature > exhaust air temperture -> heat
recovery bypass damper closed (heat recovery on) otherwise
open
Heat recovery bypass damper modulates to set supply air
temperature to setpoint
Cooling
If no heating and supply air temperature > setpoint
-> cooling coil bypass damper closed and cooling coil valve
modulates to achieve setpoint
If no heating and supply air temperature < setpoint
-> first close valve then close bypass damper
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Air Handling Units (3) - heating

Active components: heat recovery bypass damper, cooling coil
bypass damper, cooling coil valve
Heat recovery
If outside air temperature < heat recovery leaving temperature
& exhaust air temperature > heat recovery leaving temperature
-> heat recovery bypass damper closed (heat recovery on)
otherwise open
Heat recovery bypass damper modulates to set supply air
temperature to setpoint
Heating
If no cooling and supply air temperature < setpoint
-> heating coil bypass damper closed and heating coil valve
modulates to achieve setpoint
If no cooling and supply air temperature > setpoint
-> first close valve then close bypass damper
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Air Handling Units (4) - dehumidification

If leaving air dewpoint temperature > 60 F

then maintain dewpoint setpoint in
addition to temperature setpoint with
additional heating to lower moisture
content in air

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Air Handling Units (5) Morning

warmup

Only if daytime temperature does not

exceed 68F
2-6 am air supply temperature setpoint is set
to 69F
After 6am everything is set to normal

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Air handling unit

Apply the rule to lots of data
'M2_AHU M2_AHU 'M2_AHU ,
'M2_AHU
M2_AHU 1_HeatRe 1_HeatRe 1_Exhaus 'M2_AHU 1_HeatRe
1_Outsid cExhaust cExhaust tAirFlow 1_CoolCo cBypassD
eAirTem ExitTemp Temp_ Rate_
ilValvePo amperPo
('DateTime',
p_1123', _1105', 1128',
1127'
s_ 219', s_ 221') OAT>EAT
3/27/2009 11:25
22
22
22
9
47.6
0
3/27/2009 11:30
22
22
22
9
48
0
3/27/2009 11:35
22
22
22
9
48
0
3/27/2009 11:40
22
22
22
9
49
0
3/27/2009 11:45
23
22
22
9
49
0
3/27/2009 11:50
23
22
22
9
49
0
3/27/2009 11:55
23
22
22
9
49.8
0
3/27/2009 12:00
23
22
22
9
50
0
3/27/2009 12:05
23
22
22
9
50
0
3/27/2009 12:10
23
22
22
9
51
0
3/27/2009 12:15
23
22
22
9
51
0

Sequence of Operations - Cooling

if 1. Cooling coil valve position (219) > 0
And 2. if the outside air temperature (1123) >
exhaust air temperature (1128),
then 3. heat pipe bypass damper (221) will modulate
closed forcing air to pass over the heat pipe &
CEE 243
avoid
precooling.

Cooling
if 1. Cool
HP
And 2. if
Intended
HP
damper
then 3. h
HP bypass damper position
the heat
damper
position
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed

position
OK?
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK

always
OK?
Ok

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Air handling unit

Apply the rule to lots of data
'M2_AHU M2_AHU 'M2_AHU ,
'M2_AHU
Intended
HP
M2_AHU 1_HeatRe 1_HeatRe 1_Exhaus 'M2_AHU 1_HeatRe
HP
HP
damper
1_Outsid cExhaust cExhaust tAirFlow 1_CoolCo cBypassD
bypass damper position
eAirTem ExitTemp Temp_ Rate_
ilValvePo amperPo
damper position always
('DateTime',
p_1123', _1105', 1128',
1127'
s_ 219', s_ 221') OAT>EAT position
OK?
OK?
3/27/2009 12:20
23
22
22
9
52
40
closed
bad
problem
3/27/2009 12:30
23
22
22
9
53
20
closed
bad
3/27/2009 12:35
24
23
22
9
53.2
40
closed
bad
3/27/2009 12:40
23
22
22
9
54
40
closed
bad
3/27/2009 12:45
24
23
22
9
54
60
closed
bad
3/27/2009 12:50
23
22
22
9
54
40
closed
bad
3/27/2009 12:55
24
23
22
9
54
40
closed
bad
3/27/2009 13:00
24
23
22
9
54
80
closed
bad
3/27/2009 13:05
24
23
22
9
54.6
99.8
closed
bad
3/27/2009 13:10
24
23
22
9
54
100
closed
bad
3/27/2009 13:15
24
23
22
9
54
49.75
closed
bad

Sequence of Operations - Cooling

if 1. Cooling coil valve position (219) > 0
And 2. if the outside air temperature (1123) >
exhaust air temperature (1128),
then 3. heat pipe bypass damper (221) will modulate
closed forcing air to pass over the heat pipe &
CEE 243
avoid
precooling.

Cooling
if 1. Cooling coi
And 2. if the ou
then 3. heat pip
the heat pipe &

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Mechanical ventilation

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Building pressurization control

Basement:
Labs: Negative pressure: 5-10% more
exhaust air than supply
Offices: Positive pressure: 5-10% more
supply air than exhaust

Above Grade levels:

If static pressure rises above 0.03 w.c. atria
dampers open to keep pressure below 0.03
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Natural ventilation

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Natural ventilation
Active components: Operable windows, atria damper
Initial range for natural ventilation outside air temperature 68 85F
If outdoor temperature is within range & average space
temperature > 70F -> open dampers
For each zone where temperature > 70F open operable
windows
If zone temperature < 70F for at least 5 min close windows
If all windows around one atrium are closed close
corresponding atrium damper
Night purge (if daytime outside air temperature exceeds 75F)
During unoccupied hours open windows if Outside air
temperature < 65F and space temperature > 65F Close
windows if space temperature < 63F
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Representative offices in Y2E2

2 offices on the North side with radiant
heating and ceiling fans

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Representative offices in Y2E2

2 offices on the South side with active
beams (heating and cooling)

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Workflow to interpret building energy monitoring data

Functional intent
Measured data (x 2400
points @ 1x/minute)
Work flow

Step 1

Select system & points for

analysis

All Ok

Step 2

Synthesize functional
intent and data context

All Ok

Step 3

Access and graph data

Else repeat Step 3 for additional clarity

Summary assessment

All Ok

Step 4

Assess data conformance

to functional intent
Else
All Ok

Step 5

Identify potential causes

Else
All Ok

Step 6

Steps 1-4 for

satisfactory fault
diagnosis

Document and discuss

findings
Else

CEE 243

Steps 1-3 for

additional
clarity

All Ok
End

Steps 1-5 to
Clarify

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Reading
ACCO engineered systems, HVAC Sequences of
Operation for Stanford SEQ2 Environment and Energy
Building, 2007
Abram, T., J. Kunz, J. ODonnell, and M. Garr, Energy
Performance Analyses of a Santa Clara County Facility
by CEE243 Student Groups, CIFE Technical Report
#TR204, 2011

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Homework
For an assigned system, compare
patterns between different years (2008,
2009, 2010)
Classify pattern (red/yellow/green) re
assumed functional intent

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Big idea
Modern energy management systems include a
combination of passive and active control of energy
distribution
Passive: constant (volume/flow)
Active: variable (volume/flow) under computer
control
Based on If-then conditional control rules of
general form
If setpoint value out of range and
Other conditions met
Then adjust control variable value
CEE 243

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Copyright 2012