Cha 3 PDF
Cha 3 PDF
Cha 3 PDF
3.1.1 cUkhw;wk;
jkJ tho;fi
; f tl;lj;jpy; NtWgl;l
Gwj;Njhw;w mikg;igf; nfhz;l
gUtq; f isAila capuq; f pfs; vkJ
#oypy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. mtw; w py;
tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp> Esk;G> jtis> tPl;L <
Mfpait Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ,t;thwhd
tpyq;Ffs; jkJ tho;f;if tl;lj;jpy;
cU 3.1
c U k h w ; w k ; (metamorphosis) v d ; D k ;
Njhw;wg;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. capuq;fpnahd;W gpwe;J> tsu;e;J>
,dg;ngUf;fk; %yk; Gjpa re;jjpnahd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jg; gpd; ,wf;Fk;
tiuAs;s mjd; tho;f;iff; fhyj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;s gy;NtW gUtq;fs;
mlq;fpa tl;lk; mt;tq;fpapd; tho;f;if tl;lk
k; (life cycle) vdg;gLk;.
jkJ tho;f;if tl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW gUtq;fspy; xd;wpypUe;Njhd;W
NtWgl;l Gwj;Njhw;w mikg;igf; fhl;LtJ cUkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
cyfpy; mjpfstpy; gue;J thOk; mq;fpfshd G+r;rpfs; jkJ
tho;f;if tl;lj;jpy; cUkhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. cUkhw;wk; ,U
Kiwfspy; eilngWfpd;wJ.
epiwAUkhw;wk;
FiwAUkhw;wk;
97
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
epiwAUkhw;wk
k;
FiwAUkhw;wk;
epiwTlyp
epiw
cUkhw; w k;
Kl;il
Flk;gp
epiwTlyp
Fiw
k;
cUkhw; w k
mzq;F
$l;Lg;GO
Esk;G
epiwAU
khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;l
G+r;rpapdkhFk;. tho;f;if
tl;lj;jpd; ntt;NtW
gUtq; f spy; xd; w pypUe;
njhd;W NtWgl;l #oypy;
tho;tJld; NtWgl;l
czTfisAk; cz;Zk;.
Esk;G
Kl;il
$l;Lg;GO
ePuk
; l;lk;
Fj;jpAwpQ;Rk;
thAWg;G
cU 3.5 - Esk;G
tsu; e ; j
Flk; g p
Flk; g pg;
gUtk; 1
cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?
tP l ; L <ahdJ jdJ cliy xU kzpj; j pahyaj; j pw; F ehd; F
jlitfs; Rj;jk; nra;fpd;wJ.
epiwTlyp ePu;Nkw;gug;gpy;
mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Ftpayhf
Kl; i lfisapLk; . Kl; i lapy;
,Ue; J thw; N ga; ntsptUk; .
thw;Nga; G+f;fspdhy; Rthrpf;Fk;.
Kl;il
,J thypd; cjtpahy; ePupy; ePej
; p
mq;Fs;s Ez;jhtuq;fis
Kjpu;ej
; tha;Nga;
czthf cl; n fhs; S k; . gpd;
thiy ,oe; J epiwTlypahf
,sk; thw;Nga;
cUkhw;wk; milAk;. tsu;r;rp
mile;j Njiu/ jtis xl;Lk;
jd;ikAs;s
ehf;fpdhy;
cU 3.7 - Njiuapd; tho;f;if tl;lk;
G+r; r pfisg; gpbj; J cz; Z k; .
epyj;jpy; ,lk;ngauTk; ePe;jTk; Vw;wKiwapy; ghjq;fs; ,irthf;fk;
mile;Js;sd. ,it Rthrg;ig> Njhy; vd;gd %yk; Rthrj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
xg;gil - 1
ntt;NtW tpyq;Ffspd; tho;f;if tl;lq;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf
fsg;gaznkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;. ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;jtw;iwf;
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
101
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
Neha; f ; f huzpfisf;
fhTk; Esk; g pdq; f s;
mNdhgpyp];
fpA+nyf;];
<b];
<b];
fpA+nyf;
fpA+Nyf;
]]
; ;
Nehiag; gug;Gk;
mq;fpfs; fhtpfs;
vd;Wk; Nehia
Vw;gLj;Jk;
Ez;zq;fpfs;
Neha;f; fhuzpfs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;
gLk;.
103
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
tPlL
; <ahdJ Fg;ig$sq;fs;> mOFk; Nrjdg;nghUs;fs; vd;gtw;wpy;
Kl;ilapLfpd;wJ. <apd; Flk;gp> $l;Lg;GO vd;gd Fg;igfspNyNa
fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. ,jdhy;> tPlL
; f;F mUfpy; cs;s Fg;igfis mfw;Wjy;>
Gijj;jy; vd;gd%yk; tPl;L < ngUFtijj; jLf;fyhk;. Fg;igj;
njhl;bfis %bitj;jy;> czTg; nghUs;fis tPl;L < nkha;f;fhky;
%b itj;jy; vd;gd %yk; tPlL
; <apdhy; gug;gg;gLk; nfhyuh> tapwW
; isT
Nghd;w Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwyhk;.
104
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
cU 3.12 jhf;Fk;
njd;idiaj;
fUtz;L
cU 3.13
fUtz;bdhy; jhf;fg;gl;l
njd;idapd; Njhw;wk;
gpbj;J
go <
cU 3.14 - go <
cU 3.15 - go <apd;
jhf;fj;Jf;Fs;shd gok;
ney; %l;Lg;g+r;rp
cU 3.16
ney; %l;Lg;g+r;rp
cU 3.17
ney; %l;Lg;
g+r; r papdhy;
Nrjkhf; f g; g l; l
ney;
nraw;ghL - 3.2
taypy; fhzg;gLk; gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLk; gpd
; t
; Uk; ghuk;gupa
Kiwfspd; tpQ; Q hduP j pahd tpsf; f j; i j cq; f s; Mrpupauplk;
fye;Jiuahbg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
ney;taypy; KRW (xU tif vWk;G) NghLjy;.
ney;taYf;Fg; ghw;Nrhw;iw tprpWjy;.
nfhf;fl;bf;fha; vz;nza;j; jPg;ge;jk; nfhSj;Jjy;
mTyf;fNghwh tz;L
cU 3.18
mTyf;fNghwh tz;L
xg;gil - 3
107
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
nraw;ghL - 3.3
cq;fisr; #oTs;s Rw;whlypy; eilngWk; gy;NtW ,ilj;jhf;fq;fis
mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw vOJq;fs;.
108
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
,lg;ngau;rr; pfF
;
Vw;g
cz;Zk;
czT
tiffSf;F
Vw;g
gUkDf;F
Vw;g
mq;fpfspd;
gy;tifik
czT
cl;nfhs;Sk;
Kiwf;Nfw;g
mq;fpfspd;
cly;
mikg;Gf;F
Vw;g
thOfpdw
;
#oYf;F
Vw;g
cU 3.22 - kPd;fspilNa
czTf;fhfg; Nghl;b
ePu; / epyk;
kz;zpDs;
epyk;;
.........................
..........................
..........................
...........................
MzpNtu;j;
njhFjp
;z
pf
;zpf
Gyp
ML
rpqf
; k;
khL
ahid Xeha;
Kay; fOF
Rwh
khd;
kdpjd;
fhfk;
Nfhop
,why;
midj;JKz;zpfs;
z
s
;
uTz
jht
s;
cU 3.23
#oypy; fhzg;gLk;
tpyq;Ffs; czitg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jkf;fpilNa Nghl;b
NghLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> tpyq;Ffspd;
NtWgl;l czT Kiw fhuzkhf
Nghl;b Fiwf;fg;gLtjhy; xNu #oypy;
gy;NtW mq;fpfs; xd;whfNt
tho; f pd; w d. tpyq; F fspd; czT
Kiwf; N fw; g mq; f pfisj; jhtu
Tz;zpfs;> CDz;zpfs;> midj;J
Kz;zpfs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
tpyq;Ffspd; czTKiwf;Nfw;g
mit czT cl;nfhs;Sk; KiwfSk; NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
c-k;: G+r;rpfs;> gwitfs;.
nraw;ghL - 3.5
gpd; t Uk; gwitfspd; czitf; $Wq; f s; . NkYk; > czit
cl;nfhs;s mit nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fisf; $Wq;fs;.
fpsp
new;FUtp
nfhf;F
fOF
Njd;rplL
;
jhuh
111
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
3.3.3 ,iunfsty;
(Predation)
#ow;nwhFjpapYs;s mq;fpfSf;
fpilapy; gy;NtW ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. czitg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf mq;fpfSf;fpilNa
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd;
tpisthf czTr; rq;fpyp> czT
tiy Nghd; w it cUthfpd; w d.
czTr; rq;fpypapd; ,izg;Gfspy;
gpd;Ds;s mq;fp mjw;F Kd;Ds;s
mq;fpia czthf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
Xu; mq;fp gpwpNjh mq;fpia
cU 3.24 - ,iuiag; gpbf;Fk;
rpq;fk;
czthf;fpf;nfhs;sy; ,iunfsty;
vdg;gLk;. ,q;F czthFk; mq;fp ,iu vd;Wk; czthf;fpf;nfhs;Sk;
mq;fp ,iunfstp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. c-k;: Kay; Gw;fis czthff;
nfhs;sy;> nrz;gfk; ej;ijfisg; gpbj;Jz;zy;. ,q;F nrz;gfk;
,iunfstpahfTk; ej;ij ,iuahfTk; cs;sd.
,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjpapy; mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia my;yJ
njhifia khwhky; NgZtjpy; ,iunfsty; nraw;ghL Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,J mq;fpfspd; njhifapy; tl;l xOq;fhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
c-k;: Gypfspd; (,iunfstp) vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ khd;> Kay;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; (,iu) vz;zpfi
; f FiwAk;. ,jdhy;> GypfSf;F czTg;
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;L Gypfspd; vz;zpf;if fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,iunfstpfs; jkJ ,iuia Ntl;ilahLtjw;F tpNrlkhd
,irthf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
112
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
Gw xl;Lz;zp
ghjpg;G
cz;zp
eha;> G+id
Ngd;
njs;S
kdpjd;> gwit
eha;
mf xl;Lz;zp
tl;lg;GO
gpsh];Nkhbak;
nfhSf;fpg; GO
tpUe;Jtoq;fp
ghjpg;G
rpe; j pAq; f s; !
xl;Lz;zpfs; tpUe;Jtoq;fpf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhYk;; kpf mupjhfNt
kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
113
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
cU 3.28
J}j; J kf; n fhj; j hd;
nraw;ghL - 3.6
xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fisf;
gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
NkYk; >
xl;Lz;zpahf
gy Neha;fis
fhuzpfs; vd
tpUe;J toq;fpj;
jhtuk;
xl;Lz;zp
ney;
gq;fR
thio
itu];
kpsfha;> jf;fhsp
gw;wPupah
Neha;
fgpyepwg; Gs;sp
Neha;
,iyrpj; j pu tbt
Neha;
thly; Neha;
cU 3.29
fgpyepwg;
Gs;sp Neha;
nraw;ghL - 3.7
cq; f s; tP l ; L j; Njhl; l j; j pYs; s jhtuq; f is mtjhdpAq; f s; .
mj;jhtuq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; gy;NtW Neha;fisg; ngaupl;L> me;Neha;fspd;
fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpe;J gl;bay; xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.
114
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
3.4.1 ntg;gepiy
#upadpypUe; J fpilf; F k; ntg; g f; f jpu; f s; fhuzkhfr;
#oy;ntg;gepiy Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; Etnuypahg; gpuNjrk;
Fiwe; j ntg; g epiyiaAk; mk; g he; N jhl; i lg; gpuNjrk; $ba
ntg;gepiyiaAk; nfhz;litahFk;. ,g;gpuNjrq;fSf;F ePqf
; s; Rw;Wyh
nrd;wpUe;jhy; mq;Fs;s jhtuq;fSf;fpilapy; NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gij
mtjhdpj;jpUg;gPu;fs;.
,t;thNw> cyfpy; ntg;gepiy
mjpfk; epyTk; ghiytdq;fspYk;
ntg;gepiy Fiwe;j Fspu;
gpuNjrq; f spYk; fhzg; g Lk;
jhtuq; f Sf; f pilNaAk; gy
NtWghLfs; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d.
#ow; fhuzpahd ntg;g
epiyapdhy; gy; N tW jhtur;
rhfpaq;fs;
ntt;NtW
gpuNjrq;fSf;F vy;iyg;
c U 3.3
3.300 gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
ntg; g g;
cU 3.31 - Fspu;
ck;: flw;fiuj; jhtur;rhfpak;>
gpuNjrj; jhtuk
jhtuk;
gpuNjrj; jhtuk;;
fz;lw; jhtu rhfpak;.
Fspu; fhyk;
ntg;g fhyk;
cU 3.32
jhtu
tsu; r ; r p
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
cU 3.34 - mjpf
MtpAapu; g ; g pd; fhuzkhf
thbAs;s jhtuk;
cU
3.33
cU 3.35
JUtf; fub
ngd;Fapd;
xl;lfk;
cU 3.36 - ntt;NtW fhyepiyfSf;F Vw;g ,irthf;fkile;Js;s
tpyq; F fs;
116
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
xg;gil - 4
cq; f s; Rw; w hlypd; ntg; g epiy FiwAk; N ghJk; $Lk; N ghJk;
tpyq; F fspy; Vw; g Lk; elj; i j khw; w q; f is mtjhdpj; J g;
gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
3.4.2 xsp
vkf;F xspiaj; jUfpd;w gpujhd xspKjy; #upadhFk;. gr;ir
epwKs;s jhtuq;fs; #upa xspiag; gad;gLj;jp xspj;njhFg;ig elj;jpj;
jkf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; njhFf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> ,j;jhtuq;fs;
117
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
cU 3.40 - mfj;jp
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
,f;Nrhuh
jf;fhsp
cU 3.41 - fLk; #upa
xspia tpUk;Gk; jhtuq;fs;
ngNfhdpah
gd;dk;
cU 3.42 - ,sk; #upa xspia
tpUk;Gk; jhtuq;fs;
3.4.3 ePu;
Gtpapy; tho;fpd;w vy;yh mq;fpfSf;Fk; ePu; mtrpak;. jhtuq;fspd;
cly;epiwapy; 65% ePuhFk;. jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd jhtug;
Nghrizg; gjhu;jj
; q;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mit jhtuq;fspDs;
flj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; ePu; Clfk; mtrpak;. epyj;jpy; tsUk; jhtuq;fs;
jkf;Fj; Njitahd ePiu kz;zpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpdw
; d. Nknyhl;bj;
jhtuq;fs; tspapYs;s ePuhtpia cwpQ;Rtjd; %yk; Njitahd ePiug;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpdw
; d. jhtuq;fspy; epfOk; xspjn
; jhFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwf;Fk;
119
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
3.4.4 kz;
gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;l kz; tiffisf;
fz;bUg;gPu;fs;. vt;tifahd kz;zpYk; kzy;> fsp; Nghd;w fdpa
tiffSk; cf;fy; Nghd;w Nrjdg; nghUs;fSk; kz;tsp> kz;zPu;>
kz; mq;fpfs; Nghd;wdTk; NtWgl;l tPjq;fspy; mlq;fpAs;sd. kz;>
jhtuq;fisj;; jhq;fp epw;Fk; ClfkhfTk; jhtuq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;> ePu; Mfpatw;iw toq;Fk; ClfkhfTk;
nraw;gLfpd;wJ. kz;zpy; %d;W tiffs; ,Ug;gij ,dq;fhzyhk;.
mit kzy;kz;> fspkz;> ,Uthl;bkz; vd;gdthFk;.
kzy;kz;
$bastpy; kziyf;
nfhz;lJ
ePulf;fk;
FiwT>
tspalf;fk; mjpfk;;
jhtug; Nghrizg;
gjhu;jj
; q;fs; FiwT
Ez;zq;fpfs;
FiwT
fspkz;
$bastpy; fspiaf;
nfhz;lJ
ePulf;fk; mjpfk;>
tspalf;fk; FiwT
jhtug; Nghrizg;
gjhu;jj
; q;fs; FiwT
Ez;zq;fpfs;
FiwT
,Uthl;bkz;
rk mstpy; fsp> kzy;>
cf;fy; vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;lJ
gapuf
; Sf;Fj; Njitahd mstpy;
ePulf;fk;> tspalf;fk; nfhz;l
; J
jhtug;Nghrizg; gjhu;jj
; q;fisf;
$Ljyhff; nfhz;lJ
Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopwg
; hL
mjpfk;
120
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
jhtu tsu;rr
; pf;F kz;zpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij MuhAk;NghJ> mjw;F
;
,Uthl; b kz; cfe; j J vd NkNyAs; s ml; l tizapy; ,Ue; J
njspthfpd;wJ. ,Uthl;b kz;zpy; jhtuq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
Kiwapy; kz;tsp> kz;zPu; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nraw; g hL 3.10
rpwpjsT kz;izf; fljhrpapy; vLj;Jg; gug;gp mjpy; cs;s mq;fpfis
,dq; f hZq; f s; . rpwpa mq; f pfis ,dq; f hzf; iftpy; i yiag;
gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.
cU 3.46 - kz;GO
cU
Ntu;
3.45 - kz;zpZs;
gutpAs;s Kiw
121
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
ePu;
jhtuj;jpd; rpwg;ghd
tsu;r;rpAk; cau;
tpisr;rYk;
#upa xsp
tsp (Co2>O2)
<ug;gjd;
ntg;gepiy
cfe;j kz;
cU 3.47
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if
cU 3.48 - ghuk;gupa
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if
Nridg; gapur
; n
; ra;ifiaj; njhlu;eJ
; xNu ,lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;t
; jhy;
epyj;jpd; tsk; ngUkstpy; Fiwe;J tpLk;. ,jdhy;> mt;tplj;ijf;
iftplL
; NtW ,lq;fspy; gapur
; n
; ra;if Muk;gpf
; f
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf
5 tUlq; f spd; gpd; d u; ,t; t hW ,lk; khw; w g; g Lk; . Nridg;
gapu;r;nra;ifapy; mWtil Nghf vQ;Rk; gapu;f; fopTfs; epyj;jpypUe;J
mfw;wg;glhjjhy; kz;tsk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
123
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
xg;gil - 5
,yq;ifapy; Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if nra;ag;gLk; ,lq;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J
vOJq;fs;. Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; #oYf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; ed;ikjPikfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
jhtu tsu;rr
; pf;Fj; Njitahd ntg;gepiy> tspapd; $Wfs; Nghd;w
#ow; fhuzpfis gapu;rn
; ra;iff;F cfe;j mstpy; nraw;if Kiwapy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; gapu;rn
; ra;if Kiw gr;ir tPlL
; g; gapu;tsu;gG
;
vdg;gLk;.
etPd gr;ir tPlb
; y; ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjd;> tspapd; $Wfs; vd;gtw;iw
mse;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
mNefkhd gr;ir tPLfs; tpy;tisT (tpy;yiu) tbtpy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
,tw;iw epu;khzpg;gjw;F CLfhl;Lk; fz;zhb tiffs;> gpshj;jpf;F>
nghypjj
; d
P ; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; fopa+jhf; fjpuf
; isj;
jil nra;Ak; nghypjj
; d
P ; (UV treated polythene) gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
124
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
gr;ir tPlL
; g; gapur
; n
; ra;if nryT $ba KiwahFk;. ,J mNefkhd
,ilntg;gtya ehLfspy; > Fspuf
; hyq;fspy>; ntg;gepiyiag; NgZtjd;
%yk; gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwahFk;.
NkYk;> gupNrhjid eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; mjpf re;ij tha;g;Gs;s>
ngWkjpahd jhtuq; f isg; ngw; W f; n fhs; t jw; f hfTk; ,k; K iw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. c-k; : ryhJ> jf;fhsp> ];Nuhngup (strawberry).
u
(Hydroponics)
Mokw;w
kpsfha;>
epiyf;Fj;jhf mikf;fg;gl;l
tsu;g;G+lfq;fs; - fPiu> kuf;fwp>
ryhJ> myq;fhug; G+f;fs;
125
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
nraw;ghL - 3.11
Njitaw; w I]; f puP k ; nfhs; f yq; f isg; gad; g Lj; j p ty; y hiug;
gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Njitahd nghUs; f s;
ntWikahd I];fpuPk; nfhs;fyk; (4l nfhs;fyk;)
jug;gl;l mwpTj;jy;fSf;F mikaf; fyf;fg;gl;l my;Ngl;
fiury; (Albert solution) (3l/2l)
nfhjpePuhtpapy; mtpf;fg;gl;l Jk;Gr;NrhW (Jk;Gj;J}s;)
Njitaw;w Nahfl; Nfhg;igfs; (Jisaplg;gl;l)
ty;yhiu ehw;Wfs;
nra; K iw
nfhs;fyj;jpDs; jahupf;fg;gl;l my;Ngl; fiuriy ,Lq;fs;.
Jisaplg;gl;l Nahfl; Nfhg;igfisj; Jk;Gr; Nrhw;wpdhy; epug;Gq;fs;.
gpd; mjpy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ty;yhiu ehw;Wfis eLq;fs;.
nfhs;fyj;jpd; %biaj; Jisapl;L mjpy; Nahfl; Nfhg;igia
mjd; Jisaplg;gl;l fPo;g;gFjp jputj;jpy; ed;whfj; njhLkhW
itAq;fs;. gpd; ,jidr; #upa xspapy; itAq;fs;.
Nghrizj; jputj;ijf;
nfhz;l nfhs;fyk;
126
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
fhshd; gapu;r;nra;if
kfhtyp fhshd;
mzpy; fhshd;
`Pd;ntypf; fhshd;
127
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
rf;jp - 13 fNyhup
Gujk; - 2.5 g
nfhOg;G - 0.3 g
fy;rpak; - 20 mg
,Uk;G - 1 mg
jakpd; - 120 mg
iuNghgpNstpd; - 500 mg
earpd; - 5.8 mg
tpw;wkpd; C - 3.0 mg
fhshd; vd;gJ tpUj;jp mile;j G+Q;rz tif xd;wpd; ,dg;ngUf;f
mikg;ghFk;.
itf;Nfhy; fhshd;
Nfhy;ld; tu;f;fk;
mnkupff
; tu;ff
; k;
cU 3.53 - rpg;gpf; fhshd; tiffs;
xg;gil - 6
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fhshd; gapuplg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W
jfty;fisg; ngw;W mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.
fhshd; gapu;r;nra;if gw;wp tptrhaj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l
rpw;NwLfis cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tptrhag; NghjdhrpupauplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
myq;fhu kyu;tsu;g;G
129
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
130
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
gapw;rp
jtis
1.
131
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf