BENGKEL PECUTAN AKHIR

Nama : .
: 5

Ting

QUESTION 1

Table 7.1 shows the electron arrangement of elements T, U, V, W and X.

Jadual 7.1 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi unsur T, U, V,W dan X.

(a)

Element

Electron arrangement

Unsur

Susunan elektron

T
U
V

2.1
2.7
2.8.1

2.8.7

2.8.8

Table 7.1/ Jadual 7.1

Compare the atomic size between atom of element T and V. Explain your
answer.
Bandingkan saiz atom di antara atom unsur T dan atom unsur V. Terangkan jawapan anda.

(b)

[2 marks]
Compare the atomic size between atom of element V and W. Explain your
answer.
Bandingkan saiz atom di antara atom unsur V dan atom unsur W. Terangkan jawapan anda.

[4 marks]
(c)

Which element is chemically unreactive? Explain your answer.

Unsur manakah yang tidak reaktif secara kimia? Terangkan jawapan anda.

[3 marks]
(d)

Compare the reactivity of element T and V. Explain your answer.

Bandingkan kereaktifan unsur T dan V. Terangkan jawapan anda.

[4 marks]
(e)

Compare the reactivity of element U and W. Explain your answer.

Bandingkan kereaktifan unsur U dan W. Terangkan jawapan anda.

[4 marks]

QUESTION 2
Diagram 7.3 shows the electron arrangement diagrams for magnesium oxide and
carbon dioxide.

Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan gambarajah susunan elektron bagi magnesium oksida dan karbon dioksida.

Magnesium oxide / magnesium oksida

carbon dioxide / karbon dioksida

Diagram 7.3 / Rajah 7.3

(a)

Based on diagram 7.3, state the type of bond and explain the formation of
bond in both compounds.
Berdasarkan rajah 7.3, nyatakan jenis ikatan dan terangkan pembentukan ikatan bagi keduadua sebatian.

[6 marks]
(b)

Compare the two compounds and explain in terms of :Banding kedua-dua sebatian tersebut dan terang berdasarkan:-

(i)

Melting point and boiling point

Takat lebur dan takat didih

(ii)

Electrical conductivity
Kekonduksian elektrik

[4 marks]

QUESTION 3
Table 10.1 shows two sets of experiments to determine the position of metal M,
metal N and carbon in the Reactivity Series.
Jadual 10.1 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen bagi menentukan kedudukan logam M, logam N dan
karbon dalam Siri Kereaktifan.

Based on the observations in Table 10.1 arrange metal M, metal N and carbon in
ascending order based on their reactivity.
Explain your answer and suggest metal M and metal N.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Jadual 10.1 susun logam M, logam N dan karbon mengikut tertib
menaik berdasarkan kereaktifannya.
Terangkan jawapan anda dan cadangkan logam M dan logam N.

[6 marks]

QUESTION 4

Diagram 10.3 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to investigate the

transfer of electrons at a distance.
Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan susunan radas eksperimen untuk mengkaji pemindahan elektron pada
suatu jarak

By refering to the set up of the apparatus , describe the method to carry out the
experiment. Include in your descriptions :

the names of the suitable substances to be used as the oxidising agent and
reducing agent
the procedures,
the observation,
the confirmatory test of products
the oxidation and reduction half equations.

Dengan merujuk kepada susunan radas di atas, huraikan kaedah untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini.
Masukkan dalam huraian anda , :

nama bahan yang sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan,
langkah-langkah
pemerhatian eksperimen
Ujian pengesahan hasil tindak balas
setengah persamaan pengoksidaan dan setengah persamaan penurunan.

[12 marks]
4

QUESTION 5

Table 9 shows a list of apparatus and materials.

Jadual 9 menunjukkan senarai radas dan bahan.

Apparatus and materials:

Radas dan bahan:

Carbon electrodes

Elektrod-elektrod karbon

Connecting wires

Wayar penyambung

Galvanometer

Dilute sulphuric acid

Asid sulfurik cair

Galvanometer

Bromin water
Air bromin

U-tube

A reducing agent
Suatu agen penurunan

Tiub- U

Table 9 / Jadual 9
Draw one labelled diagram to show the apparatus set-up to investigate electron
transfer at a distance by using the apparatus and materials given in Table 9.
Name the reducing agent.
Describe the redox reaction in terms of the electron transfer at a distance.
Lukiskan satu rajah berlabel bagi menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat pemindahan elektron
pada satu jarak dengan menggunakan radas dan bahan yang terdapat dalam Jadual 9.
Namakan agen penurunan tersebut.
Huraikan tindak balas redoks dari segi pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak.

[9 marks]

QUESTION 6
5

Diagram 10.2 shows an apparatus set up to investigate the effect of two different
metals M and N on the rusting of iron.
Rajah 10.2 menunjuklcan susunan radas bagi mengkaji kesan dua logam berbeza M dan N ke atas
pengaratan besi.

Diagram 10.2 / Rajah 10.2

The result of this experiment after a few days is shown in Table 10.
Keputusan eksperimen selepas beberapa hari adalah seperti dalam Jadual 10.

Pair of metals

Observation

Pasangan logam

Pemerhatian

Blue spots

Fe, M

Tompok biru

No change

Fe, N

Tiada perubahan

Table 10 / Jadual l0
Based on Table 10, suggest the names of metal M and N. Explain why there is a
difference in the observations in both test tubes.

Berdasarkan Jadual 10, cadangkan nama logam M dan N. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan
pemerhatian dalam kedua-dua tabung uji tersebut.

[8 Marks]

QUESTION 7

(a)

Iron is a metal that rusts easily when exposed to air and humidity. With a
labelled diagram, explain how the rusting of iron occurred.
Besi adalah logam yang mudah berkarat apabila terdedah kepada udara dan kelembapan.
Dengan gambar rajah berlabel, huraikan bagaimana pengaratan besi berlaku.

[6 Marks]

(b)

Give three ways to prevent rusting of iron in daily life.

Berikan tiga cara menghalang pengaratan besi dalam kehidupan harian.

[3 Marks]

QUESTION 8
Table shows the results of experiment to investigate the effect of two different
metals, X and Y on the rusting of iron, Fe.
Jadual menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan dua logam berbeza X dan Y
terhadap pengaratan besi, Fe.

Pair of metals

Observation

Pasangan logam

Pemerhatian

Dark blue colour

Fe, X

Warna biru tua

No change

Fe, Y

Tiada perubahan

By using suitable metal X and Y, describe an experiment to study the effect of both
metals on the rusting of iron. Your answer should consist of the following:
Menggunakan logan X dan Y yang sesuai, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kedua-dua
logam ke atas pengaratan besi. Jawapan anda mestilah mengandungi maklumat berikut:

Materials required
/ Bahan yang diperlukan
Procedure
/ prosedur
Observations and inferences
/ pemerhatian dan inferens
Half-equations involved / Persamaan setengah yang terlibat
Conclusion
/ Kesimpulan
[10 Marks]

QUESTION 9

A group of students carried out three experiments to investigate the factors

affecting the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc.
Table 8.1 shows the results of the experiments.
Sekumpulan pelajar membuat eksperimen bagi mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindakbalas antara asid hidroklorik dan zink.
Jadual 8.1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut.

Experimen
t

Time taken to collect

40 cm3 of hydrogen
gas (s)

Reactants
Bahan tindak balas

Eksperimen

Masa yang diambil untuk

mengumpul 40 cm3 gas
hidrogen (s)

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

+ zinc granule + a few drops of
copper(II) sulphate solution

90

II

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

+ zinc granule

150

III

50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

+ zinc granule

50 cm asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm + ketulan

zink + beberapa titis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
3

-3

50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 + ketulan

zink

50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3 + ketulan

zink

270

Based on Table 8.1, compare the rate of reaction between

Experiment I and Experiment II
Experiment II and Experiment III
Berdasarkan Jadual 8.1, bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara
Eksperimen I dan eksperimen II
Eksperimen II dan eksperimen III

Explain the difference in the rate of reaction based on the Collision Theory.
Terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar tindak balas berdasarkan Teori Perlanggaran.

QUESTION 10

[10 marks]

Table 10 shows the results of three sets of experiments to investigate the factors
that affect the rate of reaction. 50 cm 3 of carbon dioxide gas is collected in each
experiment.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tiga set eksperimen untuk menyiasat faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindakbalas. 50 cm3 gas karbon dioksida dikumpulkan dalam setiap eksperimen.

Eksperimen
t
Eksperimen

Temperatur
e / oC

Reactants
Bahan tindak balas

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric

acid + excess marble chips

Time taken to collects

gas/s

Suhu / oC

Masa yang diambil untuk

mengumpulkan gas /s

28

240

28

60

40

150

50 cm3 asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3 +

serpihan marmar berlebihan

II

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric

acid + excess powdered
marble chips
50 cm3 asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3 +
serbuk marmar berlebihan

III

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric

acid + excess marble chips
50 cm3 asid nitrik 1.0 mol dm-3 +
serpihan marmar berlebihan

Table 10
Jadual 10

Based on table 10, compare the rate of reaction between:

Berdasarkan Jadual 10, bandingkan kadar tindak balas antara:

(a)

experiment I and experiment II

eksperimen I dan eksperimen II

(b)

experiments I dan experiment III

eksperimen I dan eksperimen III

In each case explain the difference in the rate of reaction with reference to the
collision theory.
Bagi setiap kes terangkan perbezaan dalam kadar tindak balas dengan merujuk kepada teori
perlanggaran.

[10 marks]

QUESTION 11

Catalyst can be used to increase the rate of reaction between metal and acid. By
using a suitable named of metal and acid, describe an experiment to show how
catalyst affects the rate of reaction.
Mangkin boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas antara logam dan asid. Dengan
menggunakan satu logam, asid dan mangkin yang dinamakan, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk
menunjukkan bagaimana mangkin boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.

[9 marks]

QUESTION 12

Diagram 9.1 shows emission of sulphur dioxide gas during the manufacturing of
sulphuric acid.
Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan pembebasan gas sulfur dioksida semasa penghasilan asid sulfurik.

Explain how sulphur dioxide gas causes problems to the environment.

Terangkan bagaimana gas sulfur dioksida dapat menyebabkan masalah alam sekitar.

[6 marks]

QUESTION 13
10

Diagram 9.2 shows uses of a few alloys in our daily life. Alloy is stronger than its
pure metal.
Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan kegunaan beberapa jenis aloi dalam kehidupan seharian. Aloi lebih kuat
berbanding dengan logam tulennya.

By giving a suitable example, describe a laboratory experiment to compare the

hardness of alloy and its pure metal.
Dengan menggunakan satu contoh yang sesuai, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan
kekerasan aloi dan logam tulennya.

In your description, include the following aspects:Dalam huraian anda, sertakan aspek-aspek berikut:-

Materials and apparatus

Procedure of experiment

Tabulation of data

Observation

Bahan dan alat radas

Prosedur eksperimen

Penjadualan data

Pemerhatian

[10 marks]

QUESTION 14
11

Table 7 shows the information on two types of acids.

Jadual 7 menunjukkan maklumat tentang dua jenis asid.

Acid
Asid

Concentration / mol
dm-3
Kepekatan / mol dm

-3

pH value
Nilai pH

Acid X

1.0

Acid Y

1.0

Asid X

Asid Y

Table 7
Based on the table 7,
(a) State the name of acid X and acid Y.
[2
marks]
(b) Explain why acid X and acid Y with the same concentration has different pH
values.
[5 marks]
Berdasarkan jadual 7,
(a)
Nyatakan nama asid X dan asid Y
(b)
Terangkan mengapa asid X dan asid Y dengan kepekatan yang sama tetapi mempunyai nilai pH
yang berbeza.

QUESTION 15
Table 7 shows the information on two types of alkalis.
Jadual 7 menunjukkan maklumat tentang dua jenis alkali.

Alkali

Concentration / mol
dm-3
Kepekatan / mol dm

-3

pH value
Nilai pH

Alkali X

1.0

13

Alkali Y

1.0

11

Table 7
Based on the table 7,
(a) State the name of alkali X and alkali Y.
[2
marks]
(b) Explain why alkali X and alkali Y with the same concentration has different pH
values.
[5 marks]
Berdasarkan jadual 7,
(a) Nyatakan nama alkali X dan alkali Y

12

(b) Terangkan mengapa alkali X dan alkali Y dengan kepekatan yang sama tetapi mempunyai nilai pH
yang berbeza.

QUESTION 16 KBAT
Your mother has bought an unripe bunch of bananas (all green) back home and
normally it can be eaten in the next 3 days. As a chemistry student, you would like
to make all the bananas ripe in 1 day. You have learned is school that most fruits
ripe due to the production of ethylene gas (ethene) by the fruits. The higher the
production of ethylene gas, the faster the fruit to ripe.
Ibu anda telah membeli sesikat pisang yang belum ranum (semua hijau) balik ke rumah dan biasanya
ia boleh dimakan selepas 3 hari. Sebagai seorang pelajar Kimia, anda ingin menjadikan semua pisang
ini ranum dalam sehari. Anda telah mempelajari di sekolah bahawa buah-buahan menjadi ranum
disebabkan oleh penghasilan gas etilena (etena) oleh buah-buahan. Semakin banyak penghasilan gas
etilena, semakin cepat buah menjadi ranum.

(i)

Give a suggestion on how to make the bunch of bananas ripe (all yellow) in a
safe way?
Beri satu cadangan bagaimana dapat menyebabkan satu sikat pisang menjadi masak (semua
menjadi kuning) dengan selamat ?

[2 marks]
(ii)

Consumption of artificially-ripened bananas will cause serious health problems.

State one of the serious health problems.
Penggunaan bahan masakan buatan pisang akan menyebabkan masalah kesihatan yang serius.
Nyatakan satu masalah kesihatan tersebut.

[1 mark]

QUESTION 17 KBAT

The sting of a jelly-fish is alkaline and can cause pain on skin.

Suggest one substance that can be applied to the skin to relieve the pain without
causing further injury. Give reasons to support your suggestion.
Sengatan obor-obor adalah beralkali dan menyebabkan kesakitan pada kulit.

13

Cadangkan satu bahan yang boleh disapu pada kulit untuk mengurangkan sakit tanpa menyebabkan
kecederaan seterusnya. Beri sebab bagi menyokong cadangan anda.

[4 marks]
QUESTION 18 KBAT
A chef tries to study factor that affects the rise of bread dough. After mixing yeast
with flour, he keeps the bread dough at different temperatures. After 1 hour he
found that the bread doughs rise at different rate.
Seorang tukang masak cuba untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kenaikan doh roti. Selepas
menggaulkan yis dengan tepung gandum, dia menyimpan doh-doh roti pada suhu-suhu yang berbeza.
Selepas 1 jam dia dapati doh-doh roti tersebut naik pada kadar yang berbeza.

(a)

Based on the diagram above, explain the process that causes the rise of bread
dough and how the temperature affects the bread dough rise. .
Berdasarkan rajah tersebut, terangkan proses yang menyebabkan doh roti itu naik dan
bagaimana suhu boleh mempengaruhi kenaikan roti doh itu .

[4 marks]

(b)

What will happen if the dough in the diagram is placed in lower temperature
environment such as in refrigerator? Explain your answer.
Apakah akan berlaku sekiranya doh di dalam rajah diletakkan di dalam persekitaran bersuhu
rendah seperti di dalam peti sejuk? Terangkan jawapan anda.

[3 marks]

14

QUESTION 19 KBAT

Mr. Daud is holding a barbeque party and serves satay and grilled meat.
En Daud mengadakan jamuan bbq dan menghidangkan sate dan daging panggang.

Sate / Satay

Grilled meat / Daging panggang

Satay cook faster than grilled meat.

Sate masak dengan lebih cepat berbanding dengan daging panggang.

(a)

Why satay cook faster than grilled meat? Explain by using the Collision Theory.
Mengapakah sate masak lebih pantas daripada daging panggang? Terangkan jawapan anda
berdasarkan teori pelanggaran.

[3 marks]
(b)

Without changing the size of grilled meat, suggest two ways to cook the grilled
meat in short time. Explain.
Tanpa menukarkan saiz daging panggang, cadangkan dua cara supaya daging panggang dapat
masak dalam masa yang singkat. Terangkan.

[4 marks]

QUESTION 20 KBAT

En. Atan is a farmer. He discovers that his vegetables are not growing well due to
soil problems.
Based on your chemistry knowledge, state two possible causes and ways to
overcome the problems by naming the chemicals used.
En. Atan adalah seorang petani. Dia mendapati tanaman sayurannya tidak tumbuh dengan baik
disebabkan masalah tanah.
Berdasarkan pengetahuan kimia anda, nyatakan dua penyebab yang mungkin dan cara untuk
mengatasi masalah ini dengan menamakan bahan kimia yang digunakan

[4 marks]

15

QUESTION 21 KBAT

Rusting occurs in the presence of water and oxygen.

Pengaratan berlaku dengan kehadiran air dan oksigen.

Diagram 4: Zinc roof consisting zinc and iron metals.

Rajah 4: Atap zink yang terdiri daripada logam zink dan logam besi.

Most of the houses used zinc roof in which zinc metal acts as outer protective layer
to protect iron metal from rusting.
In your opinion, explain why magnesium metal is not suitable to replace zinc metal.
Kebanyakan rumah menggunakan atap zink sebagai bumbung di mana logam zink digunakan sebagai
lapisan pelindung luar kepada logam besi yang akan melindunginya daripada berkarat.
Pada pendapat anda, terangkan mengapa logam magnesium tidak sesuai menggantikan logam zink.

[ 4 marks]

QUESTION 22 KBAT
16

Analgesic is commonly used to relieve pain. In the market, we also have water
soluble analgesic tablets for fast relief. A student tries to carry out investigation the
solubility of this analgesic tablets as shown in Diagram 1.1 below.
Analgesik kerap digunakan untuk melegakan kesakitan. Dalam pasaran, kita dapat juga analgesik
yang terlarutkan dalam air. Seorang pelajar menjalankan penyiasatan tentang keterlarutan analgesik
ini seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.1.

Explain the difference in observation between case X and Y.

Terangkam perbezaan pemerhatian antara kes X dan Y.

QUESTION 23 KBAT
17

[6 marks]

Diagram 3.2 shows a waste gas produced during the manufacture of sulfuric acid
can cause acid rain and plant cannot grow out well.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan gas buangan terhasil semasa pembuatan asid sulfurik boleh menyebabkan
hujan asid dan tumbuhan tidak dapat hidup dengan subur

State the name of gas Y releases from the factory that cause acid rain. Explain why
the plant cannot grow out well and suggest a way to overcome this problem.
Nyatakan nama bagi gas Y yang dibebaskan dari kilang itu yang menyebabkan hujan asid. Terangkan
mengapa tumbuhan tidak tumbuh dengan subur dan cadangkan satu cara untuk mengatasi masalah
itu.

[3 marks]

QUESTION 24 KBAT

Synthetic polymers are widely use in our daily life even though it can cause
environmental pollution.
Explain how synthetic polymers can cause environmental pollution. Suggest two
ways to overcome the problems.
Polimer sintetik digunakan dengan meluas dalam kehidupan harian kita walau pun ianya boleh
menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar.
Terangkan bagaimana polimer sintetik boleh menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar. Cadangkan dua
acara untuk mengatasi masalah itu.

[6 marks]

QUESTION 25 KBAT

18

Gas R is widely used in daily life. For example gas R is used in light bulb. The
following are the characteristics of gas R that makes it very suitable for this
purpose.
Exist as monoatomic gas
Chemically unreactive
Colourless gas
Non-flammable
Gas R digunakan secara meluas dalam kehidupan seharian. Sebagai contoh gas R digunakan dalam
mentol. Berikut adalah ciri-ciri gas R yang menjadikannya sangat sesuai untuk kegunaan tersebut.
Wujud sebagai gas monoatom
Tidak reaktif secara kimia
Gas tanpa warna
Tidak mudah terbakar

State the name of gas R. Explain why gas R is suitable to fill the light bulb.
Nyatakan nama gas R. Terangkan mengapa gas R sesuai untuk mengisi mentol.

[2 marks]

QUESTION 26 KBAT
During a football game, a player found that his knee was swollen after being hit by
the opponent player. A physiotherapy put ice cubes on his knee to relieve the pain.
As a chemistry student, suggest another method to help the player. Explain how the
method you choose will help the player.
Semasa perlawanan bola sepak, seorang pemain mendapati lututnya bengkak selepas berlanggar
dengan pemain lawan. Seorang ahli fisioterapi meletakkan ketulan ais pada lutut pemain itu untuk
mengurangkan kesakitan. Sebagai seorang pelajar kimia, cadangkan kaedah lain untuk membantu
pemain itu. Terangkan bagaimana kaedah yang dipilih dapat membantu pemain itu.
[3 marks]

QUESTION 27 KBAT

Anti-acids contain ingredients, such as aluminium hydroxide and magnesium

hydroxide. Anti-acids can provide almost instant relief for indigestion. Normally we
have to chew antacid tablets before swallowing it. Explain why.
Anti-asid mengandungi bahan seperti aluminium hidroksida dan magnesium hidroksida. Anti-asid
boleh memberikan kelegaan serta-merta bagi masalah ketidakhadaman. Kebiasaanya kita perlu
mengunyah tablet anti-asid sebelum menelannya. Terangkan mengapa.

[4 marks]
QUESTION 28 KBAT

19

Diagram 6.1 shows an iron padlock found on the door inside a house. Diagram 6.2
shows the same type of padlock on the door of a lighthouse at the seaside.
Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan sebuah mangga besi terjumpa pada pintu dalam sebuah rumah.
menunjukkan mangga jenis yang sama pada pintu sebuah rumah api di tepi laut

Beside the sea

Inside the house

Di tepi laut

Di dalam rumah

(i)

Rajah 6.2

Diagram 6.1

Diagram 6.2

Rajah 6.1

Rajah 6.2

Explain why the iron padlock rusts easily at places near the sea?
Terangkan mengapakah mangga besi senang berkarat di tempat-tempat yang berdekatan
dengan laut?

(ii)

[ 2 marks]
Suggest two methods that can be used to prevent the rusting of the padlock.
Cadangkan dua cara yang boleh digunakan untuk mencegah pengaratan mangga tersebut.

[2 marks]

ANSWER SCHEME
QUESTION 1
20

(a)

Atomic size of atom V is bigger than atom T.

Because atom V has three shells occupied with electrons.
OR
Atomic size of atom T is smaller than atom V.
Because atom T has two shells occupied with electrons.

(b)

Atomic size of atom W is smaller than atom V.

The proton number of atom W is higher than atom V.
Positive charge of nucleus of atom W is higher than atom V.
The forces of attraction between electrons and nucleus of atom W are stronger.
OR
Atomic size of atom V is bigger than atom W.
The proton number of atom V is lower than atom W.
Positive charge of nucleus of atom V is lower than atom W.
The forces of attraction between electrons and nucleus of atom V are weaker.

(c)

Atom X.
Atom X has achieved a stable octet electron arrangement.
Atom X does not release, accept or share electrons with other atoms.

(d)

Atom V is more reactive than atom T.

Atomic size of atom V is bigger than atom T.
The one valence electron of atom V is further away from the nucleus.
The forces of attraction between the one valence electron and nucleus of atom
V are weaker.
Atom V is easier to release one valence electron.
OR
Atom T is less reactive than atom V.
Atomic size of atom T is smaller than atom V.
The one valence electron of atom T is closer to the nucleus.
The forces of attraction between the one valence electron and nucleus of atom
T are stronger.
Atom T is difficult to release one valence electron.

(e)

Atom U is more reactive than atom W.

The atomic size of atom U is smaller than atom W.
The 7 valence electrons of atom U is closer to the nucleus.
The forces of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus of atom U are
stronger.
Atom U is easier to accept one electron.
OR
Atom W is less reactive than atom U.
The atomic size of atom W is bigger than atom U.
The 7 valence electrons of atom W is further away from the nucleus.
The forces of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus of atom W are
weaker.
21

Atom W is difficult to accept one electron.

QUESTION 2
(a)

Magnesium oxide
Type of bond: ionic bond
The electron arrangement of Magnesium atom is 2.8.2 and the electron
arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6.
Magnesium atom releases 2 electrons to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement.
Magnesium ion, Mg2+ is formed.
Oxygen atom accepts 2 electrons to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement.
Oxide ion, O2- is formed.
Magnesium ion, Mg2+ and Oxide ion, O2- are attracted to each other by strong
electrostatic force.
Ionic compound with formula of MgO is formed.
Carbon dioxide
Type of bond: Covalent bond
The electron arrangement of carbon atom is 2.4 and the electron arrangement
of oxygen atom is 2.6.
Carbon atom contributes 4 electrons for sharing.
Oxygen atom contributes 2 electrons for sharing.
One carbon atom shares 2 pairs of electrons each with two oxygen atoms to
achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
A covalent compound with formula of CO2 is formed.

(b)

(i)

Melting and boiling point

Magnesium oxide
Higher melting and boiling point.
Ions are attracted by strong
electrostatic force.
More heat is needed to overcome the
forces.
(ii)

Carbon dioxide
Lower melting and boiling point.
Molecules are attracted by weak
intermolecular forces.
Less heat is needed to overcome the
forces.

Electrical conductivity

Magnesium oxide
Can conduct electricity in molten or
aqueous state.
Consists of freely moving ions.

Carbon dioxide
Cannot conduct electricity in any state.
Consists of neutral molecules.

Cannot conduct electricity in solid state.

Consists of ions in fixed position.
22

QUESTION 3

1.

Arrangement in ascending order: N, carbon, M

Experiment I
2.
M can reduce carbon dioxide to carbon// M can react with carbon dioxide
3.
M is more reactive than carbon
4.
M is above carbon in reactivity series
Experiment II
5.
Carbon can reduce N oxide to N// carbon can react with N oxide
6.
Carbon is more reactive than N
7.
N is below carbon in reactivity series
8.
7.

Metal M is magnesium/ aluminium (reject: Zinc because zinc is below carbon)

Metal N is copper

QUESTION 4
Oxidising agent: Bromine water
Reducing agent: iron (II) sulphate
Procedure:
1.
Clamp a U-tube to a retort stand.
2.
Pour dilute sulphuric acid into the U-tube until its level are 6 cm away from the
mouths of the U-tube.
3.
Add iron (II) sulphate solution carefully into the left arm of the U-tube by using
a dropper until the layer of the solution reaches the height of 3 cm.
4.
Add acidified potassium manganite (VII) solution carefully into the right arm of
the U-tube by using a dropper until the layer of the solution reaches the height
of 3 cm.
5.
Immerse carbon electrodes into each of the arms.
6.
Connect both carbon electrodes to a galvanometer by using connecting wires.
7.
Left the apparatus aside for 30 minutes
8.
Record the observation at both electrodes.
9.
Draw out 1 cm3 of solution from the left arm of the U-tube into a test tube; add
3 drops of sodium hydroxide solution. Record the observation.

Observation:
Terminal

Observation
23

Negative terminal:
Carbon electrode dip in iron (II)
sulphate solution
Positive terminal:
Carbon electrode dip in bromine water

Green solution turns brown.

When added with sodium hydroxide,
brown precipitate is formed. Iron (III) ion
is present.
Brown solution turns colourless

Half equations:
Oxidation : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
Reduction : Br2 + 2e 2Br
QUESTION 5
Diagram:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Reducing agent : Iron(II) sulphate solution

Carbon dip in iron (II) sulphate solution becomes negative terminal
At negative terminal, iron (II) ion release electron to form iron (III) ion.
Oxidation occurs.
Half equation: Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
The electrons flow from iron (II) sulphate solution to bromine water through
connecting wire.
Carbon dip in bromine water becomes positive terminal
At positive terminal, bromine molecule accept electron to form bromide ion.
Reduction occurs.
Half equation: Br2 + 2e 2Br
Dilute sulphuric acid is used to allow the ion flow.
The transfer of electrons from iron (II) sulphate to bromine water produce
electric current and the pointer of galvanometer deflect.

QUESTION 6
24

Metal M : Copper
Metal N : Magnesium
Iron and copper:
Iron is more electropositive than copper.
Iron is easier to release electron to form iron (II) ion. Oxidation occurs.
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Dark blue spots are formed due to the present of iron (II) ion.
Iron and magnesium:
Magnesium is more electropositive than iron.
Magnesium is easier to release electron to form magnesium ion. Oxidation occurs.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
No dark blue spots are formed.

QUESTION 7
(a)

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.
7.

(b)

Rusting occur due to the present of oxygen and water.

Surface of iron in the middle of water droplet acts as anode (negative
terminal).
At anode (negative terminal), iron release electron to form iron (II) ion.
Oxidation occurs.
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
The electron move to the edge of water droplet where there is a lot of dissolve
oxygen. The surface of iron there acts as cathode (positive terminal).
At cathode (positive terminal), oxygen dissolve in water accept electron to
form hydroxide ion. Reduction occur.
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
Iron(II) ion reacts with hydroxide ion to form iron(II) hydroxide.
Fe2+ + 2OH Fe(OH)2
Iron (II) hydroxide is further oxidised to form hydrated iron (III) oxide which is
called rust.

1.

Apply oil or grease to the moving parts of machine, motor or engine.

25

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Coat cars, ships and bridges with paint

Coat iron or steel with thin layer of zinc known as galvanising.
Coat iron or steel with thin layer of tin known as tin plating
Alloying of iron with carbon, chromium and nickel to form stainless steel
Attach iron with more electropositive metal such as magnesium which
acts as sacrificial metal.

QUESTION 8

Materials: Two iron nails, metal X: copper, metal Y: Zinc, potassium

hexacyanoferrate (III), phenolphthalein, hot jelly solution, sand paper
Procedure:
1.
Clean the iron nails, zinc strip and copper strip using sand paper.
2.
Coil the two iron nails with zinc strip and copper strip each.
3.
Place the iron nails into two different test tubes.
4.
Pour the same amount of hot jelly solution containing potassium
hexacyanoferrate (III) and phenolphthalein into both test tubes until it covers
the entire nail.
5.
Leave the test tubes aside for one day.
6.
Record the observation.
Observation:
Test tube
I
II

Pairs of
metals
Iron +
copper
Iron + zinc

Observation
Dark blue spots formed
Pink colouration is
formed

Inference
Iron (II) ion is present.
Iron rust.
Hydroxide ion is
present.
Iron does not rust.

Half equations:
Test tube I : Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Test tube II : O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
Conclusion: When iron is in contact with zinc which is more electropositive than iron,
iron does not rust. When iron is in contact with copper which is less electropositive
than iron, iron rusts.

26

QUESTION 9
Experiment I and II
1. Rate of reaction in experiment I is higher.
2. The copper (II) sulphate catalyst is present in experiment I.
3. The catalyst provide an alternative path with lower activation energy.
4. More colliding particles able to achieve this lower activation energy.
5. The frequency of effective collision between hydrogen ion and zinc in
experiment I is higher.

Experiment II and III

1. Rate of reaction in experiment II is higher.
2. The concentration of hydrochloric acid in experiment II is higher.
3. The number of hydrogen ion per unit volume acid in experiment II is
higher.
4. The frequency of collision between hydrogen ion and zinc in experiment II
is higher
5. The frequency of effective collision between particles in experiment II is
higher.

QUESTION 10

Experiment I and II
Rate of reaction in experiment II is higher than experiment I.
Experiment II uses marble chip powder which has smaller size particles.
The total surface area exposed to collision in experiment II is larger.
The frequency of collision between hydrogen ions and calcium carbonate in
experiment II is higher.
The frequency of effective collision between particles in experiment II is higher.
Experiment I and III
Rate of reaction in experiment III is higher than experiment I.
The temperature of nitric acid in Experiment III is higher.
The kinetic energy of hydrogen ion / particle in experiment III is higher.
The frequency of collision between hydrogen ions and calcium carbonate in
experiment III is higher.
The frequency of effective collision between particles in experiment III is higher.

27

QUESTION 11
Materials: 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, zinc powder, copper (II) sulphate solution,
water.
Procedure:
1.
Fill water in the burette until it is full.
2.
Invert the burette in a basin of water and clamp the burette vertically.
3.
Adjust the water level in the burette and record the initial burette reading.
4.
Measure 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid using measuring cylinder and
pour into a conical flask.
5.
Weigh 1 g of zinc powder and place into the conical flask.
6.
Add 5 cm3 of copper (II) sulphate solution into the conical flask.
7.
Close the conical flask immediately with stopper fitted with delivery tube.
Connect the delivery tube into the burette.
8.
Start the stopwatch.
9.
Swirl the conical flask throughout the experiment.
10. Record the time taken to collect 30 cm3 of hydrogen gas.
11. Repeat steps 1 to 10 without the addition of copper (II) sulphate solution.
Results:
Experimen
t

Reactants

Time taken to collect 30

cm3 of H2 gas / s

Hydrochloric acid + zinc + copper(II)

sulphate

t1

II

Hydrochloric acid + zinc

t2

The time taken to collect 30 cm3 of hydrogen gas in Experiment I is shorter than
Experiment II.
Conclusion: The rate of reaction in Experiment I using copper (II) sulphate catalyst is
higher than Experiment II.

QUESTION 12
1.
2.
3.

Sulphur dioxide gas released into the air causes respiratory problem in humans
Sulphur dioxide gas released into the atmosphere dissolves in rainwater to
form acid rain.
The effect of acid rain:
(i) Increase acidity of lakes and rivers. Can cause the fish and other
aquatic organisms die
(ii) Increase the acidity of the soil. Plant cannot grow.
(iii)
Salts are leached out of the top soil / roots of trees are destroyed
/ plants die of malnutrition and diseases
28

QUESTION 13
Apparatus : 1 kg weight, ruler, retort stand and clamp , steel ball bearing , thread
Materials : copper block, bronze block, // copper block, brass block , cellophane tape
Procedure :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Attach a steel ball bearing onto a copper block using cellophane tape.
Hang 1 kg weight at a height of 50 cm above the steel ball bearing.
The 1 kg weight is allowed to drop onto the steel ball bearing
The diameter of the dent made by the ball bearing on the copper block is
measured.
Repeat the experiment three times and calculate the average diameter of
dents.
Repeat steps 1 to 5 using bronze block// brass block

Tabulation of data :
Type of block

Diameter of dents / cm
2
3

Average

Copper
Bronze
Observation :
The diameter of the dent on the bronze /alloy block is smaller than copper/pure
metal block

QUESTION 14

(a)

Acid X : Hydrochloric acid

Acid Y : Ethanoic acid

(b)

Hydrochloric acid / Acid X is a strong acid.

Ethanoic acid / Acid Y is a weak acid.
Hydrochloric acid / Acid X ionises completely in water to form higher
concentration of hydrogen ion.
Ethanoic acid / Acid Y ionises partially in water to form lower concentration of
hydrogen ion.
The concentration of hydrogen ion in hydrochloric acid / acid X is higher than
ethanoic acid / acid Y.
The higher the concentration of hydrogen ion in hydrochloric acid / acid X, the
lower the pH value.

29

QUESTION 15
(a)

Alkali X : Sodium hydroxide

Alkali Y : Ammonia solution

(b)

Sodium hydroxide / Alkali X is a strong alkali.

Ammonia solution / Alkali Y is a weak alkali.
Sodium hydroxide / Alkali X ionises completely in water to form higher
concentration of hydroxide ion.
Ammonia solution / Alkali Y ionises partially in water to form lower
concentration of hydroxide ion.
The concentration of hydroxide ion in sodium hydroxide / alkali X is higher than
ammonia solution / alkali Y.
The higher the concentration of hydroxide ion in sodium hydroxide / alkali X,
the higher the pH value.

QUESTION 16 KBAT
(i)

(ii)

Place an apple in a paper bag together with the banana.

The paper bag is then tied to avoid the ethylene gas from escaping to the
surrounding.
Apple will release ethylene gas which accelerates the ripening of banana.
Stomach ulcer / loss of appetite / insomnia / can even lead to cancer

QUESTION 17 KBAT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Use vinegar or lemon juice.

Vinegar / lemon juice is a weak acid which contains hydrogen ions.
The hydrogen ions / acid neutralise the alkali from the jellyfish sting.
After the alkaline poison is neutralised, the pain will be reduced.
A weak acid (vinegar) should be used instead of sulphuric acid (strong acid)
because sulphuric acid can burn the skin due to the releasing of heat during
neutralisation.
6. Vinegar is less corrosive and does not produce too much heat during
neutralisation.

QUESTION 18 KBAT
(a)

Yeast will produce enzyme which decompose glucose into alcohol and carbon
dioxide.
Production of carbon dioxide will cause the bread dough rise.

30

(b)

The higher the temperature, more yeast produce the enzyme and the higher
the rate of production of carbon dioxide.
The higher the production of carbon dioxide, the higher the dough rise.
The dough still rise but at a slower rate (at a longer time).
The lower temperature in refrigerator reduces the activity of yeast and the
production of enzyme also slower.
Thus, the rate of production of carbon dioxide is lower.

QUESTION 19 KBAT
(a)

The size of satay is smaller than the grilled meat.

The satay produce larger total surface area exposed to heat.
More heat can be absorbed and the satay can be cooked faster.

(b)

1.

2.

Use smaller size charcoal. The smaller charcoal will produce larger total
surface area. More heat can be released by the burning charcoal. More
heat can be absorbed by the meat.
Cover the barbeque pit with lid. Heat from the burning charcoal is trapped
under the lid. The heat circulating inside the lid can cook the meat faster.

QUESTION 20 KBAT
Possible causes:
1.
The soil is acidic.
2.
The soil lack of nutrients.
3.
The soil is too alkaline
To overcome the problems:
1.
Add powdered lime/calcium oxide to the soil. Calcium oxide is alkaline and can
neutralise the acid in the soil.
2.
Add fertiliser such as urea to the soil. Urea has higher percentage of nitrogen
by mass. Urea can improve the nutrients content in the soil.
3.
Add a compost of rotting vegetables or leaves to neutralise the alkali in the soil

QUESTION 21 KBAT
1.
2.
3.
4.

Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium

is more reactive/electropositive metal

easily oxidised
oxide / MgO is formed
oxide is not strong/permeable/easily peeled off.

QUESTION 22 KBAT
1.
2.

Water is present in X but there is no water in in Y.

Citric acid ionises in water
31

3.
4.
5.
6.

H+ ion present
H+ ion reacts with sodium carbonate / bicarbonate to release bubbles of carbon
dioxide
Without water citric acid exists as molecule // without water H + is not present
When H+ ion is not present, citric acid cannot reacts with sodium carbonate /
bicarbonate

QUESTION 23 KBAT
1.
2.
3.

Gas Y is Sulphur dioxide

The soil is acidic due to acid rain
Add calcium carbonate / calcium oxide which is alkaline that can neutralise the
acid in the soil.

QUESTION 24 KBAT
Synthetic polymers cause environmental pollution
1.
Improper disposal of non-biodegradable polymer can cause the clogging of
drainage system and flash flood can occur
2.
Burning of polymer releases poisonous / toxic / acidic gas
Ways to overcome problem
1.
Use biodegradable polymer
2.
Reduce, reuse and recycle polymer
3.
Burn in incinerator

QUESTION 25 KBAT
1. Gas R is argon.
2. Argon provides an inert atmosphere in the bulb.
3. The hot filament in the light bulb does not burn

QUESTION 26 KBAT

place the cold packs on his swollen knee

to absorbs heat from his swollen knee
constrict blood vessels and slows down blood flow / reduce the formation of
fluid in the affected area.

QUESTION 27 KBAT
1.
2.

The size of antacid becomes smaller.

Total surface area exposed become larger
32

3.
4.

Frequency of effective collision between anti-acid/aluminium

hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide and stomach acid / gastric acid / hydrogen
ion higher.
The rate of reaction becomes higher.// The indigestion can be cured faster.//
The neutralization occurred faster.

QUESTION 28 KBAT

(a)

1.
2.

The sea breeze contains salts which increase the electrical conductivity of water.
This makes the water a better electrolyte and therefore speeds up the rusting /
corrosion of the iron padlock.

(b)

1.

Attach the iron padlock to a more electropositive metal which acts as the sacrificial
metal.
Coat / Galvanise the iron padlock with a thin layer of zinc.
Coat the iron padlock with a thin layer of tin // Tin plating
Electroplate the iron padlock with rust- resistant metals such as chromium / nickel //
Alloying
Paint the iron padlock

2.
3.
4.
5.

33