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    Unit 9 Polynomials and Factoring

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    1. This document discusses factoring polynomials. It begins by classifying polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials, or polynomials based on the number of terms. 2. It then covers adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. The key points are that like terms must be combined and the distributive property is used when multiplying polynomials. 3. The document focuses on factoring trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c. It provides a step-by-step process to list the factors of the constant term and use them to factor the trinomial into two binomials multiplied together.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Unit 9 Polynomials and Factoring

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    333 views43 pages
    1. This document discusses factoring polynomials. It begins by classifying polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials, or polynomials based on the number of terms. 2. It then covers adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. The key points are that like terms must be combined and the distributive property is used when multiplying polynomials. 3. The document focuses on factoring trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c. It provides a step-by-step process to list the factors of the constant term and use them to factor the trinomial into two binomials multiplied together.

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    unit 9 polynomials and factoring

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    1. This document discusses factoring polynomials. It begins by classifying polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials, or polynomials based on the number of terms. 2. It then covers adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. The key points are that like terms must be combined and the distributive property is used when multiplying polynomials. 3. The document focuses on factoring trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c. It provides a step-by-step process to list the factors of the constant term and use them to factor the trinomial into two binomials multiplied together.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    333 views43 pages

    Unit 9 Polynomials and Factoring

    Uploaded by

    api-258048176
    1. This document discusses factoring polynomials. It begins by classifying polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials, or polynomials based on the number of terms. 2. It then covers adding, subtracting, and multiplying polynomials. The key points are that like terms must be combined and the distributive property is used when multiplying polynomials. 3. The document focuses on factoring trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c. It provides a step-by-step process to list the factors of the constant term and use them to factor the trinomial into two binomials multiplied together.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 43

    Unit 9 Polynomials and Factoring

    Factor x Factor = Product

    9.1a Classifying Polynomials


    Base ten blocks
    1
    Unit cube
    1

    Algebra blocks
    X0 = 1
    Constant

    1
    1 +1

    X1 = X
    Linear

    10
    Rod

    10
    1

    100
    Flat

    +X

    X2
    Quadratic or second power

    10

    10

    1,000
    Cube

    +X2

    X3
    Cubic or third power
    x

    10

    10

    10

    +X3

    Note: X to the second power is known as x squared. A square has four


    sides. Quad means four. Thus x2 is quadratic.
    Note: x, x2 and x3 are different entities.

    3x
    Coefficient

    Constant: a number

    Exponent (power)

    Base

    -10.5

    65,302.42

    Variable: an unknown quantity usually indicated with a letter

    Term: a constant or a variable

    Monomial: an expression that is a number, a variable, or a product of a


    number and one or more variables
    12
    y
    -5x2y
    c/3
    -4g/h

    Binomial: the sum or difference of two monomials


    6x + 5
    8x4 2y4
    9x4 5

    Trinomial: the sum or difference of three monomials


    7x3 + 5xy y2
    8x2 x + 8

    Polynomial: a monomial or the sum or difference of two or more


    monomials

    Classifying Degrees

    To classify degrees:
    Example: 3x4 4 + 2x2 + 5x4
    Step 1: Place the terms in order from the highest degree to the lowest
    5x4 + 3x4 + 2x2 - 4

    Step 2: Combine like terms


    Note: 1, x, x2 and x3 are different entities and thus cannot be combined with
    addition or subtraction.
    5x4 + 3x4 + 2x2 4 = 8x4 + 2x2 - 4

    Step 3: Classify the polynomial based on the highest degree


    5x4 Classification = Fourth degree

    Step 4: Classify the polynomial based on the number of terms


    8x4 + 2x2 4 Classification = Fourth degree trinomial

    1. 3x 4 y3
    2. y 7y3 + 15y8
    3. 6x2 + 7 9x 4

    4. 8 + 7v 11v
    5. 4x 3x2

    6. 4x + 9
    7. c2 2 + 4c
    8. 9z2 11z2 + 5z 5

    Note: we are only working with polynomials that have one variable.
    Classifying polynomials such as x2 + 4xy 3y will be address in Algebra 2.

    9.1b Review
    Exponent (power)

    3x
    Coefficient

    Base

    Only bases with the SAME exponents may be


    added or subtracted together
    Adding or subtracting only the coefficient changes.
    The base and the power do NOT change.
    3x2 - 5y6 + 7 + 4x2 + 8 2y6 = 7x2 + 15 7y6

    Note: When multiplying and dividing variables the exponent (power) changes.
    x * x = x2
    x5
    x2

    (x3)(x2) = x5
    x3

    x6y4
    x8y2

    y2
    x6

    x-6y2

    9.1b Adding & Subtracting Polynomials

    Adding polynomials add like terms


    (4x2 + 2x + 3) + (2x2 - 4x + 1)

    4x2 + 2x + 3
    2x2 - 4x + 1

    +X

    +X2

    +X2

    +X

    +1

    +X

    +X2

    +1
    -X
    +X2

    +X2

    -X
    -X
    -X

    Note: Subtraction is the same as adding a negative.

    +1

    +1

    1. (12x2 + 4) + (8x2 + 5)

    2. (x2 6) + (3x2 + 11)

    3. (7y2 3y + 4y) + (8y2 + 3y2 + 4y)

    4. (7a3 a + 3a2) + (8a2 - 3a - 4)

    5. (7y3 3y2 + 4y) + (8y4 + 3y2)

    Subtracting polynomials
    (1) change the subtraction to adding a negative
    (2) distribute the negative sign &
    (3) add like terms
    (2x3 + 5x 3) (x3 2x + 5)
    (2x3 + 5x 3) + (x3 2x + 5)

    +X3

    -X3

    -X

    +X

    -X

    +X

    +1

    -1

    +1

    -1
    -1

    +1
    +1

    -1

    +1

    -1

    (2x3 + 5x 3) + (-x3 + 2x 5)

    2x3 + 5x 3
    -x3 + 2x 5

    1. (v3 + 6v2 v) (9v3 7v2 + 3v)

    2. (4x2 + 5x + 1) (6x2 + x + 8)

    3. (-5x4 + x2) (x3 + 8x2 x)

    4. (-7z3 + 3z 1) (-6z2 + z + 4)

    5. (2x3 -5x2 1) (8x3 + 3 8x2)

    9.2a Multiplying a Monomial & a Trinomial


    Review distributive property: 5(a + 3)
    a + 3 + a + 3 + a + 3 + a + 3 + a + 3 = 5a + 15

    1. 8m(m + 6)

    2. -5f(6f 2)

    3. 7z(-5z 4)

    4. -8x(3x + 2y)

    5. 10x(-2x 10)

    2x(x2 + x + 2)
    x2

    +X2
    +X

    2x

    +X

    +X

    2x3 + 2x2 + 4x

    +1 +1

    Note: Positive * negative = negative


    Negative * negative = positive

    -3x(2x2 - 2x + 3)
    2x2

    +X2

    -2x

    +X2
    -X

    -X

    +X2

    +X2

    +X2

    +X2

    +1 +1 +1

    -3x

    -X
    -X

    -X

    -X -X -X

    -X -X -X
    -X

    -X

    -X

    +X2
    -X3
    -X

    -X3

    +X2
    -X -X -X

    9.2b Factoring out a Monomials


    Factor * Factor = Product
    Factoring out: dividing out

    20x3 + 12x2 + 4x
    To factor out a monomial:

    Step 1: Find the prime factorization of each term


    2*2*5*x*x*x + 2*2*3*x*x + 2*2*x

    Step 2: Identify what the terms have in common. This is called the
    Greatest Common Factor. This will form the monomial that is factored out.
    2*2*5*x*x*x + 2*2*3*x*x + 2*2*x = 2*2*x(5*x*x + 3*x + 1)
    another way to think about it:
    20x3 + 12x2 + 4x
    4x

    2*2*5*x*x*x + 2*2*3*x*x + 2*2*x


    2*2*x

    Step 3: Simplify both the monomial and the polynomial


    4x(5x2 + 3x + 1)
    Note: the last term simplifies to 1 since 4x / 4x = 1

    Step 4: Check your work by multiplying the answer

    1. 6x 4

    2. v2 + 4v

    3. 10x3 25x2 + 20

    4. 2t2 10t4

    5. 15n3 3n2 + 12n

    6. 6p6 + 24p5 + 18p3

    9.3 Multiplying Binomials


    Binomial: two terms
    (2x + 4)(3x + 2)
    +
    4

    2x
    +X

    +X

    +1 +1 +1 +1

    +X

    +X

    3x

    +X

    +
    +1

    +1

    Note: The result is a rectangle.

    Remember: there is a link on my webpage on online algebra blocks.

    Note: Positive * negative = negative


    Negative * negative = positive
    (3x 2)(-3x + 2)
    3x
    +X

    +X

    -X

    -3x

    -X

    -X

    +
    +1

    +1

    Note: The result is a rectangle.

    +X

    -2
    -1 -1

    While it is important to be able to visualize the algebra blocks, it is not


    necessary to use the algebra blocks for every problem. There are two other
    methods: (1) partial product and (2) FOIL
    Partial Product Graphic Organizer
    (2x + 4)(3x + 2)
    2x

    3x
    +
    2

    (3x - 2)(-3x + 2)
    3x
    -3x
    +
    2

    - 2

    FOIL: First Outer Inner Last


    Example: (2x + 4)(3x + 2)
    Step 1: Multiply the first terms
    (2x + 4)(3x + 2) = 6x2
    Step 2: Multiply the outer terms
    (2x + 4)(3x + 2) = 4x
    Step 3: Multiply the inner terms
    (2x + 4)(3x + 2) = 12x
    Step 4: Multiply the last terms
    (2x + 4)(3x + 2) = 8
    Step 5: Simplify like terms
    6x2 + 4x + 12x + 8 = 6x2 + 16x + 8

    (3x - 2)(-3x + 2)

    1. (6h 7)(2h + 3)

    2. (5m + 2)(8m 1)

    3. (9a 8)(7a + 4)

    4. (a 8)(a 9)

    5. (8w + 2)(w + 5)

    Challenge: (g 3)(2g2 + 3g + 3)

    9.4 Multiplying Special Cases


    (x + 3)2

    (x + 3)(x + 3)

    +X

    +X

    +1

    +X

    +1 +1

    x
    +X

    + 3

    +X +X

    x
    +

    +1

    +1
    +1

    +X

    +1 +1 +1

    +X

    +1 +1 +1

    +X

    +1 +1 +1

    +
    3

    Note: The result is a square. (x + 3)2 is read the quantity of x + 3, squared.


    x2 + 6x + 9
    1. (t + 6)2
    2. (5y + 1)2
    3. (x + 4)2
    4. (3m + 7)2
    5. (2v + 11)2

    Note: Positive * negative = negative


    Negative * negative = positive
    (x 2)2
    (x - 2)(x - 2)
    - 2

    -1 -1

    +X

    x
    2

    +X

    +X

    -X -X

    -1

    -X

    +1 +1

    -1

    -X

    +1 +1

    x
    2

    Note: The result is a square.


    x2 4x + 4
    Note: The middle term is negative and the last term is positive.
    1. (7m -2p)2
    2. (9c 8)2
    3. (6x 8)2
    4. (9j 2)2

    - 2

    Note: Positive * negative = negative


    Negative * negative = positive
    (x + 3)(x - 3)

    x
    +X

    +1 +1 +1

    x
    x
    3

    +X

    +X2

    +X +X +X

    x
    3

    -1

    -X

    -1 -1 -1

    -1

    -X

    -1 -1 -1

    -1

    -X

    -1 -1 -1

    FOIL:
    Note: The result is a square.
    x2 + 3x 3x 9 = x2 9
    Note: The two middle terms cancel each other out.
    1. (x + 4)(x 4)

    2. (a + 8)(a 8)

    3. (d + 7)(d 7)

    4. (k + 5)(k 5)

    + 3

    Note: Positive * negative = negative


    Negative * negative = positive
    (x + y)(x - y)

    x
    +X

    + y
    +Y

    x
    x

    +X

    +X2

    +XY

    -Y

    -XY

    -Y2

    Note: The result is a square.

    Note: The two middle terms cancel each other out.

    + y

    9.5a Factoring Trinomials


    x2 + bx + c
    Factor * Factor = Product
    Factoring out: dividing out
    To factor a trinomial:
    Example: x2 + 7x + 12
    Step 1: Place the first term and the last term into the graphic organizer

    x2

    12

    Step 2: Fill in the first terms of each binomial.


    x
    x

    x2

    12

    Step 3: List the factors of the last term.


    12: 1 & 12
    2&6
    3&4

    Step 4: Select one set of factors and place it in the graphic organizer.
    x
    + 2
    x

    x2

    +
    6

    12

    Step 5: Complete the rest of the graphic organizer.


    x
    + 2
    x

    x2

    2x

    +
    6

    6x

    12

    Step 6: Add the two x terms


    x
    + 2
    x
    +
    6

    x2

    6x + 2x = 8x

    2x

    +
    6x

    12

    Step 7: If the result from step 6 equals the middle term in the problem,
    then you are done. If the result does NOT equal the middle term, then try
    another set of factors.
    x
    + 3
    x
    +
    4

    3x + 4x = 7x

    3x

    +
    4x

    12

    Answer: (x + 3)(x + 4)

    1. g2 + 7g + 10

    2. v2 + 21v + 20

    3. a2 + 13a + 30

    9.5b Factoring Trinomials


    x2 + bx - c x2 - bx - c
    x2 - bx + c
    Both terms positive
    x2 + bx + c

    both binomials are positive


    (x + __)(x + __)

    Middle term positive,


    last term negative
    x2 + bx c

    one binomial is positive,


    the other is negative
    (x + __)(x - __)

    Middle term negative,


    last term is positive
    x2 bx + c

    both binomials are negative


    (x - __)(x - __)

    Both negative
    x2 bx c

    1. x2 + 6x 27

    2. k2 10k + 25

    3. p2 3p 18

    one binomial is positive,


    the other is negative
    (x + __)(x - __)

    -------4. x2 + 3x 4

    5. y2 + y 20

    6. h2 + 16h 17

    ------------7. m2 9m + 8

    8. t2 13t + 42

    9. k2 16k + 28

    ------------10. m2 13m 30

    11. q2 2q 8

    12. k2 8k 9

    9.6a Factoring Trinomials


    ax2 + bx + c
    Factor * Factor = Product
    Factoring out: dividing out
    To factor a trinomial:
    Example: 6x2 + 23x + 7
    Step 1: Place the first term and the last term into the graphic organizer

    6x2

    Step 2: List the factors of the first term.


    6: 1 & 6
    2&3
    Step 3: List the factors of the last term.
    7: 1 & 7
    Step 4: Select a set of factors of the first term and a set of factors of the
    last term. Place the numbers in the graphic organizer.
    x
    1
    6x

    6x2

    Step 5: Complete the graphic organizer.


    x
    1
    6x

    6x2

    6x

    7x

    Step 6: Add the two x terms.


    x
    1
    6x

    6x2

    6x

    7x

    6x + 7x = 13x

    13x 23x

    Step 7: If the result from step 6 equals the middle term in the problem,
    then you are done. If the result does NOT equal the middle term, then try
    another set of factors and/or rearrange the factors.
    13x 23x so trying again with another set of factors..
    14x + 3x = 17x
    2x
    1
    3x

    6x2

    3x

    14x

    17x 23x

    17x 23x so trying again by rearranging the factors..


    21x + 2x = 23x
    3x
    1
    2x

    6x2

    2x

    21x

    1. 2n2 + 15n + 7

    Answer: (3x + 1)(2x + 7)

    2. 8y2 + 30 + 13

    3. 2y2 + 35y + 17

    4. 16m2 + 26m + 9

    ax + bx - c

    9.6b Factoring Trinomials


    ax2 - bx - c

    ax2 - bx + c

    Both terms positive


    x2 + bx + c

    both binomials are positive


    (x + __)(x + __)

    Middle term positive,


    last term negative
    x2 + bx c

    one binomial is positive,


    the other is negative
    (x + __)(x - __)

    Middle term negative,


    last term is positive
    x2 bx + c

    both binomials are negative


    (x - __)(x - __)

    Both negative
    x2 bx c

    1. 13p2 + 8p 5

    2. 10w2 + 11w 8

    one binomial is positive,


    the other is negative
    (x + __)(x - __)

    3. 14x2 + 11x 9

    -------4. 11w2 14w + 3

    5. 3x2 17x + 10

    6. 3d2 -17d + 20

    7. 15p2 26p + 11

    ---------8. 2t2 t 3

    9. 8y2 10y 3

    10. 2q2 11q 21

    11. 7x2 20x 3

    9.6c Factoring Trinomials


    by factoring out a monomial first
    This lesson combines the skills from 9.2b and 9.6a&b.
    24v2 + 10v 6
    To factor out a monomial:
    Step 1: Find the prime factorization of each term
    2*2*2*3*v*v+2*5*v2*3
    Step 2: Identify what the terms have in common. This is called the
    Greatest Common Factor. This will form the monomial that is factored out.
    2*2*2*3*v*v+2*5*v2*3
    Greatest Common Factor: 2
    Step 3: Simplify both the monomial and the polynomial
    2(2 * 2 * 3 * v * v + 5 * v 3) = 2(12v2 + 5v 3)
    Factor the polynomial:
    2(12v2 + 5v 3)
    Step 4: Place the first term and the last term into the graphic organizer

    12x2

    -3

    Step 5: List the factors of the first term and the last term
    12: 1 & 12 2 & 6 3 & 4
    -3: -1& 31 & -3

    Step 6: Guest and check


    2(12v2 + 5v 3) = 2(4x + 3)(3x 1)
    4x
    3
    3x

    12x2

    9x

    -1

    -4x

    -3

    Note: the monomial and the binomials are all included in the final answer.
    1. 6t2 + 26t + 24

    2. 24m2 32m + 8

    3. 25x2 10x 15

    4. 24v2 + 10v 6

    9.7 Factoring Perfect-Square Trinomials

    a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)(a + b) = (a + b)2


    a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)(a - b) = (a - b)2

    1. x2 8x + 16

    2. 4t2 + 36t + 81

    a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)

    3. x2 36

    4. 9v2 4

    5. 10x2 40

    Factor out a monomial first

    9.8 Factoring by Grouping


    Challenge
    y3 + 3y2 + 4y + 12
    y2(y + 3) + 4(y + 3)
    (y2 + 4)(y + 3)
    1. 5t4 + 20t3 + 6t + 24

    2. 2w3 + w2 14w - 7

    3. 12p4 + 10p3 36p2 30p

    Factor out 2p first

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