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    Application 4

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    Azima Abdul Rahim
    The document discusses the history and development of integrated circuits. It explains that integrated circuits are electronic circuits composed of transistors, resistors, and other components on a single chip. The document then describes how Robert Noyce helped develop the first practical integrated circuit in 1958 by devising a way to interconnect components on a chip using a final metal layer. Noyce's innovation helped make integrated circuits suitable for mass production.

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    Application 4

    Uploaded by

    Azima Abdul Rahim
    19 views2 pages
    The document discusses the history and development of integrated circuits. It explains that integrated circuits are electronic circuits composed of transistors, resistors, and other components on a single chip. The document then describes how Robert Noyce helped develop the first practical integrated circuit in 1958 by devising a way to interconnect components on a chip using a final metal layer. Noyce's innovation helped make integrated circuits suitable for mass production.

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    The document discusses the history and development of integrated circuits. It explains that integrated circuits are electronic circuits composed of transistors, resistors, and other components on a single chip. The document then describes how Robert Noyce helped develop the first practical integrated circuit in 1958 by devising a way to interconnect components on a chip using a final metal layer. Noyce's innovation helped make integrated circuits suitable for mass production.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    19 views2 pages

    Application 4

    Uploaded by

    Azima Abdul Rahim
    The document discusses the history and development of integrated circuits. It explains that integrated circuits are electronic circuits composed of transistors, resistors, and other components on a single chip. The document then describes how Robert Noyce helped develop the first practical integrated circuit in 1958 by devising a way to interconnect components on a chip using a final metal layer. Noyce's innovation helped make integrated circuits suitable for mass production.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    APPLICATION 4

    TITLE: CONFUSING CIRCUIT

    INTRODUCTION
    Our world is full of integrated circuits. You find several of them in computer.
    For example, most people have probably heard about the microprocessor. The microprocessor is
    an integrated circuit that processes all information in the computer. It keeps track of what keys
    are pressed and if the mouse has been moved. It counts numbers and runs programs, games and
    the operating system. Integrated circuits are also found in almost every modern electrical device
    such as cars, television sets, CD players, cellular phones and many more. But what is an
    integrated circuit and what is the history behind it? The integrated circuit is nothing more than a
    very advanced electric circuit. An electric circuit is made from different electrical components
    such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes, that are connected to each other in different
    ways. These components have different behaviors. The transistor acts like a switch. It can turn
    electricity on or off, or it can amplify current. It is used for example in computers to store
    information, or in stereo amplifiers to make the sound signal stronger. Robert Noyce came up
    with his own idea for the integrated circuit. He did it half a year later than Jack Kilby. Noyce's
    circuit solved several practical problems that Kilby's circuit had, mainly the problem of
    interconnecting all the components on the chip. This was done by adding the metal as a final
    layer and then removing some of it so that the wires needed to connect the components were
    formed. This made the integrated circuit more suitable for mass production. Besides being one of
    the early pioneers of the integrated circuit, Robert Noyce also was one of the co-founders of
    Intel. Intel is one of the largest manufacturers of integrated circuits in the world.
    EXAMPLE (QUESTION)
    Find the output of the circuit shown below for exactly one combination of inputs (P = 1, Q = 1
    and R = 0) and is 0 for all other combinations of inputs. For this reason,the circuit can be said to
    “recognize” one particular combination of inputs.

    EXAMPLE (ANSWER)
    The output column of the input/output table has a 1in exactly one row and 0’s in all other rows.

    Inputs Outputs
    P Q R ( P ∆ Q) ∆ R
    1 1 1 0
    1 1 0 1
    1 0 1 0
    1 0 0 0
    0 1 1 0
    0 1 0 0
    0 0 1 0
    0 0 0 0

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