p0308600170011 JG9MG
p0308600170011 JG9MG
p0308600170011 JG9MG
"
6 5 4 3 2 *1
" *+ , &'( " # #$
) 0 1 ). / ' (" ) % * +, - " # $%& ! "# -1
) 0 1 ). / ' (" ) % * +, - " # " 3 4! "# -2
) 0 1 ). / ' (" % 7 $. ' (" ! 6% -3
) 0 1 ). / ' (" ) % * +, - " # $%& ! "# 3 . -4
) 0 1 ). / ' (" ) % * +, - " # $%& ! "# ' (" 6% -5
; - ' * +, ! < / -6
87/4/19 : > 1<= 21 . 87/2/4 :5 & 6 7 34 /0 1 21 .
5 @A
' ( !" # $ % & : ,-
2 ,1 2 - 0 0 ( / . +,- $ .)
.) / % & !"
2 54 MCNP-4C ( , 0 3!4 : /
: 3; <= 2 0 ) 0 - > ' 9' 0 / / 1 8 6 - 7
6 DB 2 6> ' C' 6 " 2 B 2 7 6 ( ? @0 A / $ 3!4 '. / .
.) M & 241
Am 0 Co 6 Cs
57 137
!" > ' ' 0 ; E F 6E ( E F
> '. +5M O A (C !" > ' N 2 ( ? @0 " 2 B N :0 (
/ . DB 2 Am 0 Co 6 Cs
0) C' !" 241
/ . 57 137
0) ( + E F. ) E( Q( ! 6 (C !"
N 2 7 . / +5M O &
E F 0 $ RS 0 5 0) 1 7 ; E F N
$ 5U! . !" > ' ' 5 2" Q3 T 3O M &
6 / > ' W5 V !" # 10 / . / & 2 B AO 1 V
. / N !" ? 0 - !" Q3 T 2
(C !" & DB 2 ( 2" N $ AO 1 V :4# 5 ( 123
:. 3!4 # O \. B . 5 Z " M [ 0) ( / /0 / . ) 0
" ? ' ( !" # & 2 2 6 / . / &
(1-10: 86 2 0 7 ' 617 016 !/ 64 0 62 /7' 7 M 3= ) . ( , )@0 20 @ 3 ( 50
*
:
:
!"# $ % & ' $( )*%(+$,& - .+
karbabi@nrcam.org 31485-498 : .& /$*"#
+98 (261) 4424073 :78
86 " () * !17 16 % !4 !" # /1
" % 33 / 6
0 0 @
a 1 =1
!" $ M & A-
d 5 @
ab& 3' c 3
55( D!B 0 @
MCNP -1
1- Guard Rings
04 - ?"'@ -3
[13] 241Am 57
Co ;137Cs %) :' . ' . 5 -2
137 57 241
Cs Co Am
9 / % $T * V: e / q1 /# " 1
! -1-3-2
.[15]&9 ,' ( H 8ST
G * &9 / #F #b% 3 &Y
G c9 213 " 9 D/ % ,' g + $H [
% &= e / 7 ' 2 1/ % &+ T % 1/ 3#
g + PTW UNIDOS 10002 N / :+ 2 =9
# q 1/ g + .1%G# &91 8ST 213 1 +
- F / g/ .13 2 1/ (&+ 400 50) rP 5
j & } # q 1/ #:% :+ 1 013 ;
&F / $% ,' c9 ; 137
Cs ;
O+ * 01 D / % R #F z~
2 1/ b" $% S/ 241
Am 0 57Co O
#+ 01 & 3 #/ % % 9 / % 1 %G 21 G
0 $% &F / G ) / ; $ 8
* % 01 D% % 1/ # / g + D%
#9 Cs O
137
,' 1% ,' g +
$% .&9 & z / S% e / 1/ 3# G
13 45 2 1/ .(3 ( 1 ) & '
D/ % ,' ( H j &9 % N F3 O T / 0 T / $%
•?T j &9 #/ % N F3 Rb 2 1Y $%
213 2 1/ % E% 3 $% &Y .1 # T/ G
.13 [/ &+ 300 g + 0M z
137
Cs %) - /0 ! 0= > 6 -3
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 (V)g +
0/128 0/128 0/128 0/128 0/128 0/128 0/128 0/127 ,' %
± % 0/04 ± % 0/05 ± %0 /06 ± %0/04 ±%0/2 ± % 0/2 ± % 0/2 ± % 0/1 ( x G / /) 1T
.65 . - ?"'@ @B -4
< . : ; . : .
137 0/155 (nA) ± %0/04 0/156 (nA) ± %0/02 0/155 (nA) ± %0/03
Cs
57
Co 6/160 (pA) ± %0/06 6/191 (pA) ± %0/1 6/427 (pA) ± %0/01
241
Am 1/783 (pA) ± %0/1 1/825 (pA) ± %0/2 2/089 (pA) ± %0/1
g + ,' : ,' c9 2 1/ s% / E1 F -4
D/ % ,' M z #9 [ -300V -150V 1T 213 2 1/ % 1R VL T s% /
Am 0 57Co 6137Cs
241
,% 1: 213 " 9 , ,' W T 8ST < 1'
,% krecombin 1R 0 G &9 21 G 5 ( 1 213 9 F3 , D/ % ,' 213 F9 Y %
,' c9 2 1/ s% / $ 8 .&9 213 $ H ,% ,' rP 5 :
-300V +300V g + ,' : ) b" % R 2 241
Am 0 57Co 6137Cs
DFb' z #9 [ 241
Am 0 57Co 6137 Cs : .&9 21 G 4 V:3 (k=2 # 3 M% 6
57
,% kpolarity 1R G &9 21 G 6 ( 1 Co 0137Cs ,% 213 " 9 ,'
241
.&9 213 $ H .1 G &91 ,' r /96 Am
" J G F C HI -4
213 " 9 ,' # / % 021 G &91 s% / 7Fj
[ LV ' 2 1/ ,' c9 1R
,% 213 2 1/ % R #9 .&9
b" 1R $% 241
Am 0 Co 6 Cs 57 137
2 1/ M% 6 $% z„ # % &9 1
PL 2 1/ % R ,% / . [ L
.&9 ,' c9 1% 21 / #/ rP 5
213 2 1/ % % R #9 4 V:3
57
,' rP 5 : < 1' 1T Co ") (*
%R 241
Am 0 57Co 6137Cs 213 " 9
, D/ % ,' 213 F9 Y y % R G
/ ? ,% 213 9 F3
, D/ % ,' 213 2 1/ c9 1 #
F9 Y c9 VL T s% / #. 213 "9
213 9 F3 , D/ % ,' 213
2 1/ : 241
Am 0 57Co 6137Cs
&9 #:% ,' ? ,% 241
Am %) (F
#9 # :Y 1 %„ 1/ # F/ 1 7 $%
- ?"'@ - , " &@ H. +@ H. -4
$% 13 213 * S/ 9 F3 2 1/ & . J+K &9 I. E B 04
z #9 # MCNP-4C 1 %) (L ;137Cs %) (#= 'I. '$ - %) #*01.
&" 9 #T j G c9 . ,' c9
241
Am %) (F 57
Co
M N
137
1. Solimanian A, Aalipour A, Ghafoori M, Standard Calibration of Cs Brachytherapy Sources, Journal of
Nuclear Science & Technology, 2005;56:34-53.
2. Ahmad N, Mirza NM, Mirza SM, Rashid T, Tufail M, Khan LA, Design and Study of Characteristics of a
Three Electrode Experimental, Nuc Inst Meth Phy Res 1992; A321403-409
3. Pai S, Reinstein LE, Evaluation of a New Sealed Reentrant Well Chamber for HDR and LDR Brachytherapy
Calibration, Med Phys 1998; 25(5):719-721.
4. Ho AK, Sibata CH, Desouza CN, Castighone R, Shin KH, Evaluation of a Well-type Ionization Chamber for
Calibration of HDR and LDR Brachytherapy Sources, Med Dosi 1995; 20(1):31-34.
5. Meiler IRJ, Sibata CH, Ho AK, Souza CD, Shin KH, A Well-type Ionization Chamber Geometric Correction
Factor, Phys Med Biol 1996; 41,1141-1148.
6. Buerman L, Kramer HM, Schrader H, Selbach HJ, Activity Determination of 192Ir Solid Sources by
Ionization Chamber Measurement Using Calculated Corrections for Self-absorption, Nuc Inst Meth Phy Res
A1994; 339:369-376.
7. International Atomic Energy Agency, Calibration of Photon and Beta Source Used in Brachytherapy, IAEA–
TECDOC– 1274, March 2002.
8. PTW-Freiburg Instruction Manual for HDR Chamber Type 33004, D432. 131. 0/1.
9. Michael G, Mitch MG, Zimmerman BE, Lamperti PJ, Seltzer SM, Cursey BM, Well–ionization Chamber
Response Relative to NIST Air Kerma Strength Standards for Prostate Brachytherapy Seeds, Med Phys
2000;27(10):2293-2296.
10. Briesmeister JF, MCNP-4C, A General Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code System Version 4C, Los
Alamos National Laboratory LA-13709-M (2000)
11. Chilton AB, Shultis JK, Faw RE, Principles of Radiation Shielding, Prentice- Hall, INC, Englewood Cliffs,
1984; NJ 07632
12. Martin JE, Physics for Radiation Protection, New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2000
13. Raisali Gh, Hamidi S, Dehganimoghadam M, Ghafoori M, Solimanian A, Investigation on the Effect of
Chamber Wall Aluminum Alloy on the Response of Free-Air Well-Type chamber for 137Cs, 57Co, and 241Am
Gamma Rays, Journal of Nuclear Science & Technology 2007; 41(4):36-43.
14. Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Secondary Standard Ionization Chamber Type LS-01, Nov. 1984.
15. Knoll GF, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York 1999.
16. Park SH, Kim HS, Kim YK, Kang SM, Kim JC, Kim JK, Saturation Characteristics of the Ionization
Chamber at a Low Dose Rate, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2005; 73:248-253.