W0111uch Fluid Power Textboi

Ir YOU like tho kind nf inr(lPfI·;1t.;nn i~'1 tlu s houklr-l , you wil l love th(' wny fluid )"lrm'c1- I_G tl'cilf,'d til I.he W(J ttl nck ( .... luld Power Text.hooks.

The five Womock

Ed ucnt io nnl Publtcnt lon s \f'':oILho(\k!-i :"In-' wi-ittcn hv Lhrsmuc PCf)f)h' who prf",;.,.-('d [hi.", booklet. Thov 1,;0"1'1' a\mo~l ('\'I':'ry topic nn hoth air and hvdr-aulics. nnd do il in ~l1{ . .'r'- ~, _Gimillf> f'lnd pI"Ud.i<;.11 \\'f'Y, it enn IV' underalood In' <'IllVOnC who it> mech anienllv . Inclinr-L i\1::1lh('rn.j1tic-~ is et('mf't~l'-H'''

nncl thcorv j, Iwhl I.., n", A Really Practical Treatment of F!uid Power!

minimum' required rm'

prnctic ... l npplicntions.

INDUSTIlIAL FLUlD [,OWEn - Vol u rm- I

Th;~ i;<:t n complotc h;l~j(" rurn-sr- 011 uir n II~~ h ... -rlrn nht- Iluirl l'OWf'f'. lr:<f'.l ~1~ .1 tl':"I11'~ltlk if' huudrods nf vocatinnn l ~('h,rlCll~.lh'l,;nll"m·nd("r1 hv the N:llinu;d Fluid Pl1Wf't' r\~~r,ri;dirlll. Huv il

anrl try !t~ 'I'"I?U will h(' su I1If'ns('d yo" will wnnt. huy lIu-' olht-r honks. .

Speciticattons: lRB IlflJZf·);. Rill";.;: ] I"; Ovr-r :-\fiO illu st rutions: ~Hn h(Jllflll

INDUSTRIAL FLUID POWEll - Volume 2

A I1WI"1' ndvnncr-rl book ,,·hid, rovr-rs dheetienul ar~~llm·~~'lrI' r-unl rul or l"\·!r,ul.'ro,; In :'l J::1"f·."ltrr dopl.h. Tlu-rr- jr::; mnrr- dl'~jf~tl irll~)r1H."l1 inn "'HI rirnlil n' 111<1n in Vnluuu- 1 .

Specifications: 271 p;IJ..:.I'~. R'~':" x 1\"; {Jvr-r :1;J(J il1;I~1 mli"I1~~ ~lIn hmlllli

INI)USTJUAL FLUIIJ "OWEH - Vol u mc J

'lhis h1'lflk covers npplicnriuus H'ilh rntru'y pu\.\-.'r oulpul rr'rl!ll h,nll";lIdi{' ~mrl nir !Hn!fI":::, h"\t(lrn~I:1Iil' tmr':"'o.IllI<l:'-l~fm.'<. l'r11;II'.\· ;H'III<lIq1"~, rnl:ll"y fluw rli\-idl'r~ (llhpl" Irlpi,...; hrljll°;I,.:lppir'll!: \"ihralru'~

Specifications: 2·11 p:lj.!"('~. R'//'" 11"~ OW'I" 2rl0 ill",..;1 r-alifln"< SnO h'llllul

FLUID POWEll IN PLANT i\ND FII':LI)

\Vn1h"''' e~p~'\'i;rll_\' (";11' III"(l]1k ~\'rH'kln~ in Ill!' fif']!! fl.l:lIl.\' "C,Ll'~j~.· ... linf1"; Oil ItP·q:1HiIiIlirrll. ~'I',r,:i:;I'i;;~:"'~:~I:"k:rHI trtn1hlr' .. h"f)tiol~. hut llwn' is tili.l{-h :-;uppll·lnr·nl;lr.\" illfflrtn:llim_ ror I'. ;rrl~"'~nf

Specifications: 'l:J'2 1)111-:"<:, WI. .. "x • I"; On:'r ~J!"JO iHu.sl f .. l inns: s"n bnllui.

ELECTlUCAL CONTIWL 01' FLUII) POWEll

,

Thi:o:;. IIfJ(lk c"pl.1irts c .. )tnpnIH'ot~ 11,':r·d in f,I,'drll'al I"nnlrnJ :l1Id ind\lrlj'<; chnptr-rs rut i:id(lf'r Clllll.:'nlnl"-. h,:,.·(1 win,d circui t s , PJ·tlhT~1I11m;lhl,-' cnnt.rnllr-rs ~,'r\'11 \':11\",,0'. prnporti'\llal ~nlj'I'nid ... nlvr-s. moteu- s tnrtr-rs, nnd otlror- (_·lC"'ftric.1! Ltlpk~.

Spf,tirin.~inl1"l: 2fH; P~1~(\;r::" ~P!:r-".x 11"; Oq·,. 200 itlus. rutiuns: Snn. hmmrl

.\: ",

SELECTED TOOLING THEASURES

This book is wrif Ion in layrnnus 1.1llgU:I~1' nnd (.',111 h..-lp h,,~il1(,~-" owne-rs. ;t("{'olllll.allt~. pLln:ha~in~ rlw'r,I.'i. :11111 runintr-nnrtce personnel In Hlldl'n::1 alll~ thr- vnlnr- of sirn pi ... ·. inexpensive !o(~lin~. The nu! 11m. Ite. W'JllW(·k. h:l~ 0\'('1' ;I:~ Y'·"T.<; or tooltrur r-xperiencr- ill rr-pnir. mallllrn(.'lnriul!. nr-rnspacr-, nircrnf't. pl,'et.mnic·s. :11111 tho oil ilullls.try \\'hich r'n n 1'I('1p .\'nll avuul uurnv ,.r trw prnhlt'm;o ami pil Fnll ... thnt ,"Ire ("flr:'l!1Hmly f'i,und in lrlll1il'J":;.

Speciticationa: 2:~11 p'1J.{('S. ~! .: : :'C IIC: O\'N '100

ilf ustrntiuns: Snrt bOUIl(1.

i

'"

r.J : :;~{~:~~J'

:.;'

FUNI1AMENTALS OF INDUSTnJAL CONTROLS & AUTOMATION

womnck Eclllt"rlli('I'I;,1 1"lhlirilth'n~ tW\'-('~l Ipx1h()llk focuses on n hl"~iI1n('r·;:; !'=ludy or clocn-icitv, f'lt't'lnmin';, control ct')mt'lnn('I\I~ .;u"d nutruuntion ,U;, l'{'hll['~lln indus+rial controls. Thl!'-l(,-;,;;thOC"lk cxpl.u-os I.he prupcr LI!'-f' of r-h-clr-irn! ("onlrnl:,,; In maximize pruduul ivit v. minimizr- dllH"u~ mn-, ~irnplir;V mninn-naucc. il11l"11'II\'(' :-;aft·'.\" awl prr1\"idl' information to ('fft'l'l ivr-lv mal1:1F!l.41p{. r ntious. Specifications: 234' Pi\J..:"~' Rl.~," x 11"'; 0\'("1" ~!Il!') iflust.rnl inus ; 8fJrt bound.

Wr itc, phone 01'" fax frn- J;:.tcS"t price l ist: OJ' to pluce an Ol'"d{'!", PI·IONE: (214) 3;,7-~R71 - FAX; (214) :J50-fJ:)22

64

Price $1.00 per copy

Fluid Power

I:

I

•

DATA BOOK

A collection of useful fluid power data, published in this condensed form for convenient reference, For expanded educational material on fluid power, sec textbook listi ngs on the back cover.

HYSPECS

HYDRAULIC SPECIALTIES LTD

Auckland

9-11 Lady Ruby Drive East Tamaki

(09) 274·9985 (09) 274·4441

Phone Fax

Christchurch:

40 Durham St. Sydenham

Phone (03) 366·1872

Fax (03) 366·1431

l

[

j

I

)

Page

Table oj Contents

Topic Trouble Shootin!!

Fluid power gmphic symbnls Hydraulic trouble shooting Cylinder and valve lc~fing Replacing 8 pump or motor.

Design Data Formulas

Fluid power formulas

Fluid power formulas, rnet.ric .. English/metric conversions Fluid power equivalents

and abbrevintions Vehicle drive calculntions .

Cylinders

Hydraulic cylinder force and speed cnlcu'ntions .

Hydraulic cylinder force and speed lr1hlc!; Pneumatic cylinder .nir

consumption

Pneumatic cylinder force lnl)le , lntornal Fluirl rSlcln l:lIbirlg' , . , Piston roo column ,<;Lr('n~lh .,

Pn mps nnd mntor."l

Horsepower Lo drive .n pump . 2.1

Tnrque/l !l'mrM tnblc 2,\

Pump & motor torque table .. 2-1

Mechnnieal trnnsmission efficiency . , . 2.1)

Pump/motor sha{\s and n:ln~'cs . 26

Cc ntr-ol valve sb-;inl!. . 27

liP:; to compress air.. . . .. 28

Tank p ump-down time. . 29

Cooling in hydrAulic systr.:l1ls . 30

Accumulator ldzing .. :12

Oil"

Vlscoeity nJtm~ systems . SSU viscosity variation Seal compatibility with

common fluid.'!

:! .. !i .7 8

Topic

Design Dnt.a (conl.) PlumhinJ!

l lvd-nu.ic pipl' Lnhle

Oil 00"' cnpncity Ilfpirw~

Oil pressure loss lhrnll~h pip('s .. Carbon steel tubing rlutn &

cnpper t'lbing dntn .

SLilinle!".s stl"d luhir'R data. Oil Ilnw capacity or Iuhing Air line pipe .~i;'('.

Air pressure less

Air now In~.r..:. ll1roug,h pipes Pressure rr'll'::O through liltings Friction i,f n ir- in hose.

Air now k vacuum now

through orifices

Oil flow through orifices

SAI~ fl"rlg~ dimr-nsion n 1 dntn Slrilip,lll.l.hr(';1c1 fiUinr. !'17c~.s. r';t1l1iv.,\!f'n( pip!' & (ubin,!.! ~11.('!t , . ISO ~t4Ind~nli7,ntilm em)I,t T'hre-ad forms (If Fluul cunneetors .

Three phase motor dnrn. Wire solnctto n guide Miscdhncou.!'ii Frn-m u'l as And Convct-stone

T{lhlc of ~(luivRl{!nts

Decimal find met r ic r-quivalents , . Convoreion between English nnd

IS!) Standard unit lnterchangu between units Tnmncrnturu convers-nn rlmrt.. Trible or stnndar d gnugcs . DC'n~iLiC5, ,<;pf'cirlC gr:lvitie.e>; nnd

mcchanicnl propcrt.ie-s or common rnntcr+nls

Page

:17 :18 , ;!9

.. :'2

. sa . ;~9 .5]

" 62

.. G3

Additional single copies can be purchased Irnrn the curnpany whose name appears On the f~onl cover, Orders will be accepted by the publisher ("ddress be· lowl for a rrnrn murn of 6 copies. Orders for 100 or more COplCS will be accepted on 3D-day mvorcmg to compumes or schools Quantities of 1000 ur more booklets can be purchased with your company name and address printed on the front cover, Write to the publisher for information or quantity price quotation.

.'

:1

.9 10 . II

12 18

15

19 .20 21 " 11

,34 J5

,. ~6

NOTICEI We believe the inlormation in lhis booklet 10 be accurate. But errors can occur In spite of careful checking, Therefore, neither thls company nor Womack Educational PublIcations will assume any Habilily lor damage or Injury, nor lor the safe andlor satisfactory opera lion of any machine or system designed from inlormatlon in this booklet.

... ::

Tenth Edition - Third Printing, December 199(1 ©199S by WOMACK EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS

Send mail to p,O, Box 35027 Dallas, TX 7523;'·DD27 - Phone: 214·357·3871 All Rights Reserved - Printed in the U.S.A

2

Graphic Symbols

For Use on Fluid Power Drawings

TIIPS(' ;ITt' t hc mnre common IINSI graphic symbols from the American Nal.i~~I\~ll S[;HuJ,lrd:--; lnstit ute for usr' nn fluid power circuit drawings. A more comp!dr li,l call h(' nblmnrd from !I", Nntiounl Fluid Power Association, 3333 N, Muvfnir Hoi" Milwaukee, \VJ 5:!222, Wrile for !i,'ting and prices.

: II:

II 1--1 ------r---

Doub!e·Acting Cylinder

Doub!e-Acting Cylinder with Double End Rod

Sinqlo-Actinq Cylinder

HYDRAULIC PUMPS. ----

Fixed Uispl. t-Rotale

Fixed Displ.

Bi-Rota!e

Variable Variable Over

Drspl. Displ., Pres, Cenler

Over Cntr. Compensator w/Comp.

Variable Displ. 1-Ro!ale

Fixed Disp!

I-Rolate

Fixed DispJ.

B,·Ro!a!e

Variable Displ. 1·Rotale

E!ectric Molor

Over Center w/Comp

Partial Revolution Oscillator

2-WAY & J·WAY VALVES

qo ~

2·Way N,C 2-Position

2-Way. N,O. 2·Position

3-Way Selector

3·Way. Directiona! Control

4-WAY VALVES -------

IllIXh

rllllXh

tJlll*IXh

2-Posilion Single Actuator

2-Position Double Actuator

3-Position Spring Centered

'SPOOL CENTERS FOR 3-POSITION VALVES mlll::1 X tJ{

o ld 69J [f3J S~r~R~i~i~~f~e

Closed Tandem Float Open

Center Center Center Center

3

Actuators for Valves
ACTUATORS FOR VALVES
.r lr K aC --[ ~
General Manual Foot Cam Pilot Button
Purpose Lever Operated Operated Operated Bleeder
CLC we ol M cl CJ=[
Solenoid Spring Pressure Pilot and 3-Position Palm
Operated Relurn Compensated Solenoid Detent Button J -*--~ 9-- -.

I I ---

LL.J LL.J

Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve

I;Z£

Reliel Valve

Relief Valve with vent

Sequence Valve

Pressure Reducing V81ve

~ - --EQ3=---

+

Needle

Valve

-o-

Check Valve

Pilot to Open Check Valve

Pilollo Close Check Valve

Fixed Orilice

Accumulator

Flow Conlrol Valve wilh Bypass

Pressure Compensated Flow Control w/Bypass

Heal Exchanger

4-Way Servo Valve

i d : ;;.~!~rJ

,,'

C{) 1 ~ ~ -{X}- -- ~
Air Shuille Manual Liquid Airor
Pressure Muilier Valve Shut-Oil Flow Gas Flow
Gauge Component Outline

Drain Lines

Pilot lines

Lines Lines

Crossing Connecting

t.,~. :"

Air Trio Unit

Lubricalor w/Drain

Air Filter w/Drain

Air or Oil Filler

Air Line Lubricator

4

Hydraulic Troubleshooting

i

l

, [," r

~l''''y uf the failures in " hydraulic system "how similar symptoms: a gradun l or sudden lo~~ of high prcs.surc . result.inf. in lnss of power or speed in the. c)'li"rI('I". In fnct, the cyli nrlcrs "'~y stnl l uu: er lighllollds or may nol move at . all. Ortl'll tlu- 1f1$.~ or power is accnrnnnnicd by an increase in pump noise, cspeei,dly a~ the pump tries 1.0 build up pressure.

1\11." major component (rump, relief valve, directional valve, or cylinder) could be at Inult.. In n sophisticated system other components could also be at Inu lt., hut t hl~ would l'f"qtti rc t.he services of nn experienced techn icinn.

Hv r"lluwing an org"niwd step-by-step testing procedure in the order given horr, t h(' prnblcm C;:'In he traced to a general a rea, then if necessary, each compnnr-nt ill th"t "rea can be tesl.NI Or replaced,

C 0 E J K F

RELIEF!

VALVE

. ~.

B

WORK CYLINDER

H

BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

STEP 1 - Pump Suction Strainer ,.,

l'r'''b"hlv t hc nel.! t rnuhle CI1COIJlCtcrod most. often is cavitation of the hydr"lIli" P'"ll]! inlet caused b)' rcst riction due 1.0 n dirt build-up on the suction s l rnj nvr. This cnn ha ppe n nil n new "~ 1V011 as nil older system, It produces the S,\,111pt0r11S df.':"cnhrd ;"IhovC': incrnnscd (lump noiso, 10.'''5 of high pressure and/or SIH'(·d

I r LI,.. ,I rn i ncr is not located in the pump suction line it wi II be found irn- 1111"',,,,1 hulow the oil level in the l'e,<ervoir [point A)_ Some operators of' hydraulie equII)tnC'nl never give the equipment any ntte ntinn or maintenance until it fnils. Unrler theso cnndil.iun.s , snonc r or lntor. the suction strainer will probably ln-cnnu- s u rricipn ~ 1\, rost rictrd til cnuse a b1'£,;1 kdown of the whole system and

tltlmag(' In the pump. .

TI1(' surtion st r aincr should be removed fnr inspection and should be cleaned h( ... (oro ro-inst allntinn. Wire nH~5h st.r ai ne rs can best be clcnnarl with an air hose, blowim; from in~idc out. They e<111 nlsn h~ washed in a solvent which is computiblc With the reservoir Iluirl Kerosene may be used for strainers operating in pcI rolcum ha.l' hvdrnulic uil . 00 not lise g~,<;"linc or other explosive or [larnmablc solvents. The sl.ra i ncr should be cleaned eVCI1 though it may not appear to he- di rtv. S"I11(, clogging mntcrials cannot he seen except by dose inspection, [f trwr!' ;11'(' holes in 1 he· rncsh or if lhcr€' is mechanical damage, the strainer .11",,1<1 he replaced. When rei "sta II i Ill; the st ra i ner, inspect all joint.s for possible nil' loaks. part i culnrlv at union joints (points B, E, G, H, J, and K), There must he 110 nil' leaks in the suction line, Check the reservoir oil level to be sure it covers the lOP of the strainer by nt lcnst 3" at minimum oil level, with all cylinders cxt cndorl. If it does not cover to this depth there is danger of n vortex forming whirh m av alfnw a ir lo enter the svstom when the pump is running.

STEP 2 - Pump and Reliel Valve .. ,

If rI~"ning the pump sucuou strainer docs nol correct the trouble, isolate the pUrl1!, and rr-licf vnlvo lrom t.hr- rest of the ci rcuit by disconnecting at point E so Ih:11 rmlv HH' pump. rrliof vnlvr-. and pressure gilllJ;C remain in the pump circuit. tnp "" plll~ hot h "nd5 of til(' plulllbi"!i which was disconnected. The pump is nnw ,it-:ldhp;"lcd into the reli"f valve. Start. the pump and watch for pressure hu i ld-u P uu the gnllgc while I.igh ten i Ilg Lhe adjustment on the ralief valve, If [u II 1'r<',<"'II'(' tall he developed, obviously the pump and relief valve are operating corrcct lv, nlld Ihe t.rnuhlr- is 1.0 be found flll,ther dow" the line, If full pressure ":11111 r>t be dC\'l'lol'cri in this test, COil ti nue wi th STEP J,

!

I (

I I:

;

i

r;' ,"

Pi,' , i; '; . ~

5

STE P 3 - Pump or Relief Valve ...

lf high pressure cannot he ohtained in STEP 2 hy rUI111inJ:! LlH" pllillp ;lg".nin~1 the rnlief vnlve, further testing must, bo cnnductr«] til sev whether Lilt' fu ul t Iit-s in the pump or ill the rcli"f valve: J'rnc~ed as fnllows:

lf pnss.ihle, discon-inct Llru rc scrvuir rul ur n l inu from UH~ r clir-f vnlvo 011. I)oint.

H, Attach a short length of hose to the relief valve outlet. Hold the open end or this hose over the reservoir r1l1cr opening ~I') the rutc of oil nnw cn n he" obxr-rvcd. Start the pump find run the rcl ief vnlvu adjllslment up nnr! do\\'u whi lc {)h~('r'\_lillg the Il ow throuah the hose. If the pump i,_ bad, lI",r[' will 11I'''''''hly h" " ,-,,11 stream of oil when the rclief ndjust ment. is hacked off, but l his llnw wi ll diminish or stop ali the ndjustmont is in~cr('rlscd.

l f a flowmeter j,t;. nvailnhle, the" Urn v ' (an be mnnsurvil and cornpn rr-rl wil.h the pump catalog ratmg, If 11 Ilowrnetr-r is not ava i lnhle, the rat r: or now 011 SIll:111 pumps call be mcasurnd by dischargi ng the hose into a bucket whi!c liming with a watch, fur example, if a volume of 10 [lallons is collccl~,' ill )r, seconds. the (Jumping rnt.c is 40 GPM, etc.

l f t.he gauge pres su re docs IHJt rise above a low value. say Ion PSI, "'1(1 ift.hc volume of flow docs not substantially decrease as the rulirf ""Ive ndjust.mrnl. is tightened, therclir-f valve is prnhnhly at fault and should he clr nnrrl 1>1' 1'('plaCt·d as instructed in STEP 5, If the nil substnutinlly dccrenscs ns the rvliefvnlvc adjustment is lightened. and if nnlv " low or modcr at 'pre",II'c ",".1)(' developed. this indicntcs trnuble in the pump. Proceed to STEP 4,

STEP 4 - Pump ".

If a full stream of oil is not obt.air cd in STEP 3. or if till' ,In':\I,, rhminis hr-s OS the relief valve ndjust.ment is Lil:11tel1cd, the pump is proh,,['I.I' nt r,nrlt. Assurn ing thf1t the suet.inn str nincr ll:lS ;lln'~ldy h('('11 c\("lIH'd n nrl the inlet plumblng has hcen exnmincd for ni r Irak~.;l;<; in STEP 1, the nit is ~lippjnJ! ~H.Tn~!-< LhrPllmping clc rnc nt s inside I hr- pnrnp. Thi~ C;-In T1H';111 ;1 wnr n-ou l p u mp. or Inl) hl~h n n oil 1 ornpr-rul.urc. H inh slippnge in (he' pu m p \\:i 1 ~ C111 ~p I ~w p~lm p l n run cnnsidernhly hot.t r-r thnn tlw oil rr-st-rvuir t.e mpcrnturr-. 111 nntmn l nlH-f.lI.ioll, with a good pu mn.Tho num p C;~Sf' will prolJahl,V ru n nbou! 10"j·' (,hnvp t hr- !"I'Sf'I'voir tempcrnl.urc. lf ,~rc;l,l.['r t.hnn this, ~'Xt'~SS ~]jpp:!gt~, ~~au~ .. .;('d hv "':~~;.I'. 111~'y Ill' the cause.

Check also for ,'ipping belt s, sheared shaft, pin or kr-v. hrokr-u shuft., hrokr-n couplill':;. or In()~CIH'd scl, screw,

STEP 5 ~ Relief Valve, ,.

If the Lest in STEP 3 has in<l'c"t,,<1 thr- troubl .. I.ol he in I he rclivf v.ilvr-. puinl 0, the quickest rr-mr-dy j:c:. to rC"plnf..:c the valve with ()]it' k unwn 10 b(, ~ond. T'lurault,Y vn lvr r'I1t1.Y lal.~r h(' di~;lS.';t'llIhh·d rot i ns pucl inn n nd dr';lIling Pilot.-opc'f-' ntcrl relief valves hnve small o r ificcs which Ill.", 1)(' hlot'kt'd with n ccuru u la ti nns of dirt. Blowout all passages with all air hose ~nd run rI srna l l wire through orifices, Check nlxo for free movement. IIf the sponl. In " rellcf" vn lve wilh rip" thrond connections in t.he body.the spool mny bind ifpipc nllinR' '1I'C ovcr-t urht> cncd. lf poxaihle , b;-st the spool for bind before u nscrowi ug thrcadt'd cnmu-rtinns from the body, or screw in fiLLings li!-:hl.ly dUI-il1g insp('cl.'Oll of tht- vnlvr.

STEP 6 - Cylinder .. ,

If the pump will deliver full pressure when operating acrnss I.he n'li(·r\'~h'" in STEP 2, both pump a nd relief vnlve can be considered gnnr\. n nd 1IH' Iro"bl(' is further downstream. The cylinder shnuld he [",tcd firsl Ior worn-out or d"I",· t- • live pack ings by the method described 01\ page 7,

STEP 7 - Directional Control Valve ...

IfLl,e cylinder has been tested (STEP 6) and round [0 how, J'onslIn:II,ly til;ht piston scah. tbe 4-way valvo should he c1wcked next. Although it doc, nol ofL,'n happen, an excessively worn valve spool can slip enough uilto prevent uuild.up of maximum pressure. Symptnmf'; of thi~ condlUan nrc (I I(I~"S or CYlinder" :::>pc('d together with dimcull.y il\ building <III to full pres~Llrc evrn wilh the rclicfvalvl' adjusted 1.0 a high selling, This condition would he more likel,v to ocelli with high pressure pun.ps orlo", volulllE' oulpul,. and would d .. ""lop gr-nellially ovcr a long period or time, Four-way val,'cs Illay he t(',It'eI by th" method dl',cribcd nn page 7,

Other Components .-,

Check other components such ~s byp'''" ~uw contml-", hyd':lIrlic 1110101", Pte.

Solenoid ~-wny valves of Lhe pilot·operated l,I'pe wiLh l:ll1delli or "1'('1\ o'nl,('1' spools may noL have sufficient pi lot pres"u Ie to ." i ft the 'pool

i -t .

6

Cylinder and Valve Testing

011 ;:111 nir -.vstt-m, if air is delcctl'd e~c;,pin~ Frum 'i.1 4·w<1.\' \,;-11"(1 cx hn ust while the' cylinder- is stopped. this air is either hlo, .. :in~ bv worn-out pislon se;ds. or i s ICOlking ;H:rOS.'i, thr- spnul in thr- II-way va.vc-. 'l'hosc two 1(,:1k:1~~c paths arc slH.l\ v n in the figure to lhe right.

lV[(~~l air c vl i ndcrs and valves have soft .'cal, and should be lcnk-t.igbt. i Iowcvr-r, those air valves tHH'ing n tnelnl-Lo-mrtuf senl lwl\ v een spool and body may be expected to have n srnal l nrununt. or lca k age.

If Icakag" is nnt erl. i l, is more likclv I" be rOlllil1-g Ihrough the cylinder Lhaii ncrnss the vnlvt- '1'001, n nd the cylinder should he 1,·slt·,1 first,

Cyli nder Testing .. ,

HIli. I he p.!;(r," to one end of' rt s sf rokc anr] !c;l\',' il ~lalll'd in this posi-

tion unrle r prr s.su re, Crack tile ~ Lti Ilg Two Lea k Paths

"" Llw srunr- (,11e1 oft hc cvlinder to check

for fh"d 1.'ak"I-!(', .

,\ l'll'r ,'I"'l'1<il1", I igh l"11 111<' iii_I i Ill: .uid 1'\111 tho l'i,1<111 tn the opposite end of II,,· !.rllrl,l ,,,,,I I"l'I"'"I IhL' l.cst . Occ",inl1nll,Y:t cylinder wil l Icak nt one point in its .-;1 rokro rhu- 10 n scratch Or df'nt in lhe hnrr cl. Check ,ro;tHillected posit.ions in mifl sll'ol .. t' by in,'.;.!:~lIing Ol p~~ilivl' stop n l t.he suspected posrt.ion and run the p i:·;I,o 1'1 nHI :lI.':::lin:o-;f d for tc~twg. Onci' ir. a grcn~ while n pistcn sonl mny lcnk III I,' I'I1I1U"111 I,· This,i, usunllv cnused hv a SOft. packing ,0r 0-l'il\l.{ moving slightI~' Ill' rolhng Inlo d,flrrrnl posu.ions "" the prst.on, and IS ruor e likely to happen 01' ~')'I i IHlr'r~ or 1~1 rg(' hor-n.

Cylinder Piston Leakage

Diagram for Cylinder Testing

Cylinder Leakage

Wil"n lIlaking this test on hydra ul ic cylinder s, l he line should be cnmplctcly rellw\'ed h-um ,I cvtndar port during t.hc r.cst. The npnn line Ir om the valve should be pluJ;J:cd or capped since a "Iil:hl back pressure in the tank return line would srnll nil from I.he line if nut plllg-g~d, Pi~tons with metal ring seals can be expected to h,1\'e fl .~m.111 amount or lcnkanc across the rings~ anrl even "lanktight" ""Il "·,,1,, may have a small bypass during new seal brenk-in 01' after the soals are well worn.

4-Way Valve Testing ...

For testinr; -l-wav valves. either ni r or hydraulic, it is necessary to obtain access tn the ,'xhf\u,1. or tank rei urn ports so Lhatlhe amount of leakage can be ob'el'ved Til make 1.1i(' test, nl,<connecl. hol.h cylinder lines and plug Lhese ports on the "a"'c'. Slart up the system and shift the vall'e to one working posiLion, Anv no\\' 0111 Ihe exhausts or tank relurn line while the valve is under pressure IS t.he amounl or leakage, Hepeatlhe lesL in all other working positions of the ";'lIn'.

Safe PUlnp Inlet Vacuuln

2 4

Piston Pumps

Max Safe Inlel Vacuum, PSI Max. Sale Inlel Vacuurn, In. Hg

Thr suction ,<I.I':.iner should he cleaned or replaced when inlel vacuum 011 a hydr:lulic pump r(';:lftw::; the~Q valuc.l;,_ Sustained operation at these vacUUllls mas d;lm;1f.:'('t th!? JlU I'll p. \Vhcn tin; surhnr't strainer is clCIlI1, the inlet vacuum .<III)"ld lint be more Ihan 113 orthe~c ";;Iul's

7

Replacement of Pump or Motor

Calculaling the Theoretical GPM 01 a Pump by Measuring lis Internal Paris. To select fl replacement. fur ;1 broken or worn nut. hvdrauhc pump or motor which has no nnrneplate or hns no r;lling 11HUkc(1 on its case, use th(_> Iormulns below after making internal. phy~ical l11et1SlIrClllcnts.

When replncing i1 pump, C;)t;,jog r;llings. will usuallv he- shown in epI\1 aL 8 specified .• haft sperd. On a mntnr. ,""l"llIr.( r"l.in~s will usunllv Ill' m C.I.IL r,,"hie inches displnccrncnt per shaft revolution), j,'nrllllllfl:ti ;1 n~ gi"("" f'or: cil.t'u I;,. i ng ~'!I he r GI'M nt 1800 RPM or cnlcuf nt.iug CJ.Jt. Usc Lhe r",,"III" which" nppru-rrrate. Make all measurements, in inches, a s nccurntnly as pnssihk. Cunvrrt [rnct.innal rl i mcn sions in l,o dcdm;,] cqlli\,:11(~nt~ [nt' u sc in 1 he fnrmul n s.

Make :"lUI'!,! the (~at;.llog prC:'ihun' fctl.ill"; if; .'ldequaLp lor your :lpplication, a nrl in tile case or a pump, he sure duect.on ofshnfl rot.atio n '" corrtct

Gear Pumps and Motors

1. Mo nsuro r;e'''' width, W

2. Measure borr- diallH'll'l" nf o nr- of thrg{'ill' chambers: Ihi~ i.'" D.

3. i\ll'n~un.' di:.iliHH'l' ~H'nl:-:;': hol h gl';ll' chambers: this is L.

(;1'\1 ep I~I)H IH'\I =

-t 7 '>: \\ ... 4 ~ I) - I. I ," ( I, 1 I~ I

1\ .'prrd or I ROO HI'~1 i s "",,,I ill I ln- fur. mu]: •. Al ot lu-r ~pf..'('d~, (~II[\~ i,<': pl'np~n"li"",11 I" HI'~1.

Cl.lt lJi"'pl:n:Trunll =

('''''\\·1-'.2[)L)'''~ Vane Pumps and Motors

m"hllcl'd tvpo. 1101 \"'1II"bl" displ.

1. I\IP';ISUl"1' wid! h of \'n{OL Thlfo! I,": W

2. r\,le.lsuI'I' ~hl)rt!':-;I. di:..;lantT ;llT[l~:'-' bore; t hi" is D

3. Mcn suro iOllR('sL {li~t;:1nl;t· ;~('tI}SS bOI"(': I his is L.

CI'i\1 {,,1 UU!41IH'\1 :;: ,qy\\.)<"~:<~

J 1

1\ '1,(,,,<1 nf 1800 Itl'~1 " lI~rd "11111' 1'''1'tHO n , At »Ihr-r spr-r-d s, c:r'r.1 is p r-npnrt.inna I 1.0 H I'~t

{".~ .IL l1i"'r)ln\'~'ml"I'1

(I. .. I)J .r.. U] 12v.W .... -J-'·-1-

VANE PUMP (Balanced Type Only)

Piston Pumps and Motors

1, Find piston ArC~ from pj sbnn diameter; this is A in fo rm uf a. 2, Measure length or stroke: tlus is L in formul"

3, Count number of pistons: this" N in fnrilluia

(;P;\I (ri' IH!IVIO·_'I ::.\ ~,I.::...:\)< 1:-iIH) , 1-'1

1\ 'perd of 1800 RPM i., used in f"I"I1H1I;] At ot hr-r spr-rd s. (;I'~I i s proport.ion"I tn RPM.

:;.

".Llt lli"lllan'm«'nl = ,\ ~ L .... :-..

If a pum p of higlwr G I'~I hns to he used, it I\' ill rcquu:o more II P ,,1. l ho "1]11[' prcssuru nnrl cylinders ill til{' svsl om will 1IH11'e f".ler. 11"011(' wil h lnwr-r I~I'M is used, the system will hnv» plnnlv of power hut r~'!illdi'r~ will 111[1\'('11111")1"(' .'.:.!ov .. ·I:v thnn origin.nII,\I.

Ir n mnlor with grc:lLrr disrh~n'lI1Cllt i:s \I::.:.{,d.,t will dt'li\'('I' 1110]"{' Iflnpl(, :,1 il reduced [{PM, hili will relfuirc "" lIlorl' nuid HI' fl"l)111 1.11,' pu",p. If il ha"" les"" Jispl.nc('tHcnt iL will roL;1t(' rll!"ter wilh k:'-"~ torqut·

8

Fluid Power Formulae

Torque nnd hors~.'po\\'('r Helalion~:

T ~ HP x 5252.,. RPM HP ~ T x RPM + 5252 RPM z; HP x 5252 + T

Tutqut- val ucs n rr- in root rounds

1~.\'dr;HJlir t ll uid ~Hlwprl horst-powcr HP",PSlxGPM.1714

PSI i::; gr~ 1Ij!~ prcssu rc in pou nds IWI" squan' inr-h: GPM )S nil now in ~;dlnns per minut c.

Vcl ncit v oLnil llu-v in pipe:

V ~ 'GPM x 0.3208 + A

V is nil vr-Inci tv in reel nr r second; GPM i~ nnw ;,1 g:;,llons pel' minute; A i~ inf:.id(· nrr-n or pipp 111 SfJU;lJ"(' inrhos.

l'h~I"h'~' L"w rOI" bchuvinr of g~ses:

T1V, =TzV"orT1P2 =TZP1

T1. Pl' .uul V1 an' i nit.ia l tpmpcrntur«. pn'!.;,snlT. ;IIHI voluuu-, nne! T2. P2. ~ ,HI V ~ ,,,'l' fi ";1 I contli Lion"

l~n\"If"\':: 1,;lw for hohaviru- nr,,:-asl's: 'P1Vl = p<!V,

Pl and V1 arc iniLi:\l pl'p~Slln~ ~nd vulumo: P2 nnd V2 .He liua l cOlldit inn s.

{'in:k [ortuulns:

Area = nr2, or n02 + 4 Circumference = 2nr, or nO

r i:r:: r nrl i u s. D is di.uuctur, i nchcs.

1 f(':l( ('qui\";lIl'l'Il. uf fluid power:

BTU per hour = PSI x GPM x 1 'h

Hvdrnulic cv] piston travel speed:

S = elM + A

S is. pi~1 on 11'11\,(>1 spepd, inches 1'('1' 111",,,tr: elM is oi l flow i n l o cylindr-r. cubic inches per minute; A i.r.:: pist.on fln'OJ in square inch ... s.

Fnrc(' or tIHII~L of Hr1V cvlindc r:

F = A )( PSI ..

F i,e;, rr)n:.·p or thrust. in p01.IIH.I~; A is pist.o n IWt. "!1'('~ in squa rr- inches:

PSI is J:;.:ll1ge pressure.

Forr« lor pif'l"r;ng or ."h('(lring shr-ct mot n l:

F = P y T " PSI

F is rorce rr-quirr-rl . in pounds: Pis pt'riJ11P\rr around area t.n lio ,h";II'l'd, ill in r lies: T i, shc('t.l.hick· '"'," ill i nrhos: PSI is the s hr-ar

.,t rcngLh ralinr! of lhe m at.e r i a l in pounds lWI' suuruc inch

Sidp In:HI ~'11i pu m II or" mot nr shn n F", (HP ~ 53024) + (RPM x R) F '.< the "id~ 1,,;1<1. in pounds,

"go i n.l ,r." 11; R is the pitch radi us. In I l1rla's, of sh[';1\'p Oil pum p shi1 rl~ HP is d riv i ng- pnwpr n pp~ i ('d Ln

.,11" ft

Effecti\"e force of a cylinder working at on annle to direction of lhc load t.rnvcl:

F=TxsinA

T is the tntal cylinder force, in pounds; Fie the pn rt, or the force which is offoct.ive, in pounds; A is the least angle, in degrees, bee tween cylinder axis and load direction.

He~t r~"liHlil1g cnpncity of a steel reservoir:

HP = 0,001 x A x TO

H P ;5 the power r arl iat.i ng capacity expressed in horsepower; A is surr;-tc(' ;11'(':1, in square feet: TO is ternpt-rnturc difference in degrees F between 011 and surrnunding a i r,

Hurst. pressure of pipe or tubing:

P = 2t x S.,. 0

P is hurst. pressure in PSI: I is wal! thickness, in inches; S is tensile slrcIl~111 of mnl.erial ill PSI;

a is out, ... irle diruucter, ttl inchos,

Rclnt ionah i p between displacemen l "nei torque of a hydrnnlic molar:

T = 0 x PSI + 24n

T i. torque in Ioot-Ibs.; 0 is displacement in cubic inches per revolution, PSI is pressure difference ar r oss motor; IT ::: 3.] 4.

Rules-of-Thumb

Horsepower for driving a pump:

for every 1 HI' of drive, the cquivRlent of 1 GPM @ 1500 PSI can be produced,

Horsepower for idling a pump:

To idle" pu rnp when it. is unloaded will require about G% or its lull r atcd hor~('powcr.

Cnmprossibll it.\' of liydruu I ic oi I:

Volume reduction is approx.mntaly 1/2% [or every 1000 PSI offiuid pressure.

Comprcssihillty of writer:

Volume reduction is about 1/370 for every 1000 1'5 I prcssu reo

Watl:lge [or hc~l.ill" hydraulic oil' Each wnt], will raiso t.he temperat.ure of 1 g,~II(Jn of oil by l"F pcr hO"L

Fjow ""I"cit.), in hydrnul ic lines

FlIlll p suetinn lines 2 to 4 feet per sccnnr]: pressure lines up to GOO psr, 10 to 15 recl per sec; pressure Ii ",," ,,00 to aooo PSI, 15 to 20 feet pr-r S~C.; prcss ure lines over ~OOO I'SI, 2;' r{,ct pcr sCC.: all oil lines in ~ir·",'cr·nil syslem, 4 feet pcr sec.

9

Fluid Power Formulas in SI Metric Units

English Un.iis

Fluid power formulas in I'~nglish u nit a are shown in the left column SI t l uLen, al.ion.a l) unit cquivalr-n ts or these rorm ulns n rp shown i:n Uw right. co! u m 11.

Metric (81) Units

Torque, HP, Speed Relations in Hydraulic Pumps & Motors

T " HP x 5252 " RPM HP "T x RPM + 5252 RPM" HP x 5252 ;- T

T " Torque, r""l·lbs

RPM" Speed, revs/minute HP " Horsepower

T "Kw x 9543 < RPM Kw = T x RPM ;- 9543 RPM=Kwx9543+T

T = Torque, Nm (N"\\'lo"·n"'l~r' I RPM" Speed, rcvs/min ut»

Kw = Power ill k i lowat.ts

HP=PSlxGPM+1714

Hydraulic Power Flowing through the Pipes

Kw = Bat x dm"/min 600

HP = H nrs epnwer

PSI ~ Gn ligf> prt'~Rllrf:-' Ibs/~fJ. i nrh GPM " Flow, g~ll"n~ pCI' minute

Kw ~ l1o\'\'l-'r ill k ilowat t s

Bar;;: SV''"'teIH pl·l'S."'~II"I' dmJ/min = Flow, C"U. d m/urinutr-

F __ A x PSI

Force Developed by an Air or Hydraulic Cylinder

N=AxBaryl0

F = Force or thrust, lbs.

A = Piston nrcn, squa r c i nchr s

PSI ~ Gauge pressure, Ihsfsq. inch

N ~ Cvlin clcr fOl'('(' in Newtons A = prsLoll :1~"t',jl. sq. cenUnwler'.c:' Bar ;;: G~ugc pros s uru

Travel Speed of a Hydraulic Cylinder Piston S"V~A

S = Travel Speed, incbcs/nnnuto

V = Volume "roil 1.0 cvl.. cu. in/nun. A;;;: Pistol1 n r cn , squ.ue inc:hr:s

S = Tr~.v('1 Spn'~I. 11I('I.l''''/-'''l. V = Oi l Ilnw. d m: 1m rn ~I[t"

A = I'i:'ilon ;~rpn .. .;qu'Ln .. ' t"l~nliI1H'ter:'-l

Barlow's Formula - Burst Pressure of Pipe & Tubing

P = 21 x S + 0

P " Burst pressure, PSI

t = Pipe w,;lIlhickncss, inches

S -- Tensile st.rongt.h, pi pc umt], I'SI 0= Out.srrle diameter or pipe, inches

P = 21 x S + 0

p" Hurst prt-ss ur e, lhlT'

t ~ Pipe wall t.hick no ss , 111111

S = Tr-ns ilo .,1.l'ongl h. pipe m ut 'l. Un r o " Ou LSlde <Ii am!'. PI' of pi pt· [11]11

v .., GPM x 0.3206 + A

Velocity of Oil Flow in Hydraulic Lines

'I'

v = Velocity, feet per second GPM " Oil flow, gallons/minute

A " Inside a ren or pipe, "'1. i nchcs

v := Oil vrloritv, m(>ll'L",/~\'cnnd dm3/min ~ Oi(llo\\, cu. dm/miTT"lc A = il1~irle arc;-t of' pipe, sq. em

Recommended Maximum Oil Velocity in Hydraulic Lines

Ips = reel per second

PUTTlP suetion lines - 2 10 4 Ips

Pres line, to 500 PSI - 10 to 15 Ips Pres. line, (.03000 PS 1- 15 10 20 Ips Pres. lines over 3000 PSI - 25 Ips

Oil lines in 8 i rloi I system - ~ Ips

rnps = I\l('t rrs JH'r !".pcond

PUTTlP suction line, - 0.6101.2 mps Pres. linus tu 3:, bnr- 3 to 4';' rnps PTe". lines lu 200 "~r- 4'1> to 6 rnps Pres. Ii I1CS nON 2fHJ "n 1"- 7'1, mps Oil lines in nir/oi I By . ..,t Pin - 1 % mps

10

English/Metric Conversions

PSI

Pressure - PSI, and Bar 0689655 b

1 = O. ar
PSI Bar PSI Bar
20 1.379 1 too 75.86
30 2.069 1200 82.76
40 2.759 1300 89.66
50 3448 1400 96.55
60 4138 1500 103,5
70 4828 1600 110.3
80 5.517 1700 117.2
90 6.207 1800 124.1
lOO 6.897 1900 131.0
200 13.79 2000 137.9
300 20.69 2250 1552
400 27.59 2500 1724
500 34.48 2750 189.7
600 4138 3000 206.9
700 4828 3500 241.4
800 5517 4000 2759
900 6207 4500 3103
1000 68.97 5000 344.8 1 bar = 14,5 PSI
Bar PSI Bar PSI
1 14.50 55 7975
2 29.00 60 8700
3 43.50 65 942.5
4 58.00 70 1015
5 72.50 75 1088
6 B7.00 80 1160
7 1015 85 1233
B 1160 90 1305
9 1305 95 1378
10 145.0 100 1450
15 2175 150 2175
20 2900 200 2900
25 362.5 250 3625
30 435.0 300 4350
35 507,5 350 5075
40 580,0 400 5800
45 652.5 450 6585
50 725.0 500 7250 GPM = 3.7651i1ers/min

Hydraulic Flow - GPM and Liters per Minute

GPM llmin

'--1-3.785

2 7.570

3 1136

4 15,14

5 18,93

10 37.85

15 56.78

20 75.70

25 94.63

30 113.6

35 132.5

40 151.4

45 170.3

50 189.3

55 208.2

60 227.1

65 2460

70 2650

GPM IImin

75 283.9

80 302.8

85 321.7

90 340.7

85 359.6

100 378.5

125 473"'

150 567.8

175 6624

200 7570

225 8516

250 9463

275 1041

300 1136

325 1230

350 1325

375 1420

400 1514

1 liter/min = 0.2642 GPM
IImin GPM IImin GPM
5 132 300 79.3
10 264 350 925
20 528 400 106
30 7.93 450 119
40 10.6 500 132
50 13.2 550 145
60 15.9 600 159
70 18.5 650 172
80 21.1 700 185
90 238 750 19B
100 26.4 BOO 211
125 330 900 238
150 396 1000 264
175 46.2 1100 291
200 52.8 1200 317
225 59,4 1300 343
250 66,1 1400 370
275 72.7 1500 396 Air Flow - CFM and Cubic Decimeters per Second

1 CFM = 0.47195 cu. dm/sec
(dmlls)
CFM dlnJ/s CFM drnJ/s
1 0.472 75 3540
2 0.944 80 3776
3 1.416 85 40.12
4 1888 90 42.48
5 2360 95 4484
10 4.720 100 4720
15 7.079 125 58.99
20 9439 150 70.79
25 1180 175 82.59
30 14,16 200 94.39
35 16.52 225 1062
40 18.88 250 1180
45 21.24 275 129.8
50 2360 300 141.6
55 25.96 325 1534
60 2832 350 165.2
65 3068 375 1770
70 33,04 400 188.8 1 cu. dm/sec = 2.1187 CFM
(dmJ/s)
dmJ/s CFM dmJ/s CFM
5 10.59 225 476.7
10 21.19 250 529.7
15 31.78 300 635.6
20 42,37 350 7415
25 52.97 400 8475
30 63.56 450 953.4
35 7415 500 1059
40 847S 550 1165
45 9534 600 1271
50 105.9 700 1483
60 127.1 800 1695
70 1483 900 1907
80 169,5 1000 2119
100 211.9 1100 2331
125 264.8 1200 2542
150 3178 1300 2754
175 3707 1400 2966
200 423.7 1500 3178
11
) Fluid Power Equivalents

Exact Equivalents

1 US gallon:

~ 231 cuhic inC'hes

~ ~ qunrts Or Ill1inls ~ 121l nu nces i Liqu id)

~ 133,37 ounces (weight) ~ 83356 pou nrls

~ 3785 liter'

lrnpcrinl 11011011 ~ 1,2 US, ,.;,,{, I Liter ~ 0,2642 U,S, r:allons

I Cu bie fool:

~ 7 All gallnns

~ 1728 cubic inches

= 62.4 pounds (waf.er )

Cu. ft .. water weighs 62--1 )I", I3Ar III 'L'" level:

~ 14,r,0,1 PSI

= 0,98692 atmosphere

= 33,6 foot water column = 11 fool oil colu run

Anprox. 112 PSI decrease ench 1000 fect of e leval.ion.

1"111; = O,~90 PSI

= 1..131 n. wnl.or

l lorscpnwcr:

~ 33,000 fl. Ihs, I"'" rninul.e = 550 11. Ills pursccnnd

~ 42A flTV per minule

= 2G4f> BTU per hour

~ 7~G watts or 0,746 kw

1 PSI = 2,04IG' lire: ~ 27,71' wntr-r = O,OilSfJ bar

1 At.musphcrc: = 1.01~ hnr

= 29 92 I" II J( = 14 .nss PSI = 760 111111 III-:

Foot wo tcr column = nATl,I'SJ Fuut ui ] COll111111 :::;;: f},:JrH I'~I O:1]Tel "i I = 4 ~ g" 11""s Micrn-mcl cr (jun r:

= (1,000001 rueter (micron! = 0.001 cenlimC'lc'

~ 0.00004 i ur h

2;; ~liCl()·ml'I('r' = n,oo l inch Approximate Equivalents Pinl. = 2 cups = 32 \;1)'I('"I""""S '" OG 1.(;1'"''(11''' ~ 1 G ll nz = lIb.

Qllart = -I cup- = 2 pillt, = :rl fluid O\IJ){' .. '~ ;;:; '2 pounds.

I (;,.Hrln ~ I(j. ('np_" ~ 'l qU:"'I~ = \4. pinls

= 12,Q fl, 117 .. = ~:ll ru. ill',

I Cnp ~ If) I;,hlt'.sp()oll~ = ·IH I~Jl.

I Tilldesl'''''" = :! Isp. ~ In fl uid m .. I Fluid 07.. f\"olUI1H'I = GOO dr·np .... hy

d rnul ir nil.

e(IIIi(' il1('11 = :1:10 dt-npx [nill

Fluid Power Abbreviations

ahs nhf.;olulC r as in p~it1l

AC ~It"rn"ting currr-nt

Biln flrincll ""nlness 11111,,1)('1'

Btu Br iush Lher-mn l u n it

C drgr~l's Ccntrgrnd« ((;,'I,h,,1'

cc closed cnn tcr

ccw counter clockw i~p

cfrn cubic reel, per minutc

cfs cubic f(>f't per second

cir cubic inches per revol uf inn

elm cubic inches per mi n ul.e

corn Common

cpm cycles per minute

cps cycles per second

cu. in/rev cuhic inches per revolu l.inn

cw clockwiso

cyl cylinder

DC (iirect CU1Tent

dia diamctor

ext cxternnl

F degrees Fahrenlu-it

f1 fluid

rpm fret per minut.e

fl foot

(t-lb foot. pound

gal gallon

gpm gallon, per minute

Hg Mcrcurv

H P hcrsapowur

Hz Hertz

I D inside diameter

in inch

in-Ib i nch pound

int lnlernrd

),

~ ....

1"11l~ rpm t"P~ ,'I,Crm Smls ,"01 SSU SUS ~(

T

12

i pm Ips Ih

in('lw,1.;, po r minute il1dl{':-:' ]WI' :"['('Dnd pnlu~d

muxuuum

mi nmu m

mnunt cd

normn llv rlnst-r: nOl'llwll~' opr-n

nnt inna] pipe' Lhl'l'~HI <11'.'"",,,1 pill\' tlln';)<I, P]JPU center

uunce'

pi lot opor atr-d prr ssu rL'

pou I1d:r.::/:;;q ~HlI'C i nch PS! 'Ih~ollll{'

pSI ~allg-{'

pint

qua rl

rOle! i U~

root nu-a n squnrv fc\'nllllinll:":. per minut o rovulut inns p('r ~('roIHt slOlr1(L\HI cu. n. pCI' minuu!-'P~l Il'll(',-;:<;

sol enu irl

Sil\'holt S('CIHH!;;:' univcrsnl S;J)rholt uni\"('r~~,l .'"t'coluls r.ucru-mct crs or 111 icrol1~ torQlle

\.'HC1I1I1n

visrn-itv jnch-x

vi scosn.v

111;1 X 111111

m l.rl NC NO NI'T NI'TV oc

DZ.

PO pres PSI psin p,i(( pt

'II

vnc

VI

\' isc

Vehicle Drive Calculations

The fol'«(, til d ri ve a vehicle is composed C)fUw sum of(1) road resistance, (2) forc!' necessary Lo climb a J{fade. (:1,) force needed to accelerate lo fin:ll velocity in t hr- n~lo,,\'.,hl[' Limf!. (·1J force to overcome n ir resistance, on f.a.'i.t moving vchide'. I~,,<:h of 1.h"," force, can be cnlr-ul ate d nr estimated from the formulas on til" 1'''(((" I hell ndd,,,IL(1gcther, 111 selecling an engine, ailnw enough extra power to m.iko up fru- loss('~ in the mecharucal tr ans rniasion system including gear boxes, r1I1Ld"", diIT!'ronl.i.1ls, chain or belt "rive •.

Travel Speed in M.P.H. (miles per hou rr is round hy mu lti plvinp \\'h(',('1 I{I'~I • whevl circnmfcrcncc.

M,P,H, ~ RPM", d ;. 336, or

RPM ~ J36 x MPH, + d

d is wheel dinmctor in inches.

Axle Torque 1'011' driving til!' vehicle is found bv lIlultiplying drawbar pull (or puslu times ",11",,1 radius

T = F x r or, F = T .;. r

T i~ axle lorillte in inch pounds. F is drnwbar pull in pounds

r i:o-; w1wc'1 radills in i nr hr-s

Drawbar Pulltn 1<0"1' l.hr "chicle in :-It.·ad\, mol inn nn lovcl erou nd rh-. lH .. ·IHL~ on IIH" l'o;ld Stlrf:1C('_ The [ol lowiTl~ figl..lrl'~ .~I'e pnund:c.; ofd r-awhar pull II<'r 100011,-" or vehicle \l'ei~hL

l'o"(Trt" tD 10 20 1"-"

1\""(',, It 12 to 22 1 hs.

~1;oc;"lall1 15 to 37 Ills,

C()hhll'~ 5S to 85 1 hs

SilO\\' 25 10 37 Ills,

I)i 1'1 25 to ~7 lhs.

~I,," ,;)7[0150 Ills,

S;IlHI (;0 to 300 Il)s,

Horsepower requ ircd on vehicle wlu-r-Is is torque tunes HI'M:

HP = T x RPM.;. 63024

T is wheel torque in Inch pounds, NOTE: Addit ional III' is required <It lhe engine to ovr rcume t ransn ... ission svstcrn losse_l.;,

Conversion Formula bel.ween torque, I'll', alld SII('('d,

T = HP x 63024 -s- RPM

Momentum "j'" 'Thiele is equivalent tn th;,( const aut force which wouht hring it. l o rvst in 011[' second by rr-sistill!! it s t'1HJV,,'IIH,'nl

Momentum = Weight x V.;. g

Weight is in pounds

V is velocity in feel per second, g is gr;wity accelerano i ~ 32,16

Acceleration of ;I vehicle is expr{'$scd in this Iermu l a involving weight, ncc('ler(1Ling force, and Lime.

F ~ (V x W) .. (g x T)

F is accelerating force in pounds,

V is final velocity in leel per second. W is vehicle weighl in pounds,

g is grovily acceleration ~ 32,16

T is lime in seconds that force acts.

Note: The ~ravil'y acceleration syrnbnl, g. converts weight into mass,

Grade, in mobile work, is usually expressed in percentage rather than ill dog-ret',', For cxnrnnle, " 10% grade I"" n I·i.'~ of 10 feel in :, dist.n nee of 100 f""L. etc.

Grade Resistance is the drnwbar pull neorlerl to keep the vch icle in constant nmlinn II P 1\ g-rnd(l:_ 'l'h is is in ad dil.inn to the drnwbnr pull to overcome road resistance as expressed by another Iormuln

F = GR K W

F i, drawbar pull in rounds.

GR is gr"de resistance in percent (20');', is written as 0,20, etc.)

Wi, gross \'chicle weight in pounds,

Air Resistance will be irnpor tant only on fn,L 1110Vlllg vehicles (over 20 1.0 ;30 M.P.H)

F ~ FAx 0.0025 x M,P.H.2

F is additional drawbar pull needed to overcome air resistance FA is lronta: area of vehicle in square feel.

M.P.H. is vehicle speed, miles per hour,

AXLES and drive shafts must have a din meter large enough to transmit the torque without excessive dcfloctinn. Th~ ~ngle of deflect.inn for a solid rnund n x lc III a)' be calculated from llii,< fonl1(1I,,:

A ~ 583.6 x T x L + (04 x E)

A is angle 01 deflection in degrees, T is applied torque in inch pounds. L is shalt length in inches,

E is modulus 01 elasticity of material. (12,000,000 for steel)

D IS shall diameter in inches.

Some authorities say that a steel shnft should be Iimited·t.o an angular deflection or 0,08 def,Trees per fool or length to avoid failure,

13

r -, ~

Hydraulic Cylinder Force & Speed Calculations

Calculation of Hydraulic Cylinder Force ...

EXAMPLE, A cc r tnin "pplicn[ion rcqu ir es a cy l l nrfe r Io rc e- ,,[ 25 [00.'.

Whn[ should he the cy l i n dc r horc d iamctcr us ed nnd al what gau!:c pressure?

SOLUTION: Th~ required force is 2:' tuns x 2000 ~ !)O,OOO pounds. Ikf"1 [" the "Hydraulic Cyunde r Force" Lable on pages 15 and IG which shows sC"N,t1 combinations of piston dinmotr-r and PSI pressure which will produce !OO,OOO poun.ds cf lurcc or more. For ('x;'Hnplc,.n!) inch piston will prndur-o ;"fi/)r:iO pounds at2000 PSI; a 7 inch ri~ton will produce ;;7.72:' II" atlSOO PSI;;l1l R inr h pi stun will produce 50,265 lbs at 1000 PSI," 1 0 inch piston will nroducc :,~.9U!llhs. at 750 PSI, etc. So there are many combinations which could be used. and I.he final choice is a matter of preference Dr of mntching the pressure and fl ow cnpnbilitv of other components, part.icul arty the pu "'p.

In practice, choose a combination which will product' Frum 10'; to 2: ... ; more than actua+ly required by t.he IO[lf! alone. This wil! provide a <n lr t v nflowanco which will lake cnre of pressure lnsses in valves and piping, and mor hnnica l losses in the cylinder.

EXAMPLE: How many p ou nrls of Iorc e will he developed Oil t.h c r- x t cnsion stroke of n :l'I,-hore cvli ncler op er nt i ng al1500 PSI'! If this cyli n dc r hns n lY,-diameler piston ro d, how much force wi ll bo dcvr-Io pc d 0" the retrnction stroke?

SOLUTION: Refer to the "Hvd rn u lir Cvhndcr Fore r- " t~b'" un p;l~", IS an"

16. The cha rt ,1'0"" 12.'11 1 I h.o. i\ sol u t.ion can "\SI) b .. 01" ai n L,d h.l· \"ini.! ,],,, piston area (8.296) :1.';;; a pnwor tactor .and multiplying l.inH'~ tilt" prf'SSUI'f' f l!)On PSI), giving the same nuswer.

On the retrnction stroke the '''110''''1. of force developed on I ho :!.'II "'1"'11'" inch rod aron must be subtracted: )2,144 - ~1608 '" 8R,lG lhs,

EXAMPLE: What PSI gAuge IJrc~S\,,'c is rcq ui rerl fo r rdr"ctinll of a 50,000 lb. 10311 with an !l inch rnr'e cylinder havinl1' " 4 inch d i ame t c i rod?

SOLUTION: The net, piston area rnust be tound which i, I he 1'" II ni st on "rC.1 minus the rod ore". 5027 (piston arun) - Il,G7lrod areal ~ :li7 squnr« inches. PSI ~ 50,000 + J7.7 ~ 1:126 PSLThc acl.uul prcssu rc will I;~ 51ighLly gn';1l,er due to friction or lhe pi.~tnli in the barre].

Calculation of Hydraulic Cylinder Speed ...

EXAMPLE: At whnt spe e cl would the p i ston of a" inch h,,,'c cvl i n d c r extend on an oil now of 12 GPM?

SOLUTION: The table 01' "l lydr aulic Cylinder Speed,' Ill' I"'~c., 17 and 18 may be used or the speed figured with lhe rule-of-thumb which says th"t "speed is equal to the incoming flow of oil in cubic inches per minute, diVided by the square inch area of the piston". The ~J1eed wil] be in inches per minute.

A flow of 12 GPM is 231 x 12 ~ 2772 cubic i nchns per minute. The 'IH.:ed is 2772 <now rnte) » 12.57 (piston nrca) ~ 220 . .5 inches per minut.o. This checks vcr y closely with the va Inc shown in the table on page Ji

EXAMPLE: Find the GPM now necessary to cause" 5 ineh bore cylinder 10 travel at " r a t.e of 175 inches PCI' minute while ex lending.

How Inst would this cylinder r e trnct on th c same oil flow if 'it had a 2 inch diameter piston rod?

SOLUTION: flow IS determined by mult.plying t1H' prsl o n :r",~ in squa re inches limes the tr avsl rnte in inches per minute. This give.s Il ow in cubic inches per minute. Divide by 231 to convert to OPM: 19.64 (piston orea) x 175 ~ 3,1:37 cubic inches per minute. 3437" 231 ~ 14.88 GP~LThis checks very c1osel)' with Hi GP~i at 174 inches per minute shown Oil {he cha rt. Oil p~g" 17 ..

To find the retraction speed 011 14.88 GP~l. tl1e net pistnn ;1I'ea must he found. This is the full piston a rcn min.is the rod oren, IfJ.G4 Ipl,olnn "re~l-li,,, (rod area) ~ 16.5 square inches. The nnw rate is J4:n eulric inches P"I' minute (equivalent to H.B8 GP~1)·, 16.;' (nrt "Ir'a) ~ '2flll i nchrs pCI' 111111\11.('. Nnte II",{ this is faster than the extension speed 0" the ~:Hlle oil flow.

14

Hydraulic Cylinder Force

Low Pressure Range - 500 10 1500 PSI - 1'/2'10 14" Bores

Cvlrnder furccs. both c x l.cn sior and rctrnction, arc shown. in pounds. The char] 1111 this page covers cylinder operation in the pressure rllnge 01500 to 1500 I'Sf, <lnd the C'h~lrl on I he next p"g~ covers the 2000 to 5000 PSI range. Lines in bold 'ype shnw extr-ns inn Ior cc, using the full piston area. Lines in italic type show t"Plr:H:tinn rorc{~ with vnr ious si7.c piston rods.

itl'IiiCllIbN lI,;rt force values <Ire theoretical, derived by cnlculat.ion. Expcrir nco l.as shown lhnl probably 5rk. but certninly no runr e than ID7r additional pr ess nrc will be required to make up eyliuder lcsso s.

Frn pre.'i.SIII"{"S noL shown, the cffr-c tivc piston areas in the third column can he ,,"cd ~. I'''''TI' factors. Multiply effective area limes (continued on pngc 16)

".'

Bore Rod Eflec. Pressure Differential Across Cylinder Ports
Dia., Dia., Area,
Ins. Ins. Sq.ln 500 PSI 750 PSI 101)Q PSI 1250 PSI 1500 PSI
1 'j, None' 1.7672 684 1325 1767 2209 2651
5i8 1.4604 730 1095 1460 1826 2191
1 0.9818 491 736 982 1227 1473
2 None' 3.1416 1571 2356 3142 3927 4712
I 23562 1178 1767 2306 2945 3634
m 1.6567 828 1243 1667 2071 2485
2'/' None' 4.9087 2454 3662 4909 6136 7363
I 4.1233 2062 3092 4123 6154 6185
Pit 3.4238 1712 2568 3424 4280 5136
1-1"1 25034 1262 1878 2503 3129 3755
3 None- 7.06B6 3534 5301 7069 8836 1°lO3
I 6.2832 3142 47f2 6283 7854 425
l:!it 5.5837 2792 4188 5584 6980 8376
1-':, 46643 2332 3498 4664 5830 6996
3'1, None' S.2958 4146 6222 8296 108~~~ 12,444
Pi; 6.8109 3405 5108 6811 10,216
H':J 5.8905 2945 4418 5891 7363 8836
2 5.1542 2577 3866 5154 6443 7731
4 None' 12.567 62B4 9425 12,567 15,709 18,851
13~ 10. 162 5081 7622 10,162 12.703 15,243
2 9.4254 4713 7069 9425 11,782 14.138
2~;' 76583 3829 5744 7658 9673 11.487
5 None' 19.635 9818 14,726 19,635 24,544 29,453
2 16.493 8247 12,370 16,493 20,616 24,740
2 I.? 14J26 7363 11,045 14,726 18.408 22,089
3 12.566 6283 9425 12,566 15,708 18,849
3 ~'.2 10.014 5007 75 I 1 10,014 12,518 15,021
6 None' 28.274 14,137 21,206 28,274 35,343 42,411
2,~ 23365 11.683 17.524 23.365 29,206 35,048
3 21205 10,603 f5.904 21,205 26.506 31,808
3 V;; 18.653 9327 13,990 18.653 23,316 27.980
4 15.707 7854 1/.780 15,707 19.634 23.561
7 None' 38.485 19,243 28,864 38,485 48,106 5~728
3 31.416 15,708 23,562 3f,416 39,270 4 ,124
31--;' 28864 14,432 21.648 28,864 36,080 43,296
4 25.918 12.959 19,439 25.918 32,398 38,877
4'12 22.581 11,291 16,936 22.581 28,226 33.872
5 18.850 9425 14,138 18,850 23,563 28,275
8 None' 50.266 25,133 37,700 50,266 62,833 75,399
3f7 40645 20.323 30.484 40,645 50,806 60,968
4 37.699 18,850 28,274 37,699 47,124 56,549
4" 34.362 17.181 25.772 34,362 42,953 51.543
"
5 30631 f5,316 22,973 30,631 38,289 45,947
5'7 26.508 13,254 19,881 26.508 33,135 39,762
10 None' 7B.540 39,270 56,905 78,540 96,175 117,810
4'l".? 62.636 31.318 46,977 62.636 78,295 93,954
5 58905 29,453 44.179 58.905 73,631 88,358
51;' 54.782 27,39f 4f,087 54.782 68,478 82.173
7 ·10055 20.028 30,041 40.055 50,069 60.082
12 None' 113.10 56,550 84,825 113,100 141,375 169,650
Sf';' 89.339 44,670 67,004 89,339 111,374 134,009
14 None' 153.94 76,970 115,455 153,940 192,425 230,910
7 115.46 57,730 86,595 115.460 144.325 173.190 -Thp~(> lig"I't).~ .11'(-' Io r extension forte. No piston rod diameter is involved.

15

T'

."llr

:.I'~flj

.,

Hydraulic Cylinder Force

High Pressure Range - 2000 to 5000 PSI - 1'/,' to 14" Bores (continued [rom p:lgc l!l) pressure' lo nhtni n cylinder Iurcr- produced. Values in two or more columns can be added Inr n prr-ss urc not listed, or, fon.:e values ran be obtained by i n lerpulrrtinu hctwer-n lhc next highc·r a nrl the lH'xt \m\'l'l' pres. ~IJ rc colu rnns.

Prnssuro valuo« alnnf..! the Lop. or cnch chnrt are dilfr-rr-ul ia l pn'SSIIH'S .1(To~s t.he two cylinder ports This is t.he pr',ssur(' tojust halauce the load. a nrl "01. lhe pressure which must. be prnrlucor] hy the syst cm rUlllp. There will be circuit flow In:::scs In pressure <lilt! return l i nes due lo nil fl nw, <lTHI th(~~e will require pxtrn pressure. Whcrl: desijrning (I svsl.cm , be SUfI' to allow suffuient pUlUp pressure. probably an extra 2G'~ to 3U' .• on the average. to sup nlv hnth the cyli"der a nr] to sat i s~y system flow losses.

R d

P

C I' d P

Bore 0 Ertec. ressure Di erentia Across y rn er orts
Dia., Dia., Area.
Ins. Ins. Sq.ln 2000 PSI 2500 PSI 3000 PSI 4000 PSI 5000 PSI
1';' None' 1.7672 3534 4418 5302 7069 8836
518 1.460.4 2921 3651 4381 5842 730.2
1 0..9818 1964 2455 2945 3927 490.9
2 None' 3.1416 6283 7854 9425 12,566 15.708
1 2.366 4712 5891 70.69 9425 11.781
n~ 16567 3313 4142 4970. 6627 9284
2V, None· 4.9087 9617 12.272 14.726 19.635 24.544
1 4.1233 8247 10.30.8 12.370. /6.,193 20..617
Hi! 34238 6848 8560. 10,211 13,695 17, /19
1·H 2.50.34 50.07 6259 7510. 10.014 12.517
3 None' 7.0686 14,137 17,672 21.206 28.274 35.343
1 6.2832 12.566 15.708 18.850 25.1.13 31.116
Hb 55837 11.167 13.959 16.751 22,335 27.919
1:y. 4.6643 9329 /1.661 13.992 18,657 23.322
3'1. None 8.2958 16.592 20,740 24,887 33,183 41,479
m 6810.9 13,622 17.0.27 20..433 27,2,14 34.0.55
1~"4 5.890.5 /1,781 14.726 17.672 23.562 29.453
2 5.1542 10..30.8 12.886 15.463 20.617 25.771
4 None' 12.567 25,134 31,418 37.701 50,268 62.835
n~ 10. 162 20..324 25.405 30.:846 40.648 50..810.
2 9.4254 18.851 23.564 28,266 37.70.2 47.127
20 7.6583 15.317 19.146 22.975 30.633 38.292
5 None' 19.635 39,270 49,088 58,905 78,540 98,175
2 16.493 32.986 41,233 49.479 65.972 82,465
20 14.726 29,450 36.815 44.178 58.90.1 73,630.
3 12566 25,132 31.415 37.698 50.261 62.830.
30 10.0.14 20,0.28 25.035 30.0.42 40..0.56 50.0.70.
6 None' 28.274 56,548 70,685 84.822 113,096 141.370
20 23.365 46,730. 58,413 700.95 93.460 116,825
3 21.205 42.410. 53.013 63.615 84.820 106.0.25
3~'2 18.653 37.306 46.633 55.959 74.612 93,265
4 15707 3/.414 39.268 47,121 62.828 78.535
7 None' 38,485 76.970 96,213 115.455 153,940 192,425
3 31416 62.832 78.540. 94,248 125.664 /57.0.80.
317 28864 67.728 72.160. 86.592 115.456 144.320.
4 25.918 5/.836 64.795 77. 754 103.672 129.590
4 ~7 22.581 45.162 56.453 67.743 90..321 112.905
5 18.850. 37.70.0. 47.125 56.550 75.40.0 94.260
8 None' 50.266 100,532 125,665 150.798 201.064 251.330
317 40..645 81,290 101.613 121.935 162.580. 20.3,225
4 37.699 75.398 94,248 113.0.97 150..796 188.495
4Yl 34.362 68,724 85.905 10.3.0.86 137.448 171,810.
5 30..631 61.262 76.578 91.893 122.524 153.155
Sf1- 26508 5.].0.16 66.270. 79.524 106.032 132.540.
10 None' 78.540 157,060 196,350 235,620 314.160 392,700
4" 62.636 125.272 156.590. 187.908 250544 313.180
5 58.90.5 117.810 147.263 176.715 235,620. 294,525
5~/~ 54782 109.56" 136.955 164.346 219.128 273.910
7 400.55 80..110 /00.138 /20.165 160220. 200,275
12 None' 113.10 226,200 282.750 339,300 452.400 565.500
517 89.339 178.678 223,348 268.0.17 357.356 446.695
14 None' 153.94 307,880 384,850 461.820 615.760 769.700
7 115.46 230.920. 288.650 346.380. 461.840. 577.30.0.
'" l'

16

\.

Hydraulic Cylinder Speeds

Figllrc~ in horly orci1nrt arc cylinder piston speeds in inches per minute. Piston and rod cliamct crs arc in inches. Hor izontal lines in bold type are extension spvcds l,i11C5 in i t o lic type arc retract ion speeds for the bore and rod diameters sb own in l hr: lir st Iwn columns. usi ng "net" piston area.

For Fluid Flows from 1 to 20 GPM

Piston Rod 1 3 5 8 12 15 20
Diarn. Diam. GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
1% None' 131 392 654 ---- .... -- .. _- . - . -
518 158 475 791 _ ... .... . - - ~ - - ~ -
I 236 70.6 - --- --- - ___ a -- -- ----
2 None' 74 221 368 586 882 --.- . - - -
314 86 257 428 684 ---- .--- ----
I 98 294 490. 784 .--- ---- ....
Pi 139 418 697 ---- ---- ---- ----
2';' None' 47 141 235 376 565 706 941
I 56 168 280. 448 672 840.
1"' 67 20.2 337 540 810. -.-- .---
..
P'4 92 277 461 738 . --- _ ... ....
3 None' ~~ l~g 10J ~~~ ~~~ 4!1U ~~~
I 184 551
B?- 44 131 218 349 523 654 871
2 59 176 294 471 70.6 882 -- --
3~/" None' 28 84 139 223 334 418 557
1·~8 ,]4 102 170 271 40.7 50.9 678
2 39 118 196 314 471 588 784
2'h 53 160 267 428 642 80.2 . - ~ -
3';' None' 24 72 120 192 288 360 480
1 ~:r 28 83 138 220. 330. 413 550.
1Y, 32 96 160. 256 384 480. 640.
2 36 10.7 178 285 428 535 713
23,;, 4-1 133 222 356 534 667 890
4 None' 10 55 92 147 221 276 366
1 ~~ 20. 61 10.2 163 244 30.6 407
1Y .. 23 68 114 182 273 341 455
2 25 74 123 196 294 368 490.
2~2 30. 90. 151 241 362 452 603
2J·;, 35 105 174 279 418 523 697
5 NOne' 12 35 59 94 141 176 235
1 yo? 13 39 65 10.3 155 194 259
2 14 42 70. 112 168 210. 280.
2~$ 16 47 78 125 188 235 314
3 18 55 92 147 221 276 368
J!'~ 23 69 115 186 277 346 461
6 None' 0.2 25 41 65 98 123 163
IV. 8.9 27 45 71 10.7 134 179
2~ 10. 3D 49 79 119 148 198
3 11 3J 54 87 131 163 218
3~ 12 37 62 99 149 186 248
4 15 44 74 118 176 221 294
7 None' 6.0 18 30 48 72 90 120
3 7.4 22 37 59 88 liD 147
3'Q 8.0 24 40. 64 96 120. 160.
4 8.9 27 45 71 10.7 134 178
J 1~2 10 31 51 82 123 153 20.5
5 12 37 61 98 147 184 245
8 None' 4.6 14 23 37 55 69 92
3'j s.r 17 28 45 68 85 114
4 6. , 18 31 49 74 92 123
<J ~J 6.7 20 34 54 81 101 134
5 r.s 23 38 60 90. 113 151
5 ~$ 8.7 26 44 70 105 131 174
10 None' 2.9 0.8 15 24 35 44 59
4 ,,~ 3.7 II 18 30 44 55 74
5 3.9 12 20. 31 47 59 78
5 ~~ 42 13 21 34 51 63 84
7 5.8 17 29 46 69 87 115 :1 !'

I I'

I

!

, I'

::1 .. ,1.

"

: '. .~ .

...

17

I'

Cylinder Speeds for Fluid Flows From 25 to 100 GPM

Piston Rod 25 30 40 50 60 75 100
Diam, Diarn. GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
3 None' 817 980 - ... ---- ---- ---- ----
I 919 --- - _". - -- -- 0- __ 0 __ T ----
3'1. None' 696 835 ._.- ---- ---- .. - ----
1Y. 848 -- .. _. -- _- -- - - o. - -_-
n!'" 980 -- -- --- - __ or . --- __ po .. --
3'/, None' 600 720 960 ---- ---- ---- -.,,_.
I'/. 688 825 ---- ---- ---- __ or .0 __
1Y.r 800 ---- __ 0- - --- - --- .. -- - ---
2 891 - --- - --- .. -- .--- - --
4 None~ 460 551 735 919 .. _- 0-_,,_ _.- .
IV< 509 611 815 .. r_ - --- - _o_ - -.-
I¥.< 568 682 909 - --- - --- -_. - - ---
2 613 735 980 --- -- -- --.- '0 __
2V? 754 905 ---- . --- .... -- -- - ---
2f~ 871 -- -- ... - . --- - --- --- . __ -
5 None' 294 353 471 588 706 882 ----
IV? 323 388 517 646 776 970 . ,._.
2 350 420 560 700 840 . - -- _. --
2\, 392 471 627 784 941 --- - 0·_
3 460 551 735 919 - .. - -- -- o _o_
3V? 577 692 923 - --- _ - .. --- - - _--
6 None' 204 245 327 409 490 613 817
1% 223 268 357 446 536 670 893
2V? 247 297 395 491 593 741 989
3 272 327 436 545 65'1 817 -- --
3V? 310 372 495 619 743 929 - ---
4 368 441 588 735 882 -- --
7 None' 150 1Sa 240 300 360 450 600
3 184 221 294 368 441 551 735
3~ 200 240 320 400 180 600 800
4 223 267 357 446 535 6G8 891
4;$ 256 307 409 511 614 767 -- --
5 306 368 490 613 735 919 - _--
B None· 115 138 lB4 230 270 345 460
3~ 142 170 227 284 341 420 568
4 153 184 245 306 368 460 613
4~ 168 202 269 336 403 504 672
5 189 226 302 377 452 566 754
5V? 218 261 349 436 523 654 871
10 None' 74 88 116 147 176 221 294
4y,; 92 III 148 184 221 277 294
5 98 118 157 196 235 294 392
5y,; 105 127 169 211 253 316 422
7 141 173 231 288 346 433 577
12 None' 51 61 82 102 123 153 204
5Y; 85 78 103 129 155 194 259
7 77 93 124 ISS 186 232 310
8y" 102 123 164 205 246 307 410
14 None' 38 45 60 75 90 113 150
7 50 60 80 100 120 150 200
8V? 59 71 95 119 143 178 238
10 77 92 123 153 184 230 306 'These figures nrc for extension speed. No piston rod riiM'lolN is in",lve<i.

Interpolation of Cylinder Speed Charts

Cylinder ~p('etl is directly pr nport inna l Lo GPM. Tn find speed ill ~ flow nut sho-vn in chnrts, ~dd =pccds in two colu mus: Example: :'ippf'd wit l: :l!'i GI']\i is the sur i nf sucr ds ill the!i (;PM and:1O (;PM cclunu»,

Calculation of CylInder Speed

Those charts were cnlculatcd from the formula: S = CIM , A, ill which S i~ piston speed ill inches pCI' min ute; elM is flow in cubic inches per minul«: nnd A is cross sec1.i""31 arcn of r.avil.y bring filled, ill squ.ue inchc,<. GP~'I 11011" must be converted to cubic inches 1'0'- minute, Mull rplv GP~'1 t.i mr-s 2.11.

Extension speecis ore calculntr-d with full piston a rua, rct.rart inn 'peed, with "net area" which is piston area minus rod area. (See Hydraulic Cylinder Force)

18

Pneumatic Cylinder Air Consumption

'I'he I'" rposc of estirnnting ai r con su mpt.ion of a cylinder is usually 1.0 n nd the llrc~l'"cily which must be avnilnhle from the air compressor to operate the cyli n dur on ;1 fnnlinUOliS cycling appl icntion.

Air consumption can be estimated from the table below. The consumption ca n Lht-n he cnnvertr-d in to cnmprr ssnr HP,

USing Ihe Table to Calculate Air Consumption

I"iglll'o, in the body of the lahle nrc air consumptions for cylinders with standn rd diall1rtPl' piston rods. The '<wing of nir for cylinders with larger diameter rods is ncgligihlc' for most calculatinns

Air consumption W::IS calculated assuming the cylinder piston will be allowed to "tall, at least momentarily, at each end of its stroh, giving it time to fill up with ai r t o the pr essu rc regulntor setting, If reversed at eilher end of its stroke hcror~ full st.a l l occurs, air consumption will be less than shown in the table.

The Ii r st st ep in the calculation is lo be sure that the bore size of the selected cvlindor will just balance the load at a pressure of75% or less of the maximum pressure available to the systr-m. This leaves "bout 25% of available pressure which enn be used to overcome flow losses through piping and valving. This surpl\l,' prr-ssurc mus], he availnble or the cvl i nrlor cannot travel at normal speed.

llel crm i 'H' the exact air pressure needed to just balance the load resistance, i\dd nbuu l lfl'-; for flow losses nnd set the syst.em regulator Lo this pressure. This is ;,J", the pressure Agure which shou ld be used when going into the table,

/'Ifter dcterrninmg the regul;'ltor pressure, go into the proper column of tbe table. Till' li~ure shown in the l able is the "ir consumption for a Linch stroke, ro rwa ",I and return. Take this figllre <1n(1 multiply times t.he number of inches or ,L r ol<l' n ml by Lhe IlII rn her of cornpleto cycles. forward and back which the cylinder is r-x pr-ct cd to make i n one nnnuto. This r:ivI's t.he SCFM for the applicatilln

Cylinder Air Consumption per 1-inch Stroke, Forward and Return

Regulalor Outlet PSI (AI Least .25% Above Load Balance PSI)

CyL 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Bore PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
'-50 .009 .010 .012 013 .015 .016 017 .018 .020 .021
2_00 018 .020 022 025 .027 .029 .032 .034 036 .039
2_50 028 .032 035 039 .043 .047 050 .054 .058 .062
3_00 039 .044 .050 .055 .060 .066 070 .076 .OBI .087
325 046 _053 059 .065 .071 .078 .084 .090 096 .102
".00 072 081 091 100 110 .119 .129 .139 _148 _158
5_00 .113 128 .143 159 174 .189 204 .219 _234 ,249
600 .162 !84 .205 .227 .249 .270 292 .314 _335 .357
8.00 291 330 .369 408 .447 .486 .525 .564 _602 .642
100 455 .516 .576 637 698 .759 820 ,881 ,940 1_00
120 656 _744 ,831 .919 1.01 1_09 118 1.27 1.36 1.45
!4.0 .890 101 U3 1.25 1.37 1,49 1.61 1.72 1.84 196 I

'!

I

I

Converting SCFM Into Compressor HP

Compression of air is an inefficient process because part of the energy is lost os br-at of romprussjnn and can never be recovered. By over-compressing the air and lIwn reducing it to a lower pressure through a regulator, the system losses rue increased. The amount of this loss is nearly impossible to calculate, but on the ave '-;'1." svstnm may amount to ;; or 10%_ Also, there is a small loss due to flow rcsist ance through the regulator.

AfI(·,. finding the SCFM to operate the cylinder, refer to the tahles on page :10 COIll'Nt into HP nccnrrling to the kind of compressor used. Add 5 to 10% for Ihe -nisccllnncoos lusscs described above. This should be very close to the actual l l I' C:l pnr i 1-" Tl(,cded_

EXAMPLE: f"ind cornpressor 111' needed to cycle a" air cylinder through a 28- incl: s l r-nk r-, 1) limes ~ minute, "gains! a load resistance of 1000 lbs.

SOLUTION: i\ ""],ore cylinder working at 80 PSI would balance the 1000 lb. load Add 2:",} more pressure (20 PSI) and set the pressure regulator at 100 PSI. From l he above table. air consumption would be:

0.110 x 28 (stroke] " 11 (times a minute) = 33,88 SCFM

lIef,',- 10 p;'lg~ 30. Assume II 2~stage compressor, At 100 PSI, 0.164 HP is required for each I SCFlv] Total III' ~ 0.164 x 33_88 = 5.57 HI'. Add 5% (or 0.278 I [PI for miscnlla neous losses. Tnta l compressor HP ~ 5.57 + 0.278 ~ 5,848 HP.

19

, ,

Pneumartc Cylinder Force

Extension and Retraction - 60 to 130 PSI Pressure Range

Cvlinder forces nrr- shown in pounds for both extension ::II"H~ ret.rnrt ion Lines in bold type xhow oxtnnsior. rorC(',~, usinj; the full pi,I."" a rcn Linr-s in it ali» I)'pc shnw rctr action rorcC!.c.. with var ious Si7cP pL.;:.(on rods. Hcm('llllwr t.hn l forc[' vn luos arc theoretical, dorrvr-d hy cn lculal.ion

Pr cssurcs nlonJ; the lop of the chart. do not rr-prc-sent ai r suppiv prr-ssurr-: they :1re diffurent.ia] prcssur cs acro.';' the two cylinder I'orl' , In prncticc, Lhr- ni r supply line must ;supply n nntlic r !,/;;. of prcssuru ttl ma kc tip for cvl i nrlr-r ~I)S:"l. nne! must supply an rsLirnillcd 2;) to !)()r'7r ndrl il.innu l prr-ssur« to mak e up (or flow losses in lines anti valving so the cylinder will havr- sufficic-n t tr<l\,[,j s pm-d.

For goofl design ann highl1sl circuit officienry, open the rvl i n dur :-:IWf'd r-nm ro l valves ns wide ;'"IS prnct.icnl and reduce the prr-ssure r('gnl.1tnr sd til1~ to ;:~:" 1m v · n pressure ns will give s~tisfi!cl(}ry cvlindrr rnrcr nnd ~pf'f'd

For pressures not show n , use the effective :ln~n." ill the lhird column as prl\\"er fnctors, r..hlltiply effective a rr-a li m('~ di rfpl"("ntinl prcssu rr- In obt ain t heru-r-L. ica l cylinder force

Piston Rod Effec,
pia" Dia" Area, 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
ns. Ins. Sq.lns PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
1 V2 None 1.77 106 12~ 142 159 177 195 212 230
518 146 88 102 117 132 146 161 176 190
1 ,985 59 69 19 89 98 108 118 128
1 'f< None 2.41 144 168 192 216 241 265 289 313
5/8 2.10 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273
1~ 1.18 71 93 95 106 118 130 142 154
2 None 3,14 188 220 251 283 314 345 377 408
518 2.83 170 198 227 255 283 312 340 368
I 2.35 141 165 188 212 235 259 283 J06
2'12 None 4,91 295 344 393 442 491 540 589 638
518 4,60 276 322 368 414 460 506 552 598
1 4,12 247 289 330 371 412 454 4[15 536
1* 3.43 206 240 274 308 343 377 411 445
3 None 7,07 424 495 565 636 707 778 848 919
1 6,28 377 440 503 565 628 691 754 817
HI 4.66 280 326 373 420 466 513 560 606
3V. None 8.30 498 581 664 747 830 913 996 1079
1 751 451 526 601 676 lSI 921 902 977
1011 6,82 409 177 545 613 681 750 818 886
1'14 5.89 354 413 472 531 589 648 107 766
3'12 None 9.62 577 674 770 866 952 1058 1155 1251
1 884 530 618 707 795 884 972 1060 1149
4 None 1257 754 860 1006 1131 1257 1283 1508 1634
1 11,78 707 825 943 1061 1178 1296 1415 1532
1% 11.09 665 776 887 998 1109 1219 1330 1441
1* 1016 610 112 813 915 1016 II 18 1220 1321
5 None 19,64 1178 1375 1571 1768 1964 2160 2357 2553
1 18.85 /131 1320 1508 1697 1885 2074 2263 2451
1% 18.16 1089 1271 1452 1634 1816 1997 2179 2360
6 None 28.27 1696 1979 2262 2544 2827 3110 3392 3675
1% 26.19 1607 1875 2143 2411 2679 2946 3214 3482
1* 2590 1552 1811 2069 2328 2586 2845 3104 3362
7 None 38.49 2309 2694 3079 3464 3849 4234 4619 5004
1% 3701 2220 2590 2960 3331 3701 4071 4441 4811
6 None 50,27 3016 3519 4022 4524 5027 5530 6032 6535
13;0 48.19 2927 3415 3903 4391 4879 5366 5854 6342
1% 4790 2872 3351 3829 4308 4786 5265 5744 6222
10 None 78.54 4712 549B 6283 7069 7854 8639 9425 10210
1* 7614 4568 5329 6091 6852 7614 8375 9136 9898
2 7540 4524 6278 6032 6786 7540 8294 9048 9802
12 None 113.1 6786 7917 9046 10179 11310 12441 13572 14703
2 1100 6598 7697 8797 9896 10996 12095 1,1195 14295
2V? 108.2 6491 7573 8655 9137 10819 /1901 12983 14075
14 None 153,9 9234 10773 12312 13651 15390 16929 18468 20007
2~ 149,0 8939 10429 /1919 13409 14899 16389 17879 19369
3 1468 8810 10278 11747 13215 14683 /6/51 17620 19088 ;

- ~q

20

Internal Fluid PSI on Tubing

'I'hi s tilhl!' i~ for US" in selecling wa ll Lhir k ness of tubing. Figures in the body of Ill<' l ahlr- ,,,,(. i n tern a l ~l.lid prCSSlIl"CS in PSI lhnt will produce a fiber stress or 1 (J,On() PSI ;llonl;" U,,: circumference, tcmilng 1.0 ru ptur o the tubing If n tube is mndr- HI' ,I!'I'I with an "ltiI11M(' strength 01'40.000 PSI, the ""rely factor would 1,,·.1.

',"" .

Tube Thickness of Tubing Wall, Inches
0.0. ,120 .156 187 .219 ,250 .313 .375 ,500 ,625 ,750 ,875 1.000
11_!~ 1600 2000 2493 2920 3333 4173 5000 6667 8333 --- - -- -~
p,~ 1371 1783 2137 2503 2857 3577 4286 5714 7143 --- --- --
2 1200 1560 1870 2190 2500 3130 3750 5000 6250 7500 --- --
2V4 1067 1387 1662 1947 2222 2782 3333 4444 5556 6667 --- --
2'.' .. 960 1248 1496 1752 2000 2504 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 - -
2~:\ 873 1135 1360 1593 1818 2276 2727 3636 4545 5455 6364 727
3 800 10'10 1247 1460 1667 2087 2500 3333 4167 5000 5833 666
31/.\ 738 960 1151 1348 1538 1926 2308 3077 3846 4615 5385 615
31" 686 891 1069 1251 1429 1789 2143 2857 3571 4286 5000 571
31'~ 640 832 997 1168 1333 1669 2000 2667 3333 4000 4667 533
4 600 780 935 1095 1250 1565 1875 2500 3125 3750 4375 500(
4 '/~ 565 734 880 1031 1176 1473 1765 2353 2941 3529 4118 470!
4 V;> 533 693 831 973 1111 1391 1667 2222 2778 3333 3889 444
4.1.1 505 657 787 922 1053 1318 1579 2105 2632 3158 3684 4211
5 480 624 748 876 1000 1252 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400e
51,/( 436 SG7 680 796 909 1138 1364 1818 2273 2727 3182 3636
6 400 520 623 730 833 1043 1250 1667 2083 2500 2917 333
6" 369 480 676 674 769 963 1154 1538 1923 2308 2692 3077
"
7 - - - 446 534 625 714 894 1071 1429 1786 2143 2500 286
717 - -- 416 499 584 667 835 1000 1333 1667 2000 2333 266
B - -- - - - 'lG8 548 625 783 938 1250 1563 1875 2188 250(
8r/;? - - - - - - - -- 515 588 736 882 1176 1471 1765 2059 235
9 - - - - _ .. - -- -- - 556 696 833 1111 1389 1667 1944 222
9'/, - -- - -- - -- - -- 52 659 789 1053 1316 1579 1842 210'
10 - -- - -- - -- - -- 500 626 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 200e
10';, - -- - -- - -- -- - 476 596 714 952 1190 1429 1667 190' I' I,

'I I

-!

The ;:11"1\'0 L;lbl~ is calculated bv Bnrlow's formula: P = 2! x S + 0 in which P is the inl ornnl P''',"UI(' in PSI. 1 is wall thickness of tubing in inches, S is the fihr-r sln'.s a l lowa hlo in the t ubiru; in PSJ (a value of 10,000 PSI is used in the [abl('I.O is 111<' "ulsirie dinrnut cr or lhe tubing in inches

21

Piston Rod Column Strength

Lonn, slim piston rods may buckle if subjected to too heavya pus h load TIll' l.able below suggests the minimum diameter piston rod to use under va rious conditions of load and unsupported rod length. and is to be used in acccrdnnce with the instructions in the next paragraph There must be no 'ide lond or bending str ess at any point along the rod.

How 10 Use IheTable. Exposed rod length is shown "Ionli tho top of the table, This is usually sornewhat lnnaer 1.1,;]" the acl.ua l stroke of the cvlinrlcr. The \'~rtical scale, column I, shows lhe 10.1<1 Oil the cylindnr, .111(1 is cxprcsxc d in I·;" 1::1 ish tons (1 ton ~ 2000 lbs.). r f both the end of the ",,<I and L1w F1!ONT I."HI of lhe cylinder barrel 'He rigidly support.erl , a -S1lIr111tr rutl will h avt: ~lIrrir.ipnl c:nhnflll "trength, and YO". m ay us c, "0 Exposed len9th of Piston Rod. une-half of !I'l' actual rod lel1gth

For example, if the 30tu,1I h'ngth IS 80". .md if lhe cylinder barrel and "0<1 end nee .~l1pportcd as described. you could enter the t"ble in I.h" col limn markvd 40. On the other hand if hinge InOllntlll!; is used on both cylinder and rod (pinto-pin), you may not be safe in us;n,,· act.unl exposed rod length. n nrl shoi.ld lISC about tw ice .the actual length. For example, if the nct ua l I['"gth i, 20". vcu should enter the tahI€ in the 40' col u mil.

Minimum Piston Rod Diameter
Figures In body of chart are suggested minimum rod diameters, in inches
Exposed Lenglh of Piston Rod, Inches
Tons 10 20 ~O 60 70 30 100 120
------_.
112 314
314 13/16 11/15
518 7/8 11/6 111., ,.%
1 '/~ 11116 15116 1 Jjlr~ n. 1 Y:-
2 314 1'1, 1 ~/F6 1~1{> l:y,1j
3 13/16 718 1~ 1Y!) 1Ytfj 1~i 1'/"
4 15/16 1 1J/r6 l'h 1 ~/6 1·}~ 2 2 ~~
5 1 1% 10/,. 1 o/I~ PI. 17/8 2'.," 2%
7'1, 1YHi 11/11 '~ifj. 1% 1'1, 2 2'1, 21',
10 1% 1 r/1oIj 1% 1'/, 2 2'/~ 27/l{i 2%
15 1 '/Hi 1'Y. 1'/0 2'/' 2'1. 2'1, 21f16 3
20 2 2 2'1. 2% 21/2 2% 2% 3~~
,I·r 30 2,," 21/16 2'1, 2% 2% 2'1, 31/~ 3~~
40 2'1, 2'1. 2'1. 3 3'/ ... 3'/' 3>;"
50 3'1. 3'/0 3111 3% 3'1, 3V7 3'1, 4
75 3% 3% 30i! 4 4'10 4·% 41/2
100 4';;' 4% 4'iS 4'1, 4·'1, 4Y< 4'!~ 5
150 5'1, 5% SY", 5'/' 5'1, 5 'I. 5% 6 ./.

CAUTION: Hinge mounted cylinder" when mounted 110ri7,nl1l"I1.\· 111' at nny angle other than verLical , cr en le a bend i nf: stress on the rod w Iron extended, due to cylinder wright. 0" Inrge bore and/nr i"ng 'lrok" hinge 1ll1l11I1I"d rvlinrlr-rs., the trunnion mOllnting r al.he r than l.ang or clevis mounting slouhl 1)(' used. and the trunnion sl-ould be located in ;] posit.inn which will h"lonl'C thl' cylindc:' wei!(ht when extended.

_ t···~ <

22

Horsepower to Drive a Pump

FigLllCS ill the bndy of this tnblc show lhe horsepower needed to drive a hydraulic P'''''P having a n cfficinncy or 85'7,. Most posiuvc displncement pumps r~11 in t.hc rnngc of 80';, to 90'70 efficiency, so this chart should be accurate to wit.hin :,'} for nnnrly any pump The table was cnlculatcd from the formula: HP ~ PSI »: GPM + (1714 x 0.85). For PHlllpS with other t.han BG% efficiency, this for. 111111" cn n ho used, substitutmg aclual cmciency in place ofOc85.

USing the Table . .,

The ""'gc "I' :)00 to :;000 PSI covers most hydraulic systems, but power requi rr- men I:,; can he dcLCrln i IH~d for cor.ditions outside tho table, or for int.ermedial" va lrn-s , b:- cnrnhining values in the table: For example, power at 4000 PSI will 1)(' cxuctlv twire the li~lIre' shown [or 2000 PSI. At 77 GPM, power will be I Ill' surn "f t ho figu rns shown ill the 75 and 2 GPM lines, etc.

For syst r-ms of lass than :;00 PSI, horsepower calculations tend to become in<lCCU ra k because mcchan icnl f",ction losses red uce pump efficiency

Rule - 01- Thumb '"

I\ppn,;-.illlnle POWC]' ['-equ~remcnts Gin be ngured with simple mental arithmnt.ic with this rule-of-thurr.b:

1 HP is required lor each 1 GPM @ 1500 PSI

For vx.unp!e. a !; GPM pump op"f~tii1g at 1,,00 PSI would nred 5 HI', or at :lQOO \\,0111,1 need 10 HI'. AID GI'M pump at 1000 PSI would need 6'1, HI', or the ,,'Ul1C JJIIIllJl olwr8til1[( at moo PSI would need 10 HP, elc.

Al1lllht,,- rulc-of-Lhurnh st.alcs thnt about fjr_~, or the }Jump mnxirnum rated hnL",,·pm\'~.'r ; ... n'quln'd 10 j,dle l h.vl, pump wlwn ,l.i~ "unlo-idod" and t.he nil is cir(,lIblill~ ~11 z.r-rn [lSI. This <1 1110lHlI. Dr POW{:J" i .... rOIl:'-iumcd in now lo~.e.e:,; plus rncch an jf;\ 1 [rir-l ion I,)~~!'::; , 11 h(';p-ings. and pumpi 11J!: clements.

Figures in I~ble are HP's required 10 drive a hydraulic pump.

1 Ii

500 760 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 25QO 3000 5000
GPM PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
---- 343 515 600 .686 1.03 1.72
112 .172 257 .429 .858
1 .343 .515 .686 .858 103 1.20 1.37 172 2.06 343
11h .515 .772 1.03 1.29 1.54 1.80 2.06 2.57 309 5.15
2 .686 103 1.37 172 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.43 4.12 6,86
2 'J, .858 1.29 1.72 2.14 2.57 300 343 4.29 515 8.58
3 103 1.54 2.06 2.57 309 3.60 4,12 5.15 6.18 10.3
31/~ 1 20 180 2.40 3.00 360 4.20 4,80 6.00 7.21 12.0
4 137 206 275 343 4.12 4.80 5.49 6.B6 8.24 13.7
5 1.72 2.57 3.43 4.29 5 15 600 6.86 8.58 103 17.2
G 206 309 4.12 515 61 B 7.21 8.24 10.3 12.4 206
7 2.40 360 480 6.00 7.21 8.41 9.61 12.0 14.4 24.0
8 2.75 4.12 5.49 685 824 9.61 110 13.7 16.5 27.5
9 309 4.53 6.18 7.72 9.27 10.8 12.4 154 18.5 30.9
10 343 5.15 686 856 10.3 12.0 13.7 17.2 205 34.3
12 412 6.18 8.24 103 124 14.4 16.5 20.6 24.7 412
15 5.15 7.72 10.3 129 154 180 20.6 25.7 309 51.5
20 6.86 10.3 13.7 17.2 20.6 240 275 34.3 41.2 68.6
25 8.58 12.9 172 2 1.4 25.7 30.0 34.3 429 515 85.8
30 10.3 15.4 20.6 257 309 36.0 412 51.5 61.8 103
35 12.0 lB.O 24.0 30.0 360 420 48.0 60.0 721 120
40 13.7 20,6 27.5 34.3 41.2 480 549 68.6 82.4 137
45 I S4 23.2 30.9 386 46.3 54,1 61.8 77.2 92.7 154
50 172 257 34.3 429 51.5 60.0 68.6 85.8 103 172
55 189 283 37.8 47.2 56.6 66.1 75.5 94.4 113 lB9
60 20.6 30.9 41.2 51.5 61.8 721 824 103 124 206
65 22.3 33.5 44.6 55.8 66.9 781 89.2 112 134 223
70 24.0 36.0 48.0 60.0 72.1 841 96 I 120 144 240
75 257 38.6 51.5 64.3 77.2 90.1 103 129 154 257
80 27.5 41.2 54.9 68.6 82.4 96.1 110 137 155 275
85 29.2 438 58.3 72.9 87.5 102 117 146 175 292
90 30.9 463 618 77.2 92.7 108 124 154 185 309
95 32.6 48.9 65.2 81.5 978 114 130 163 196 326
100 34.3 51.5 686 85.S 103 120 137 172 206 343 23

TorquelHPISpeed Relations

Th is chart can be used to rind th« torque. horxcpowc r or speed nfruiv kind ()f d r ivo (electric mntor, hyrl r a ulir nt- piH'1Lrlln tic mot () r, Cl1~i 11£:, rnL:l ry net 11 ntur, etc.) if two of tho .... e thrco vnlues nre knuwn. The ('h~'rl. is n Ln huln r «nlu t ion 10 the Iollowiur bURic rorllluln.<:

To find 1 Io r scpowcr (HP). use the formula: HP = (T" RPM) + 5252

To r.nd Torque in ft. Ibs. (T). lI'C the Iormuin. T = (HP x 5252) + RPM

To (lnd Speed (RPM), lise the formu!n: RPM = (HP x 5252) T

The figures in the body of the chart are torque values in fooVpounds

RPM (Revolutions Per Minule)
HP 100 500 750 1000 1200 1500 1800 2400 3000 3600
114 13.1 263 1,76 1.31 1 10 876 .730 ,548 438 365
113 175 350 2,34 175 1.46 117 .972 730 584 486
112 263 525 350 2.63 2.20 175 1,46 1 10 875 .730
314 39.4 7.87 5.24 3.94 3.28 2,62 2,18 164 131 1.09
1 525 10.5 7.00 5.25 4.38 350 2.92 219 175 1 47
1\/, 788 15.7 10.5 7.88 656 5.26 4,38 3.28 263 2,19
2 105 21.0 14.0 10,5 8.76 7,00 5.84 438 3.50 2.92
3 158 31.5 21.0 15,8 13.1 10.5 8.76 6.57 5,25 4.38
5 263 525 35,0 263 22.0 17.5 14.6 11.0 8.75 7.30
7V, 394 78.8 53.2 394 32.8 23.6 21.8 16.4 131 109
10 525 105 70.0 52.5 43,8 350 29.2 21.9 175 146
15 788 158 105 78.8 656 526 43,8 32.8 265 21,9
20 1050 210 140 105 87.6 70,0 58.4 438 35.0 292
25 1313 263 175 131 110 87.7 730 54.8 43.8 36.5
30 1576 315 210 158 131 105 874 657 526 43.7
40 2100 420 280 210 175 140 116 87.5 700 58.2
50 2626 523 350 263 220 175 146 110 87,5 72.8
60 3131 630 420 315 262 210 175 131 105 87A
75 3940 788 532 394 328 266 218 164 131 109
100 5250 1050 700 525 438 350 292 219 175 1~6
125 6570 1313 882 657 548 441 364 27,1 218 182
150 7880 15BO 1050 7BB 656 526 438 32B 265 2Hl
200 10,500 2100 1400 1050 876 700 584 438 350 292
250 13,130 2830 1750 1310 1100 877 730 548 4313 365 Pum.p and Motor Torque

T'h is chart. can be n]lplif'd either 10 <1 hvdrnulic 1110l01' 0," purnp. Fi~l1n'~ ill t he chart ;tn.' thcnrclicnll.OHllJ(, vnhu-s, in font pounds. rcquircd l o 1111"11 lilt, -",h,lft of a hydraulic pump or thnt will he pla('l'd on Lhe ~h"!'ll)r u ".1'<lr;1IIiI<: mutur. ('1""1 values were cnlculntr-d from t ht- for.nun:

T = D )( PSI _,_ 24n

Where' T i. torque ill fOl)t pounds D i.s di.'plnCCl11cnl in cuhic illol1(>, pr-r revolution rc. L R.). PSI is J.,)I'(,~~Uf'e across pump (II' lIIotOI'. ann" = :1.14

The ligures in the body of the chart are torque values in loot pounds

GPM
@ 120C DISPl. PSI (Pounds Per Square Inch)
RPM C,I.R. 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 3000
3 0.577 1.91 382 5,74 765 957 11.5 15.3 19,1 23.0
5 0962 3.19 6,38 956 12.7 15.9 19.1 255 319 38.2
8 1.54 5,22 10.4 15.7 20.9 26.1 31.3 418 52,2 627
10 1,92 6.37 12.7 19,1 25.5 319 38.2 51.0 637 765
12 2.31 7.64 15.3 29,5 30.6 382 45.8 61, I 76.4 916
18 3.46 114 22.9 344 45.9 574 68.8 91.7 115 138
25 4,81 15,9 31.9 479 63.9 79,7 95.7 127 159 191
40 770 25.5 51,1 765 102 127 153 204 255 306
50 9.62 31.9 63,8 95.6 127 159 191 255 319 382
75 1443 478 95,6 144 191 239 287 383 478 574
85 1643 54,2 108 163 217 271 325 434 542 651
100 19.2 63.7 127 191 255 319 382 510 637 765 t.,

24

Mechanical Tran.smiesion. Efficiency

/\ hydrauhc motor coupled to n load t.hrough nvechnnicnl tr a nsmission items mus; hav« ud ditiunu l power to .G.upply lrall:O;:;!lli~s~on h,sses, Values given below ~l1T ;l\'(~~';1g'(', nnrl 1,'I.,j"H'n.' cnlculrtions must, he nrccisc. crnciency ratings should 1)(, f"{·quesI.NJ Frtuu ~ lu- t.rnus m ission j LCrl1 m~ Flu factu rur. Losses must be flgll red pr(),-!n·~:-;in .. >\.v lhr·(Hlgh ('.1ch "tng:c or mecbnnlr n l t.rnnsmisainn Far example: sl:11'L with Ihe 1i",,1 sl.~gc, "'i~"re loss through this stage. Add the extra power I"f'quired. Th(,11 proc('rd (0 the noxt stage upsl.ream on the power now. Figure extra [lI)Wl'r !'ur LI.is st.urc. add it to the total. then proceed 1.0 the next stnge, etc., lip to lhp dri\'~ng motor u r cngil1E!.

The following chart shows typical elficiencies for various mechanical transmission items.

Typical Power Transmission. Efficiencies

Machine

Typical Efficiency

v-ben drives Timing bell drives

Poly. V or ribbed bell drives

Flal belt drives, leather or rubber Nylon care

Vari<lbte speed, spring loaded, wiele range v-belt drives

Compound drive

Carn-rcacton drive

Helic~1 gear reducer

Single·slage

Two-sraqe

Worm gear reducer 10'1 ra1io 251 ratio 601 rat.o

Roller chain

l.eadscraw, 60 deg, helix angle Flexible coupling, shear-Iype

95%

98% 97%

98%

98% 10 99%

80% 10 90% 75% 1090%

98% 96%

86% 82% 66%

98%

65% to 85%

99%+

25

I'

Pu.mpfMotor Shafts & Flanges

ANS[ Sh[lfl and fln.ngc code assignnl('nl~ ror fluid power pumps and l1101o~'~ Complcto d imr-ns ion: "li'Y be oht 'Ii ned Irnm A NS I 1l91G~ J 872,

ANSI Shotl Long SAE
Shaft Shalt Shafl Shalt Key Shaft
Code Dram. Lglh, 19tM. Width Code
13-1 ,500 0.750 - -- 0125 A-A
t6-1 625 0,938 2,000 0156 A
22-1 875 1.312 2,500 0,250 8
25-1 1000 1.500 2,750 0250 B-B
32-1 1,250 1.875 3,00 0312 C
38-1 1,500 2.125 3.250 0,375 C·C
44·1 1750 2.625 3,625 0437 o E ANSI SAE
Shaft Shaft Shaft Spline Shaft
Code Diam, Lqth, Specifications Code
13-4 112 0,750 9} 20140 DP A-A
16-4 518 0,938 9 16132 DP A
22-4 718 1,312 131. 16/32 DP B
25-4 1 1.500 1ST, 16/32 DP BB
32-4 IY, 1,875 14f 12124 DP C
38-4 I';" 2,125 17 12/24 DP C-C
44-4 1'/, 2,625 13"( 8/16 DP DI=E
50-4 2 3,125 15T 8/16 DP ANSI Str.
Shal! Shaft Shaft Thd. Thd. Key
Code Diam. Lgth. Si~e Lglh. Width
13-2 0,500 0750 318·24 0532 ,125
16·2 0,625 0,938 112·20 0719 156
22-2 0,875 1312 518·18 0906 250
25·2 1,000 1.500 314·16 1,062 .250
32-2 1250 1.875 1·12 1,219 ,312
38-2 1500 2.125 1·118-12 1,375 ,375
44-2 1750 2.625 1·1/4·12 1,562 .437 ANSI Tprd. Thd.
Shaft Shalt Shaft Shalt Thre~d Key
Code Diam. Lglh. 19lh, Size Widlh
13-3 0.500 0.688 0.500 511G-32 ,125
16·3 0.625 0.688 0.719 112-20 ,156
22"3 0.875 1.125 0.906 518-18 ,250
25·3 1.000 1.375 1.062 3/4-16 250
323 1250 1375 1.219 I';' 312
38"3 1.500 1875 1.375 1%-12 375
44·3 1.750 2125 1.562 1 %·12 437
50·3 2.000 2875 1.562 1 Y,·12 500 ANSI SAE SAE Mount Mounl Pilol
Flange Flange HP Bolt Hole Diarn.
Code Code Rating Circle Oiarn, Ins,
50-2 A-A 5 3250 406 2.00
822 A 10 4188 438 3.25
101~2 8 25 5750 562 4,00
127-2 C 50 7.125 ,688 5.00
152-2 0 100 9.000 ,B12 6,00
165-2 E 200 12500 1,062 6,50
177-2 F 300 13.781 1.062 700 '-.':.:

ANSI SAE SAE Mount Mounl Pilot
Flange Flange HP scu Hole Diem.
Code Code Rating Circle Diarn. Ins,
101-4 8 25 5,000 .5625 4.00
127-4 C 50 6375 .5625 5,00
152-4 D 100 g.OOO ,8125 600
165-4 E 200 12.500 ,8125 650
177-4 F 300 13,78 1.063 700 26

I"~

/// // /

Straight Shalt (Wilhout Threads)

30° Involute Spline

J

;;;~/ 'l-

Straight Shaft (With Threads)

/':>

Tapered Shalt (With Threads)

(~(@)~):\_,~"'""

~ Hole

~ OIJm

L r..,,'ounlmg Bot! CIJc1e

Mounting Flange (Two Bolt)

-~

~~

\~l;~t,

f_ MOllnlm~ Bolt CIICI~

Mounting Flange (Four Bolt)

Pneumatic Control Valve Sizing Guide

Required flow for operating an air cylinder

C = Area x Slroke x II x Cj

,. Tillie x 29

Area ~ n X dia2f4 or see Table 2 (sq. in.) Stroh e = Travel [in.)

A ~ pressure drop constant see Table 1 C{= Compression Faclor see Table 1 Time = seconds

Table 1 - Compression Factors and "A" Constants

Inlel C( "1\" Constants lor Various
Pressure Corn- Pressure Drops
(PSIG) pression 2 PSI 5 PSI 10 PSI
Factor • ~p dP t.P
10 1.6 0,155 0.102
20 2.3 0.129 0.083 0066
30 3.0 0,113 0072 0.055
40 3.7 0.097 0.064 0.048
50 44 0.091 0.059 0.043
60 51 0.084 0054 0040
70 57 0079 0.050 0,037
80 6A 0,075 0048 0035
90 71 0.071 0.045 0.033
100 78 0,068 0043 0.031
110 85 0065 0.041 0.030
120 92 0.062 0039 0.029 Table 2 - Cylinder Area

Cylinder Cylinde
Bore Area 80re r
Size (sq. in,) Size Area
(sq. in.)
314" 0.44 4' 12.57
1- 0.79 4Y,' 15.90
PI. 099 5" 19.64
I'/." 1.23 5 2827
1'1,' 177 T 38.48
1'10" 2.41 S- 50,27
2 3.14 10- 78.54
2'1.>" 4.91 12- 113.10
3'1' 8.30 14- 15394
3%' 10.32 Nole; U~~ "A' cOI1,'I.~nt ~l5 PSI LIP for most application.s, On very critical applicatinns, ",<, "A" al ~ PSI t.1'. You will (ind in many cases, a 10 PSlllP is not delrimo ntal and can snve money rind mounbng SIH'LC.C.

Hydraulic Control Valve Sizing Guide Required Ilow for operating a hydraulic cylinder

"I'M

Arca = n X dia2/4 or see Table 2 (sq. ln.] Stroh» = Travel (in.)

Time = seconds

;\1'1'(1 xSlmke x(j(l Tilllex231

27

.....

l! ",

"

HP to Compress Air

Thc,<:;'C' tables ~how the appruxi ma i.c IfP I'(''luired In cnmprr-ss 1 SCFfvl {st,Uldnrd cubic fooL pcr minute) of nir from nt.mnsphcr ic P!'CSSUI"<, of 0 I'SI to the pressures shown in the' LDhlc~, Since l~othcrmHI anrl '1(I.I;l~}al.lc c'rHl1pr~~.':qf)n ;11",1:.' both thcoreticnl conditions, these tnhles were calcul.ucd lor cOlnpr{'sslo.n ~(}rHhLions about, halfway between these tWI) t.hoorr-tirnl oxt.romos. lnlct ""U' I~ n s-

surned to be about room tsmperntu rr-. ,

Tables arc shown for single-stage. two-stncc. and three-stape p1.~1.nll-lypc compressors, n.,"u rning the ir efficiency to be aboulSr."/,. The (,ffeeL "[jacket cool-

ing water was not considered" _ , . .,

The tables were prepared Irnrn .nforrnntion [lIJlJllfd'NI III Mrlrirlll<·/"._I·., Harulbooh. Please refer to your copy of the handbook for ,,<I,IIl.lol1al infor rn ation (II' the compression of n i r,

HP to Operate Air Cylinders

One important use for these tables is to esl.irnnl.c the comptessor HP c.rpnci ty needed to operate an air cylinder. The SCFM rr-qui rod by Ihe cylinder unde r slut~d oper ating conditions must first be calculated bv the nu-Lhud (Ill Jla~r !H. Then the approprinte column III the table below can ht- used to couvert ~CI',~I into HP, For example, if cylinder consumpucn hns been calr ulut cd to be 2·1 SCVM and if the compressor is " 2-st"ge model. the H P np('(lcd nt 90 I'SI ",III be: HP = 2~ x O.l!iG ~ 374.

Power Loss Through a Pressure Regulator

Air compre . ssor power is wasted hy rom(lr('~stng a ir Lo.1 pressure h;,.:;h('1' t.h an necessary then renucing iL through" regulRlor Thr- I'.OWN ":1S1eo cnnnol. be cnsily calculated bocausc accurate dnt.n cn n nnl be nht airu-d. Bill It CIlIl Ill' r-slt . matc'd with sufficinn l. accuracv witldh,s I1wl hnd.

Usc the chart helflw Fur vnu r kind of comprr-ssor. (';llcll!alf' llw 111' {o £"010- 11r('~~ l SCFT\,1 [)r nir t.o the '1"{lgll 1.1 I or iulr-t I)I'P~~UI'(,. Thi'n C'al[:II~atf' I he 111' ~n COl11ll1'('!=\~ 1 SCFrvt to U1{'1"C~tll;ll()r nut.h-L nr !'edl1red prr-ssu rr-. Suhlr;ld 11H' 1\\'1). Th is will shnw the lIP 1. .... ,~I~t('d [or r-vrry 1 SCFl\l P'I,c.:.S111J!: 111J'olIJ~h Ihc' ["['~lIl;l~nl' Multiply tim~s l ho SCFM ni r 110w 1111'0(11(11 Ihl' r ir r uit ,

- Horsepower for Compressing Air

Errlcir.ncy of All Cornpn~,r..:.~f}r5 is 1\~~lIHH.'d t" 1\1' ~G,";;

-Siege Compressor 2-Stage Compressor J-Stage Cornpres sor
PSI HP' PSI HP' PSI HP'
5 .021 50 .116 100 159
10 040 60 .128 ISO .190
15 .056 70 .138 200 .212
20 067 80 148 250 .230
25 .079 90 156 300 245
30 .095 100 .164 350 258
35 .099 110 .171 400 269
40 .107 120 .170 450 279
45 .116 130 185 500 .289
50 123 140 190 550 .297
55 .130 150 .196 600 305
60 136 160 .201 650 .311
65 143 170 .206 700 317
70 .148 180 .2\ I 750 .323
75 .155 190 .216 800 329
80 .160 200 .220 850 ,335
85 .166 210 .224 900 .340
90 170 220 ,228 950 .345
95 .175 230 .232 1000 .350
100 179 240 236 1050 .354
110 .188 250 .239 1100 .358
120 196 260 243 \ ISO .362
130 .204 270 .246 1200 .3G6
140 .21 I 280 .250 1250 .370
\50 .218 290 .253 1300 .374
160 .225 300 255 1350 378
170 ,232 350 .269 1400 .380
180 239 400 282 1450 383
190 ,244 450 .293 1500 386
200 250 500 303 1550 .390 HP 10 compress 1 SCFM from 0 PSIID the values shown.

NOTE: The power req uircd frum other tvpcs of cornprvssnrs nr (I", ,<111", Jl U Ill· ber of stages will be related to the," values a s the erticicnc\' of t l.c ot hcr COIll· pressor is to the nssurncd il5C;f ,'fficiencv used for Lht's" t ahlrs.

28

I .. ,

Tank Putnp-Doum. Time

For Large Vacuum Tanks

US(' t.hi s chnrt or the fnrm u ln aL the fonL or this page Lo estimate the time to cvncunl.c n lnn k to n dc_~irr.d degrp.c of vacuum ~t.<1rt.ing either from atmosphere

nr [rom » pnrt ial \/i.lcuum, , '

The ch art is for n smnl] vane nr piston type vacuum pump which ""II d~adhr-rul twith inlet blocked) at a vacuum of 27 or 28-- Hg (when the barometer IS at :.10 Hgl. II" usina n "~Cl!UT1l pump much different from this, calculate running t i m c [t-orn the' Ior mnla.

The (h,ut !;hows running Lime, in minutes, for a vacuum pump with a free running displncoment. (both ports open \.1) at.muspher«) of 1 SCFM. For pl:'mps wi l h a dlfr~relll displacement tho runnJng time must be adjusted by dividing chn rt. vnluos by the act.ual pump displacement.

Running tirne valucs arc approximate because the efficiency will vary be\1V('(,11 pum P" of different manufacture.

Running Time on a 1 SCFM Vacuum Pump

Cu. Fl. 3'h 5 7 ,/' 10 17V. 25 40 55 85 130
Gallons 26,2 37.4 56.1 74,8 131 187 300 411 636 972
vac "Hg Time, in Minutes, to Evacuate Tank
9 1.4 1.9 2.9 3_9 6.8 9.7 15.5 21.3 33.0 504
10 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.4 7.7 111 17.7 24.3 37.6 57.5
II 17 2.5 37 49 8.6 123 19.7 27.1 41.9 64.1
12 2.0 2.8 42 5.6 9.8 14,0 22.4 30.8 476 72.7
13 2.2 3.1 4.7 62 109 15.6 250 34.3 53.1 81.2
14 2.4 3.5 5.2 69 12.1 17.3 27.7 38.1 58.9 90.1
15 27 3.B 5.B 7.7 13.4 19.2 30.7 42.2 65.2 100
16 30 4.2 6A 0.5 14.8 212 33.9 46.6 72.0 110
17 3.3 4.7 7.0 93 163 23.4 37.4 51.4 79.4 121
III 3.6 51 7.1 103 180 25.7 41.2 56.6 87.5 134
19 4.0 57 8.5 \13 19.9 284 45.4 62.4 96.5 148
20 4.4 63 9.4 125 219 3\.3 50.1 689 106 163
21 4.9 6.9 10.4 13.9 243 34.7 55.5 76.2 118 180
22 5.4 7.7 11.6 15.4 270 38.5 61.6 84.7 131 200
23 6.0 8.6 12.9 17.2 301 431 689 94.8 146 224
24 5.8 9.7 14.6 \ 9,4 341 48.6 77.8 107 165 253
25 B.2 117 17.5 23.3 40.6 58.4 93,4 128 198 303
26 9,2 133 19.8 26.4 46.2 660 106 145 224 343
27 " .7 167 25.0 33.3 58.3 83.3 133 183 283 433 I ~

Ii

How \0 Use the Chari

,[,,,"k vul umus. both in cubic frrt :111<1 gallon., arc shnwn along the top of the rh.ut. 1){'j..!l"c\' of vnruum (,.:; shown in the left column,

EXAMPLE 01 running time slarling wilh atmospheric pressure: Estimate pll)llping Ii mo 011 " 300 r:nllon l.an k to " vacuum level of 20" Hg using a vacuum pump having il free running displacement of8 SCfM.

SOLUTION: From the chart find the running time of 50.1 minutes fnr a pump

halin~ a fn'" runmng displacement or 1 SCF~1. .

Ti me = 50.1 + 9 ~ 5.67 minutes

EXAMPLE 01 running time starting witl1 a partial vacuum: Estimate pumping t.l m e [f) develop n 2~" Hg vacuum in " 25-cuhk foot rank, start.ing with 12" IIg varuom Olnd \.l~;ng a 6 SGFivl vacuum pump:

SO LUTION: Fi rsl, csl.imal.c time frolll atmosphere u II to the present 12·' Hg vacuum. th('ll cst irnate LilllC' from :lLmn.sphcre to til£:' new vacuum of 2·1" Hg, The" .,,,1011':1"\ t hos c 1.1111('" 1.0 fl"d the 1',," 11 i "I' time hetwcen 12"lIg and 24·' H-g

v.uuiun:

Atmosphere to 12" Hg = 14.0 minutes per 1 SCFM capacity Atmosphere to 24"' Hg = 48.6 minutes per 1 SCFM capacity 4B.6 - 14.0 ~ 346 minutes per 1 SCFM capacity

Adjust lor 6 SCFM pump: Time ~ 48.6.,_ 6 ~ 5.77 minutes

Formula for Any Vacuum Pump

This [o rm ula , published hy G:,n, shnuld !live n close estimate for any vacuurn pump. 11.<.,d 011 nn v tank, und Lo ,,'1\' degree of vacu II m up to 27" Hg.

T '" [V -s- DJ x Log. [A .,_ (A - B))

T i, p'''"pIllg time, ill minutes; V is tank volume, in cubic feet; D is free runIlillt: di'pl:1tclll('llt. ill SCFM: A I< donrlhcnd rntirig or pu mp ill "'Hg (with inlet "1",",'1'<1: B is t.lH' d("irl'd lcvel of vacuun. in t.a nk , in ·1-!g.

29

Cooling in Hydraulic System.s

Heat Generation

Hent is gCl1crnteo in n hydra ulic system whenever oil cllllllP~ f'rurn n higher to a 'ower pressure without producing n rncchan ical work output. Examplcs .i rc: oil flowing to tank t.hrnugb n rr-Ivc l vnlvc. flowing lhrough n flow cont rn! or PI""' sure reducing valve. Or simply flowing through xmnl l pi pi uu, Prnss ur c drups nnt.ed from one cylinder port to another do unt produce hcn t bccuusc lh . ('nerg), is being cnnvur tud Io work output.

In lower power hydraulic systems t h is w~.<lc hcut is rndiat cd by the walls 01' the reservoir. In larger systems" heal exchanger IIlU~t. be added. O,l t.e mju-rature should be held to 130" to HO'F in an industr in l sysrvm. hut on IlH)\·illg equipment where heat removal is difficult. t.hE! tempcratur« is snnu-Li rno s af· lowed to read, 200aF although this is not desirable as it. is destructive to the nil and to components. At hi~h'lcmpcratur% var ious chernicnl rcncliuns prnducc' sludges which interfere wit.h system operation by clogging orifice, n ud producing excessive wear in moving parts.

Heat Generation Formulas

Heat gencr atcd by oil now through <1 valve. piping. or LlHO\I~h n relic! valv« can be calculated with the Iormuln below if the PSI prc,"ure difference "cross the device 1.<; known or can be measured, and if the GPM flow t hr ouzh it i.' known. Formulas a re given for convert.inn hcnt into other units.

1 HP = 2545 BTU/hr = 42.4 BTU/min = 33.000 1I.lbs/min = 746 walls HP = PSI x GPM., 1114 or, BTU/hr = 1 ';' y PSI »: GPM

1 BTU/hr =.0167 BTU/min =.00039 HP

EXAMPLE: 12 Gl'M bYP","ill~;1 rt-Iiof vnlvt- al :I 1'I'{"""r1' .11"1'1' nf :,00 ]'SI guner al.cs 3'h III' of hr-n t, most of whirh i< r n rrircl I",ri< In t h r I,,"k

NOTE: IJ('nl is gPIH'ral.c,d only WlH'fl no rHprhan;(.:al work is prllflllt'l'cl.

Estimalfng Heat Build-Up

In most systems tl1e main source of hont may bl' [rn m lire rclo"fvalv" If t his valve is in net.inn for onlya pa r t or cvvry cycle, find Llu- ln-n L g(,IH'r~\l(1d \\"hllf.' il is pnssing oil, by the formula above. Then ~ tv er~[;c lhis for thr- l'J1lll'l' cvr lo For example, if oil is p,,"sing th" "di"f for about 1 I:! of LI1" t.im« ill "nch cvcle and generating 3 HP heal while nowing, lhl'll the a\'cr"~l' rnlr- of heat generati"n i, IllP

Another source or hr-at, is 110\. v cont rnl valves used lo rr'glil('Jie .<;pf'l'd or hydraulic cylinders or motor s. Till' Illclt'n~r1 oil generat.('s I-W:ll when tlw cvl iruhr nr rnotnr i~ running unlnadcd or lighll} luarled. l n ~lddiliOI1, ;:111,"'" oil fm'(pd ric ross the system relief vnlve because of metering to the cvlindnr nr motor n lso generates heat. Flow conLrol vnlvcs connected in" by-pass ar-T"angf'mcnllcnd to g~nerate Je~s heat Lhrm series connected Ilow conl.rnls,

Pressure reducing valves gencrnlc hr-a l, during Lhe lime oil i~ lluw iru; through thorn and during the time when pressure difference is gl'p<1l(__.~t br-Iwr-cn their inlet and outlet PIJ,·ts.

If the hydraulic system IS plumbed with pipe sizes adequate to carry the now at recommended velocity, heat gensrnted by oil nuw through the lines wil l usually be small compared with other sources of heal in th~ svst e m ,

In addition to these maim' causes for overheating there will be heat ~ellemt· ed from mechanical losses, mainly in the pump, or ill a hydraulic motor, About 105% of the input power will ~I) into heat fur each rump or motor. /'5 " rulc-ofthumb. an allowance ()fZf;'Yr of the input power wil u.'"~lIy be adequ;,tc tn lake care of a 11 miscellaneous losses (and hcpLJ includ i ng flow loss tlr rough 4·\\,(,y valves, piping, and mechanical loss in one pump. If Lhore is a hvdraulir motor, or more than one pump in the systcm.vhc losses w ill be somewhat higher. Then. to this 25%. add the losses Un'ough relief, reducing .. 111(1 fI 0 1\' conl rnl valves. if any, and this will be a good approxirnat ion of the hent gcncr al cd ill (IH' svsf em.

Cooling Capacity of Steel Reservoirs

After estimating the I-lP or UTU heat gcner;,lion in your hvdrnuiic system. the next step is to decide wheLher this heal. can be mdiotl'd ",,(irel,' from the walls of the oil lank or whether, h('at. exchanger is nccdcr!

In ma ny svsterns about 11.3 the hcnt is radiated lrnm walls of cylinders, pumps, fluid motors, valves, and plumbing. The remainder is radiated from the side walls ann top of the reservoir. Radiat.ion from tho hol.luru of the reservoir can be counted if the reservoir is el(,voled at Ipast G inches from [he floor. Tho amount of heat which can be rudinted from (.he sUfr"er 01 ~lN'1 f nn ks rnn br col culated from this form uln:

· .. c.

30

HP (heal) = 0.001 x TD x A

A is the slIrr<1(,{:: <UPH in xqua rc rpt't; TO is lhc temperature d iffcr unce in degn;{'~ fnh rr-n lu-i L bctwcun f,.urroundillg a ir nnd oil tnmpernturo insido the t ank .

Oil tank, should I", inst.alled where there is free air circulation around nil sidr-s n nd under t.he lank. /\ forced hl~.<;t of air directed on the side of the t;;nk ("an mercase Lh e rariiatinn capncrty as much ;-IS 50%.

Cooling Capacity 01 Standard Oil Tanks

This t ulilo shows heal. radinlinl! c:lpnciLy of commercially Available steel hydraulir oil rcservoi ra hnviug n G-inch space undcrnenth and free air circulation ('II all sides, Figures in the body of table show I-IP radint.i.ng ability nf t.ank s from )0 to 'ZOO gallon capacitv at vn r inus temperature differences between nil tempcrnturv ;lIHI s ur rnuml i n a air tr rnpcrnt.urc.

EXAMPLE: Ira IOD."allon reservoir is installed in" ronm with 70"F arnhicnt t cmpcrut u r« and the desired maximum oil temperature is 150°F, the temperature diffcrcr.cc i., 80"1' a nd the heat radiating ability is 3.6 HP according to the table.

Figures in body of chart are heat radiation capacities in HP

Nominal Sq. FI. Temperature Difference - Oil to Air 0 F
Gallon Surface
Capaci1y Area 30 40 50 60 70 SO 90 100
10 108 .32 .43 .54 .65 .76 .86 .97 1.1
t5 12.0 .38 .51 .54 .77 .90 1.0 1.2 13
20 \4.0 ~2 56 .70 84 98 11 1.3 1.4
:10 t6.1 48 .6~ .81 .97 11 13 1,5 16
40 2~.3 .73 97 t.2 1,5 1.7 19 2.2 24
50 292 .88 12 t5 18 2.0 2.3 26 2.9
GO 31.6 95 1.3 1.6 19 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2
80 40.2 1 2 16 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0
100 47.4 1.4 18 2.2 2.7 31 3.6 4.0 4.4
120 52.9 1.6 2 \ 26 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.8 5.3
150 554 1.7 22 2.B 3.3 3.9 4.4 5.0 5.5
200 69.8 2. , 2.8 35 4.2 4.9 5.5 6.3 7.0 Ii

, I : I

! :

To Reduce Heat Build-Up

1, Un!o;ld the pump duriru; in tor-val» when pressure is not required.

2. Ou prusses Wh~IT (I h'gh active pressure must be held for a long lime an

air- op('"rntrd pressure intensifier or nn accurnulnl.or Tl1';}Y be used. '

3. Use as large a resc rvo ir as practical , with a large surface area to dissipate 1",,,1

4. "r~<,"re cumpcnsnt.ed Oow control valves. if used, should be connected as "bvpnss" instr-ud nr«scrics" c:onlrol if uussrhlc.

5. :Oct llw main pump relief vnlve lo the lowest pressure that will do the work.

6. I."t~ te oi I rescrvoi rs It) the 0IJen where they will have free air circulation.

Enclo'''ing the rcsr-rvoir ill a closer compartment will cause the system to opurnlf' at :, higher 001 temperature. Shading the oil reservoir from direct sunlight ""II also reduce the oil tClllpemturc.

Sizing Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Surface Area Required. On shell and tube heat exchangers there must be al I",,"t O..lG <quare loot of hea! t.rnnsfer surface for each 1 HP heat load. 2.16 liP hr-at 1"",1 can be removed for ovr ry xqunrc fool of heat transfer surface undr-r '],C' ro!lu\\"ing ronrl it inns of lISOIgC:

1. I lvdrnulic oil in the <hell "ide at entering temperature of 160'F, leaving (Pllllwr;rlure of HO°F.

2. \\'"I,'r in the (uhe side wil.h n flow equal to 112 the oil (low, and at a tarnpcrrllurr r-ot. ovc r !)Oo:'F',

3. Cor'r('lc~ flow vclncitv in oil and wntcr to nhtniri optimum heat transfer, Baffles. ll"rne ,,,"cing shoulrl I.J,' arrnngecl to give H velocity of 3 fl. per sec. ill llor oil hut nnt o\l[,i(k Ihe rnl1[:!c orz 10 6 fee(. per second.

Passes. End bonnets should have the correct number of passes on the water .<id~' to j!i",':J fl'l'l per second velocity. but not outside the range of2 to 5 feet per . .;;ccond.

;."

31

l '~,

Accu.mu.laior Sizing

Accumulalor Ratings ..

Accum uh\lor~ :lr'(' (_';Il;, 1.1K-r;11 ('~t hy lIH' t.!~.~ vo lu nu- whcn <111 fl Iii d Iw ...... IICt'll discharged, and n ro usun lly r;\ted in Eng:li:-oh IIH'aSlIn',;l:-; pinf s, quart ..... , and J:!nllon~,' 1 U,S. J!nllon ~ 2:l1 cuhir inches)' The' nmuunt or fl uid whi rh Gin 1)1' _"-torcd in an nccumulat.or i~ ;1lw'l)'S \(''<-:':4 than iu; Lnl.n l f,!";tS \'1I111I1H~, On lv pu rL (Jf tl nf;Lorp.U fhlill can he u .... ed (':H,:-h evclc hucausc thr: fluid pl'('~~lIn' dt.:crl'<lSP:;: ~IS nUld is dischnrged, and when t.hr: f1t,id pressure d(~Ct'('':-'FCS to the minimum u ....... )hlr value which v,,·ili perform the' \ v ork in the hvd ruulic ci rcui l , no more fluid Ciln he displaccr' Irnru l.he nccumulntor. T1H_~ .ict.unl nrnnun l, is dt'lcnnilwd hy ll'u: ratio of mnxirnurn syst.crn prcssu r« divid<.:ll hy pr('chaff,!e prcsxu r« (('xaTlip!(': :JOOOl7f}O ~ 4: l , maximum nil id vo l u me ill Lh is eX[1 m pit i:c.; 7:)1,"{- or ;,L[.:ClIlIl ulut nr volu mr- ,. In sununnry, the change in preasu re coutro!s the ch:ll1gC' in volume.

TIle problem in selecting a n accumulntcr is to ,eiecl 0 size "hidl will deli,'cr a sulficie nt arnou nl. of Iluid each cyc!« wit.hout t ho , .... vsl cm prrssurc dropping 100 low, Selection is rlcscribcd in d(>t.;'lil later on t.his pag0. Ih'quirt'd inrorlll:1tinn lur snlection: svste m In i nimum !1r-cf;,f;Urc. svst cin mn x i IlHI rn l)1Ts~U 1"(', ll u id \'01 \.1J1H' lo he dischn rgcd, and 1I11id volume di"chnrge lim".

Precharge Pressure ...

Gas Charging

LhCAUTION

PRESSURIZED VESSEL -

USE DRY NITROGEN GAS ONLYI

Prcchnruo new or I'('p.lI I"('d ;1( .. -cumulnt ors w;l11 dr,\· nitrO'J.!'l'11 ~il:-: t n Ilw rccoml11clH1{'fl g,i1~ prcr.h;lrr-!{' IH"S~lln' ~ PO) ri,,,-1t·d 1H'lflW, prior ~rJ ;IPI~'yinJ~ hydrnllli~' system pn':'-i!qun.'

For Energy Storage

For Shock Absorption For Pulsation Dampening

P1 = minimum working pressure

Po = 0.9 X Pl

Po = (0.6 to 0.9) x Pm Po = (0.610 0.8) X Pm

Pm = median working pressure

II.,ving t.he PI'('l.:hil1"I!(~ pressure ~f_'l he lnw the m inimu m svst r-m pres s ure al· ]O\V., a sm a ll .1n10UIlL Dr fluid to rcm n i n in 1.11<' nccumulnt nr. thus prp\·C'nt.illg Uw elastomer from c-h<1finr-': ;"Ig;lin:;t the vnlve on ('(ldl cyclr-.

Estimating Fluid Requirements ...

1. Leakage Make-Up on hondinJ;. curin". or la m i nn ting upernliol1.lflhe cvlimler has leak-ugh; piston seals, mo-<t of tile fluid ",1111", lost thruuuh the '1'001 of the 4-w:1y directional valve. The \';1]\1(' r-mn nfart u i-c rs sper ifirut inns for maximum spool leakngc can be used. With a n additiunal allowance for i ncreuscrl leakage as the vnlvc wears, The spool leakO'lgc in cubic irches prr minut c 1111..11- tiphed by the minutr-s, of holdi11g t ime will ~i\'f' th ... il.ll1011111 .. of <It~chil.rgt~ (luid required rr'orn the accumul.vlor

2. Rapid Cylinder Travel. When an nccurnulat or' i, ,,"o(1 10 sllppkmellt t ho now l'rorn a pump rnr rapid travr-l of .1 cylirHh'J', lhl' acr uru uln l or discharucs while the cylinder is in mot.ion. ;lll<l rec"nrgrs ""eh tim!' thl' cvlindt'l is "I rt',1 (between cvclr-s),

3. Pulsation/Shock Absorption. Accurnuln I ors :11'" hl'l1l'flci,,1 In r('<ill""l)! (Ill' intensity or pul~~\t.inn~ Irum llllmp~ and shock from \.~1l\'l' !'oll,ft:-=; or pump sla rtup or shutdown.

There is no (,rlSY W;:IV or ca lculnt ing the rcqui n'd f.1.p;H'ily nf tlH' necu rn ulator Cor absorpt.ion applicat inns. G~H:" prp{'h<1rgl' ror an absorptioll ;,pI11i('~' .. lion ~IHl\1ld he ~rl ;11, GO to fl()"'~' or IIH' .sy,o;.:t(,nl m i ni mum pn·c;;.'qlrr' r:<;l;ld ;JI ~HF;: if I Ill' 1'("spouse is too "rigid" reduce tho ".-echarg t- pr,-,~surt' I1nl iI l.he d(',ired "rred " achieved)

Ctlutinn must. he usn! in adding' ~n ;lr('LlIlluln1ol" Lo ill1 rxislillg h,\'dr<lulic fo'-"~tern hcc(lu:t;p .nil :l("clIll1ulrllor will l't:'duc(' the "rigidily" or tilt, s.\·::-:tf..'lH. and thif! may be UtHl(,fpplnble in some npp1Ical,if)ll~

32

\.

Discharge Flow Hate ...

i\ discharw' now rate "r 2 gpm or less is considered slow, the prochar ge gas dill'S not louse ,c:.ignifl(-:lnt heat, me?lIlilig that. Lhn grJ:C; prcchargn pressure rcm ains coustnnt. illHI so doe.1;",; the fl\lid di~ch;ll'g(' volume (iflenl condition, but not ;dW~lYS ronl worltl). Tb is is considered a n rsot.hcrmal exchange,

i\ dlSch"r~c flu", rnte or:.1 UPlll or more is considered rapid, lhe pr echnrgo ~~ts do(,'~ loose ~ignlEif:;'"In(. ~wHL. mcnninn Lhat the gtlS prcchnrgc pressure changr l'~ "" the p,-,'chargc gaR temperature Ch""[;"CS and so does the fluid discharge \lOIUliH~r~~\~C ,tu r.np~d cOlllllrC'.I;",;Sl,UIl ~iI.H\ cxpanxion of the gas (most like .real world), I hl.1;,. 15 considered an adinbat.ic exchang-~, The volume of us able fluid IS I~,-, with a ra p id (ndiabnt.ic ) exchange.

The sulcction char! ln-lnw hns been calculated based on the rapid (adiabatic) d{· . ..;:i~11 principlc.

Summary ...

The ,izing informat inn is intended to "Bow the hydraulic system designer the ;>hilil.l' t o cstirna tc the "lprnJXlllwte accumulator si1.e for a given application. Thl'rc arc many [ar l.ors lh"L 1'0 into lh" final selection of an accumulator, for 111,,1 rr-nson il is sllggesLcri I.hnt you consult Womack. Always design cylinders or hvrl rnuiic motors of sufficient sizc to rio satisfactory job at this decreased prf'~:-;l1r(',

Using the Selection Char l.i ,

STEP 1. Calculate or estimate the fluid volume, ill cubic inches, which will be n'IJ" i r .. ,1 on every rl ischargc of the nccumulntnr, Consider the design para m r:Lp]"s as prC'viOll~ly dcscr ibcd.

STEP 2. Decide 011 :111 nr cr-pl nhlo d~Cl'C:1SC ill system pressure when the acc\lI11I1I"lnr h;Is disch,ngrd t.he vnlume "ffllli.1 ostimatcd in Step 1. System presSU1"(' nlw avs rlr-rn-uscs whr n ;J chn.rgf'd nccumulator delivers :'I flow of fluid. WIH'11 ll"ing t.ho cho rt.i the lllil1;llllllll ncccptnble system pressure is listed in the fl rs! rulurnn while the lul ly chnr~ed "CC\II11\ll"lor (and system) pressure is xhnwn illong t.he loop.

STEP 3. With t ho doL" frrlln Sl.CI'" 1 and 2 enter the chn rt in the column I"""led bv ~1"xim"llI Sy.<trm !'re.<8I1r~. (~o clown this column to the line showing

t he mini 111 1I111 nccvpt.ablc svst c m PI'Cf.'SlH·C_ The n~ur1;! shown is the number of cu-

hit inchos "I' oil delivered frl11ll a "l-gnllon" accurnulntor during its discharge from fully rlwrgcd 10 minirn urn acccptnhle system pressure. A 5-gallon accurnulntur will dr-Iive r ap(Jroxirn~tely live times (within 90"10) thi" amount and a 10· f"ollr", accumulator will deliver appro,imntely ten times (within 90%) this a mnun l , etc. From this information an accumulator or sufficient gallon(lge can he '<'Iccl cd which wi II do U". job.

Minimum Maximum Syslem Pressure (PSI)

Acceptable System

Pressure (PSI) 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750

2700 9
2600 14 5
2500 18 9 Cubic inches of oil delivered by CI "t-qauon" accumutaror
2400 23 14 5
2300 25 18 9
2200 30 23 14
2100 35 23 18 7
2000 39 32 23 12
1900 44 37 26 18 5
1800 49 42 32 23 12
1700 53 46 39 28 16
1600 60 51 44 35 23 9
1500 65 58 51 42 30 16
1400 62 58 49 37 25 7
1300 62 55 44 32 16
1200 62 51 39 25
1100 60 49 35 14
1000 58 44 25
900 67 53 37 12
600 62 49 25
700 60 39 9
600 53 25
500 69 44 j. !

NOTE 1: 2~ 1 cllhir ;nche' ~ 1 U.S. ~~lIon

NOTE 2: Thi~ ch;1rt;, caln,i:ltcrl 1I,illl' n precharge pressure equal to 900/, of tlH' minimum acccpt~1hlc ,.;y~tcm prC:C:;Sllrc with fln OJmbient temperature n::mge twl \\"('on :'0' F anri 1 ~OO F.

33

Viscosity Rating Systems

Kinemalic Viscosity expresses l.oL<1ll'c.~ist;lncf" to Il uid How including i nt ornnl fluid Irict.ion JlI'll~ effect or mns.s or wci,..;-ht nf LlH~ flu id. [L is HH_';l:;'U rt-r! ill :<=('\'ern) systems, with equivalent vn lur-s shown in tl-H' chart. cnm purr-rl tn SLJS ratings in the first column. 1\11 these s'y.,t~m~;1I''' hnsr-d un Lhe Li nu- 1'01' n q ua-itity of nuiri to now through a slimdnnl orifice under spuci lied conditio,,.. In the U.S. the Snybolt Univr-rs al Second (SUS~ mtmg is most often used. It is de rivcrl from Eng.,Jjsh units. The Centistoke is the standard for iuter nnt ionn l fluid pow. er.Tt is derived from metric un il.s. (1 Stoke ~ 100 Centislokes)

Absolute Viscosity is an expression only of the .ntcrnnl ll oid Irict i on vvithout taking into account the effect of the mass or weight of the fluid. A st.atr mcn: of absolute viscosity must also include a statement of the spec: fie gruvitv of Ihe fluid. The international standard unit [Ill' nbsolute viscns it.v i, the 1'";,,, 01' Ci-ut ipoise (1 Poise = 100 Centipoise). It ix dprivr<i front l11~lrlC unit". In the En· glish system the unit is the Reyn. Centipoise viscosities in the last column of the chart are for any tluid, including sl.andnrd hydraulic oil, which has" '1)('ciGc gravity of 0.9. The Centipoise is relalen to Lhe Centistoke. An.I' valuc nfk incmatic viscosity in Centistokcs can be converted to absolute viscosity in Centipoise by rnult.iplying Centistoke, limes the specific gravity. Thus wat cr, with spccific gra\lity or 1,0, has the s.arne kinernntir [wei ab.'iolute viscositv rallng~.

. While absolute viscosity is importnnt in scientific processes. it is of ht l lr- ",,1· ue in fluid power because viscos ity efff'cls such as pump cnvit.ation. pres sure losses in valvinr; and piping ore prnducerl not on I,\' hy int.orn al Iluirl frit t inn [nil hy lhp. weight {,o::.pcdftc gr;,vilyl ornu: r1 uirl ;IS \\'('11, Tlnu:;, \\'P rxpf('~!" \·i~f'r}::,>il.\' in k incmatic SUS values n l mns l, rnt.i rr-lv. ill [I", US,A.

Absolute
Kinematic Viscosities Viscosity
SUS SSF Redwood Ford Engler Centipoiscs
Saybolt Saybolt Cenli- No.1 No.3 Specific at 0.9
Universal Seconds stokes Standard Seconds Degrees" Specific
Seconds Furof seconds' Gravityt
10,000 1000 2200 9000 875 290 1980
9,000 900 1950 8100 788 266 1755
8,000 800 1700 7200 700 236 1530
7.000 700 1500 6300 613 207 1350
6,000 600 1300 5400 525 177 1170
5.000 500 1050 4500 438 148 945
4,000 400 850 3600 350 118 765
3,000 300 630 2700 263 89 567
2000 200 ~20 1800 175 59 378
1500 150 315 1350 131 ~4 284
1000 100 220 900 875 30 198
900 90 195 810 785 27 175
800 80 170 720 700 24 153
700 70 150 630 613 21 135
600 60 130 540 52.5 18 117
500 50 110 450 43.8 15 99
400 40 87 360 350 12 783
300 33 65 270 26.3 8.9 58.5
200 24 ~3 180 17.5 59 38.7
100 15 20.8 90 8.8 3.0 18.7
90 -- 183 81 7.9 -- 16.5
80 -- 15.8 72 70 -- 14.2
70 -- 13.3 63 6.1 -- 12.0
60 -- 10.5 54 S3 -- 9.5
55 -- 89 50 4.8 -- 8.0
50 -- 7.5 45 4.4 -- 6.B
45 -- 5.9 41 39 -- 53
40 -- 4.3 36 35 -- 3.9
35 -- 2.7 32 3.1 -- 2.4 i. I.

I

:!

"For Redwood No. 2 Arlnnraltv ~£'cOlHl~ \'iSt.:o~il\'. divide vnlues in t his column

bv 10 . .

..... For Engler viscosity values in seconr!s, mullipl,il vnlucs in this r-nlumn by !'lO. t Ahsolutc viscosity in Cenupoiscs is rclnt cd to the spcci lit; gl'il\'it,· of 1I1<' fillid. Values in this column nrc for hvdraulic oil orO.9 specific gr,l\·it,·. For lluids with other values of specific gnwlty. Ccntrpnis« viscosit v is round hy mul: iplyilll.7 vnlues in Centistokes colu mn hy specific g,.avity of fluid.

l ...

34

I

I I~\i'

u,

~

o

N {'\I 00 00 C\l r-, MN COI.O"1'r-m tf)<:j"(J) c:DlDl.O Ln"¢"7o:t "1-lf)<.OI"o-O> ~1Il~

u,

a

co 0 '-DO

9'""" "....wo> ..-(")lO~ 1J11.000.;t -Ma) '-(\JI{)O'> N .-t:OID WII')~'Q I1")r"OCO-- .OillU"') "<::to::1"7M CD

u,

6

CD LOll) 000

.- V1-0l lOr\J-Ol ID'Q'..-I,(') ..... NOm MlDmN 1./';10) "'--00 r.....!.D~~ woo-..-t"\J tOCO!'- ""~"'¢-1' r ..... (")

u,

c o

IJ') 1f)00 t.!)1.()O

..... rn'Cl' ....... tOCQIJ)N vmMrCOa) OMCO LOO'lNC") MO ..----..-..- lO£.OIJ)l.f) r--m""',_N 1"---0'J00') q.v~oo;j' OO'!;:f

u, I:>

'Ij" OLJ1N 0 I,{'JOOO O~

r' ~r--..N O~OCD o:t,.....,....."",r-- ..-r-C\J """C\JU)lO II)..,.--\\J'T-- .-r---Wm OO .......... Nn 00r-...-- oo:;flr)LO-,;f cn-.q-

11.

o

M 000 rn Oln..noO OOLO 0

.... (\jLO ...-J"-.,.ID..--- O~"'-Oo Ooq,...." cnr.DmCO ..... Cf) ("") N......- ..--- co <.0 to .... - N [") to ..... y-..... '7 u') In v .,...."<t

OOID 00 00000 l[)lf)O 0

OCOaJ "'fo-:;tOC) -s co co c co (\j"""'w N"'-~N C")lf) '7N...-- ..--.-""''.0 .... ..-C\.IrylO ...--..---N 1.()(O(Dlf) ...... "l:'!'

u,

6 ~oo UlOOlf) 00088 mo8 a

~ 01110 COO'lNO "tj'OCONO C\J(\jN r--.OOo:Jrn"¢N -'lD .... ['IJ..-.-..--- Nq'~-N ("')~.,.._._ c.o.:oCOt.D NI.f)

u,

o 8U10 0000 00888 008 \1)0 0

co l1";o(\Jln co e co r-i ..---I,{)OWN 000 lnoaa;:. OLf) _(J)u"l F)('\J..- .... C')11)r- .... M If>(()N r--.-..-t--- MID

u, 00 00 I

~ ~~g 8800 gg~8~ I ~~~ ~~~R ~~~~ I

1000 000 I I

~ I se gggg 8.8.g I I l:gg: ~Sig:~ 9s:,g I I

00 00 00 mC\]

I

000080 I

~~~M ?:}::~~ I

10 18 ltii

35

" In

I I

I 1 U') I I';:::

I 1 110 I I~

I I 110 1 I~ 0

1 I

I 10 I I ~

I 1

I 10 I I~

I I u s 112

I I 118 II~

I 1 118 I I ~

I I 118 lis:,

I 1

r rs I I ~

1 I 118 1 I~

10 18

I~

00 000 O<D~

"'~N

"766

000 _«1<0 00 __

000 "l<Dt-

000 ,...."'"""'<Xl

666

"'t-<D _«1m

000 "I"'''

...........

c

o (::' /} ,,_, t' 1,1 l" ~:, (T c ~i to-.... t. t·.,. t, ~ +: .. '.

;;:

,.".. "".~"

.... ). ..... 11- ......

~~

t~~ ,. .... ,. .. ,.,.,. ,.,.,.,. .,. •. ,.,.,.,. ,.,.,., ,,.,. •. ,.,.,. ,.,.,.,. ,.,.,. ..

ofu

:g
~
...
k..
I:!
c
~
~
8
-e
....
....
;1 :3 ~~ ~~

g:£ ,.,.,.,. .. ,.,.,. ,.,.,.,. ,.,...;. ,.,.,.,. ,.,.,.,. 0.0

.?-~

,f-

",,.,.,. -.

:.' ,.,.,.,. ,.,.,." ,.'.'"

.,.,. ,.,.,." ,.,.,.

.[ ,.,.,.,. ,.,.,. .. ,.,.,.,. ,.,.". ,.,.,.,. ,. .. ,. .. ,.,.,. ""

~'~

I .•. ~

.... '

.:: -=

:~_, ••• -It:" .~ ,.. ,..,. ;; .

•

,,.,.' .. ,.,.,. ",.,.,. .. ",.

.! '~ I

.. : , .. ,.,. .

1 {.~ {) !..~~: {_' t' t·!~ U it"'!~ , '.'. :.' .... '. ~, ••• !.' ': .• 1,' on

. . ,.,. ..

:;..0 :-::

.:: f. ~ : ;:::..:L ~ ,.,. .. ,. ,.,.,. .. ,.,.,.,. ,..,.,.. ",.,.,. ,.,.,. '.' ",." ". ,'.,. .• ,.,.,.,. ,.,.,.. ~!'

--~+-------------------------------------------------~LX

::: 1\

36

\i,

Hydraulic Pipe Table

Physical Dimensions and Pressure Ratings

Schedule 40 (Standard Weight) Pipe

Wall Inside Working
Pipe Size D.O. 1.0. Thickness Arpa PSI' Bursl PSI
1/8 .405 269 .068 .0568 2238 13,432
1/4 .540 .36-1 .088 1040 2173 13,037
3/8 .675 .493 .091 .1908 1797 10,785
112 .840 .622 .109 3037 1730 10.380
314 1.050 .B24 .113 5330 1435 8609
1 1.315 1.049 .133 8649 1348 8091
1% 1.660 1380 .140 1495 1124 6747
1'/2 1.900 1610 .145 2035 1017 6105
2 2.375 2.067 .154 3.354 864 5187
211, 2.875 2.4B9 203 4.785 941 5648
3 3.500 3.068 .216 7390 823 4937 Schedule 80 (Extra Strong Weight) Pipe

Wall Inside Working
Pipe Size D.O. I.D. Thickness Area PSI' Bursl PSI
118 .~05 .215 .095 .0363 3128 18.765
114 .540 ,302 119 .0716 2938 17,630
3/3 675 .~23 126 1405 2489 14,933
112 .840 .546 .147 2340 2333 14,000
3/4 1.050 .742 .154 .4320 1955 11,733
1 1.315 .957 .179 .7190 1815 10,890
11/~ 1.660 1.278 .191 1.282 1534 9205
] V7 1.900 1.500 200 1766 1403 8421
2 2375 1.939 2.951 2.951 1224 7343
2';' 2.875 2.323 .276 4.23B 1280 7680
3 3500 2900 .300 6.600 1143 6857 Schedule 160 Pipe

Wall Inside Working
Pipe Size O.D. I.D. Thickness Area PSI' Burst PSI
1/2 840 464 .188 1690 2984 17,904
3/4 1.050 .612 219 .2940 2781 16,686
I 1.315 .815 250 .5214 2535 15,200
1',:1 1.660 1.160 .250 1.056 2008 12,048
1 '/.2 1.900 13813 .281 1405 1972 11,831
2 2.375 1687 .344 2.234 1931 11,587
21/;' 2.875 2125 .375 3.545 1739 10.435
3 3500 2624 438 5.405 1668 10.011 'WDrking PSI at a safely tactor of 6' I

The nhovo ch.u-Ls nrc rill welded ,1 lid "~"l1llcs, wroug ht steel pipe. \Voll LhickIH'~S on wroughl iron pipe is ~lighLl.y g-rr(ltC'r than for ~t.c('l pi pc, and the in~idc area i s. thO!'"rol'~, ,'ightly srna l ler. Burst sL!'cngLh is about the snme .

Schr-du!o ~O is the snmc us "st,1nd.1rrl wall" "I' to 10 inch size. Schedule 80 is ,\he Si"H" os "extra strong' lip to 8 inch size. There i,~ no schedule nUlllb~r for double extra strung Schedule 160 IS lighter til"" double extra strong and henvir-r t.hun "extra ~lJ'ong"

Pressure Ratings _ ..

Bu 1".<1. sl l"E'nglh h as been fi..:u rcd on " t.cnsi le stre"gth of -1 0,000 PSI for butt welded stcr-l I''I)C. Lap welded steel pipe has iI streugt.h of 50,000 PSl, and will stand 20~, nuu-o press lire 1.11'11) SIIOIVIl in the tnblcs. Burst strength is by Bnrlow's Forruula: P ~ 21 x S .,. a in whirh P is burst illl; prr-ssurc in psr, I i's wnl! lIl1(K",,"" ill inches, S is tensile strength of mntcr in] in PSI, and a is nutsirle eli. nrur-tr-r or pipo in inches.

Safety Factor ...

'1'1", \I"()rkin~ pressure ral.ill[(S in l.he next Lo last cnlurn n are ~glll'ed wit" n snfetv r,,~t(lr or Ii. In I he usual hydraulic svsto m ~ factor or ~L least 6 should be used. 1-1 o\\'('\"Cr. to find "'orkinI' preSSllre at another "nrety fnctor, lake the burst prossurr- I"i.llirll-! <lnd divide h,\' l.he desired ~nf(!ly fnctnr,

37

Oil Flow Capacity of Pipes Schedule 40 (Standard Weight) Pipe

2 4 10 15 0 0
FUSee. FUSec. FUSee. FUSec. FUSee. FUSec.
Pipe NPT (;PM GPM GPM GPM GPM Gf'M
118 0.35 0.71 177 2.66 3.54 531
1/4 0.65 1.30 324 4.87 6.49 973
318 1.19 238 595 B.93 11.9 17.85
1/2 1.89 3.79 9.47 14.21 18.94 2B.41
3/4 3.32 565 16.62 2493 33.25 49.87
1 5.39 1078 26.94 40.41 53.08 80.B2
1'/. 9.32 18.65 4662 69.93 9325 139,87
I';' 12.69 25.38 63016 95.19 12692 190,38
2 20.92 41.84 104.60 156.90 209.20 31379
2Y, 29.85 5970 149.24 223.86 29848 447.72
3 46.09 92.18 23044 345.66 460.88 69131 Schedule 80 (Extra Strong Weight) Pipe 2Q

2 4 10 5 0
FtiSee. FUSee. FtiSec. FIiSee. FUSee. FUSee.
Pipe NPT GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
liB 023 0.45 1.13 1.70 2.25 340
1/4 0.45 0.89 223 3.35 4.47 670
318 0.B8 175 4.38 6.57 8.76 13.14
112 1.46 292 730 10.95 14.60 21.90
3/4 2.70 5.39 1348 20.22 26.96 4044
1 4.48 897 2242 33.63 44.84 6726
1 Y. 8.00 1599 39.99 5998 79.97 119.96
lY, 11.02 2203 55.0B 82.63 110.17 165.25
2 18.41 3682 9204 138.07 184.09 275.13
2Y, 26.42 52.84 132.11 19817 264.22 396.33
3 41.18 82.36 205.89 30B84 411.78 617.67 Schedule 160 Pipe

I'

I

2 ~ 10 15 20 JO
FtiSee. FUSee. FUSee. FUSee. FtiSec. FUSee.
Pipe NPT GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
112 1.05 2.11 5.27 7.91 10.54 15.81
314 1.83 3.67 9.17 1375 18.34 27.51
1 325 6.50 16.26 24.39 32.52 48.78
11/.1 6.59 13.18 32.94 49.41 65.89 9883
I';' 9.43 18.B7 47.17 70.75 9-1.33 141.50
2 1393 27.B7 69.67 104.51 13935 209.02
2Y, 22.11 44.22 110.55 165.83 221.1 0 331.65
3 33.71 67.43 168.57 252.85 33713 505.70 Pipe .<i7.e should he sclecterl on the basis of oil flow velocity Unrlcrsi7.ing r esults in a high pressure and power JO:'iS find sysl.ei» ovcr~)catlng. o.\'crsn~lng reduces pressure and power lo~se.o:; hut may be unnf'crssnnl_y' expcnsrvc to plumb.

Pump Suction Lines ...

Schedule ,10 prpe should be used and" si7.e chosen whicl. will keep oil velocity within the r~nge or 2 to 4 feel per second.

Oil Return Lines ...

Sdwrlulc 40 pipe xhoutd be 11.<cd (Inti " .,i·M' rhnson wluch Will ker-p oil ve.ucitv within the r auge of 10 [0 ]G reel PI''' second.

Medium Pressure Lines ...

In those liries c"rryin~ GOO 1.0 2000 PSI. flow velocity should he kept at If. to 20 ferl. per second. Usc Schedule 80 or ]60 pipe, or lise .'lccll.uh,nR as listed on the next p~,;e.

High Pressure Lines ...

Flow velocity may he allnwer] up to :10 fect per second in linN r n rrvi nj; :lOOO to 5000 PSI. Normnliy, steel tubing is """I. but tho tablos In;lY be usr-d for find, ing pipe. size, then tubing should be selected With the 'Hill" .nsidc arco

38

Oil Pressure Loss Through Pipes

·I\,bl., I shows lht prossurc lI)ss per 100 feel or Schedule 40 pipe. It is for st."lllbrd h vdruul ic oil "f 0.9 specific "r;wily find 220 SUS viscosity. For other sp~cific gr.;1v lllt,;:$, ~nd viscosi tins, see informnl.ion a], the buttorn of U;is page

Table 1. Pressure Loss Per 100 Feet of Schedule 40 Pipe

Pipe Pres·· Flow I_ Pipe Pres" Flow Pipe Pre-s'_· Flo",
GPM Size· Drop Velt GPM Size' Drop Velt GPM Size' Drop Velt
10 3/8 185 17 , 35 112 249 36 70 314 205 42
112 73 11 3/4 83 21 1 63 26
314 24 6.0 1 32 13 1 v.. 21 15
1 90 3.7 1 y" 11 7.5 1 Y, II 11
11,<,. 30 2.2 l'h 5.7 5.5 2 4.2 67
15 1/2 109 16 40 3/4 95 24 80 1 75 31
314 36 9.0 1 36 15 lY, 24 17
1 14 5.6 1% 12 8.6 1» 13 13
1 ~/~ 4.5 3.2 1'/, 6.5 6.3 2 4.8 7.7
1'/? 2.4 2.4 2 2.4 3.B 2';' 2.3 5.4
20 1/2 146 21 45 3/4 106 27 90 1 80 33
314 47 12 1 41 17 lY, 27 19
1 18 7.4 1 VA 14 9.7 IV, 15 4
1 ,_~ 60 43 1 Yl 4.4 7.1 2 5.4 B.6
1 V, 3.2 2 2.7 4.3 2'/' 2.6 6.0
25 112 180 26 50 314 122 31 100 1 2 38
314 59 15 1 46 19 IV. 30 22
1 23 93 1 y. 15 11 1» 16 16
11/1 7.6 54 1'/, 81 7.9 2 6.0 96
11.::- 4.0 39 2 3.0 4.0 2'/' 2.9 6.7
30 112 214 31 60 314 142 36 125 1 114 47
3/4 71 18 1 53 22 1'/ .. 38 27
1 27 11 1V:l 18 13 lY, 20 20
1'", 9.0 6.4 1'1, 9.8 9.5 2 7.5 12
I t/~ 48 4.7 2 3.6 5.7 2Y, 9.8 84 Table 2. Converslon Factors for Tublnq I'·",. p]"(."" .. ~ lnss per 100 feet. nftuhing. find tubing 1.0. in table below. The 11",[ 1""gl"1 NI'T .<i7.0 is shown in Columll·2. Refer back to Table I ro,. pressure I",., filI'I hi., pipe si ze. 11'1 u It.iply l.i rnes factor in Colu mn 3 of Ta ble 2.

EXAMPLE: 1'''1" SO (;I'M Low thl"Ollgh a tuho with 1.:1l0 1.0., Col~lmn 2 shows 1'/0·' NI'T til he the next. larg-er pipe size. 1"1"0111 Table 1, prcsslIre los~ is 15 PSI r",. l'~,·· pi pC'. Mul1.ipl.v this times the f~rlor f!"01t1 column 3 of Table 2: 15 PSI x 1.11 ~ l(i.G'i rur 1711'81 prcssuru I",~ per 100 rc~l.

. For.,[ lu-r sdwdllks nf pip~ ru- ror hoso, Iluw 10'" will he in proportion to the

InSide <1n';l or plpl' com pa rr-rl to one or the pille Sl7,C'S in Table 1.

Tube Use Mull. Tube Use Mull. Tube Use Mull.
I. D. NPT by I. D. NPT by I. D. NPT by
0.334 318 2.18 760 3/4 1.17 1.134 lY, 1.48
0.356 318 1.92 782 3/4 1.11 1.152 1~ 1.43
0.370 3/8 1.77 810 314 1.03 1.260 IV. 1.20
0.384 3/8 1.65 .834 1 1.58 1.282 lY, 116
0.402 3/8 1.50 856 1 150 1.310 1V4 111
0416 318 1.40 .870 1 1.45 1.334 IY. 107
0430 3/8 131 884 1 1.41 1355 1 'I ... 104
0.532 112 1.37 902 1 1.35 1.370 lY. 101
0.506 1/2 1.23 1010 1 1.08 1.732 2 142
0.584 1/2 1.13 1032 1 1.03 1.760 2 138
0606 1/2 1.08 1060 lY, 1.69 1782 2 1.34
0.620 "\12 101 1.084 1'/. 1.62 1.810 2 1.30
0634 314 1.69 1.106 n/., 1.56 1.834 2 1.27
0652 314 1.60 1.120 Jl/. 1.52 1856 2 1.24 For Flows Nol Shown: Pressure loss increases np)lroxllnalely In pr opnrtiun

10 the incroa so in now or f1m v vclncit .. " '

AdjuSting for OIherViscosities: Ijl·esSI"·C loss through a pipe is directly pro. pml iunn l [" 1IIIId viscosity 1011 SUS or 100 nnd above). A 140 SUS fluid would h'-HOC apprn:-:il11ilfC'1y l.wicp the pressure 10::::5 shown in the tnhles.

. ,Adjusling for Specilic Gr~vily; 1"·C5",,,,,, 1M.' is directly proportional to spc oi,,· gra~:'h·. \VolcriOiI CIIIIII'lnns \\'111 have 7':;'· higher, w.1lerlgl'ycol fluids will h~\·~ 14',. ",,<I ph".'phn[c- cstCI n\llrl." will have 22% hif:her pressure loss th~1l t'~IcIlI"1 t·rI 1"1""111 the t nblr-s.

'Srlwd"k 'HI pipe. "PSI I,,~, "PI" lIlO (cct. tOil now velocity, rVsecolld.

39

Carbon Steel Tubing Data

Stonl l.uhing ~s cn l lr-d fl~ll by outs ide di<lmd<~r n ntl wn11 t luckucss. 1"01' h t 'dr~lUnf plumhlng ~l low carbon sP;lInlpss, :'"le("l1 ~Ihing ~hflllld hp Ils!'d vvhich {;-ill"! hr- bent and 11 :-H'Pf! w it hou t fl'rttl\ i r'~. O r d{!1" "hvdrnu] ic gl':HtV" 11..1 hing

Pres.o;;,urp ral.i nus in th;~ t,;lhlr :l.-C b;ISr'd on ,1 Illhillg -vi l h l{'IL .... ih, ~~I'(·ngth nf 5G.OOO PSI, iHH~ were calculnterl hy Ilnrlow's fcrru u l.r: P ;;;; 21 Y. S -s- 0, in whirh P :;;;; burst :;;;tn'ngt.h in PSI, t·~ wnl l t h irk mss. S :;;: l!1nsih' sl n·n~.!lh in PSr. nnrl 0 ~ oul~id(" dia mrtur. Thi~ forrml.i mil,'>' ht~ ust-r] If) '(:alcu];,l[' lnhillg :';:'i7.l's 11{ll listed An di rnr-ns.inns in t1U', [nl)h~ ':'In' ill int'JH',q"

For hyrlrnuhc pl um brnu. n :",trl~t,v rf'ldrll' 01':!1 l<-:1~! six shnulrl 1)(, tls • .'d <lnd rut-

inas for this Iur l ur nrc slmw n in l h« l.nhlo F'nr Pl'{',";-;tl1T ratiH~ :1( nl lur ;t;ar[.'I.\

fact ars, t ak e h ... r~t PSl n nd d~\·j{lr hv dp~irt'd ;.;"r{'!,v factor.

Bursl Working Working

PSI PSI @ 6' PSI @ 8"

17..320 2.053 1.5'10

1~.784 2.,16·1 I.S·18

17.2'18 2.875 2,156

20.416 3,~03 2.;',52

22,880 3.81:1 UlGO

;;-;;""""~~~""~-~1 02G'; ~. -·IJI-I--1.2ii3

12.320 2.053 1.5,10

14373 2.396 1.797

17,013 2,835 2,127

19,067 3.178 2,383

7.187 1,198 898

8.507 U 18 .063

9.533 1,589 .192

10.560 1,750 .320

12,173 2,029 .522

i ~:m ~:~~~ 1 :~~~

1-----=;=-~~--':C'i:7.<--+~;----;::~~,---~6.-160 1.027 770

7.291 1.215 911

8.171 1.362 1,021

9.051 1,509 1,131

10.434 1,739 1,304

11.943 1,990 1.493

13,703 2,284 1.713

Tube Wall Tube lriside
0.0. Thick 1.0, Area
118 0028 0.069 0.00373
0.032 0061 000292
0.035 0055 0,00237
3/16 0032 01235 0.01197
0035 01175 0.01084
114 O.Q35 0.180 002543
0.042 0166 002163
0049 0152 0.01814
0058 0.134 0.01410
0065 0.120 001130
5116 0.035 0.2425 004616
0.042 02285 004099
0.049 02145 003512
00~,8 01965 003031
0.0(;5 0.11l25 00251!:>
3/8 0,035 0.305 0.07302
0,042 0.29l 0.066~7
0,049 0.277 0.06023
0.058 0.259 0.05266
0.065 0.245 0.04712
112 0035 0430 0,14515
0.042 0416 0.13585
0.049 0402 0,12686
0.058 0384 0,11575
0.065 0370 0,10747
0.072 0356 0,09949
0.083 0334 0,08757
518 0.035 0555 0.24180
0042 0541 0.22975
0049 0527 0.21802
0058 0509 0.20338
0055 0.495 0.19234
0072 0481 0.18162
,.H 0083 0459 0.16538
Dogs 0.435 0.14854
1 314 0.049 0652 033371
; , 0.058 0634 031554
I' 0.065 0.620 030175
0.072 0606 028128
1 0.OB3 0584 026773
" ! 0.095 0.560 024618
.,. d ·~'lH\1 0.109 0.532 022217
I ' . .n' 7/8 0.049 0.777 0.47393
.. 0058 0.759 0.45222
0065 0.745 0.43559
0,072 0.731 0.41947
0.OB3 0.709 039460
0.095 0685 036834
'}i 0.109 0.657 033884
1 0.049 0.902 0.63868
... 0.058 0.884 051344
0.055 0870 059417
0.072 01)56 057520
0083 0.834 054601
0.095 0.810 0.51504
0109 0.782 0.48005
0,120 0.750 0.45342
Safely ractor 01 6 " Safety lactor of 8.
40
v , 21.640 4. I D7 3,080

28.150 '1,693 3.520

30.800 5133 3.850

lB.773 3.130 2.347

20.533 3A22 2~~

t 5,100 2.5G7 1,925

18,480 3.080 2.310

21,5GO 3.593 2.695

25,520 4.253 3.190

28,600 4.757 3.575

7.700 L283 9G3

9.240 1.540 1.155

10,780 1.797 1.348

12.760 2.127 1.595

14.300 2.383 1,788

15.B40 2.640 1.980

lB.260 3.043 2,283

6,160 1.027 770

7,392 1.232 924

8.624 1.437 1,07B

10.208 1.70 I 1.276

11.440 1.907 1,430

12.672 2.112 1,584

H.G08 2.435 1,826

16.720 2.787 2,090

5.390 898 674

6.380 1,063 798

7,150 1,192 894

7,920 1,320 990

9,130 1.522 1.141

10.450 1,742 I.JOG

11,990 1.998 1.500

13.200 2.200 1.650

Table continued on lle>:1 p<lge

Carbon Steel Tubing Data (cont.)

Tube Wall Tube Inside Burst Working Working
0.0. Thick 1.0. Area PSI PSI @ 6' PSI @ 8"
1'/, 0.490 I 152 1.0418 4,312 719 539
0058 1 134 1,0095 5,104 851 638
0065 1.120 0.98470 5,720 953 715
0.072 1.1 06 0.96024 6,.336 1,056 792
0083 1.084 0.92242 7,304 1,217 913
0095 1.0GO 0.88203 8,.360 1,393 1,045
0.109 1032 083604 9,592 1,600 1,200
0.120 1010 080078 10,550 1,760 1,320
1 'I< 0065 1370 14734 4.767 794 596
0.072 1.356 14434 5.280 880 660
0.083 1.334 13970 6.087 1.014 761
0.095 1310 13471 6,967 1.161 871
0109 1.282 1.2902 7,993 1.332 1.000
0120 1260 1.2463 8,BOO 1.467 1,100
IV, 0.065 ~ .620 2.0602 4,086 681 511
0.072 .605 20247 4,526 754 566
0.OB3 .584 19696 5,217 870 652
0.095 560 19104 5,971 995 746
0.109 532 18424 6.851 1,142 B56
0120 510 17899 7.543 1,257 943
0.134 i .482 1.7241 8,423 1,404 1,053
2 0.065 1870 27451 3.575 596 447
0072 1866 2.7041 3,960 660 495
0083 183~ 2.6404 4.565 761 571
0095 1.810 2.5717 5,225 871 653
0.109 1.782 2.4928 5.995 1,000 749
0.120 1.760 2.4316 6.600 1,100 825
O.13~ 1732 235~9 7370 f,228 921 Copper Tubing Datu

!lurst prc ssurcs n re calculated by Bartow's formula: P ~ 21 x S -!- 0 in which P i, ill' rs(. prC"~l;,.e PSI. 1 is tubing w~lI lhicknes~; S is ul l.i mate, strength of ma[PI'I" I I ;12,000 PSI lor copper); and 0 IS outside diameter of tubing.

Tube Wall Tube Inside Burst Working Working
0.0. Thick 1.0, Area PSI PSI @ 6' PSI @ S"
114 to 030 0190 0.02834 7,680 1,280 960
0049 0.152 0.01814 12.544 2,090 1,568
5/16 to.032 0.249 0.04848 6,554 1,092 819
0.049 0.215 0.03612 10.035 1,673 1,254
318 to 032 0,311 0.07593 5,461 910 683
0.058 0259 0.05266 9.899 1,650 1,237
0.072 0231 0.04189 12.288 2,048 1,536
1/2 to 032 0.436 0.14922 4,096 683 512
0.049 0.402 012686 6,272 1,045 784
0.058 0.384 011575 7.424 1,237 928
0.072 0.356 009949 5,376 895 672
51B t0035 0.555 024180 3,584 597 448
0049 0.527 021801 5,018 836 627
0.065 0.495 0.19234 6,656 1,109 832
314 t0035 0.680 0,36298 2,9B7 498 373
0.049 0.652 0,33710 4.181 697 523
0065 0.620 0,30175 5.547 924 693
718 t0045 0785 0.48374 3.291 549 411
0065 0.745 0.43570 4.754 792 594
1 0.065 0.870 0.59417 4.160 693 520
,I,(i. to 050 1.025 082474 2.844 474 356
1 ~~', 0.083 1.084 0.92242 4.250 708 531
H~ tOOS5 1.265 1.25620 2.550 427 320
" Solr('~y laclor 016.1 Satoty laclor 01 £1.1

l Thcse "He sfandrud relrigcro:.llon SIlOS nvnilable [It fill mill supply houses.

41

Stainless Steel Tubing Data

. Stfli~les!5. steel tubing i,q, :sonH~tinH?f:..empln)'l"'d ~~ilh.cr_l.o hand!o cnrrnsivo flu· Ids or hIgher pressu rcsH'nssambtcd wi th Ilorc-typc fll1.lng.<;, ,;IT"l core must hl' used not to crack the tu bing w hile nn rilll;.

Pres"tlre fating" are based on n m ax i rnu m strength of7G.000 PSI, typica] or Types 302, 303, a01, 309, 310, :11 G, .121, and 4 J 6 Types 202 n lid 4~ OC have 100,000 PSI while Types 410 and 1.30 h~"e only GO,OOO PSI mnxiunun

In hydr-aulic systems. n safety faelor of 01. I~ast six (61 shnuld be used if thcro is likely to be any shock ill the systr-m. To cnlcu l atc wOfkil1g prE'~Sllr(' nt o-ln,\ .~afety faclor, take bllrst strength and divide by desired ,,,fely ["r1.ol·.

Pressure rating~ were calculntcd by 1l;lClow'., Inr muln: P = 21 x S ~ 0 ill which P is burst pressure in PSI, t is tuhing wa ll Lhi ck n ess , S i:-:. maximum strength of tube mater:nl i~ I'SI. 0 is t.uh« D.D. All rlirnr-ns inn« n re in i nrh rs.

id

k

Tube Wall Tube InSI e Bur st Wor Il1g Working
0.0. Thickness 1.0. Area PSI PSI @ 6' PSI @ B"
118 0032 0.061 0.00292 38,400 6,400 4,800
3116 0032 0.124 001197 25,600 4.267 3.200
0035 0.118 001084 28,000 4,667 3,500
1/4 0.035 0180 0.02543 21.000 3,500 2,625
0049 0.152 001814 29,400 4,900 3,675
5116 0.035 0.243 004616 15.800 2.800 1,000
0.049 0215 0.03612 23.520 3,920 2.940
0.058 0197 0.03031 27.840 4,640 3,480
3/B 0.035 0.305 007302 14.000 2.333 1.750
0.019 0.277 006023 19.600 3.257 2.456
0.058 0259 0.05266 23.200 3.867 2.900
0.065 0245 004712 25.000 4.333 3.250
112 0.Q35 0.430 0.14515 10.500 1.750 1,313
0049 0.402 0.12686 14,700 2.450 1.8~2
0058 0.384 0.11575 17.400 2.900 2,175
0065 0.370 0.10747 19.500 3.250 2,438
0.072 0.356 0.09949 21.600 3,600 2,700
00B3 0.334 0.08757 24.900 4,150 3,113
518 0049 0.527 021802 11.760 1.960 1.470
0.0513 0.509 020338 13.920 2.320 1,740
0.065 0.495 O. , 9234 15.600 2.600 1,950
0.072 O.4BI 0.18162 17.280 2.880 2,160
0.083 0.459 016531) 19.920 3.320 2,490
0.095 0435 0.14854 22.800 3,800 2,850
3/4 O,O~g 0.652 0.33371 9.BOO 1,633 1,225
0,058 0.634 0.31554 11.600 1,933 1.450
0,065 0.620 0.30175 13,000 2,167 1.625
0,072 0.606 0.28828 14.400 2,400 1,800
0,OB3 0.584 026773 16.600 2,767 2,075
0,095 0.560 0.24618 19.000 3,167 2,375
718 0.049 0.777 0.47393 8..400 1,400 1,050
0.058 0759 0.45222 9,.943 1,657 1.243
0.065 0.745 0.43569 11,143 1,857 1,393
0072 0.731 0.41947 12,343 2,057 1,543
0083 0,709 0.39460 14,229 2,371 1.779
0.Q95 0.685 0.36834 18.153 3,025 2,269
0109 0.657 0.33884 18,686 3,114 2,336
1 0049 0.902 0.63858 7,350 1.225 919
0058 0.884 0.61344 8,700 1,450 1.088
0065 0.870 0.59417 9.750 1,625 1,219
0.072 0866 0.57520 10.800 1,800 1.350
0.083 0.834 0.54601 12,450 ~:m 1,660
0095 0.810 0.51504 14,250 1.781
0109 0,782 0.48005 16,350 2,725 2.044
IV. 00B3 1.084 0.92242 9.960 1,660 1.245
0095 1.060 0.88203 11.400 1,900 1.425
0.109 1.032 0.83604 13,080 2,180 1.635
0,120 1.010 0.80078 14,400 2,400 I,BOO
11;' 0.095 1.310 1.34710 9,500 1,583 1,188
0.109 1.282 1.29020 10,900 1,817 1,363
0.120 1.260 1.24630 12.000 2,000 1,500
0.134 1.232 1 19150 13,400 2.233 1.675
.. i

.. " '. I

t

Safely facio' of 6. I

Safely faclor of 8 1

42

Oil Flow Capacity of Tubing

l'iglll'P' in Lhe chart are GI'M lIow cap acit.iex of tubing. and wer e calculated 1'1'0111 the formuln: GPM ~ V x A·, 0.3208, in which V ~ velocity of Ilow in [eel per secunrl. nud A is i nside square inch area of tubing,

Figures in body of chart are GPM flows

" ,~:.

2 4 10 15 20 30
Tube Wall FUSee FtiSee FtiSee flfSec F1JSec FtiSee
00 Thkk GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
1/2 0.035 0.905 1.81 452 679 905 13.60
0.042 0.847 1.63 423 635 8.47 12.70
0.O~9 0.791 1.58 395 593 791 11.90
0.058 0.722 1.44 3.61 541 7.22 10.80
0.065 0.570 1.34 335 503 6.70 10.10
0.072 0.620 1.24 310 465 6.20 9.30
0.083 0.546 1.09 273 4.09 5..46 B.18
5/8 0.035 1.510 3.01 7.54 11.30 15.10 22.60
0.042 1,430 2.85 7.16 10.70 14.30 21.40
0.049 1.360 2.72 6.80 10.20 13.60 2040
0.058 1.270 2.54 6.34 9.51 12.70 1900
0.065 1.200 2.40 6.00 9.00 1200 1800
0.072 1.130 2.25 566 849 11.30 17.00
0.083 1.030 206 516 7.73 10.30 15.50
0.095 0.926 185 463 6.95 9.260 1390
314 0.049 2.080 4.17 10.4 15.60 20.80 3120
0.058 1.970 3.93 9.84 1480 1970 29.60
0.065 1.880 3.76 9.41 14.10 11380 28.20
0.072 1.750 3.51 877 13.20 17.50 2640
0.083 1.670 334 835 12.50 16.70 2500
0.095 1530 307 767 11.50 15.30 2300
0.109 1 390 277 693 1040 13.90 2080
718 0.049 2950 5,91 14.80 22.20 29.50 44.30
0.058 2820 564 14.10 21.10 28.20 42.30
0065 2720 5,43 13.60 20.40 27.20 40.70
0.072 2,620 5,23 13.10 1960 26.20 3920
0083 2460 4.92 12.30 18.50 24.60 3690
0095 2300 4.60 11.50 17.20 23.00 3440
0.109 2110 4,22 10.60 15.80 21.10 3170
1 0.049 3.980 796 199 a 29.90 3980 59.70
0.058 3.820 765 1910 28.70 3820 57.40
0.065 3.700 741 1850 27.80 37.00 55,60
0.072 3.590 717 179 26.90 3590 53,80
0.083 3400 681 1700 25.50 34.00 51,10
0.095 3.210 642 16.10 24.10 32.10 48,20
0.109 3.000 600 16.00 22.40 2990 44,90
0120 2830 565 14.10 21.20 2830 42.40
t 1/~ 0.049 6500 13.00 32.50 48.70 6490 97.40
0.058 6290 12.60 31.50 47.20 62.90 9440
0.065 6140 12.30 30.70 46.00 61.40 9210
0.072 5.000 12.00 30.00 44.90 59.90 8980
0.083 5750 11.50 28.80 43.10 5750 86.30
0.095 5.500 11.00 27.50 4120 55.00 82.50
0.109 5.210 10.40 26.10 3910 52.10 78.20
0.120 5.000 10.00 2500 3740 50.00 7490
11/ .. 0065 9.190 1840 4590 68.90 91.90 138.00
0072 9.000 1800 ~500 67,50 90.00 135.00
0083 8710 17.40 4350 65,30 87.10 131.00
0095 8400 16.80 4200 63.00 84.00 126.00
0109 8.040 1610 4020 60,30 80.40 121.00
0.120 7770 15.50 38,80 58.30 77.70 117.00
P"4 0.065 12 BOO 2570 54.20 96.30 128.00 193.00
0072 12600 25.20 6310 94.70 126.00 189.00
0083 12.300 24.60 6140 92.10 123.00 184.00
0095 11.900 2380 5960 89.30 119.00 179.00
0.109 11500 2300 57,40 86.10 115.00 172.00
0.120 11.200 22.30 55.BO 83.70 112.00 16700
0134 10.700 21.50 53.70 80.60 107.00 16100
2 0065 17 100 34.20 8560 28,00 171.00 257.00
0.072 16.900 3370 84,30 26.00 169.00 253.00
0083 16.500 32.90 82.30 23.00 165.00 247.00
0095 16.000 32.10 80.20 20.00 16000 240.00
0.109 15.500 31.10 77.70 1700 15500 233.00
0.120 15.200 30.30 7580 11400 152.00 227.00
0.134 14700 2940 7340 10.00 147.00 220.00 43

Air Line Pipe Size

Figures in hnrlv ofch a rt. n re pi pr: ~ile*l on a 100 IISr air svslCl1'1 10 earn' nil" at about a 1 PSI per 100 rccll1r('s;c:;ure IO$~. \Vhr~n nH'<l~uring pipil'JJ-~ di:-::l:ln('('.'i., to be COIl0.C rvntiv», cou n l (~ach pi pe filli ng as ('qll,l t lo r) fr-rt or pi pr-. At 01 her than 100 PSI, now cflpaC~ltJ \\'iIIIH~ in invc-rsr- pnll}f)r[iOl~ In pn'~slll'C' (:L.'" h;tSf.d on PS1A (absolute) jucss u re lcvIJ . .., lInd ralcll1:tLcd hv nnvlc';<; L;lwl.

Air Flow Loss Through Pipes

Table of Factors - See Instructions for use on page 46.

SCFM Lenglh of Run - Feet Compr.
Flaw 25 50 75 100 150 200 JOD 500 1000 HP
6 1/2 112 1/2 112 1/2 112 112 314 314 I
18 112 112 112 314 3/4 314 314 I 1 3
30 3/4 3/4 314 314 I 1 I 11/" 11/.~ 5
45 3/4 3/4 1 1 1 1 1 V~ 11/11 1 \~1 71'"
50 3/4 1 1 I 11/~ 11;';" 1'14 1 '/; l1h 10
90 1 1 1 r/~ 11l.t E~ g~ 1 ~" P'i 2 15
120 1 1% n,~ 1 '/~ lY.> "12 11/1 2 2 20
150 IV, n:, 1'/, 11/~ 1 y, 2 2 2 2'!~ 25
180 11!i 11/2 1';', 1'1" 2 2 2 21/1 2'/, 30
240 1% 1 'I, 1'1" 2 2 2 21'/, 21/" 3 dO
300 11', 2 2 2 2 2'1" 2';' 3 3 50
360 1';' 2 2 2 2'1, 2\7 2';' 3 3 60
450 2 2 2 2~t? 2'1, 3 3 3 3'/, 75
600 2 2'1< 2'h 21;'- 3 3 3 31/" ~ 100
750 2 2'1" 2'1, 3 3 3 31'-:" 3'/;;- 4 125
- Pipe Size - NPT
SCFM 112 314 1 1 'I, 1 'I, 1% 2 2%
5 12.7 12 0.5 - -- ~ -- -~~ - -- ---
10 50.7 7.8 22 0.5 --- -- - ~-- ---
15 114 176 4.9 1.1 _ -- ~,-- --- ---
20 202 30.4 8.7 20 --- ~.~~ --- ---
25 316 50.0 136 3.2 1.4 0.7 --- - --
30 456 704 196 4.5 2.0 1.1 --- ---
35 621 95.9 26.6 6.2 27 1.4 --- ~~-
40 811 125 34.8 8.1 3.6 1.9 ~~~ ---
~5 -- - 159 44.0 10.2 45 2.4 1.2 ~~.~
50 -- - 196 54.4 126 5.6 2.9 1.5 ---
60 _,- _ 282 783 lB.2 B.O 4.2 2.2 ---
70 -- - 385 106 247 10.9 5.7 2.9 1.1
80 - -- 503 139 32.3 14.3 7.5 3.8 15
90 --- 646 176 40.9 18.1 9.5 48 1.9
100 -- - 785 217 505 22.3 11.7 6.0 2.3
110 -- - 950 263 61.1 27.0 14.1 72 2.8
120 - -- - ~ _ 318 72.7 32.2 168 8.6 3.3
130 -- - - -- 369 85.3 37.8 19.7 10.1 3.9
140 -- - - -- 426 98.9 43.8 22.9 11.7 1.4
150 -- - - -- 490 113 50.3 26.3 134 5.2
160 _._ - - -- 570 129 572 299 15.3 59
170 --- - -- 628 146 646 33.7 17.6 5.7
180 ~.- ~ - -- 705 163 72.6 379 19.4 7.5
190 - -- - -- 785 177 BO.7 42.2 21.5 8.4
200 - ~- - -- 870 202 89.4 46.7 239 9.3
220 --- - -- - -- 244 108 56.5 28.9 11.3
2~0 - -- - -- - -- 291 128 673 34.4 13.4
260 - - ~ - -- - -- 341 151 79.0 403 15.7
280 - -- - -- - ~ ~ 395 175 91.6 468 18.2
300 - -- - -- - -- 454 201 105 53.7 20.9 Air Pressure Loss
Figures in this l;lhlr,_~ <ln' apprOXill1ntl~ PSI nHlljU'p:'-':-:l·(1 nir pn's,,"un' Inss(\s rOt·
every 100 frel. of clean C""""("Ti,,1 ",,,,,I pip<'. Schrdul o -10
Nomina! Pipe Diameter
CFM 112 INCH 3/4 INCH 1 INCH 1,/, INCH 1'1" INCH
Free BO 125 80 125 80 125 80 125 80 125
Air PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
10 .45 30 11 .08 04 .02
20 175 1.15 40 .28 15 08
30 3.85 2.55 .90 .60 30 .20
40 6.95 4.55 155 1.05 45 .30
50 10.5 7.00 240 1.60 .75 .50 .18 12
'Ii 60 315 2.35 1.00 70 .25 17
I 70 4.75 315 1.35 90 .35 .23 16 10
I: 80 6.15 410 1.75 1.20 45 .30 20 1,1
.. ii' 90 7.75 5.15 2.25 1.50 56 .40 .25 17
100 960 6.35 270 I.BO 65 .45 .30 20
!I:-J'~ 125 155 9.80 4.20 2.80 1.05 70 45 32
150 23.0 14.5 5.75 400 1.45 100 .65 .45
175 8.10 545 200 1.30 .90 60
200 109 7.10 260 175 1 IS .80
250 405 2.65 1.80 120
300 5.80 385 2.55 170
350 790 5.15 355 2.35
400 10.3 6.75 455 3.05
450 5.80 3.80
500 710 4.70
. :~~
44
\, Larger Pipe Size - NPT
SCFM 2 2'/' 3 3'/, 3';' 4 4% 5
320 611 23.8 7.5 35 - -- --- --- - --
340 690 26.8 8.4 3.9 20 - -- - -- ---
360 77.3 301 9.5 4.4 2.2 - -- ~-- ---
JOD 86.1 335 10.5 49 2.5 ~ - _ --- ~.~~
400 94.7 37.1 117 54 2.7 - -- - -- - --
420 105 40.9 129 6.0 3.1 --- - -- ---
440 116 449 14.1 6.6 3.4 - -- - -- ---
~60 126 48.8 154 7.1 3.7 20 --- -~-
480 138 53.4 168 7.8 4.0 2.2 --- - -.-
500 150 58.0 18.3 85 4.3 2.4 --- ---
525 155 54.2 202 9.4 48 2.6 --- ---
550 182 702 22.1 10.2 5.2 29 --- -.~~
575 197 76.7 24.2 1'2 5.7 3.1 --- ---
600 215 B3.5 26.3 12.2 5.2 3.4 ~-- ---
625 233 92.7 28.5 13.2 68 3.7 --- ~ _-
650 253 98.0 309 143 7.3 4.0 2.2 ---
675 272 106 333 15.4 7.9 4.3 24 ---
700 294 114 35.8 16.6 8.5 46 2.6 -~-
750 337 131 41.1 19.0 9.7 5.3 2.9 ---
800 382 148 467 21.7 111 61 3.3 - --
85D 433 168 52.8 24.4 12.5 6.B 3.8 -~-
900 466 188 59.1 27.4 140 7.7 4.2 ---
950 541 209 65.9 305 15.7 13.5 4.7 ---
1.000 600 232 73.0 33.8 173 9.5 5.2 1.9
1.050 658 256 80.5 373 19.1 104 S.B 21
I lOa 723 261 88.6 40.9 21.0 115 6.3 2.4
I. ISO 790 307 966 44.7 229 12.5 69 2.6
1.200 850 344 105 48.8 25.0 137 7.5 28
1.300 ~ -- 392 123.4 57.2 29.3 16.0 8.8 3.3
I.~OO -- - - -- - -- 66.3 33.9 186 10.2 38 45

Instructions

For Eslim~ling Air Flow Loss Through Pipes

To (~~tlm~tc Ul{'~ air prC:5!='LlfF losh t.hrou~h a pipe, rind thiL f'iu.:lor [rom t hc chart on pngc~!) ""cordin,, 1.0 tlw pipe srz c and ~CFM flow. Ta kt- the ["cco]" a nrl divide it by Lh e rrit.io or compression (t·i~lcul.:lte(l in ilhsolulC' pl'r~~~~II'1' vnluos t, Comr"cRRion ratio will he [gauge pressure + 14.5] ,14.5 PSI TI1<'n multiply t his number hy adu;.llcnll"th or pipe, in feet. l.hr-n d i vi dr- hv 1000. 'I'his will gll'C pressure lo~s in PSI.

Pressure Loss Through Fittings

Figurc~ ill th(' hod." of this rh.n-L a re air prcsxuro now ln~s\'s thnnl~~h ."(T[,\\' rilLin!:r:;; expressed in oquivnlr-n! lengths of ~traight p;rt~ or til{' S.JlIlH" rl i a mct cr. For cxarnp!c. nn il 1" gale va ivo lhr now r es ist nucc \',:uuld 11(' the snmv ns 0.:>7 foot of Rl.mi"hl. I"" pipe.

Pipe long Medium Close Tee
SiZE! Gate Radius Radius Standard Angle Return T~lrU Globe
NPT Valve Ell or' Ell or" Ell Or ,,, Valve Bend Side Valve
112 0.31 0.41 0.52 0.84 11 13 1.7 2.5
314 0.44 057 0.73 1.2 1.6 18 2.3 3.5
1 0.57 0.77 0.98 16 2.1 23 3.1 4.7
1 y. 0.82 1.l 1.4 2.2 2,9 33 4.4 6.5
lY, 0.98 1.3 16 2.6 35 39 5.2 7.8
2 1.3 17 2.2 3.6 4.8 53 7.1 10.5
2';' 1.5 2.2 28 4.4 5.9 6.6 87 13.1
3 2.1 28 36 5.7 7.7 85 11.4 17.1
4 3.0 3.9 50 7.8 107 lIB 15.8 23.7
5 3.9 5.1 6.5 10.4 139 155 207 31
- Or on run or standard lee "Or on run of lee reduced in size 25%

• "Or on run of standard lee reduced in size 50%

Friction of Air in Hose

.1 .

Size SCFM 50 PSI 60 PSI 70 PSI 80 PSI 90 PSI 100 PSI 1'0 PSI
1/2""ID 20 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
30 5.0 4.0 34 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.0
40 10.1 8.4 70 60 5.4 48 43
50 18 I 14.8 124 108 95 8.4 76
60 ~~~ 23.4 200 17.4 148 13.3 12.0
70 - -- - -- 28.4 25.2 220 193 17.6
80 ~ _.- ~ -- - -- 346 305 27.2 z-r.s
3f4'"ID 20 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 02 02 0.1
30 0.1l 0.6 0.5 0.5 04 04 0.3
40 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.8 07 06 0.5
50 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.3 I I 10 0.9
60 3.5 28 23 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.3
70 44 3.8 32 2.8 2 ;) 20 1.8
80 6.5 5.2 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.4
90 8.5 6.8 55 4.7 40 35 31
100 11.4 86 70 5.8 5.0 4.4 3.9
110 14.2 11.2 B.B 7.2 6.2 5.4 ~ 9
1"10 30 02 0.2 0.1 0.1 01 0.1 01
40 0.3 03 0.2 02 02 0.2 0.2
50 05 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 02 02
60 0.8 06 0.5 05 04 04 0.3
70 1.1 08 0.7 0.7 0.6 05 04
80 1.5 12 1.0 0.8 07 06 0.5
90 2.0 10 1.3 1.1 0.9 08 0.7
100 2.6 2.0 1.6 14 1.2 1.0 09
110 35 2.6 20 17 14 1.2 11 4G

Air Flow Through Orifices

Fi~lli'.'S in t his chart shnw l.hcoretrcn! SCFM air now through sharp edged orifice'S In prnrt icc. ,,"1.\' "1""11. 2/3r"0 of l h ia ~O'" i" obt nined. The cb ar t may be usrFu! ["m·, roughly -r.slil11:11,in~ lr,1\"(,1 speed or a to"ded a ir cvlinrior. Assume ,,1,0\11. 7f/., or t hc l i nr: I'SI i, nrt.unl lv working on Lhc land, with the re rnaining 2[)r;.;. consumed in now lo"'~r'!'i in the -1-W:1y valve n nd connecting lines. Calculate 7!".,.r;,~ or your i ncom inj; lin« psr :1nd use Ll,is !1gllrc to enter the !lrst cnlurnn in Lh i s eil,,," Movo ncrnss I hr- Labl« Lo the column headed by the actual port size nr the' if-w:1.\· valvr- in the circuit, Use about hnlf the nov; shown, because 3 4-"",,v vnlvr- is "01. a shar p edged orifice. and will usually pass only abnut half ;1::-; much n i r n_'" iI ~hHrp cdg('d orifice.

An,.'r li"di,,~ t lu- SCl'r'>1 (f,'co a i rl ll ow, converL th is to CFM (compressed air II"",] "I lilt, pre s s urc rC'l\1ircri to r tnvc the load. From this the speed of ''lwei of t ht- n i r rvlj n dr r C;Ul be ('~lirnnt.('(L

Chari shows approximate SCFM (free air) 110w through sharp edged orifices.

PSI
Across Orifice Diameter, in Inches
Orifice 1/64 1/32 1/16 1/8 114 3/8 112 5/8 314 7/B 1
5 062 .249 .993 3.97 15.9 35.7 635 99.3 143 195 254
6 068 .272 1.09 4.34 17.4 39.1 69.5 109 156 213 278
7 .073 293 1.17 468 187 42.2 75.0 117 168 230 300
9 .083 331 1.32 5.30 21.2 47.7 84.7 132 191 260 339
12 095 .379 1.52 607 243 546 97.0 152 218 297 388
15 105 .420 1.68 6.72 269 60.5 108 168 242 329 430
20 123 .491 1.96 7.86 31.4 707 126 196 283 385 503
25 140 562 2.25 8.98 35.9 80.9 144 225 323 440 575
30 158 633 2.53 10.1 40.5 91.1 162 253 365 496 648
35 176 .703 2.81 113 450 101 180 281 405 551 720
~O .194 .774 310 12.4 49.6 112 198 310 446 607 793
45 211 845 3.3El 13.5 54.1 122 21"6 338 487 662 865
50 229 .916 3.66 14.7 58.6 132 235 366 528 718 938
60 264 1.06 4.23 169 67.6 152 271 423 609 828 1082
70 300 1.20 4.79 19.2 76.7 173 307 479 690 939 1227
80 335 1.34 536 2H 857 193 343 536 771 1050 1371
90 370 148 5.92 23.7 94.8 213 379 592 853 1161 1516
100 406 1.62 6.49 26.0 104 234 415 649 934 1272 1661
110 441 1.76 705 28.2 113 254 452 705 1016 1383 1806
120 .476 1.91 762 30.5 122 274 488 762 1097 1494 1951
130 ~94 198 7.90 31.6 126 284 506 790 1138 1549 2023 Vacuull1 Flow Through Orifices

This .-I",,·l apprnxnunl« 111<' [low l.hn t mig-ht be expectcrl t.hrnugh n pr act.ical flnlHT. Flo\\"..:.:. ;Hi._' nbnut 'LJ;lrJ~ the thcor ct.icn l now obt.n:lned through n shnrp l'dJ,!f'd orific«. Al. hcsl., thC-Sl' figllr('~ :-11"(, nn1:' npprnximnl.e because the flow characl cri st ic of .\"tlur uriflcc cnn nnly be dot ermir-cd by .Rclunl measurernent under c;;pe(ifh,d c(IIH.1 i I ions

DESIGN NOTE: This rlin rt shows thnt multi plc-hole gripp,"" work more ef· li[',,'nlh' ,,1 ""'''1111,1hl), hir:h vacuum s. For example, looking at the chart for a 1/·\ . dinme t r-r hole, the fir .• t G"" IIg of vncuurn Ilows 8.21', SCFM. while the in<1"['""0 in fl ow ovv r IIw last 6"", from 18"" to 24-, is only 22 SCFM The rnor e effiriru l d~~siJ.;:11 wOtlhl he to usc morc ~n"1.'1I1('r hnlr s wnrk ing nt a hi~her vacuum.

Figures in body of chart are air flows in SCFM (standard cubIc leeUminule)

Orifice
Diarn., Degree 01 Vacuum Across Orifice, Inches Mercury ('Hgj
Inches 2"" 4' 6"" B" 10"" 12"" 14"" 1 S"" 24""
1/64 .018 026 032 .037 .041 .045 048 055 .063
1/32 .074 100 .128 .148 .155 .180 195 220 .250
1/16 .300 .420 517 595 .660 .725 .780 .8BO 1.00
1/8 1.20 168 206 2.37 2.64 2.89 3.12 3.53 4.04
114 4.78 674 825 9.52 10.6 11.6 12.4 14.0 16.2
318 10.8 15.2 18.5 21.4 23.8 26.0 28.0 31.8 36.4
112 19.1 27.0 33.0 38.5 42.3 46.3 50.0 56.5 64.6
518 30.0 42.2 51.7 59.5 66.2 72.6 78.0 88.0 101
314 430 606 74.0 85.3 95.2 104 112 127 145
718 588 826 101 116 130 142 153 173 1911
I 765 108 131 152 169 185 200 225 258 47

Oil Flow Through Orifices

These charts show P!::H prcssure drrlp:"i tn he expected 11'1 hydr;;lulic oi l when f10wlng through shr.rp edg0d o ri fico«. Cautior1! C;:~lcllf~,t~1d prTssnH' drops nrc only a pproximnt.c h~'("nu~~~ radnr~ such a,~ ."IH~riric gr";wity dsrosdy. ",hHP~' uf or-. ificn, ;111£1 phllnhing aheucl of n nrl follow1l1g the orIfice m;' ..... ' ('all~{' LIi'l;ltion;o.:;. l t is nest to m.iko the orifice .'dighl.ly under!"i7.t' to st.a rt , llH.'11 l o gnHlu;llfy ('ill;!rgt' it while measuring actual prvs sur c drop

By 1nnking the orifice as .,h.nrp NIg-ed as pos.sihlu. it brcorur s It's:" scnsit iv« Lu oil tcmpurnt.nr« ch8 niles I IV h ieh "lIpct oi I viscos: ly I

Specific gr<l\'ily of thr- Hu icl slgn1fieantly influ cncr s lht.' pn's~ur'l' dn)p. l\d"ich incrr-asos approxirnatety as lhl' squa re nf the In\.n·.1~{' or s[Wfifk ~r<H-ily. Th« charts were calculated for oil wit.h a gnn."it.\, oro_g, n close n pprnxima l iun fnr 11.\'drnulic oil. Using ot.her fluids, n multiplying faclo,- must be npplic'" l o ch.nt \-(11- ues. for example, til find Ihe pressure drop of watur, which 11,," a gr,"'II_\' or 1.00_ r,'HI the multiplier ~IS follow",

(l_lJll)l ~ ((I.y)l ~ 1.011 -7 tl.~l = 1.2J ~1"llipl_\i,,~ Far1,"

Therefore. multiply 311 chart valur-s by 1,2:1 whe-n cnlculnlillg for "':lIp,' 1111\\'_ Thcsu charts wer e cnlculn torl fru m in fnrmnt in.i <;;~lpp1i('d h:· I)nuhl(' t\ Pl'oduct.s Co. 'The (On.st~H1L 2:3.!). shown in l lu- rnrmul:l ht-Invv w;p-;, d~'\·('l{llH.'d rxpr rime ntally by mC"fI~l'ring pressure drops ~H_:t'o~_,,", ;"'rrag-l' Otiilcl'S. \'<1Iup~ not . ..::;lH1\\.'H mny be calcuint crl [rnrn the same b.1S rc lurmu 1;'1 usorl i n C~ lcula 1 i ng 1 Ill.' eh" rl:

,

I'r«.",,-r 1)1'1'[11,\1'1 = I(;I'~I -;- 11.1_, X. ,\ II"

Pressure Drop Across Orifices from 3/64'- to 3/1 6"

Figures in t hc body of t hr-sc chnrL:,,: nn' PSt PI'f",'.;.sun' dr-ops to he I.'\:ped'l'd III

" now of hyrl rvul ir 0; 1 across shi1 rp cdged uri rift'S or \':u'ion~ d i.uue l ore

Orifice Diarueter s in Inches
3/64 1115 5164 3/32 7164 lla 9164 5132
5445 1730 710 340 185 110 68 44
3075 1260 G08 328 192 120 79
4803 1970 950 513 300 188 123 GPM

11/64 3/16
30 21
54 31)
84 59
189 134
336 238
526 371
757 534
1030 727
1345 950 3 4 5

7'1< - - - - - - - - 4430 21 ~O 1155 677 422 277

1 0 - - - -- - - - - - - - - 3800 2050 1205 750 493

12Y> ---------------- 3205 1!l80 1175 770

1 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 461 5 2705 1 690 11 10 15 'I, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3685 2300 1510 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4810 3005 1970

22';' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3800 24::_~9=--5-17=--O-:5:---:1:--:2--:0--5-

25 - - - Chart Values are in PSI - - - - - - - - 4690 3080 2100 1485 27';' - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - 3725 2545 1795

30 ------------- ---------------4435 3025 2140

35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - 4 1 20 29 1 a

40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3800

j,

i _ I!

Pressure Drop Across Orifices from 13/64" to 112"

Orifice Diameters in Inches
GPM 13/64 7/32 15/64 1/4 4132 5116 11/32 318 7/16 1/2
3 16 12-------------- ___________________
4 28 21 16 12 - - - - - - Chart Values are in PSI- - - - --
5 43 32 25 19 12---------------------
7V, 97 72 55 42 26 17 12-------------
10 172 128 98 75 47 31 21 , 5- -- - - - - ~ - --
12';' 270 200 153 117 73 48 33 23 13------
15 388 288 220 169 106 69 47 33 18 11
17'h 528 393 300 230 144 94 64 45 25 H
20 690 513 392 301 188 123 84 59 32 19
22V. 873 649 496 380 237 156 106 75 41 24
25 1075 800 612 470 293 192 131 93 50 29
27';' 1305 970 741 568 355 233 159 1 12 61 36
30 1550 1155 880 675 420 277 189 134 72 42
35 2115 1570 1200 920 575 377 258 182 98 58
40 2760 2050 1570 1200 751 492 336 237 128 7S 48

\,

iii
D..
0
-- 0
0
CL w
(j) 11> U'i
01
0 C D..
[!l~ 0
0
,__IJ.. 0
:J M
0
IJ.. '"
D..
0
0
Ln DQJ , ,
11>01 ".. "
DC C .. ~
rocll 0'
QJ-
,__IJ.. u:
.r::: 01 D..
I- C 0
QJ'- 0
.~q: 0
0.0 '"' ljj w U1

c, OOOOIJ"JoCI.I1I1f) n, Lrll()I.I')LJ) 0.. 0000I.l1OoI.I')l11

g g~~~::~~«:! s ~8~~ g ~~~~~~~~ g ~i75~55~g~~ ~ ~~~~ fE 5i~~~~~~~

o~mrnNOON N--~ O~~~NOON ON~~-~om ~~~~ ONm~-~o~

~~~~N~~ri ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~

oS

o

O'<J"Q"l'0.lU"Jo(lJN"'" .----.--t\!(\JNC"JM

t:;Jr:-'~':l~~~~

OJ."o:t<t<;D..-..-..- ..... (0.0) OnIJ CO(() 00 'I;') "'flOtrJ(oi'--"'-","-fj)

66dcidddci

o.".rnC\lLnCI)Nh r-..-.-NNN(",)(",,)

~CY~~~{';-I~P;I

_g.~~3

~':s:s..s. ~~~~

~

.... -;f'iD-I.OO;i.- ... ..-~ ::J ...,o-amMC")("')1f) r/,I (")""l""::I" 'If UlU1lf)1;£l

~ oooooaoo

Q: N'U'" "" &::

r :::~~~~N~~ ~

~ ~

:! ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~

""000..-..-.-...- .........

~ ,.....~,...,Mrnrnt-.O'Jo ~

__J ~ O!~Ol~ClO""'_1Jl ~ g ooo--.-~~,---- E

a !.nl,{lt--ON(\JOO ~

~ ~ ~~:~~~~~ ~

OC II:

:::E:~ O'lJ')Ol.t".!OOOO 0000 OlnCU"IQooa
LrJ":~~~Cl~~ q~~~. U)f'-.-.° ('IJIt)OI.OQ
0 OO..- __ ..... C\JC\I.;"'jo ,,"X')vlJ1- cici""';""';""::NNM
<.:>S '-'1neoN~.otOf'.-_ ,..r--.:or---. IfJ'C"')WNMWfDr-...
I.l11DNf'-,NOO¢ ~"!:f""""(j:) If"J(Or;\,IJ'-NOO7
c;oOC"JWO'l-amtn I.nOlfll'--o- ~O~mO)"";fQ"lo'li")
0 O"':r--'__~N"J.I''; e-)-:t·~·trio d....:....;....;,...;N(\j~
O'I<CT'J!f.IlJ"l'<:J"OI.llI--- u"lll')I,1)~ UJU1r'--[OlOl'"-oID .....
u, r-~f'\/N.qlf)r-to NNt'\1("") NC'\I~u')l'--.wOM
00000000 doad 600000"":"":-
tChflf'..""1C'1')t-..IJ"IoN r---'<;tOIoO r---.r-.OIflO!.ll'lON
ur ,r...r--c:om-r'-MIl"-o,--,,- ~~l,!r; ClJCFJO~!.Or-.-O-u1
00 00"":.-:"": c-..j cici-="":...-·__:NN
<:> Ol?,loNNONOoro -COOIOO o:tOOUnHJlN\oO
0 ;; O""{(l.----lf)fDO(o oll.nC'\J"O m01DN['.,l..-t--O
d .nOOOr",lr.....OlJ)..- -:r:~~ lI1C!~~_..g)~o
+ ,...:· ... ·NNN{"')(""j~ ~o:t.nu) ...-N'NNC'1M'.NO
<:> ""l1':I"-a;ltoa;>oo.» Q)ONUJ ID,...,MOr-...ONN
uC! C'O"""M((IOCOOC";l (")I1lWN -(")OlU'1[")tn __ -.-
(£!~~--:~~o",: "".1'- ....... 0(0 1---010(\,1.., ...... (""]00
<:> 00-.-..-.-£"\1'0.1 NNMn OO""':""':"":""':NN
+
N".O!.DNQ"lOO- .... OOCllD N--OJI.O-.:flf'loI"o..O
CD -..-----tf1ol'-.-{DOu"H",) (,,)OC")N Nw..-r--...,NCOln
N"';~I7iM-r:t·~LJi u'lu:i W 1'"-' NNC')M.¢mtrio:i
r....o:o-tou"l .... OCPw NOON ClJm~tOLf)Of'.-O
<>: eoOr":i.:I;iNCQC'\I- r--\OO .... OCIMr--Or......I/'lI(I;10
_'N(>.,j(\j(,,)(P"j-iLli Lr:iuim ....... __:{'ojNn6<it.t:ir--.:
E ci;.t1;I ~~""~:::~£M C"J.t;"<I"lfl ~S:"'~~N~r")
o c.t::t
Zu:::r.n _\J ...-.... {'\oJ
49 ,~ ~ . '. .

'" ·.f

.) . ~.s . :,_~{,~h

.~ .

Straight Thread Fitting Sizes

Tb is Ch;Ht gives lh rr-nrl size and O-rillg ,iee ns used on .,ll·aighlLh,·cnd connectors, strrugb l, lht·c;~d tube fitting-g, etc_ The.r;.e .~iz('~ ;-J;re r'pplt~(lhlc ro:r SAE. AN, nn d 1\1S connect.ions. O·r1ng,. used lor slraight (:onl1('c1.1.'I-:O::: do not cnnforrn to so-called "st.andard si7.e" They sboulcl be purchnscd '[l"cl~c"llv lor this service and should corifnrm In rlimcnsions, shn, v n .

I

,I

ARP 568
Fitting Tubing Thread Uniform O-Ring O-Ring
Dash No. 0.0. Si~e Dash No, 1.0. Thickness
-2 118' 5116-24 -902 0.239 005~
-3 311S" 318-24 -903 0.301 D.064
-4 114 7116-20 -904 0.351 0.072
-5 5116 112-20 -905 0414 0.072
-6 318" 9/16-18 -906 0.468 0078
-8 1/2 3/4-16 -908 06~4 0.087
-10 5/8" 718-14 -910 0.755 0097
-12 3/4" 1 '/,,-12 -912 0924 0.116
-14 7/8 . P/,~-12 -91~ 1.0'18 0.116
-16 ["' 1'1',,-12 -916 1 171 0.116
-20 11f-'l·· 1%-12 -920 1.475 0118
-24 lW 1'1il-12 -924 1.720 0.118
-32 2"" 2'/,....12 -932 2.337 0118 Equivalent Pipe & Tubing Sizes

This table suggcst~ a COfllp;ln]blc ~i7,C w hr n ~~oir'lf~ rrnm pip(' into tuhing ,lnd vice vnrxa . These s]1.es have npproxim;'llr.h· equal no\\' r(lpa[i~\' Frlr ;.:i?~·~ nvcr nne inch, tl.<;e pip£' ;,nd I_ubing of t.he Silr1H' ~i/_e 1';,1 ing.

Tubing 0.0., Inches 1/4

5/16

JIO

1/2

5/B

3/4

7/8

Pipe Si<e NPT 118

1/8

1/4

31B

1/2

3/4

314

ISO Standardization Effort

The Intcrr-al.iona l SI.,,"(lorrl~ Organizat ion 1150) is nt.tompt ing to es[ahl,sh a set. or port and tube/hose connpclion ,;;;,t~ncl.1rd:c; for worldwide usr . They i nt end to recognize to stnndurds a.' nul.l inccl in the table below. Thcv cndcrsr stroriglv lh€ ISO 6149 port st.and artl [or "II "new de,igTl" ill h vd ra ulic fluid power,

TubelHose Connection
240 Cane Melric 24" Cone
Application Port Bile Type 37"' Flare ORFS Weld Nipple
Metric
For All Designs ISO 6149 ISO 8434-1 ISO 8434·2 ISO 8434·3 ISO 84344
(SAE J2244
Not For New BSPP
Designs In Hy- ISO 1179 ISO 8434-1 ISO 8434-2 --- ISO 8434·4
draunc Fluid (DIN 3852·2)
Power Melric
ISO 9974 ISO 8434·1 --- --- ISO 8434-4
(DIN 3852-1)
UN/UNF
ISO 11926 --- ISO 8434·2 --- ---
(SAE J1926) 50

Thread Forms of Fluid Connectors National Pipe Thread Fuel (NPTF) • Th rr ,,,J cnnforrns to ANSI 11'-20.1

• l'h.v'ic~II'y iuturchungeahle with NPT but has modified thrrr.ds for but tr r prcssurc light s~r.ling

• Tape I'cd thrnad prof! lo <[,,,Is by PlteLn I l.n motnl

int arfe r cnce fit., usually rcquirns sealing compound for prcss ure light connections

• Pilch ~1I1d di;un!:'ter are measured in inche~

• Tnjx-r "ngle is 0.7:''' per fuot or I" 47'

• Till'earl ~nglc is 600

SttaightThread O-Ring (SAE)

• Thread conforms to ISO 263 ~ nr! ANSI B 1,1 Unified

• I 'ort Con forms to I SO 11926 "lid Si\E J 1926

• CI'I\1111only ra l lud strnighl.lhrcnn O·ring f!Wngs

• 1 )~t ell and di amcter nrc mcnsurcd in inches,

l'/IG·12UN-2B .

• 'J'hn'"d, "re pnrn II ri nnrl requires O·rint( for pressure LigllL connection

• Thf(·~d angle j, GO"

British Standard Pipe Tapered (BSPT)

• T11,.""d conforms 1.0 ISO 7

• Pitch a nd diameter are rncasurcd in inches, l'.g C:lIil-lfl

• T" fl,-red th.-o"o1 profile sr-nls by meta I t" mctnl i.nt~'d·t·n.'l1c<,~ flt. usu •• n.\' require .... scn1ingfon1pound for pr{,SSlI r c tight con IH'r.I.iOIl

• Taper :l111(lc is l " 47', th" ""me a s NI'T\F)

• Thn'nd an.r::-1e i~ fir;'"

• No! i n l.r-rch.uurr-ahlo wi l.h NI'TW)

British Standard Pipe Parallel (8SPP)

• Th,.C[HI CO" forms to [SO 22R·l

• Port con form, to ISO 117fJ

• Pitch a nd diameter measured i.n incllCS, e.g. G 1/4-19

• Parallel lhrend, requir-e O'nng, crush washrr. gasket 01' metal to metal sen I 1;[.,t \\l'C II conncrt ions Ior pre:;:;stJ I'C light cnn ncct inn

• 'l'hrcad n l1~le is 55"

• Nnt iPlterchallgc,bk with SII[, Or NPT(FJ

1m?

r-W'_'·~~

, ,

I I,

~

Metric Straight Thread O-Ring

• Threarl ccnforrns to I SO 26 \

• Port conforms to ISO 61,19 and SAE J2241

• Pitch ~HHI diamctcr mC.;1slI1'cd in ru i lHmofe r-s , e.g .• \122 x 1.5

• l'nr.rllel IhlTads require Ovr ing fOI" pressure l.ight cunuecl.ion

• Til rr-ad angl" i, liOO

.1-;,,,;1), id(,,,1.II;od by 1',-",,(-,1 ridge on f('l1lale port counlcrbo-c

• Not intcrchnngcnble with SA[~ or BSPP

51

~ ~~

,':1"

Three-Phase Motor Dat'a

Frame Assignments and Dimensions for Squirrel-Cage Induction Molors - 3-Phase, 60 Hz, Design B

Drip-proof (Open Type) Enclosures

,I

Speed NEMA Shafl
HP RPM Frame U C· A 0 0 V Key
I 1200 145T 718 12)1, 6'1, 3'1, 6Y. 2'1. 3116
1 1800 172T 7/8 12'1. 6'1, 3'1, 6'1(, 2'1. 3116
1 3600 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - --
1'1. 1200 145T lY, 12Y .. 9Y, 41/,. 91h 2'YJ 1/4
IV" 1800 145T 718 , 2V. 6V" 31', 63/d 2'1. 3/16
';'. 3600 143T 7/8 1211. 6'1, 31', 6;h 2'1. 3116
2 1200 IB4T 1 '/0 13'1. 9'h 41/2- 9'/4 2'1. 1/4
2 1300 145T 7/8 13'1. 9'1, 3';' 6'1. 2114 3116
2 3600 14ST 7/8 13'1. 6'1, 3';' 6J/~ 2'1. 3116
3 1200 213T 1% 15'1, 11 5'/, 10'1. 3VH 5/16
3 1800 lB2T 1';;' 12·% 9';' 4'/, BY ... 2~! .. 114
3 3600 14ST 7/8 13'1. 6';' 3'/, 6y.. 21/ .. 3/16
5 1200 215T I'll. 17'1. II 5'/. 10'V, 3'1. 5/16
5 1S00 IB4T ,,,, 13¥. 9';' 4'/, 91/ ... 2~j'~ 1/4
5 3600 182T 1';;' 12'1. 9'1> 41/~ 91/ ... 2-11.t 114
7'1, 1200 254T 1% 20Y. 13Y, 6V. 12';;' 4 3/8
7112 1 BOO 213T 1')1, 15>;" 11 5Y. 10¥< 3% 5116
71,\, 3600 184T I 'Ie 13% 9V" 4Y, 9'/;' 2¥. 1/4
10 1200 256T 1'10 22'1< 13% 61(4 '12'1. 4 318
10 1800 21ST 1:Y. 17Y< 11 5Y. lOy" 3% 5116
10 3600 213T 1'Y. IS¥< 11 5 V .. lOY, 3% 5116
15 1200 284T 11'. 23'1, 14% 7 14fj, 4% 112
15 1800 254T 1% 20V, 13'/. 6'1. 12'.1. 4 318
15 3600 215T 1% 17',1, 11 5'1. 1011 .. 3'1, 5116
20 1200 286T Fh 25 14% 7 14)1, 4% 1/2
20 1800 256T 1% 22'1, 13 V, 6Y< 12'/, 4 318
20 3600 254T 1% 20'/, 13'1. 6V, 12'/, 4 318
25 1200 324T 2'/. 26 161/., 8 i 6:V~ 51/~ 1/2
25 1800 284T 1'/0 23';' 14'10 7 '14'1. 4% 112
25 3600 256T lYo 22'/. 13'1, 6Y" 12% 4 318
30 1200 326T 2'/, 27';' 16Y, 8 16'10 5'1, 112
30 1800 286T 1 'I, 24'10 14'1. 7 14'10 4% 112
30 3600 284TS 1% 22 145/a. 7 14% 3'(, 318
40 1200 364T 2'/, 28;, 18% 9 18% 5'/0 518
40 1800 324T 2'/, 26 16v. B 16',~ 5'1< 112
40 3600 286TS 1% 23'1, 14% 7 14'10 3'1, 318
50 1:200 365T 21'11 29"~ 18% 9 18% 5% 518
50 1800 326T 2'1. 27'1, 16Y, 8 16'1, 5" 112
"
50 3600 324TS 1% 24 V, 16';" 8 16Y, 3Y, 112
60 1200 404T 2'1, 32~" 21 10 20'/' 7'/, 314
60 1800 364T 2% 28'}> 18% 9 18% 5% 518
60 3600 326TS FA! 26 16'1. 8 16Y, 3'1. 112
75 1200 405T 2';;' 34Y. 21 10 20'h 7'1, 314
75 1800 365T 2% 29'1. 18Y. 9 18)1. 5'1. 5/8
75 3600 364T8 1'1s 26'/, 18% 9 18% 3'1. 1/2
100 1200 405T 2'1, 34Y. 21 10 20'/, 711' .. 314
100 1800 404T 2'10 32,% 21 10 20'1, 7'1. 3/4
100 3500 365T8 1'/, 27Y, 18'10 9 18% 3'Y. 1/2 ( rillS lable IS con tinuod on the nr xt rWri" I

52

(T'his tnble is continur«] [rnm the previuus pug-e)

Speed NEMA Shalt
HP RPM Frame U C· A D 0 V Key
125 1200 445T 3)0 39'1. 23';' 11 22V, 8'1, 718
125 1800 405T 2'1, 3<\ Y< 21 10 20V" 7'1. 314
125 3600 404T8 2 VII 29'1< 21 10 20'1, 4'1, 112
150 1800 444T5 21'11 3~ " 23';' 11 22'1. 4J/4 518
150 3600 405T5 2'/" 3Ht:, 21 10 20'h 4'/ ... 112
200 1800 445T5 211l 36 23'h 11 22'1, 4'/. SIB
200 3500 444T5 2% 34 23'1£ II 22'l1, 4V. 5/8
250 3500 ~45T5 2% 36 23'1, II 22'Y. 4·Y. 518 ',':'

Totally Enclosed, Fan Cooled (TEFC)

Speed NEMA Shaft
HP RPM Frame U C· A D 0 V Key
1 1200 14ST 718 13 7 3Y, 7 21/. 3/16
1 1800 143T 718 13 7 3'1, 7 2'/, 3116
1 - -- - -- --- - -- - -- - -- --- - -- ---
l'h 1200 182T 11/5 14'1, 9Y, 4'1> 9'/, 2'1, 1/4
1'1> 1800 145T 718 13 7 3'1> 7 2'1. 3f16
1 'f, 3600 143T 718 13 7 3'1> 7 2';" 3116
2 1200 184T IV. ~ 53;8 9Y, 4';' 9';' 2'Y, 1/4
2 1800 145T 718 13';' 7 :3'1, 7 2';' 3/16
2 3600 145T 71B 13'1, 7 3'h 7 2% 3/16
3 1200 213T PI, 17% 11'" 51'< 10'1, 3'Y, 5/16
3 1800 182T 1 If, 14"~ gy, 4Y, 9'1. 2';" 1/4
~. 3600 182T 11,~ 14Ye 9Y, 4% 9'1> 2¥< 1/4
5 1200 21ST 1% 19'/. 11 'I, 5Y. 10'10 3)1, 5116
5 1800 ISH lilA 15'1. 9Y, 4'1, 9';' 2'f" 1/4
5 3600 184T l1/a 15% 9Y, 4% 9'1> 2:}~ 114
7V~ 1200 254T PIA 22% 13'/. 6Y, 12',~ 4 318
17 .... '? 1800 213T PI, 17% 11 y. 5% 11 3'1. 5116
7'/1 3600 213T IV, 17% 11 'I, 5'!, 11 3'1. 5116
10 1200 256T IY, 24% 13'/, 6'1, 12','_ 4 31B
10 1800 21ST 11i:! 19'," 11',1, 5'1. 11 3% 5/16
10 3600 215T IY. 19',~ 11'1, 5'1, 11 3Ys 5/16
15 1200 284T 1'/. 25% 14'Y. 7 14';' 4'10 112
15 1800 254T 1'1, 22'10 13'1< 6'/. 13 4 3/8
15 3600 254T 1 V!'; 22'11, 13'/, 6'/, 13 4 3/B
20 1200 2a6T 1'1s 27"1, 14'1, 7 14';' 4'10 112
20 1800 256T 1% 24';' 13'1, 6% 13 4 3/8
20 3600 256T 1% 24';' 13% 6'/, 13 4 3/8
25 1200 324T 2'1, 28'1, 16'1, 8 16Y, 5Y, 112
25 1800 2a4T Fig 25'1, 14V~ 7 14';' 4Vfl 112
25 3600 284TS l'" 24';' 14'!. 7 14';' 3Y, 3/8
30 1200 :)26T 2';;' 30'/. 16';' 8 16';' 5'/;, 1/2
30 1800 28GT 1'1s 27l~ 14'/, 7 14'1, 4% 1/2
30 3600 286TS 1% 26 14'/, 7 14Y, 3'/.IJ 318
40 1200 364T 2'10 32'/, 19'1s 9 18% 5',1, 5/8
40 1800 324T 2',~ 28]1, 16'/, 8 16'1, 5'1, 112
40 3600 324T5 1'/, 27'!, 15'/5 B 16';' 3'1, 1/2
50 1200 36ST 2'1. 33V, 1 gL/8. 9 18% 5'!. 518
50 1800 32BT 21/S 30'1< 16'/. 8 16'1, 5'1. 1/2
50 3600 326TS 1'1. 26 167/~ 8 16'/, 3.1(, 1/2
60 1200 404T 2'/, 36% 21 'I, 10 2Q¥, 7'1. 3/4
60 1800 364T 2J/s 32'1, 19'1s 9 18% 5';" 5/8
60 3600 364TS 1'/. 30% 19'1. 9 18'/, 3>;. 1/2
75 1200 405T 2'1, 38'/. 21';' 10 20% 71J4 3/4
,75 1800 36ST 2% 32% 18Ys 9 18'1. 5% 5/8
75 3600 3G5TS Fin 31",,0 19'/, 9 18'1, 3'1. 112
100 1200 444T 3,~ 42'4 24'/. 11 23Y. 8'1, 718
100 1800 405T 2'1. 38'1, 21';' 10 20% 7'1. 314
100 3600 405TS 2'1, 35'/, 21'/, 10 20'1. 41/ .. 112
125 1200 445T 3% 44'1" 24 y. 11 23Y, 8Y, 718
125 1800 444T 3J.Al 42'1. 24'1, 11 23'1< 8% 718
125 3600 444TS 21"1I 38111 2l ~i? II 23% 4'1. SIB
150 1800 445T 3'1lt 44'1. 24'/, 11 23Y, 81,\, 7/8
150 3600 445TS 2'1, 40'1, 24'1, 11 23Y. 4'/. 518 NOTES: l Jiuu-ns.inns a rn ~i\'l:'Tl to (he ncnrcst sixteenth or on inch to standnrrl NJo:~li\ spr-riflral.ion 'Dim, C ",ill V'U\' wi l h motor 1>1'0"0 n.<; thi,<; is not specified IJ,v NI:I\Ii\

53

o ~ ~g~~OO<IJro

N

~ $~g~~~tD

~ ~~~g~s:~

on

~ ~~R~tDUJu,

~ ;!~~g~~~

o

~ ~55::qgooa)aJ

~ ::g;?~:!:::!

~ ~

;:'0

~ ~g~~~S?~

~ ~~tO~::::::!

M

~ ~';?(O~::::!~ ~ ~~~~;!:::;:

I I '1

:1

"1

.J

.:1

0 000000
<D ~g~g~~
...
0
0
N 00
a a 18
M OJ IR~
'" .. on
~
a ~8g~8g
<D
" ''-In(,,)~C'18
0
on
~ 0 080880
M <.00°00-0
N M .... W,..-.-r....
0 ~~:7Sg§8
<D
" o--7NVOD
If)
'"
~ 0 ~888~g
M
N MCOlf")COl"'-w
0 ~~~~§g
0 <D
..
a a
~ 0000000
M "'.:t 000 Olf"lo
'" N"~r....-nN
a (,0000 •
<D OlV1lnI,[)O_
'" .. N~N
..... 0 NOOOoo
M o}OOOOI.t1
N ...-t(')~l/H"N
0 ~~~~N('1~
<D
a '"
w 0 ~~~8§88
M
N "'-VN"¢OOO
0 U1lf")8~M'=1""'"
'"
a '" wr--.. ...... ..-
Ifl 0 0000°00
M ~~~~goo
N
0 N~O~.q(_Q(Q
'"
0 '" an ..... "" ......
"0 §g~gg...-r-
M
N
0 0000
'" ..;J"~f..._9i.D(_Or.o
0 ..
MO O°l()O
M COONO..-(,)(",)
N N~'"
0 ~g~g(DCOCO
<D
'" -e- ~
N a ffi~§~~~~
M
N
o '" ~+:-:t"+:-~z~
M tn ~U:ii:1 ~:t:
0..& ~ ~WEEI-'~~
Ie;
(; ::- ::-z~« l;i 0
QJ'OUJ:o<~ Z
0 Q')~-roN:::r:I
s E -0 ~:2 (jj I--.I
a: ~~D~~i=I- ..
:i ~ciil~§:~i
<:> c 1 iii i!:' E :x:oa:
0
'" i!:'1Iig-oo::Ja:1
(l. :;o.<t.",E I '"
E ::J'_ N
111 ~~ ~,gi ~u;
N
ro Q)::::IoU -~ cb
o .."u_ lI).~
~~~ ~;:
~ "'2 ss
'" .:;;;
2 .=
:;;; 54

0 ~@~R{Qooco
M
N
In
'" Y)°oo
u")~m~"1"o:::t .-.:t
0 t'--O Lf)Lf';10 00
M ...-IDN v_...-.,.....
N
r-r
LO ;;;~~g(Q(Oco
0 (\JU1~07"=1-.::t
M
N ..... M..-~r-..-..,....
N
'" 'l;j"OIi1Qoao
Nr--.("")\D-..-...-
0 OOll1V/~oo
M
N ..-N..-N .... ..-..-
:;!:!
LO Ou'1000(\JN
N"l:t(")lf)y-.-_
0 ro~S!~'<1'~:::
...,
N
\!1 (£lllllOONNN
:: ....---'"1"No::t-.-~
'" ~ooo-.:j'"v";j"
(")
N <DNT'""N ............ ..-
~ ~ LO OJOOlf}('-JNN
~ ;:: ~'=tNM-""''-
It) 0
Vi M ~~U)~:::~::
t:! N
0
'0 LO ~lf'HnU)q..,.~
Q)(\J.--N...---.--.- S
:2 I
III 0 ~o:::: 111-.q -.:j'" ~ I
..., »c
<J) N M..-CO ..... --..--
It) t! z:
.r:
o, in ~fl~8::!:! I
I
dJ f-
0, '" ~~LO~:!;!~ I",
c M
(j, ~ N Iu
a:~
.,
II) O=!U')Olf)~v""<:t ~u
.2c
lO..-- ............... ..- ...... Q)~
'" ." U1
M ~~~~:::~:! ~4:
;g N Qj~
'" ~w
~.I.J")f'-..Ii1V q "=t EZ
-<:j""- ...-..-- ..... ",'0
",e
N'"
0 Q) -+;-!;'+;-~z~ 'iJi o
cn~ue"f-;:I "'w
a:- ~ :::Juj QJ c. ....... ZJ: c .
:r: o;;;·EE1f-X OZ
::- ::-z~« ?i' "'~
(; (lJuw"cQJ Z "'r--
0 O1~_~NJ::r: ?c;:
~. ~"O ~:!Uil- .. I c e
a: ~~DQi~;::~"' 00
.'" '0
i ~(jj I ~~~J "",
~'"
II') i:luii!:'E:ia: 0",
{l. ~ iii ~m ::J a: I a=
_c
~ ~ 0.« '3'§ I ~ ·59
U~Q)~·!:lbcn u-
~ OJ
'0 .,._ ~ " GE
~ d.I::JU ._ ~ .c~
o IJ'llL (/).~ u.2
_I:J . ~~ c c
_L.L.>< ~;
- . ., §:~
::Jx:;;; .0<1:
L.L.", ':2 ow
:;;; ~ of-
:;;0
~Z Wire Selection Guide

Two i mport.m t cnns.irte rru.irms in choosing the conductor size for electric wiri "I: ,nt" { I I til(' c" 1'" cu r-runt c.u-ryi ng co pnci ty, a nd (2) the voltage IQs~ due to wire ro.si st ancc. On short runs, ::101_Y up lo 20 lcct, voltage l()_~:s is very low find IH'('(J nnt be rOllsidt.:red. \Virc si:.'.(' should be selected fnr its cu rrcr-L cnpncity as shown in Ch.u; 1

On longer· ru ux. t-\('\'(_'r~l hundred reel or more, the voltage loss may be too high if wrr e ~i7.e" s('lreled solr-ly ou thc hnsis of current capacity, A larger wire size should he used to keep "oll:1!':o loss tn a scire ted minimum. Chart2 may be uscrl for this.

.,.'

Permissible Voltage Loss ...

T'hcrc is nl \V.jl_\":'- it \-ollr.ge loss on (1 ny \ ... ·inng ru n . The designer must decide 011 how much Ins:,; cn n be tolerated without seriously affccl.ing performance, .011(\ 111".<.1. sulcct a wiro siz o i n which this I()~, will not be exceeded. A ru le-of-thumb ,"gg~Hlf' t",,1. clcctric 111OtO," should not be run on a "01 Lngc less than nboulIO'?· of their nameplat» rating, In deciding 011 allowable voltage loss in the wiring n dt'!-iigner must, cons idcr the rninirnum nvnilable power line voltage which may occur al a co rtam lillie of lh" dav. For ex:\mplr. a 230·voll rated motor should nut h(' run 011 I~::>~ thnn 208 volts (which is lOr;t,·lc_l:';s t.hnn nameplate vnltage RaL· ing). If the lowest, pnwe r line voltage is 220 volts, then the wiring should not havc mnn.-' t hnn I ~ volt s loss,

A rulo l ua'L •• ,.'urks ill most CH.-:PS is In choose a WIre size which does not give m01"P than a :;';:; 1o.~~ ofinput volLilge.

Chart 1 - Wire Ampacity For Short Wiring Runs

"Amp.n-i tv" is all ahhfl'vialinn for 'lIHP('I"(' capncity, This chart j~ for shnrt. ",il'ing run of 1,·.<, Ih:l" 20 Ir-r-t Am)lcrc cupacity is tnkcn from the NEC (Nntiunnl Elr'ct ricn l (·ode) on wire Si7.('S of No, '.-1 [Inti L~'rger. II. is for insulated coplwr wire of ~Iw kind !h;~1 ;~ w idrly u sr-tl for h(H .. I.~(", ~nd huilding" wiring_A lnruer ;1Inp{,H.' r.rpru itv is allovr-d 011 wire wj l.h cr'I'Ulill lypps or insulntlon when used ,,,"1,,,, CI'I'["in runrlit iuus , hut Lbc NEe handbook should be consultod.

Amperage Rating for Copper Wires

18 t 6 14 12 10 B 6 4 3 2 1 0 00 000

6 9 15 20 30 40 55 70 80 95 110 125 145 165 8 12 20 25 40 55 80 105 120 140 165 195 225 260

Chart 2 - Voltage Loss on Long Wiring Runs

This chart. is ror 1""11 wi,.ing rUI1S of scvornl hundred feet or mor e. To use the [10.11'1.. sevc·,.,,1 r'.lcLs must he established: (I) lho current drnw orlhe device to he 0)1"";1[,,,1 l11<1s1 1)" dct crmincd: (21 the "mount of voltage loss that, can be tolerol,,(1 must he docided on: and (:lIthe IClli{th of wire must. he estimated or measured. llsing Lhe _"11111 or outgoing- and return wire lengths.

On :1-1'1","" devices such as electric motors, each of t.he three wires must carrv llw 0\1 r 1'" II I. ,1,,11\'11 on the motornameplate. Wire Icnglh is the sum of two Cnot nll t hrvc i cnnnr-cti nq wirns.

Hrad ncr oss tile IO)l of the chnrI to find the column which mnt.ches the am)lNnge 1',,1: I1Il of I h(, device. Figurus 1Il t.hi .• colu m 11 show vol Ln~e losses for 1000 lr-r t nf wiro out!.:"i Ilg I'll" rct u r n If fOI' 0'" mple, your total wire let1gth was 250 ('cPt .. ,·olloll<' 1""",,, wnuld he 1/4lh t.hnt shown in Lhe chart.

Figures in Chart Show Voltage Loss Per 1000 Feet of Wire

Wire
Size Current Flow, Amperes
AWG 5 , 0 15 20 25 30 40 50 75 100
18 3255 - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - --
16 2047 40.94 - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - -- - --
14 12.8S 25.75 38.63 - - - - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - --
12 8095 1619 24.28 32.38 - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - --
10 5090 10.18 15.27 2036 25.45 30.54 - -- - -- _ -- - --
8 3.203 6.405 9608 t2.81 1602 19.22 25.62 - -- _ -- - --
5 20t4 4.028 6042 8.056 10.07 12.08 16.1 t 20.14 - -- - --
4 1267 2.533 3.800 5.068 6.335 7.602 1014 12.68 - -- - --
3 1.005 2.009 3014 4.020 5.025 6.030 8.0~0 10.05 1508 - --
2 - -- 1.593 2.390 3.184 3.930 4.776 6368 7.960 j 1.94 - --
I - - - 1.264 1.896 2.528 3.160 3792 5.056 6.320 9480 12.64
a - -- 1.002 1.503 2.004 2.505 3006 4.008 5010 7,515 10.02
00 - -- - - - 1.193 1.592 1.990 2.388 3184 3.980 5.970 7960
000 - - - - -- - - - 1.260 1.575 1.890 2520 3.t50 4725 6.300
0000 - -- - -- - -- 1.000 1.250 1.500 2,000 2.500 3.750 5.000 , '

::

55

, ~ j -t .

1.11

, I

Table of Equivalents

Decinuu, ana metrtc Equivalents of Common Fractions of an Inch

To convert tmits :lppr-:U"illg- in Coil/IBn 1 flen rnl u mn ) into e-quivn h-n t v.rl ur-c in Column 2 (center cnlu m nr. mull.i plv hy [net or in Cnlum n :L Example: To ("(If'l. vert 7Ilallon .• into cuhic inches m ul liply 7 x ~.JI: 11i17.

To convert unit.s npJl('[lring in Culumn 2 (c('lllcrl in t.n VIllIi\",dent y;"'tlue~ flf unit!". in Column J (1~:"d'L)J divide bv r.~rt()r in C(11111)1) .1. Example: To nll'1\:prt 2S hors('po\\'cr inlo nTU I'N minute, divide 2:' hv 0.02:1:'(; ~ 11)(;1.

64ths 32nds 16ths Blhs Decimal mm
1/64 0,01562 0.397
1/32 0.03125 0.794
3/64 0.04688 1.191
1/16 0.06250 1.588
5164 0,07812 1,984
3132 0,09375 2.381
7164 0.10938 2.778
liB 0.12500 3,175
9/64 0.14062 3,572
5/32 015625 3.969
11/64 017188 4.366
3116 0.18750 4.763
13/64 0.20312 5.159
7/32 0.21875 5.556
15/64 0.23438 5.953
1/4 0.25000 6.350
17/64 0.26562 6.747
9/32 0.28125 7,144
19/64 0.29688 7,541
5/16 031250 7.938
21164 0.32812 8.334
11/32 0.34375 8.731
23/54 0,35938 9.128
3/8 037500 9.525
25/64 0.39062 9,922
13/32 0.40625 10.319
27164 0.42188 10.716
7/16 0.'13750 11.113
29164 0.45312 11.509
15/32 0.46875 11.906
31164 0.48438 12.303
1/2 0,50000 12,700
33/64 051562 13097
17/32 053125 13494
35164 0.54688 13891
9/16 0.56250 14.288
37/64 057812 14.684
19/32 0.59375 15081
39/64 0.60938 15.478
518 062500 15.875
41164 0.64062 16.272
21/32 0.65625 16.669
43164 0,67188 17066
11116 0,68750 17463
45/64 0.70312 17859
23132 0,71875 18.256
47/64 073438 18,653
3/4 075000 19.050
49/64 0.76562 19.447
25/32 0.78125 19.844
51164 0.7968B 20.241
13116 081250 20.638
53/64 0.82812 21.034
27132 0,84375 21431
55154 085938 21828
7/8 0.87500 22225
57/64 089062 22.622
29/32 090625 23.019
59/64 0.92188 23.416
15/16 0.93750 23,813
61/64 095312 24,209
31132 096875 24,506
63/64 0,98438 25003
1 1 I 1 1.00000 25.400 '.> "

To Convert .. Inlo ... --.. Mulliply By ..
Inlo ... To Convert. .. ~ Divide By ...
Almospheres Feel 01 Waler 339
Atmospheres Inches 0' Mercury (HPr) 2992
Almospheres PSI (Pounds per Sq. nch) 14.7
BTU Foot Pounds 778.3
BTU per Hour Walls 0,2931
BTU per Minute Horsepower 002356
Celsius (Centigrade) Fahrenheit °C;< 1.8 + 32
Cenlimelers Inches 03937
Cubic Centimeters Gallons (U,S. Liquid) 00002642
Cubic Centimeters Liters 0.001
Cubic Feet Cubic Inches 1728
Cubic Feel Gallons (U.S. Liquid) 748052
Cubic Inches Cubic Feel 0.0005787
Cubic Inches G<lllol1s (US liqUid) 0004329
Days Seconds 86,400
Degrees (Angle) Radians 0.01745
Feel Meiers 0.30'18
Feel Miles 0,0001894
Feet 0' Water Almospheres 0.0295
Feel of Waler Inches 0' Mercury (Hq) 08826
Feel 01 Waler PSI (Pounds per Sq. rnch) 0.4335
Feet per Minule Miles per Hour 0.01136
Feet per Second Miles per Hour 0.6818
Foot-Pounds BTU 0,001286
Fool-Pounds per Minule Horsepower 00000303
Foot-Pounds per Second Horsepower 0,00181 B
Gallons ~US LiqUid) CubIC Feel 01337
Gallons U,S. LiqUid Cubic Inches 231
Gallons 0' Waler Pounds 01 Water 8,3453
Horsepower BTU per Minute 42.44
Horsepower Foot-Pounds per Minute 33.000
Horsepower Fool-Pounds per Second 550
Horsepower Walls 7457
Hours Days 0,04167
Hours Weeks 0005952
Inches Centimeters 2,54
Inches 0' Mercury t9! AtmoSFheres 003342
Inches 01 Mercury Hg Feet 0 Water 1.133
Inches 0' Mercury Hg PSI toundS per Sq InChl 0.4912
Inches of Waler PSI Pounds per Sq. Inch 0.03613
t.uers Cubic Centimeters 1000
Lilers Gallons (U.S. Liquid) 0.2542
Micron Inches 0.00004
Miles (Slalule) Feet 5280
Miles per Hour (M.P.H.) Feel per Minute 88
Miles per Hour Feet per Second 1.467
Ounces lweiaht) Pounds 00625
Ounces liqUId) Cubic Inches 1.805
Pinls JLiquid) Quarts (Liquid) 0.5
Poun s Grains 7000
Pounds Grams 453.59
Pounds Ounces 16
PSI toundS per Sq. InCh) Atmospheres 0.06804
PSI Pounds per Sq. Inch Feel 0 Water 2.307
PS' (Lbs per Square lnch] Inches 01 Mercury (Hg) 2036
Ouarts Gallons 0.25
Square Feel Square Inches 144
Temperature (OF - 32) Temperature ('c) 0.5555
Tons (U.S,) Pounds 2000
Walls Horsepower 0.001341 Volume:

I CFM " 26.0J liters/min 1 liter/min = 0.0356 CFM

Conversions

From English to Metric Units

Pressure:

1 PSI = 006897 bar 1 bar= 14,5PSI

Measurements:

I inch = 2.5~ em I em = 0.3937 in

; :

56

57

.l ~ . '.

'/

~
0
ti
'"
u,
"
0
c .~
<I>
0 "
c
~ 0
U
::J
~
U ~+a+._ '"' ",.,

,.... (0 If)

::g~E-

rj') • ,1·0:) o.c> N U II:J f'":i ~>[!J

~I oil) [JJ II I'.j-:; II~ IEcijE

......... u-

o~ 0
0" oo~ oU)
0., ot- uHD
U1M ~n n-
oC! M
0"' ." 0-
00 moo 0."
(")N t-N co- U'l

._, en

..."·00.) 0...10..-

'~

IIOlf")o

<;-

~~

C

::> _

_

U 0-.

~ N a_l.tJon C.I';_(") .....

:2 " 0-"

u

'" <r> .--'o~

~,....o L

:J

58

OJ Ol~ U'lN_

.-,

:....

-:: N "no,?

::!~&

c

" ro

-r: 2

~LD('\j _G

"

Interchange Between Units International Metric - Old Metric - U.S. Customary Units

Thesn cha rf.s wil l i nterchnnne vnluns between lh~ Si Internatinna! Standard, the U$, nr Ellf!l ish svat.r-rn , find tho nldf1J" mot.r-i c s.Y."t.cm~. The lcrt rotum n 'Of each chart .'dloW~ IIH~ h'L~k L1 nil in I.h(' RI xysl.nrn.

Equivnlr-nt values of nil units su-o shown on I.he snrnc line. The easiest wny to use tho charts is to look down the column or the unit which is to be converted and find the ono on which the fipur e "1 ~ appears. Then move to lhe lcrt or right on the. same nne to lIw col uru n nf lhc new u n i l . 1'h(' value shown is n mul tipl ier to curtvur t to the new unit.

Ccuvr-r ... ;jDIlS cn n he c.,~ily made with fi pocket calculator which hna .::3.11 exponent kcv or C;]1l hr- made nI.')IlU;;'1I!V.

. For man ual cnlculntiors rememher l.hr.L the + or ~ sign in front of nn exponent tells wirethe.- tn move Lhe dccima I point 1.0 the right (for 0 + sign) or 10 the I~rt (Inr a _ sign) ruul hnw for to rnnvc il. Examples:. 2.G40, 10·5 is 00000264. and 3.048" 102 ~ 304.8, {~L{"_!. COTi'l:('TS10ti examples are:

Convert. 627 inches i rrl.n cr-nt.imo ter s. in the LENGTH r-hnr-t, look down the Inch ",,1\11111' l.Il the figure "I" Then move [dl on this ltne to the Centimeter column, Use the" r o nvo r s iun mu l tj plir-- 2.fl'10: 627 x' 2_~10 ;;; 1592_58 centimeters ;;; 15.93 meters '; 1!;,92~.8 III ~ llim!:'tcrs.

Couvert ,,[JOO PSI (pOIln,b"'q. inch) int9 Bar. Usc the UNIT PRESSURE chart on the ned po~c, Look down t.he I'Ollndshnch2 column to the r.~ur" "I", Then move left on the "me line to the Bnr column. Tho flgmc 0.06897 is a multiplier. Multiply 5000 x O,O(,M\'i = 14486 bar.

l\.~o,<;L ,1,.",'::.;LC't'l"l coun trics havo nhanrloncd the (')~ .. lcr rnctr ic systems in favor of the lH~I.'" ~I mr-t ric system. Thn US.I\ is tho only rn ajnr count.r y whi-ch has not officially ;Hlrlpt.NI th .... S I sys l.um or 11 nits.

Torque Gravity Acceleration
N~w1ol"1· xnepene- In the U,S S.P tern , the
M-e1~rs Mclers Fool-Lbs lnch-Lhs nccolcration due. to gravity
1.020.10·1 7.376, 10" 8.851 or "g" is 32.2 feet per second
I per second, In the metric
9.807 I 7.233 86.80 sys tem "g;~ is 9,81 meters per
1.356 1.382> 10' 1 12 second per second.
U30xlQ·l US2xl0·2 8,333 x 10.2 Length (Linear Measurement)

Meier Centimeter Kilometer Mile Inch Fool
100 1 , 1O'J 6.214xl0·' 39.370 3,281
0.01 I 1 , 10.5 6.214 X 10'" 3.937, 10' 3.281.10.2
, x IO.J 0_0 1 x 10.6 6.214 x 10" 3.937. 10.2 3.281 , 10.3
1"1. '10:1 ~:( lOr} 1 62'\4 , 10" 39J7 X 10' 3281.10'
1.509.101 1.609, lOS 1.609 1 6.336. 10' 5280
'2540' 10" 2,540 2,540 X ,0.5 1.578, 10.5 1 8.333. 10'-
3.0"8 X 10 I 30.079 3.04R. 10" 1.894.10'· 12 1 1 millimeter = 0.'001 meier = 0.1 0 centimeter = 0.000001 kilometer ~ 0.03937 inch == 0.003281 root Area (Square Measurement)

Square Meter Sq Centimetar Sq Kliomel.r Square Inch Square Fool square MHe
1 1 X. 10.4: 1 .10· 1.550 x 10J 10.754 3.B61 x 10"'
, X '0 .. 1 1 1 ~ 10.10 1550, 10" 1076' 10.3 3861 x 10'"
1 x 106 1 x 10'~ 1 , 10.1 ~ 1550.103 1.076,10.5 3.861 x 10"
I x 106 , X W·1O 1 1.550.10" 1.076 x 10' 3.861 ,10.1
6452 x 10" 6d52 6.452.10.10 1 6,944 X 10.3 2.491 .10·'0
9290, 10" 9290 x 102 9.290. 10'~ 144 I 3,587 x 10.6
2.590, 106 2.590 x 10'0 2.590 4.014 x 109 2.766 x 10' 1 1 square millimeter ~ 0.000001 square meier = 0.00155 square muh = 0.00001076 square 1001

Volume (Cubic)

Cubic Meter Cu Declmeter Cu Cantlmelar U.S. Gallon Cubic Inch Cubic Foot
1 1 x 10J 1 x lOG 2.642, 102 6,102,10' 35.314
I x 10.3 I 1 x 103 2,642, 10" 61,024 3.531 x 10"'
J ;II; 10fo I x 10.3 1 2.642' 10" 6.102 x 10'~ 3.531 X lO'5
-1.5.16)( 10·:'1 d.54G 450\6, 10' 1200 2.774, 10' 1.605,10.1
3.785. 10·J 3.7es 3.785, 103 1 2,310,102 1,337, lO'l
1.639,10'5 1.639 x 10" 16.387 4.329 x 10'3 1 5,787 X 10"
2032 x lD·2 28317 2.832, 10' 7.<181 1.728 X 10' 1 f Imperia! qallon !!: 1.2 U.S. Q~Uon = 000-1546 cubic meier = 4.546 lrtar = 4546 cubic cennrneters

59

I·

Force (Including Force Due to Weight)

Newton Dyne Kilopond Metric Ton U.S. Ton Pound
1 1 , lOS 1.020 x 10·' 1.020 x 10·' 1.12~ , 10" 2248,10'
1 x 10·' 1 , .020); "0.5 1.020 x 10.9 1.124 x 10' 2 2,18 x 10"
9.807 9.807 x 10' I 1 x 10-3 1 102, 10·' 2 20~
9.807 x 103 9.807, 10· 1000 I I 102 2205.10'
9.964 x 10J 9964 x 10' 1.016. 103 1.015 1.120 2240 x 103
8.896 x 10J 8.896 x 10" 9.072 X 10' 9.072 x 10·' I ?OOO
4.448 4.440 x 10' 4.536, 10" 4.536 x 10" S x 10·,1 I 1-long Ion = 995.11 Newtona- .015 ktloponds = 1.01G mclnc Ions' I l~O U S tons « 22-10 pounds

Mass (Not Weight)

Kilogram Gram Melric Ton Newlon POlJnd U.S. Ton
I 1000 I x 10J 9.007 2.205 1 102, 10 J
1 x 10 ' 1 1 x 10'6 9807,,0·' 2 20S, 10 ' I l02 x 1 Of)
I x 103 1 x 106 1 9.807,103 2205 x 10' 1102
1.020 x 10.1 1020 x 102 I 020 x 10" 1 2.248 x 10 I 1 124 X 10"
4.536 X 10·' 4.536 x 10< <1536:t 1O.t.I 44,18 I 5 x 10-"1
14.594 U59.10' 1.459. 10·' 1 43' x 102 32170 1509xl0~
9.072 , la' 9.072 x lOs 9.072 , 10' 8895,10' 2000 I Velocity

MeIers/Sec Kilomelers/Hr Miles/Hr F.cVMin. FecVSce Inches/Min.
1 3.6 2237 1968,,0' 3281 2362,10'
1 x 10" I, 10" 6.211.105 5 ~68, 10:' 9 113, 10" 65G2,10'2
2773 x 10·' I 6.21~xIO' 5.468, 10' 9113, 10" 6562, 10'
1170 X 10" 1.609 1 88 1 ~67 1056, 10"
5.080 x 103 1829 x 10.2 1.136 x 10.2 I 1 667 , 10 > 12
3.018 x 10" 1.097 6618,10·' 60 I 72;{ 10}
4.233, 10" 1.521"0' 9 170 , 10·' s 333, 10.2 1.3B9' 10" 1 1 declmeler/second :::: 0.1 rneters/sacond = 0.005468 Wmln = 0_06S62 Ill/mill

Unit Pressure (Either Fluid or Mechanical)

Bar Newlonfm2 Kilopond/r'n2 Almosphere Pound./Ft' Poundsl1nch2
I Pnscal:
1 ~ 10'S I 1.020,10' 986'0-" 10~ 2.088, I a;: 1 .:I5;w: 1O,f
1 I x 10" 1.020, 10" 9.869, 10' 2 088 x 103 I" 5
9.807 , 10" 9807 1 9.678 x IO-~l 2.0"!) x 1 a I , 1~22 X 10.1
9.807, 10.1 9.807 X 10" 1 J( 10'~ 9676, 10·' 2048x la' 14220
1.013 1.013, 105 1.033, 10' 1 2.116.103 14693
4.789, 10"" 47.893 4.884 4726 x'D"" 1 6.944' 10'
6.897 , 10.2 6.897, 103 7.033,102 0.806, 10? 1 • .1-10)( 10:': I 1 kltooond/sq em" 0.9807 bar e 98070 Pascal ; 0.9676 atmos ; 20'18 Lbs/sq It ; 1~ 22 Lbs.sq mch

Power (Fluid, Electrical, or Mechanical)

Kilowatt WaU, Jou lets Foot-Pounds Foot-Pounds BTUlHr BTU/Min
and N-m/s per Minule per Second
1 1000 4.425 x 10' 7.376' 10' ~.4 12 , 10" 56.852
1 x 1O.J 1 44 254 7.376, 10·' 3." 12 5685 x 10"
7.461' 10"' 746 3300, 10" 5.500, 10? 2545): 103- 4214
2.260 x 10'5 2260 , 10.2 1 1667 , 10.2 7.710.10.2 1.2AS x IOJ
1.356, 10.3 1.356 60 1 4626 7710'10"
2.931 x 10' 2931, 10·' 12.971 2.162 x 10' I 1.667 x 1 O·~
1.759 x IO~ 17586 7.783,102 12.971 60 1 I U.S.; I UK Horsepower; O. 7~6 I kW = 33.000 11·lbsmlln. ~ 25<15 BTUlhr ; 42144 BTUlrn", Energy or Work

Kilowatt-Hour Wott-second Horsepowcf-Hr Foot-Pound Inch-Pound BTU
Joule. or N-m
1 3.0' lOG 1.341 2.655 x 10" 3 187 JC 107 3.412, 10J
2.778 x 107 1 3.725 X 10.7 7.376 x 10' 8851 9477 x 10'"
2.778x 10.1' , x 10'1 3.725, 10'" (,376:;. 101\ 8851 x 10 ; 0477 X 10,'1
7.457 xl0·1 2.685): lO6 I 1.9QO x 106 2.376 x 10' 2544)( 10.1
3.766' 10.7 1.356 5.051,10.7 1 12 1285<103
3.138,IQ·5 1.130,101 4.209 x 10· 8.333, 10·' I 1 071 x 10-~
2.931.10' 1.055, 10' 3.931, 10' 7.783,10' 9339 x 10' I 60

Temperature Conversion Chart
En[p,. the tnblo 111 the col.unn mnrkcd "Temp" with the temperature either
Fahrenheit or Cclsius IC~nLigrnde) t.h8L you wish to convert. If converting into
Cf .. lsiu«, read the cquivulcn t value in the column Lo the left. If convcrtrng lI~t.O
Fahrr-nhr-it, read the cquivnlr nt value in the column lo the right. . i
- '.,~
'C Temp 'F ·C Temp OF ·C Temp OF
·17.7 0 32.0 15.6 60 140.0 143 290 554
-172 1 338 161 61 1418 149 300 572
·16.6 2 356 166 62 1436 154 310 590
·t6.1 3 37.4 17.1 63 145.4 160 320 608
·15.5 4 39.2 17.7 64 147.2 165 330 626
·150 5 41.0 18.2 65 149.0 171 340 644
·14.4 6 42.8 18.8 66 150.8 177 350 662
·13.9 7 44.6 193 67 1526 182 360 680
·133 8 46.4 19.9 68 154.4 188 370 698
·12.7 9 48.2 20.4 69 156.2 193 380 716
·12.2 10 50.0 21.0 70 158.0 199 390 734
·11.6 11 51.8 21.5 71 159.8 204 400 752
·11.1 12 53.6 22.2 72 161.6 210 410 770
·10.5 13 55.4 22.7 73 163.4 215 420 788
·10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 221 430 806
·94 15 59.0 23.B 75 167.0 226 440 824
·88 16 608 24.4 76 168.8 232 450 842
·8.3 17 62.6 25.0 77 170.6 238 460 860
·7.7 18 64.4 25.5 78 172.4 243 470 878
·7.2 19 66.2 26.2 79 174.2 249 480 896
·66 20 68.0 26.8 80 176.0 254 490 914
·6.1 21 69.8 27.3 81 177.8 260 500 932
'5.5 22 71.6 27.7 82 179.6 265 510 950
·50 23 734 282 83 1814 271 520 968
·4.4 24 75.2 288 84 183.2 276 830 986
'3.9 25 770 29.3 85 185.0 282 540 1004
·3.3 26 78.8 299 86 186.8 288 550 1022
·2.8 27 80.6 30.4 87 188.6 293 560 1040
·2.2 28 82.4 31.0 88 190.4 299 570 1058
·16 29 842 3L5 89 1922 304 580 1076
·1.1 30 86.0 32.1 90 194.0 310 590 1094
·0.6 31 87.8 32.6 91 195.8 315 600 1112
0 32 896 333 92 1976 321 610 1130
0.5 33 91.4 338 93 199.4 326 620 1148
1.1 34 93.2 34.4 94 201.2 332 630 1166
1.6 35 950 349 95 203.0 338 640 1184
2.2 36 968 355 96 204.8 343 650 1202
2.7 37 98.6 36.1 97 206.8 349 660 1220
3.3 38 100.4 36.6 98 208.4 354 670 1238
3.8 39 102.2 37.1 99 210.2 360 680 1256
4.4 40 104.0 38 100 212 365 690 1274
49 41 1058 43 110 230 371 700 1292
55 42 107.5 49 120 248 375 710 1310
6.0 43 109.4 54 130 266 382 720 1328
6.6 44 111.2 60 140 284 387 730 1346
7.1 45 1 I 3.0 65 150 302 393 740 1364
7.7 46 114.8 71 160 320 399 750 1382
82 47 1166 76 170 338 404 760 1400
8.8 48 118.4 83 180 356 410 770 1418
9.3 49 120.2 88 190 374 415 780 1436
9.9 50 122.0 93 200 392 421 790 1454
104 51 123.8 99 210 410 426 BOO 1472
11.1 52 1256 100 212 413 432 810 1490
115 53 127.4 104 220 428 438 820 1508
t2.1 54 129.2 110 230 446 443 830 1526
126 55 1310 115 240 464 449 840 1544
13.2 56 132.B 121 250 482 454 850 1562
13.7 57 134.6 127 260 500 460 860 1580
14.3 58 136.4 132 270 518 465 1370 1598
14.8 59 1382 138 280 536 471 880 1616
61
';! .~ L • ..._ • • ·H ".

i'

.J

" " '~

"J ",\1(1'

I •• 1

. :~. ·1

,

Table of'Standard Gauges

(1) (2) (3) (4) -~ (5) Copper Wire -~
Ohms Ohms
Copper per per
Gauge Sheet Steel Music Drill Wire Circular 1000 1000
No. Metal Wire Wire Rod Diarn. Mil Area Feet Meters
4/0 --- 3938 ,006 - -- 4600 212,000 0509 1670
3/0 - -- 3625 007 -- - 4096 168.000 ,0642 ,2105
2/0 --- 3310 008 - -- 3648 133.000 ,0810 ,2656
0 --- 3065 009 - -- 3248 106,000 ,1019 ,3342
1 -- - 2830 010 ,227 2893 83,700 .1290 ,423t
2 - -- ,2625 .o u 219 2576 66.400 .1618 ,5307
3 ,2391 ,2437 ,012 212 2294 52,600 .2054 ,6737
4 ,2242 ,2253 ,013 .207 2043 41 .lOO .2588 ,8489
5 .2092 ,2070 ,014 .204 1819 33,100 .3253 1.067
6 .1943 ,1920 ,01.3 .201 1620 26,300 4105 1,346
7 .1793 .1770 018 .199 1443 20,800 ,5194 1,704
8 .1644 .1620 ,020 .197 1285 16,500 6574 2,156
9 .1495 .1483 ,022 194 1144 13,100 8286 2.718
10 .1345 ,1350 .024 ,191 ,1019 10,400 1.036 3,400
11 ,1196 .1205 .026 ,188 0907 8,230 1.309 4294
12 1046 .1055 .029 ,185 .0808 6,530 1.650 5414
13 0897 ,0915 .031 182 .0720 5,180 2080 6,822
14 ,0747 ,0800 .033 .180 ,0641 4,110 2,621 8,600
15 .0673 .0720 .035 .178 0571 3,260 3.304 1084
16 ,0598 .0625 .037 .175 0508 2,580 4.174 1369
17 0538 0540 .039 ,172 .0453 2,050 5.249 1722
18 .0478 ,0475 .041 ,168 .0403 1,620 6.636 21.77
19 .0418 ,0410 043 164 .0359 1,290 8.631 28.31
20 .0359 ,0348 .045 161 .0320 1.020 10.52 34.51
21 .0329 0317 ,047 ,157 .0285 810 13.26 43.49
22 0299 0286 ,049 155 0253 642 1683 55.20
23 0269 0258 .051 .153 0226 509 21.09 69.18
24 .0239 0230 .055 .151 .0201 404 26.66 87.44
25 .0209 0204 059 148 ,0179 320 33.63 , 10.3
26 .0179 OIBI 063 .146 ,0159 254 42.57 '39.6
27 .0'64 .0'73 .067 ,143 0142 202 53,~5 1753
28 ,0149 .0162 .071 .139 0126 160 67.84 2225
29 .0135 ,0150 .075 134 ,0113 127 84.35 276.7
30 0120 ,0140 .OBO 127 0100 100 107.8 353.6
31 0105 ,0132 .OB5 120 ,00893 792 136.0 446.'
32 0097 0128 .090 115 .00795 64.0 1682 551.7
33 0090 0118 .095 .112 00708 50.4 213.6 700.6
34 0082 0104 100 .110 00630 39.7 27U 889,2
35 0075 0095 106 .108 0056' 31.4 342.5 1123
36 006? 0090 112 .106 00500 25.0 431.7 1416
37 .0064 .0085 .118 . '03 00445 20.3 5321 1745
38 ,0060 .0080 .124 .101 00396 16.0 671.5 2203
39 --- .0075 .130 .099 00353 12,3 872.8 2861
40 --- .0070 .138 .097 .OO3H 9.6 1128 3700 ,

':<':

'II~ ;

(1) Manufact mer s standard g',n'I(" fur hot nud cold rul led ';]IN't,;, b.,s('<i 011 " weight of ~ 182 Ih. per square Inch of t hick ncs per squnro fnol

(2) U.S. St~d Wire Gnuue. AI"" kIlO\·\'11 "" \I'~,hIHlrn nnrl Mricn . AIIH'ri(,'1I1 Stee l and Wire, n nrl l\uch)ing grll\j.{t's. Uscrl hy most of t lu- st ool p rnrl ur-r rs in thl' U.S. and has replaced thr: [1 i rrnll1ghn rn t Sl.ubs l gi111j:!(i' l n most. inst n ncrs

(3) Special gauge for piano and music \vlrf:' Fnr mr-rh.micnl spriurs.

(4) Stubs Steel Wire Gauge Used sometimes for carbon ,[,,,,,1 drill rod. Drill rod may also be called out in other gauge's such 'IS Morse Twist Drill "allge t Manufacturers Standard G~llg'C for twist drills' Or b the Anu-ricn n Standard Straight Shank Twist Drill ,(;111(1:11·<1 duur-nsinns

(5) Coppr-r wire is l1l('",ur('d hy the B Sc S ROll):!{' (ai,,, ('"II"r\ 1\\\,(;" 1<",i.<· Lanco values nrc nt 77(1(" ur 2[,"(:. Couve-rt between""C and "F wil Ii th;lrt nn P;)g(' fj 1. To convert chn rt resist ancc values to ;) r1('\\' "C h'mpernl u 1'(':

[RT = R x [1 + 0.00365 x ((-25))

where RT is r('.l;',.i~L"_n((' {~lIH"\'J "C t{~lllpl'rjl! lln'.1 I;;; new t omprr.rt.un- in '-'C, R i:t; rexist.ance vnlun from ('h~H·t

A circular mil isn un il. Or.11"l'n th.jl( is nppliod 10 rh-rt rk-n l wi rr.s nnrl i.-.: rqu;ll 10 the ~H'(";l nr:1 circle 1 mil ~n.ool inch) in diauu-Ir-r. Tlu- :1TTiL of nn v cirrk- is

equnl t.o the squa ro uf ilx di;H1H'L"1" in m ilx .

62

Densities and Specific Gravities of Common Materials

Spl,tiCh: gravity is n number indic;}Ling how runny limes a certnin volume of· a mn tr- r ia l i, heavier than nil equal volume Of\V3tCI'. As the density of water differs slir::hll,Y "t different temperatures, the temperature of62" F is used for com- 1':'1I'i,01l, The weight "f nne cubic inch of pure water at 62" F' is 0.0361 pound.

lftl~(' ~I)('cifh~ grnvity of' any m a l.e rin l is known, the weight of n cubic inch of tho mnt ur inl r a n be fnund by nlllitiplying its specific gravity by 0.O~6t_

To Olld the weight per cuhic foot of a material, the specific gravity of which is k nuw n, multiply the specific gravity by 62,335,

11' the weight of n cubic inch of materia! is known. the specific gravity is found by dividing the wcigllt per cubic inch by 0.0361.

II' the weight or a cubic root of" matnrinl is known, f.he specific gravity is found bv inultiplyinu the weight per cubic foot by 0,(J1604

Specific Weight Per Cubic Weight Per Cubic
Material Gravity Inch (Pounds) Foot (Pounds)
Aluminum 2.70 0,0975 168,50
Brass: 80C" 20Z 8.60 0.3105 536,60
Brass: 70C" 30Z 841 0.3048 526.70
Brass: 60C" 40Z 8,36 0,3018 521,70
Brass' SOc., 50Z 8,20 0,2961 511,70
Bronze: 90C .. lOT 8.78 0.3171 547.90
Chromium 6,93 0,2502 432,40
Concrete 2,31 0,083 144,00
Copper 889 03210 55470
Gold 19,25 0695 1200.00
Iron, Cast 7.03-7,73 0,254·0,279 438.7D·482.40
Iron, Wroug~ll 7.BO·7,90 0.2B2-0,285 486.70-493.00
Lead 11.37 0.470 70900
M8.gnesium 175 0.062 109.00
sreci, C~rbOI1 783·7.87 0.263·0,284 489.00·490,80
Sleel Siainiess 7.70 0.27B 480.00
Tin 7.29 0,2633 454.90 Mechanical Properties of' Co In 111,0 n Materials

Modulus Modulus
Ultimate 01 elaslicity 01 elaslicity
I compres- tension or shear Weight
M~teri~1 Tension sion Shear compression (PSI) [PSI) (Ib~nl)
Sleel. lorged·.olled
0100 20e 60000. 39,000 48,000 30,000,000 12000,000 0.28
020·030 C 67.000 43,000 53,000 30,000,000 12,000,000 0.28
030·040 C 70.000 d6,000 56,000 30,000,000 12,000,000 028
0.60·0.80 C 125,000 65,000 75,000 30,000,000 12.000,000 0.28
Cast Iron
G.ay [ASTM 20) 20,000 80,000 27,000 15,000,000 6,000,000 0,25
Gray (ASTM 35) 35,000 125.000 44.000 -~~ --- 026
Gray (ASTM 60) 60,000 145,000 70,000 20,000,000 8,000.000 026
Malleable 50,000 120()()Q 48.000 23,000.000 9,200,000 0.26
Wrought Iron 48.000 25,000 38,000 27,000,000 --~ 0.28
Slecl Casl
Low C 60.000 --- ~~~ ~~- 0.28
Medium C 70,000 --- --- --- --- 0.28
High C 80,000 45,000 --- ~-- ~~~ 0.28
Brass
Cast 40,000 ~~~ ~~~ -_._ ~-- 0.30
Annesled 54.000 18.000 --~ --- ~-- 0.30
Cold·drown 85,000 ~~- -~~ 15,500,000 6.200.000 0.30
Brortze
C~sl 22.000 --- --- ~~- -~- 0.31
Cold-crawo 85,000 ~~~ ~~- 15,000,000 6,000,000 0,31 63