Sinc Function:

t = linspace(-5,5,50);
y=sinc(t);
plot(t,y);
pause
stem(t,y);
xlabel('Time (sec)');ylabel('Amlitude');title('Sinc Function')

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-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Sinc Function
1

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A m lit u d e

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Time (sec)
Sampling of a Sinusoidal Signal:
t= 0:0.0005:1
F = 13
xa = cos(2*pi*F*t);
figure; subplot(211); plot(t,xa);grid;
xlabel('Time, Sec'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Continuous-time signal x_{a}(t)');
axis([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);
T= 0.1; n = 0:T:1;
xs = cos(2*pi*F*n);
k = 0:length(n)-1;
subplot(212);stem(k,xs);grid;
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');title('Discrete-time signal
x[n]');
axis([0 length(n)-1 -1.2 1.2]);

Continuous-time signal x a(t)

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, Sec
Discrete-time signal x[n]
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time index n
Verification OF Nyquist Sampling Theorem – Taking User Input
f=input('Give signal freq in Hz, f = ');
t = 0:0.005:1;
omega = 2*pi*f;
xa= cos(omega*t);
subplot(221);plot(t,xa);grid;
xlabel('time-sec');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('cont-time signal x_a(t)');
axis([ 0 1 -1.2 1.2])
fs1= input('enter 1st sampling freq, less then twice the max signal frequency
in Hz, fs1 = ');
T1= 1/fs1;
n = 0:T1:1;
w= 2*pi*f;
xs1=cos(w*n);
k = 0:length(n)-1;
subplot(222);stem(k,xs1);grid;
xlabel('time index n');ylabel('Amp');title('Discrete time signal xs1 with
Fs<2Fmax');
axis([0 (length(n)-1) -1.2 1.2])
fs2 =input('Enter 2nd sampling freq, equal to twice the max signal frequency
in Hz, fs2 = ');
T2=1/fs2;
n=0:T2:1;
w=2*pi*f;
xs2=cos(w*n);
k = 0:length(n)-1;
subplot(223);stem(k,xs2);grid;
xlabel('time index n');ylabel('Amp');title('Discrete time signal xs2 with
Fs=2Fmax');
axis([0 (length(n)-1) -1.2 1.2])
fs3 =input('Enter 3rd sampling freq, greater than twice the max signal
frequency in Hz, fs3 = ');
T3=1/fs3;
n=0:T3:1;
w=2*pi*f;
xs3=cos(w*n);
k = 0:length(n)-1;
subplot(224);stem(k,xs3);grid;
xlabel('time index n');ylabel('Amp');title('Discrete time signal xs2 with
Fs>2Fmax');
axis([0 (length(n)-1) -1.2 1.2])
 cont-time signal x a(t) Discrete time signal xs1 with Fs<2Fmax
1 1

0.5 0.5
Amplitude

Amp
0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 0.5 1 0 2 4 6
time-sec time index n
Discrete time signal xs2 with Fs=2Fmax Discrete time signal xs2 with Fs>2Fmax
1 1

0.5 0.5
Amp

Amp
0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 5 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
time index n time index n
Illustration Of Aliasing Effect In Time Domain

WITH ALIASING

f= 13;
T= 1/(13*1.5);
n= (0:T:1)';
xs=cos(2*pi*f*n);
t = [-.5:.004:1.5]';
ya = sinc((1/T)*t(:,ones(size(n)))- (1/T)*n(:,ones(size(t)))' )*xs;
figure; subplot(211);
plot(n,xs,'o',t,ya);
grid;
xlabel('Time Sec');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Reconstructed continuous-time signal y_{a}(t)');
axis([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);
subplot(212);
t = 0:0.0005:1;
xa=cos(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,xa);grid;
xlabel ('Time Sec');ylabel('Amplitude');
title ('Original Continuous time signal x{a}(t)');
axis ([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);

Reconstructed continuous-time signal y a(t)

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Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time Sec
Original Continuous time signal xa(t)
1

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Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time Sec
WITHOUT ALIASING
f= 13;
T= 1/(13*2);
n= (0:T:1)';
xs=cos(2*pi*f*n);
t = [-.5:.004:1.5]';
ya = sinc((1/T)*t(:,ones(size(n)))- (1/T)*n(:,ones(size(t)))' )*xs;
figure; subplot(211);
plot(n,xs,'o',t,ya);
grid;
xlabel('Time Sec');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Reconstructed continuous-time signal y_{a}(t)');
axis([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);
subplot(212);
t = 0:0.0005:1;
xa=cos(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,xa);grid;
xlabel ('Time Sec');ylabel('Amplitude');
title ('Original Continuous time signal x{a}(t)');
axis ([0 1 -1.2 1.2]);

Reconstructed continuous-time signal y a(t)

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Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time Sec
Original Continuous time signal xa(t)
1

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Amplitude

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time Sec
Illustration of Aliasing Effect in Frequency Domain

Sampling a Non-bandlimited signal

t = 0:0.006:10;
xa=2*t.*exp(-t);
figure;
subplot(221);plot(t,xa);grid;
xlabel('Time Sec');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Continuous time signal x_{a}(t)');
subplot(222);
fa=0:0.001:10;
wa=2*pi*fa;
Xa=2./((1-wa.^2)+j*2*wa);
plot(fa(1:1500),abs(Xa(1:1500)) );grid;
xlabel('Frequency Hz');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Xa Frequency Spectrum');
subplot(223);
T=0.5;
n=0:T:10;
xs=2*n.*exp(-n);
k = 0:length(n)-1;
stem(k,xs);grid;
xlabel('Time Index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Discrete time signal x[n]');
subplot(224);
wd=0:pi/255:pi;
Xs=freqz(xs,1,wd);
plot(wd/2*T*pi),T*abs(Xs);grid;
xlabel('Frequency Hz');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Xs Frequency Spectrum');
 Continuous time signal x a(t) Xa Frequency Spectrum
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Amplitude

Amplitude
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0 0
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Time Sec Frequency Hz
Discrete time signal x[n] Xs Frequency Spectrum
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2
Amplitude

Amplitude
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1
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0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300
Time Index n Frequency Hz
Impulse, Step and Frequency Response of a DT LTI FIR System

a = [ 1 0 -0.268]
b = [0.634 0 0.634]
x = [1 zeros(1,31)];
y = filter(b,a,x);
y = stem(y); grid;

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figure;impz(b,a);grid;

Impulse Response
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n (samples)

fvtool(b,a);
Magnitude Response (dB)
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Magnitude (dB)

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Normalized Frequency (  rad/sample)
 Impulse Response
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Amplitude

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Samples

Phase Response
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40
Phase (degrees)

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Normalized Frequency (  rad/sample)
 Step Response
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1
Amplitude

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Samples

Pole/Zero Plot
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Imaginary Part

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Real Part