Basics of Signal Processing

SOURCE SIGNAL RECEIVER

ACTION

describe waves in terms of their significant features

understand the way the waves originate

effect of the waves

will the people in the boat notice ?

 frequency = 1/T

sine wave
•period (frequency)
•amplitude
•phase
 speed of sound × T, where T is a period
 f (t)  Asin(2t /T   )

f (t)  Asin(t   )
 sine cosine
Phase 



Asin(t   /2)
 Acos(t)
Sinusoidal grating of image
TO
• Fourier idea
– describe the
signal by a sum
of other well
defined signals
 Fourier Series

A periodic function as an infinite weighted

sum of simpler periodic functions!


f (t)   w i f i (t)
i 0
A good simple function
Ti=T0 / i

f i (t)  sin(i 0 t  ),

where  0  2 / T0
 
f (t)   k i sin(i 0   n )
i1

 [bi sin(i 0 )  ai cos(i 0 )]
i1

 Re  cˆ i  e  j 0 n
, cˆ  complex
i 0
e.t.c. ad infinitum
  
f (t)   k i sin(i 0   n )  [bi sin(i 0 )  ai cos(i 0 )]
i1 i1

T=1/f T=1/f

e.t.c…… e.t.c……
 Fourier’s Idea

period T period T

Describe complicated function as a weighted sum of simpler functions!

-simpler functions are known
-weights can be found

Simpler functions - sines and cosines are orthogonal on period T, i.e.

T

 f(mt) f(nt) dt  0 for m  n

0
 + +
0 0
- -

x x

+ + +
0 0 - -
-

= =

+ +
0 - -
+ +
0
area is positive (T/2) area is zero
 
 2it 2it  2t 2t 4t 4t 6t 6t
f(t)  DC   a i cos( )  b1 sin( ) DC  a1 cos( )  b1 sin( )  a 2 cos( )  b 2 sin( )  a 3 cos( )  b 3 sin( )  .........
i1
 T T  T T T T T T

T T
2t 2t 2t 2t 2t 2t 4t 2t 4t 2t
 f(t)sin( T )dt   {DC sin( T
)  a1 cos(
T
)sin(
T
)  b1 sin(
T
)sin(
T
)  a 2 cos(
T
)sin(
T
)  b 2 sin(
T
)sin(
T
)  .........}dt
0 0

0 0 b1T/2 0 0 ……………

=
area=b1T/2

area=b2T/2
f(t)  DC  f1 (t)  f2 (t)  DC  b1  sint  b 2  sin 2t

area = DC area = b1T/2 area = b2T/2

f(t) f(t) sin(2πt) f(t) sin(4πt)

T=2

T
2 t T
+
+ +
 sin (
T
) dt 
2
0
- - -
+ +



+ + + +
- - - -
+ + + +
Magnitude spectrum Phase spectrum

0 1/T0 2/T0 0 1/T0 2/T0

frequency frequency

Spacing of spectral components is f0 =1/T0

Aperiodic signal T0    frequency spacing f 0  0

Discrete spectrum becomes continuous (Fourier integral)


 sampling

ts=1/fs

samples per 4.2 ms  0.19 ms per sample  5.26 kHz

 Sampling
T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)
> 2 samples per period,
fs > 2 f

Sinusoid is characterized by three parameters

1.Amplitude
2.Frequency
3.Phase

We need at least three samples per the period

 Undersampling

T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)

ts = 7.5 ms (fs=133 Hz < 2f ) T’ = 40 ms

(f’= 25 Hz)
 Sampling of more complex signals

highest frequency
component

period period

Sampling must be at the frequency which is higher than the

twice the highest frequency component in the signal !!!

fs > 2 fmax
 Sampling

1. Make sure you know what is the highest

frequency in the signal spectrum fMAX

2. Chose sampling frequency fs > 2 fMAX

NO NEED TO SAMPLE ANY FASTER !

 T Magnitude spectrum

0 1/T 2/T
frequency

Periodicity in one domain implies discrete representation in the dual domain

Sampling in time implies periodicity in frequency !

T F =1/ts

ts fs = 1/T

time frequency

DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

N 1 2kn N 1 2kn
j j
x ( n)  1
N  X (k )  e
n0
N
X (k )  1
N  x ( n)  e
n 0
N

Discrete and periodic in both domains (time and frequency)

 Recovery of analog signal
Digital-to-analog converter (“sample-and-hold”)

Low-pass filtering
0.000000000000000
0.309016742003550
0.587784822932543
0.809016526452407
0.951056188292881
1.000000000000000
0.951057008296553
0.809018086192214
0.587786969730540
0.309019265716544
0.000000000000000
-0.309014218288380
-0.587782676130406
-0.809014966706903
-0.951055368282511
-1.000000000000000
-0.951057828293529
-0.809019645926324
-0.587789116524398
-0.309021789427363
-0.000000000000000
Quantization
11 levels

21 levels

111 levels
 a part of vowel /a/

16 levels (4 bits) 32 levels (5 bits) 4096 levels (12 bits)

 Quantization

• Quantization error = difference between the

real value of the analog signal at sampling
instants and the value we preserve
• Less error  less “quantization distortion”