Book 20

PREFACE
The American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and communicative proficiency in American English to enable them to successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense. The General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Levels I through V consist of six separate instructional packages each. Level VI contains four. Level I Level II Level III Level IV Level V Level VI Books 1 - 6 Books 7 - 1 2 Books 13 - 18 Books 19 - 24 Books 25 - 30 Books 31 34
The coordinated instructional packages for Books 1-30 consist of the following:
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. . Instructor Text . Student Text . Audio tapes . Language Laboratory Activities Instructor Text Language Laboratory Activities Student Text Quiz Kits 7 . Optional training aids
Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LERW, 2235 Andrews Ave., Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5259. Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, 2205 Andrews Ave., Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5203. The ALC contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights. Dictionary entries from Webster's New World Dictionary (c) 1984 by Simon & Schuster, Inc. Used by permission.
NOTES TO THE STUDENT
The Student Text for Book 20, Level IV, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes. The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete. The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A, Part One, is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in this book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where the word is introduced. Appendix A, Part Two, is a Glossary of the vocabulary presented in the book. It is divided into lessons. You are to use this Glossary in order to prepare for the lesson. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in this book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials. The American Language Course focuses on four areas:
The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation.
The grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly.
There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing.
The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises. The first page of each lesson is the focus page. It provides a summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson.
ill
CONTENTS Title
Paqe
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F
I Need Three Cans of Oil. Combat Ready I'd Like My Brakes Adjusted. Oil Reduces Friction. Have You Forgotten Anything? Word List and Glossary Structure List Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs Four Important Spelling Rules Punctuation and Capitalization Conditional Sentences Homework Evaluation
1 47 95 135 171 A-l B-l C-l D-l E-l F-l HW-1 EE-1
I N E E D TH R E E C A N S O F O IL
BOOK 20 LESSON 1
-FUNCTION-
Mike: How many eggs do you need? Mary: Just get a couple of dozen.
-GRAMMAR-
Did you buy any gas? How much sugar did you buy? I bought only a few gallons. About five pounds of sugar. Most of the cake was eaten.
-SKILLS-
notes.
Mark the stressed word. Refine these Listen and paraphrase.

-VOCABULARY-
become/became/become of apart bet/bet/bet apart from call for most combine mostly create raw depend on separate give/gave/given away thus list mix purchase a good deal of put/put/put off a great deal of separate can't help stir feel like tear/tore/torn (up) from time to time on hand
bag bet cost groceries ingredient jar label list mix mixture property purchase quantity recipe set
CONTENTS OF BOOK 20 LESSON 1
ST Page VOCABULARY: planning a party and purchasing food

LISTENING SKILL: oral text (write connectives)
8 9
VOCABULARY: recipe ingredients and instructions; party conversations GRAMMAR: review of adjective quantifiers used with count and noncount nouns WRITING SKILL: refine notes GRAMMAR: review of how much/how many and unit nouns with partitive of WRITING SKILL: oral narrative (paraphrase in writing) GRAMMAR: partitive of and review of pronoun quantifiers FUNCTION: inquiring about and
15 18 22 27 28
expressing quantity SPEAKING SKILLS:

ENRICHMENT
31 35
39
suprasegmentals
W
MIKE AND MARIA ARE MAKING LISTS. 000000000000000000000000034d949aa4a6a19333080000000000004ca9 a5a59aa6afaea1abafa7adb762030000000661a7a71a00024099a79ea385 020005a6afadaaa7a7b3690a0000000051aea9b3bcb3a5a2a68e32040000 00000000318ca8b6b9b3b5b5b2b5b8b6b1aeRID01
Repeat the underlined words; then read the paragraphs. Mike and Maria Martin are planning a party. They've just bought a TV set with a large screen, and they're going to ask some of their friends to watch a football game with them. They've felt like giving a party for quite a while, but they've had to put it off for several reasons. Mike and Maria are each making a list. Mike's listing the names and telephone numbers of the people they want to invite. Some of them are neighbors, but most of them are people that both he and Maria work with. Since they're employed by the same company, they have the same set of friends there. Maria's making a separate list. She's checking to see what they already have on hand for the party. Then she's listing the groceries that they need to buy. They want to have plenty to serve their guests, so they'll prepare a large quantity of food.
Answer the questions. paragraphs.
Use the words that are underlined in the
11. What have Mike and Maria just bought? 12. Have they been wanting to give a party? 13. Have they had to postpone the party? 14. What are Mike and Maria making? 15. What is Mike doing? 16. How many of the names on Mike's list belong to people that he and Maria work with? 17. Is Maria's list the same as Mike's? 18. Does Maria think that they have everything they need for the party? 9. 10. Is Maria listing things to buy at the grocery store? How much food will they prepare for their guests?
BOB BOUGHT A NEW SET OF TIRES FOR HIS CAR.
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences. the dialogs.
Then read
feel like groceries list
listed most on hand put off
quantity separate set
1.
Mike: Paul:
Do you have a wrench that I could borrow? Yes, I have a complete _______________. do you need? What size
2.
Anne: Jane: out,
Would you like to go to the show with us? Thanks, but I really don't ____________ going
3.
Greg: Beth:
Has the meeting been postponed? Yes, it's been________________ until tomorrow, Did all the students do well on the test? No, but _______________ of them did. Do you have a lot of things to do today? Yes. In fact, I've made a _______________ of
19. Jane: Carl: 20. Bill: Jill: things
to do. 21. Lynn: Mark: 22. Larry: Carol: 8. Howard: Denise:
I don't want to forget anything. Do you have one?
I need a battery for my radio.
Yes, I think I have an extra one _______________. Do we have anything to eat at home? No, we need to buy some _______________ today. Do you know Jim Benson's telephone number? No, but I'm sure it's _______________ in the telephone book.
9.
Waiter: Martin:
Do you want me to put everything on one check? No, please put our orders on _______________ checks.
10.
Patient:
There's not much medicine in this bottle. need more?
Will I
Doctor:
No, a small________________will be sufficient.
ONE OF THE GROCERY BAGS TORE.
Repeat the underlined words.
Then read the paragraphs.
LABEL
Maria went to the store to purchase groceries for the party. She had a good deal of food to buy but not a great deal of money to spend, so she shopped carefully. She read the label on each item and tried to buy the largest quantity at the lowest cost.
Maria soon found all of the items on her list except the kind of mustard that she liked. She had just decided to buy a different kind when she noticed one small jar of mustard that stood apart from the others. It was what she was looking for.
Maria filled out a check but wrote the wrong amount on it. Thus, the cashier couldn't accept it. She had to tear it up and write another one. While she filled out the second check, the clerk put her purchases into sacks. He used a plastic bag for the frozen food and paper bags for everything else.
One of the bags tore as the clerk was loading it into the car. Maria was worried about the jar of mustard, but only a jar of pickles broke. Apart from that, nothing was damaged. The clerk brought Maria a new jar of pickles and another bag to replace the one that was torn.
MARIA PURCHASED SOME GROCERIES.
Tell the story of Maria's trip to the grocery store again. Use the word(s) in parentheses instead of the underlined words. EXAMPLE: Maria read the part of the package that had information about the product on it. (label) Maria read the label. 23. Maria went to the store to buy some groceries. 24. Maria needed to buy a lot of food. 25. She didn't have much money. (purchase)
(a good deal of)
(a great deal of)
26. She tried to get the largest amount for the lowest price. ( quantity/cost ) 27. She noticed a small jar of mustard that was not with the others. (apart from) 28. Maria wrote the wrong amount on the check; therefore, the cashier couldn't accept it. (thus) 29. She had to pull that check into pieces. (tear up)
30. She wrote another check to pay for what she had bought. (her purchases) 31. One of the grocery bags pulled apart. 10. (tore) (apart from)
Except for a jar of pickles, nothing broke.
CONNECTIVES
Listen to each paragraph and write the connectives you hear.

1
1.
a. b. _________________ c. _________________ d. _______________
b. _________________ c. _________________ d.__________________
Vocabular y
MARIA'S SNACK MIX
Repeat the underlined words. special recipe. Kathy: Maria: Kathy: Maria:
Then read this dialog about a
This snack is delicious.
What's it made of?
It's a mixture of nuts, cereal, and cheese crackers. Is it difficult to prepare? No, it's very easy. First I combine the cereal, nuts, and crackers in a big bowl. Then I add some butter and a little salt to the other three ingredients. What kind of cereal do you use?
Kathy:
Maria: The cereal I use depends on what I have on hand. I use rice cereal if that's what I have on hand, but I prefer corn cereal. Kathy: Maria: How much of each ingredient do you need? The directions call for five cups of cereal, three cups of crackers, two cups of nuts, eight tablespoons of butter, and two teaspoons of salt. How do you cook all of that?
Kathy:
Maria: I heat the oven to 350 degrees and cook the mixture for one hour. I stir it twice to mix everything together. Kathy: Maria: Does this recipe have a name? Well, since I created it, some of my friends call it "Maria's Mix."
"MARIA'S MIX" IS A COMBINATION OF FIVE INGREDIENTS. Choose the correct statement. Circle a or b.
1.
Maria mixed crackers, nuts, and cereal. a. b. She put them aside. She put them together.
2.
The snack is a mixture. a. b. It's made of several different things. It's made by several different people.
3.
Kathy asked about the snack's ingredients. a. b. She wanted to know what was in it. She wanted to know how much it cost.
4.
Maria gave Kathy the recipe for the snack. a. b. She told Kathy how to make it. She told Kathy where to buy it.
5.
Nuts, cereal, crackers, butter, and salt were combined to make the snack. a. b. They were prepared. They were put together.
6.
The kind of cereal Maria uses depends on what she has on hand. a. b. She always uses the same kind. She uses the kind that's available.
7.
Two teaspoons of salt were called for. a. b. They were required. They were picked up.
8.
Maria stirred the snack mix while it was cooking. a. b. She mixed it in the pan. She tasted it several times.
9.
Maria created the recipe. a. b. She produced it herself. She got it from a friend.
10
PARTY CONVERSATIONS

1. Dick:
Then read these conversations.

Texas just scored again!
What a football game!
Oklahoma doesn't have a chance of winning now. Dave: Dick: Dave: 2. Mark: Mike: Mark: Do you want to make a bet on that? over yet. The game isn't How
Sure, I wouldn't mind making some easy money. much?
I'll bet you twenty dollars that Oklahoma wins. I really like your new TV. one? Did you sell it? What became of your old We knew a family who
No, we decided to give it away. needed it.
I'm sure they were glad to get such a nice gift.
11
32. Stan: Sara: 33. Mack: Mike:
I don't know many of the other guests.
Who are they?
They're mostly people who work with the Martins. Do you and Maria like your new neighbor? Yes, but not his dogs. We had to build a fence to separate his yard from ours. Did you and Edna come to the party together? No, we came separately. Can I give you a ride to the meeting Monday night? Yes, thanks. What time should I be ready to go?
34. Edith: Eddie: 35. Dawn: Dana: Dawn:
It starts at 7:30, so I'll call for you at 7:15. I wonder what's happened to Valerie. seen her for quite a while. I haven't either. her. I haven't
36. Vickie: Victor:
I don't know what's become of
8.
Vickie: Violet:
Do you talk to Valerie occasionally? Yes, I run into her downtown from time to time. Are you looking forward to your vacation? Yes, I am. In fact, my bag is already packed.
9.
Bruce: Betty: Bruce: Betty:
Why are you taking just one suitcase? So I won't have a lot of dirty clothes to wash when I get back. Why do you laugh at Carl when he tries to dance? I'm sure that you hurt his feelings. I'm sorry. I try not to laugh, but he looks so funny. I can't help laughing at him.
1O.
Carol: Cathy:
12
11. Lou: What's that on your plate? Lee: It's a piece of fish. Lou: It doesn't look like it's been cooked.
Lee: It hasn't. It's raw.
12.
Marty: Maria: Marty: Maria:
This certainly is a nice house. and Mike owned it?
How long have you
Oh, it doesn't belong to us. It's my uncle's property. We plan to build our own home. Have you already found the land to build it on? Yes, we've purchased a small piece of property in the country.
DID ANYONE BET ON THE GAME? Ask and answer these questions about the conversations.
37. What did Dick and Dave do while they were watching the football game? 38. What did Mark and Maria do with their old TV set? 39. Are the other party guests relatives of the Martins? 40. Why did Mike and Maria build a fence? 41. Did Edna and Eddie come to the party together? 42. Why should Dana be ready to leave her house at 7:15? 43. What do Victor and Vickie want to know? 44. Does Violet run into Valerie frequently? 45. Can Cathy stop herself from laughing at Carl? 46. How many suitcases is Betty taking with her? 47. Is Lee eating something that hasn't been cooked? 48. Does the house belong to Mike and Maria? 49. Have they bought some land? 13
COMBINE AND MIX HAVE THE SAME MEANING.
Match the words with their meanings. beside the number.

________ ________ ________
Write the correct letter
1. property 2. from time to time 3. separately 4. bag 5. become of 6. give away 7. to separate 8. call for 9. raw 10. mostly
a. not cooked b. a suitcase or sack c. divide or keep apart d. land or what someone owns e. require or go and get f. chiefly g. sometimes, occasionally h. make a gift of i. happen to j. apart
_____
________ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________
14
Gramma r
REVIEW OF INDEFINI TE ADJECTIV E QUANTIFI ERS
Some adjectiv e quantifi ers are used only with nouns which name things that can be counted. Others are used only with nouns naming things which cannot be counted. Many, however, can be used with both types of nouns.
THERE WILL BE PLENTY OF FOOD AT THE PARTY.
Read these paragraph s. Patt y is having a big party the day after tomorrow . She's expectin g a lot of people, so she needs plenty of food. She has several things to do before the party. She still has to buy some groceries . She's spent a
good deal of money on food. She still needs more chairs. She's going to borrow a few from her neighbor. Because her husband Bob has added on to the patio, she'll have enough room for all the guests. She hasn't taken any time off from work to prepare for the party. A great deal of her time has been spent on cooking. She has gotten lots of help from her husband but only a little help from her sister.
15
Answer these questions about the paragraphs. 50. How many people is Patty expecting? 51. How much food does she need? 52. Does she still have things to do? 53. Does she need any groceries? 54. How much money has she spent on food? 55. Does she need to borrow a lot of chairs? 56. Is there going to be enough room? 57. How much time has she taken off from work? 9. How much of her time has been spent on cooking? 10. Has her husband helped?
SHE CAN SPEAK SEVERAL LANGUAGES.
Answer the questions. EXAMPLE:
Use the words in parentheses.
Are there a lot of children who live on this street? (no, not many) No, there aren't many children who live on this street. (several)
58. How many kinds of soft drinks did you buy?
59. How much time did Lt Rogers spend in the hospital? (a great deal of) 60. Do you have any more tickets? (yes, plenty of) (no, not any)
61. Does Jim usually have much money?
62. Is there enough room for all of us to stay at your house? (sure, lots of) 63. Do you have some stamps I could borrow? 64. Did a lot of people attend the meeting? 65. Has the major taken any leave lately? 16 (yes, a few) (no, not many)
(yes, a great deal)
STEVE'S BEEF SOUP RECIPE
Give the directions for the recipe. EXAMPLE: cut up potatoes (lots of) Cut up lots of potatoes.
66. slice onions
(a few)
(some) (several) (many)
67. cut up carrots 68. slice tomatoes
69. cut beef into small pieces 70. brown* meat in hot oil 71. add salt and pepper 72. mix ingredients well
(all the)
(a little) (all the)

(enough) Bon
73. add water to cover everything. COOK ABOUT TWO AND A HALF HOURS. Appetit!
*To brown meat means to cook it until the outside turns brown.
17
These notes are in sentence outline form. Rewrite the sentence outline as a topic outline. Include only important information.
EXAMPLE:
UTENSILS* AND DISHES
When we eat, we use both utensils and dishes. A. Three utensils that are used for eating are the knife, fork, and spoon. 1. There are two kinds of knives that are often used. a. b. 2. One is the dinner knife. The other is the steak knife.
There are two kinds of forks that are used most frequently. a. b. One is the salad fork. The other is the dinner fork.
3.
Spoons are the third kind of utensil used for eating. a. b. The teaspoon is used mostly for drinks and desserts. The soup spoon is used when soup is served.
B.
There are four basic dishes that are put at each person's place at the table.
74. The largest plate is a dinner plate. 75. A cup is used for a hot drink. 76. A glass is used for a cold drink. 77. Sometimes a soup bowl or salad plate is also used.
*utensils = tools used for eating -- knives, forks, spoons 18
UTENSILS AND DISHES When we eat, we use both utensils and dishes. A. 1. a. b. 2.
a.
Utensils for eating______________________________ Knives_______________________________________ Dinner___________________________________ Steak____________________________________ Forks________________________________________

Salad_____________________________________
b. 3. a. b. B.
Dinner___________________________________ Spoons_______________________________________ Teaspoon Soup spoon_______________________________
Dishes___________________________________________ 78. Large dinner plate 79. Cup for hot drink_______________________________ 80. Glass for cold drink____________________________ 81. Soup bowl or salad plate_________________________
19
COOKING IN THE UNITED STATES
Different sections of the United States have different kinds of cooking. A. The northeastern section of the United States is known for its soups and desserts. 1. There are two well known kinds of soup. a. b. 2. B. New England clam chowder is very popular in the state of Maine. New York clam chowder is also very popular.
Desserts are sold at every bakery.
The Southeast has its own special cooking.
82. It is best known for its southern fried chicken.

83. Hot breads, such as corn bread, are eaten all through the South.
84. Cajun cooking is found in the state of Louisiana. C. The Southwest is best known for Mexican food and barbecue.
85. Mexican food comes from the country of Mexico.

86. Barbecued meat is cooked over an open fire. a. b. Beef is a favorite food in the southwest. Chicken is easy to fix and popular at barbecues,
20
COOKING IN THE UNITED STATES
Different sections of the United States have different kinds of cooking.

A. _________________________________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________________________________
a. ___________________________________________ _ b. ________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________

B. _________________________________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________________________________
87. ________________________________________________ 88. ________________________________________________ C. ____________________________________________________ 1. ___________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________

a. ____________________________________________________ b.
21
Grammar
REVIEW OF HOW MUCH/HOW MANY AND UNIT NOUNS WITH OF
22
HOW MUCH MILK DID YOU BUY AT THE STORE? I BOUGHT THREE QUARTS OF MILK.
Read these dialogs about quantities and amounts. 1. Waiter: Good morning, sir. May I take your order? Mr. Burns: Yes. I'd like some eggs. Waiter: How many eggs? Mr. Burns: Give me three, please. Waiter: Mr. Burns: Would you like anything else? I'd also like a bowl of cereal, a cup of coffee, and a glass of orange juice.
2.
Mom: Johnny:
Johnny, help me bring in the groceries. Sure, Mom. How many bags of groceries did you get?
Mom: I got three bags of groceries. Johnny: What did you buy? Mom: I bought two quarts of milk, five pounds of potatoes, three loaves of bread, a gallon of orange juice, and some fruit. Good! How much fruit did you buy?
Johnny: Mom: 3.
Three bunches* of bananas and a bag of apples.
Mike: I heard that Jake got a new car. Larry: Yes, that's right.
Mike: How much did he pay for it? Larry: more than he had planned to spend. He paid
4.
Waiter: Pete: Sid: Ralph:
What would you like for dessert? I'd like a piece of apple pie. A bowl of strawberry ice cream. I'd like a slice of chocolate cake.
* bunch = a group of similar things
23
HOW MUCH ...?
HOW MANY
a cup of a glass of a bowl of a teaspoon of a tablespoon of
QUANTITY/AMOUNT
an ounce of a pint of a quart of a gallon of a jar of a loaf of a box of a bunch of
a pound of a kilo of
a bottle of a can of a bag of a pack of a bar of
Make questions with how much and how many. EXAMPLES: Jan needs a pound of sugar for the recipe. How much sugar does she need? (how much)
Roger bought two packs of cigarettes. (how many) How many packs of cigarettes did he buy? 89. Mary drank two glasses of milk. (how much) (how many) (how much)
90. Five jars of peanut butter broke'.
91. She put a tablespoon of salt in the soup. 92. Jim ordered three cups of tea. (how many)
93. Jane bought three pounds of potatoes.
(how many) (how much)
94. Bob drank about a quart of juice this morning. 95. Pat took a teaspoon of cough medicine. 96. We need about three dozen cans of soda. 9. Phil ate three slices of pie for dessert. 10. The recipe calls for five cups of flour.
(how much) (how many) (how many) (how much)
24
A GROCERY LIST
ITEMS cheese chicken beans cereal carrots bread peanut butter cigarettes soap milk juice soda potatoes cooking oil
QUANTITY/AMOUNT pack pound ( lb. )
bar gallon quart bunch bag loaf
can box jar bottle kilo bottle
Make a grocery list from the chart above. amounts. EXAMPLE: 2 pounds of cheese
Use the items and
1. '_______________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. _________________________________ 4. ___________________:_______________________ 5. ________________________________
6.
25
FRED GOES GROCERY SHOPPING
This is a list of items that Fred purchased. Make questions with "how much" and "how many", and then answer them.
2 cigarettes 97. bread 98. potato chips 99. beans 1 cereal
2 1 1 3 5
cheese ham milk carrots soap
EXAMPLE:
How many bars of soap did Fred buy? How much soap did Fred buy?
He bought five bars of soap.
26
To paraphrase something means to say or write it again in different words, while keeping its original meaning. The instructor will read a paragraph two times. Listen carefully to each paragraph and then paraphrase it.
EXAMPLE:
___________John
talked about his grandmother the other day.
She
used to make bread, pies, and cakes. She would also make __________________________________________________________ delicious dinners. She used to write recipes and give them to her friends. John loved his grandmother very much. She was a wonderful person. __________________________________________________________ 100. ________________________________________________________
101. ________________________________________________________________
27
Gramma r
OF WITH PRONOUN QUANTIFI ERS
To expres s quanti ty or amount , we often use a pronou n that indica tes "how much" or "how many", follow ed by of. EXAMPLES: All of the students went on the tour. I was able to answer most of the question s. PRONOUN QUANTIFIERS + OF
much of many of some of any of
all of most of half of none of
either of neither of both of more of
few of a few of little of a little of
one of two of three of
M O S T O F T H E S T U D E N T S D I D V E R Y W E L L O N T H E T E S T .
Read these sentences . 102.Much of the
cake was eate n. 103.Elle n does n't like many of the new TV prog rams . 104.Some of the peop le were caug ht in heav y traf fic. 105.She didn 't read any of the scie nce book s. 106.Char ley like s all of the chil dren in his clas s. 107.Most of the peop le in the offi
ce brou ght an umbr ella toda y. 108.Half of the buil ding was dest roye d in the stor m. 109.None of the peop le saw the acci dent . 110.Eith er of thos e shir ts will be fine . 111.Neith er of the boys wante d to cut the grass . 112.Both of their cars are at the mecha nic's . 113.I
would like to have more of the apple pie. 114.The stude nts ate just a few of the banan as. 115.Few of the girls like desse rt. 116.Jenni fer ate a littl e of the salad . 117.Six of the ten stude nts will leave for their next train ing.
28
ALL OF THE STUDENTS PASSED THE TEST.
Answer the questions; use the words in parentheses. EXAMPLES: How many students passed the test? (all of) All of the students passed the test. How much of the pie was eaten? None of the pie was eaten. 1. How much of the dessert did you eat?
;
(none of)
(a little of) (both of)
2. How many of your brothers joined the military? ' 3.
How many of your friends are going to Jim's party? (some of) How many of the children are going to the coast this weekend? (none of) (half of) (most of)
4.
118.How much of the town was damaged by the storm? 119.How many of the employees agree with Mr. Jones? 120.How many of the workers attended the meeting? of)
1
:
(not many
8. How much" of the show did you watch?
(almost all of)
29
COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE.
Complete the sentences.
Use the words in the box.
few of many of
a few of a little of
neither of little of
either of much of
121.Tom disagrees with everyone. like him. 122.Charlie doesn't like pies or cakes.
the other workers
In fact, he doesn't
like __________ anything that's sweet. 123.Both of those shirts are nice. match your blue pants. 4. I still have ______ my notes from last year's history ______ them would
class if you want to borrow them. 5. I won't be calling anyone today. is working. ________ the telephones .
124.Harry never knows when to believe his roommate, his stories are not true. 125.Tom is not a very good employee. spent doing his job. 126.There's not any cake left, and Ann's very hungry. have your cake? Can she his time is
30
Function
QUANTITIES AND AMOUNTS
Read these dialogs. amounts. 1.
All of them deal with quantities and
SI: How many ounces are in that jar? S2: The label says there are twelve ounces. for my recipe.
That's plenty
2. SI:
How many teaspoons of salt does the recipe call for? S2: It calls for one teaspoon. That doesn't seem like much salt.
3. SI: How much sugar should we buy? S2: We only have a few dollars. Let's get a two-pound bag. 4. SI: How many cans of soda should I get? S2: We have several now. Another six-pack ought to do it. 5. SI: What about eggs? Do we need any? S2: No. We had a couple of dozen the last time I checked.
6. SI: How much potato salad should I make? S2: Between two and three quarts. We want to be sure to have enough.
7. SI: Do you need any cigarettes? S2: I still have some, but I'll need another pack soon. 8. SI: Most of the class is coming to the party. S2: Then we're going to need a great deal of food. 9. SI: Is that set of screwdrivers complete? S2: No, there are ten in the set, but several ar, missing. 10. SI: You wanted me to get a large can of pepper, didn't you? S2: Yes, I did. We use lots of pepper in our food.
31
HOW MUCH SHOULD I GET?
Role play two roommates and make a conversaton about a grocery list. One student will look at the list of things to get from the grocery store and ask how many and how much of the items he should get. Another student will look at the list of things on hand and answer the questions.
THINGS ON HAND
GROCERY LIST
EXAMPLE:
How much milk should I get from the store? Get a half gallon. We'll need some for cereal 127.pint of milk 128.eggs none none
1.
GROCERY LIST
THINGS ON HAND
1 pack cigarettes 1/4 jar of mayonnaise three glasses 1/2 box cereal
none 129.onion 130.oranges 1/2 can of coffee
1/2 bottle none none 2 bottles
1/2 bunch none none 1/2 bottle
2.
32
3.
4.
AT THE GROCERY STORE
Look at the pictures on the opposite page. One student will select an item and ask a question about it. Another student will answer the question. Use the words in the box or your own words for your questions and answers. a little lots of several some more dozen a great deal of a few enough both much how much . . . ? plenty of little none half most how many . . . ? a lot of many any few all
EXAMPLES:
(bunch of carrots) How much do you think that bunch of carrots weighs? I think it weighs about two pounds. Do you think that's enough to make a salad? Sure, that's plenty.
33
GROCERY ITEMS
34
Speaking Skills
SENTENCE STRESS
At the beginning of a conversation, the most important information is usually provided in the last word of the sentence. Because the main stress of the sentence is normally on this last word, it is called main-information stress.
EXAMPLES: Lt West was PROMOTED.
When do you go to WORK? I go at EIGHT. However, after the beginning of a conversation, new information often comes in other parts of sentences. The main stress changes to emphasize this new information, which can be any word in the sentence.
EXAMPLES: A: Who has an APARTMENT? (main-information stress)
B: BILL has an apartment.
(new-information stress)
A: Is it a LARGE one? (main-information stress) B: Yes, it's PRETTY big. (new-information stress)
WHO MADE THE CAKE?
Repeat these dialogs. Listen for the words that are stressed, They are written in capital letters. After you repeat the dialogs, respond to the questions. Use correct stress. 131. A: Who made this MIXTURE? B: MARY put it together. 132. A: How much butter should I USE? B: Use half a POUND. 133. A: Do you always eat fish RAW? B: It's NOT raw. It's cooked with LEMON.
4. A: What do I combine FIRST? B: Stir the DRY ingredients together first.
5. A: What kind of bags would you LIKE? B: I'd like PLASTIC bags. 35
MARK THE SENTENCE STRESS.
Listen to the dialogs. Put a stress mark (/) over the stressed words. These words will contain main-information stress in the question and new-information stress in the answer. After that, listen to each question and then respond with the answer. Use correct stress. 134. A: B: 135. A: B: How many sets of sheets did she buy? She bought two sets of sheets. Did Rose get the job? No, Fred got it.
136. A: Did you make a bet? B: Yes, I made a big bet. 137. A: B: 138. A: B: Who bought the groceries? Linda bought them. What kind of movies do you like? I like exciting movies.
36
MORE SENTENCE STRESS
Listen to the dialogs. Put a stress mark (/) over the stressed words. These words will contain main-information stress in the question and new-information stress in the answer. Then repeat the dialogs after your instructor.
139. A: B: Which part of the chicken do you like best? I like the dark meat best.
140. A: B:
Which kind of bags does she prefer? She prefers paper bags.
141. A: Do you see him every day?

B: Yes, I usually see him every day.
142. A: B:
What's your favorite kind of music? I like classical music the best.
143. A: Did he get a new set of tools? B: No, not a new set. He got a used set.
37
MARK THE NEW-INFORMATION STRESS.
Read the dialogs to yourself. Put a stress mark (/) over the new-information word in each response. Then respond to each question. 144. A: Is your apartment large? B: Yes, it's very large.
145. A: Where are you moving? B: To Houston, early next month.
146. A: Did Judy get the job? B: No, John got it.
147. A: Where do they live? B: In the north part of town.
5.
A: Is Sally happy in her work? B: Yes, she likes it very much.
38
+ Enrichm ent
TROUBLESOME ENGLISH Who vs. Whom in Formal and Informal English
Whom is normally used in formal English. With whom are you speaking? I'm speaking with my sister.
About whom are you reading? I'm reading about Abraham Lincoln.
In formal English, the preposition usually comes before whom when a question is asked: To whom are you giving your book? My teacher. From whom did you get a letter? My cousin. In informal American English, who is often used instead of whom. The preposition is then placed at the end of the question: Who are you speaking to? Who are you reading about? Who did you get a letter from?
39
IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS LET THE CAT OUT OF THE BAG
Meaning
To "let the cat out of the bag" means to tell information that was supposed to remain secret.
Example sentences
148.Maj Miller didn't want to tell everyone about his new assignment until it was
official, but he did tell his family. His children soon let the cat out of the bag by telling all of their friends. 149.Alice hasn't told her best friend about her decision to marry Allan yet. She's afraid her friend will let the cat out of the bag before she can tell everyone the news herself. 150.John didn't want his boss to know that he was considering an offer from another company, but he let the cat out of the bag when he asked for leave to attend a job interview.
40
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES VOCABULARY
Match the question and answer. blank. Then read the dialogs.
_______
Write the correct letter in the
1.
Would you like to purchase that book? Does your job require much public speaking? Do you think John can do the job well? Did you keep any of the letters she sent you? Did you bring your lunch today? Are you going to buy the major's airplane? Are blue jeans made of strong fabric?
Was anyone badly hurt in the accident?
a.
No, I tore them up and threw them away. Yes, they are. They don't tear easily. No, but that information should be on the label. Yes, I would. Are you the sales clerk? No, apart from a few cuts, everyone's OK. Yes, almost nothing can keep them apart. Yes, I have to do a great deal of it.
Yes, he's had a good deal of training for it.
_______
2.
b.
_______
3. 4.
c. d.
_______
_______
5.
e.
_______
6.
f.
_______
7.
g.
_______
8.
h.
_______
9.
Do the girls spend a lot of time together? Do you know how many servings of soup are in this can?
i.
No, I can't afford the cost of operating it. Yes, that's what's in this small brown bag.
_______
10.
j.
41
FUNCTION HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences be more than one answer for some blanks.
There can
EXAMPLE:
SI: S2:
How many
pints
are in that two
bottle That's
The label says there are for my recipe.
enough 1. SI: S2:
How many ______________ does the recipe call for? It calls for ______________. That doesn't seem like
2.
SI: S2:
How much ______________ should I buy? 1 only have_______________ money.
Just get a
3.
SI: S2:
How many ______________ should I get? We have ______________. Six more ought to do it. Do we need
4.
SI: ? S2:
What about ______________? No.
We had ______________ the last time I checked.
42
5. SI:
How much ______________ should I make? We want to be sure to have
S2: ______________.
6. SI: S2:
Do you need any ______________? I still have ______________, but I'll need
_____________________
for next week.
7. SI: ______________ of the students are coming to the party. S2: 8. SI: S2: Then we're going to need ______________ of soda. Is that set of ______________ complete? No. There are ten in the set, but ______________ of
them are missing. 9. SI: Will you get me a ______________________ so that I can wash my hair? S2: Sure. I'll get a large ____________ of it when I buy
the other items on the list.
43
SKILLS
These notes are in sentence outline form. Rewrite the sentence outline as a topic outline. Include only important information.
THUNDERSTORMS
Thunderstorms are common in the United States, especially in the spring and summer. A. Many people are afraid of thunderstorms, for good reasons. 151.The dark clouds of a thunderstorm bring high wind and heavy rain. 152.They also bring the sound of thunder. a. b. 3. The thunder is so loud that it can be heard for miles. It may be frightening, but it is not dangerous.
Lightning is the worst part of a thunderstorm. a. b. It can strike trees and houses and start fires. Sometimes lightning strikes a person and causes an injury like an electrical shock.
B.
To stay safe, there are several things people should avoid doing during a thunderstorm.
153.They should not go outdoors. 154.They ought to stay away from windows, water, and things made of metal.
155.They shouldn't use the telephone or other electrical equipment.
44
THUNDERSTORMS
Thunderstorms are common in the United States, especially in the spring and summer.
A. _______________________________________________________________________ 1. 2. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
a. b. 3.
____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________ a. ____________________________________________________
b.
B.
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________ 1 . ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. 3. ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
45
C O M B A T R EA D Y
B O O K 20 LESSO N 2
-FUNCTION-
Reporter: General:
What else can you tell us about the present situation? Besides going on alert, we've called up the reserves.
GRAMMAR
The reserves are being called up. We couldn't use our car yesterday because it was being repaired.
I can't get a taxi. How else can I get to the airport? I don't know where else to look for my keys.
SKILLS
New-information word stress Using the dictionary Listen and paraphrase.

VOCABULARY
alert attack authorize call up defend define engage maintain notify settle take/took/taken over threaten
additional alert neutral nevertheless secure on alert take control of take sides take steps
ally attack battle border combat defense enemy freedom maintenance peace security situation threat war
47
ST Page
VOCABULARY:
friends and enemies

guide words
49
56
READING SKILL:
VOCABULARY: GRAMMAR:
GRAMMAR:
combat ready
58 64
68
present progressive passive

past progressive passive
WRITING SKILL:
paraphrasing
71 72
GRAMMAR: interrogative/indefinite pronouns and adverbs with else FUNCTION: additional information
and comments SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals dictionary/
77 83 86
VOCABULARY: instructional: grammar terms; define
READING SKILLS: dictionary entries (locate and write information) definitions (write number) ENRICHMENT
89 91
92
48
WE'RE ENEMIES, NOT FRIENDS.
Repeat the underlined words; then read the dialog. Sgt Bolt: Sgt Holt: Sgt Bolt: Sgt Holt: Sgt Bolt: Sgt Holt: Sgt Bolt: Sgt Holt: Sgt Bolt: Sgt Holt: I thought you and Sgt Hill were friends, but he just told me that he can't stand you. What happened? We had a big argument yesterday. enemy now. What did you argue about? He accused me of telling lies about him. He was really angry. In fact, he was yelling at me. Did he physically attack you? No, but he threatened to. was going to hit me. I thought for a minute he I guess he's my
Did Sgt Watts take sides with either one of you? No, he was neutral. He just stood there and watched.
Did you defend yourself against Sgt Hill's accusation? Yes, I told him that I hadn't told lies about him.
49
SGT WATTS DIDN'T TAKE SIDES. = HE DIDN'T SUPPORT ANYONE.
Circle the correct answer. 1. Sgts Holt and Hill are enemies now. a. b. 2. They're good friends. They're unfriendly to each other.
Sgt Hill threatened to hit Sgt Holt. a. b. He said that he didn't want to hit him. He indicated that he intended to hit him.
3.
Sgt Holt wasn't physically attacked. a. b. No one tried to injure him physically. No one tried to assist him physically.
4.
Sgt Watts didn't take sides in the argument. a. b. He didn't participate in it. He didn't want the men to argue.
5.
Sgt Watts took a neutral position. a. b. He supported one of the men and not the other. He didn't say that he was for or against either man.
6.
Sgt Holt defended himself against Sgt Hill's accusation. a. b. He protected himself against it. He accused Sgt Hill of something.
50
ALLIES ARE PARTNERS,
Then read the paragraphs.
Most nations, like most people, have both friends and enemies. An ally is a friend, another country whose government In times of peace, allies In time of war, allies
will provide support if necessary.
train together to develop their defenses.
go into battle together to fight their common enemy. Sometimes a country does not fight for or against other countries. Nevertheless, it probably maintains a military force If another country
of some kind for its own protection.
threatens to attack, it can call up its armed forces and defend itself against the attack.
51
THE BATTLE WAS FOUGHT AT SEA.
Match the question and answer. Write the correct letter in the blank. Then read one of the dialogs.
________
1. 2. 3. 4.
When did the fight start? Who keeps this vehicle in such good condition? Why do you work out with weights every day? It's going to be hard for you to get to the game on time, isn't it? Why are the prices at those two gas stations so low? How many people were hurt when the shooting started? Why does Miss Grundy's classroom always seem so calm? How many other people support your position in the argument?? When were you ordered to report for active duty?
a. b.
Yes, but I plan to be there nevertheless. Five people were hurt in the attack. c. Almost all of my neighbors are my allies.
________
________
________
d.
I want to be able to defend myself if someone starts a fight.
________
5.
e.
She insists on keeping peace and quiet among her students. I was called up two months ago. The battle began at midnight,
________
6.
f.
________
7.
g.
________
8.
h. Their managers are having a price war.* i. The company's mechanic maintains it.
________
9.
*having a price war = competing for business by lowering their prices
52
THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
Complete the sentence. box.

ally attack battle
Use the correct form of the word in the
pall up defend defense enemy
maintain neutral never the less
peace take sides threaten war
156.From 1861 to 1865, two sections of the United States fought one another in the American Civil _______________. 157.For several years, states in the southern section of the country had been ___________ to withdraw from the U.S.
and form a separate government. 3. War finally began when southern forces _______________ the U.S. troops that held Ft. Sumter, South Carolina. 158.For the next four years, the soldiers of the North and South, many of whom had been friends, were ________________________________________________________ . 159.The Northern troops fought to _______________ the United States, while Southerners fought in _______________ of their new nation, the Confederacy. 160.Sometimes men who were members of the same family _______________ opposite _______________ in the war. 161.After the ______________ on Ft. Sumter, the United States President, Abraham Lincoln, called for 75,000 volunteers.
53
8.
Because many more people lived in the North than in the South, the North was able to_______________ a much stronger army.
9.
By 1865, the South needed soldiers so badly that old men and boys were being _______________ for military service.
10. ________________ the South had excellent military leadership and won many________________. 11. The Southern states hoped that England and France would enter the war as their _______________, but those countries remained________________. 12. At last, the North won the war and _____ _________ returned to the United States.
54
WHAT BECAME OF THE SOLDIERS AFTER THE WAR?
Repeat the underlined words; then read the dialog. Mary Anne: Ms. Garza: Why did the North and South have to fight to solve their problems? They tried to settle their differences by talking, but that didn't work. What happened to the soldiers when the Civil War ended? Well, most of them returned to their homes to stay, but some decided to settle somewhere else. Where did they go? Many went west, while a few crossed the U.S. border and established new homes in other countries. Why did they do that? Most wanted to begin new careers. Some may just have wanted more freedom to live as they chose.
Mary Anne: Ms. Garza:
55
How did they support themselves and their families? A lot of them engaged in farming or ranching. Others looked for gold and silver or helped build railroads.
Answer the questions with the words underlined in the dialog. 162.Why did the North and South go to war? 163.When the war ended, did all of the soldiers continue to live where they had lived before? 164.Did a few of the soldiers decide to leave the United States? 165.What might some of the ex-soldiers have wanted? 166.What did a lot of the ex-soldiers do in their new locations?
Reading Skill
GUIDE WORDS
The words at the top of a dictionary page are called guide words. Their purpose is to make locating a word as easy as possible. The guide word on the left is the same as the first word on that page; the guide word on the right is the same as the last word. Instead of scanning an entire page to find a certain word, look at the guide words. If the word you're looking for falls alphabetically between the guide words, it is located on that page. Now find the example in the dictionary and write the left guide word of the page where you found it. LEFT GUIDE WORD EXAMPLE: lieutenant liberate
56
Use a dictionary to find the left guide word for each word. Write them on the lines provided. You will have 3 1/2 minutes to find the guide words for each group of words. " *"
LEFT GUIDE WORD
Group A:
1. s erge ant
_____________________
_____________________ _____________________
167.colonel 168.handgun 169.rank 170.soldier
_____________________
Group B: 6.
defend
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
171.enemy 172.battle
173.peace 10. maintain
___________ _________ ____________________
57
Vocabular y
THE SECURITY POLICE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING THE BASE.
Repeat the underlined words; then read the paragraphs. On every military base or post, there is a group of people who are responsibl e for protecting the installati on. In the Air Force, they are called the security police. They must check the base equipment and buildings regularly
to see that they are secure. Th e members of the securit y police force must always be alert to the possibi lity of danger. They have to be ready to take action when there is a threat to the safety of the base. While there is any indicat ion of danger, they must remain on alert. Anyon e who notices something wrong should tell the security police about it right away. They will handle the situation themselves if they
have the authority. If not, they will notify the base commander, who may then decide to alert other commanders to the problem. The base commander can authorize the security police to close the base gates and to take any other steps that are necessary to protect the base. Additional actions might include alerting the fire department and stopping vehicles to look for weapons.
58
ON ALERT
READY FOR ANYTHING
Match the word and its meaning.
Write the letter in the blank.
_______ _______ _______
1. authorize 2. secure 3. security
a. b. c.
warn to be prepared extra, added condition; the way things
are
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
4. to alert 5. threat 6. situation 7. notify 8. take steps
d. e. f. g. h.
begin to act free from danger give power to ready, cautious safety, protection
9. additional
_____i.advise, tell
10. on alert
j. danger; intention to damage danqer; intention to damage
59
WERE YOU EVER IN COMBAT, DAD?
t.
Repeat the underlined words. Christopher: Mr. Andrews:
Then read the dialog.
What did you do when you were in the Army, Dad? Did you fly helicopters? No, I didn't fly helicopters, but I helped keep them ready to fly. My group was responsible for the maintenance of all the helicopters on our post. Did you ever fight anyone? Yes, I fought when the enemy tried to take over the post. Please tell me about it, Dad! Well, we had already had two alerts that night and nothing had happened, so we felt secure. The enemy soldiers had been hiding in the tall grass on the borders of the post. They attacked while most of us were asleep.
Christopher: Mr. Andrews:
60
What did you do? When the firing started, I reached for my helmet and gun and ran to my battle station. Our captain was killed in the first attack, so I had to take control of the situation. Were you scared? All of us were at first. We had been trained well and thought we were ready for combat, but we had never engaged the enemy before. Why not? We were in the reserves, not the regular army. We had been called up and sent overseas just a few weeks earlier. Where was I while you were fighting? You hadn't been born yet, son. Although it sometimes seems like it all happened yesterday, that war ended a long time ago.
61
CHRISTOPHER'S DAD WAS A MAINTENANCE OFFICER.
Read the sentence; then make another sentence that means the same thing. Change the underlined part of the sentence. Use the correct form of one of the words in the box.
alert border
combat engage maintenance
take over take control of
EXAMPLE:
Mr. Andrews was an officer who worked to keep the helicopters in good condition. Mr. Andrews was a helicopter maintenance officer.
1.
Keeping the helicopters ready to fly was the responsibility of Mr. Andrews' group. /
174.The enemy attempted to take control of the air field. 175.There had been two warnings before the attack. 176.The enemy soldiers hid around the edges of the post. 177.Mr. Andrews assumed the responsibility of controlling the men after the captain was killed. 178.The men had been trained to fight. 179.They had never entered into battle against the enemy.
62
THE BASE WAS UNDER ALERT FOR 24 HOURS.
Circle the correct answer. 1. Lt Miller told his men that their mission was to locate the enemy's forces but not to _____ them. a. b. 2. engage take over
During the ______, everyone on he post waited nervously for something to happen. a. b. alert border .
3.
The student flew the helicopter after they took off, but the instructor ______ it again before they landed. a. b. engaged took control of
N *
4.
Equipment that receives regular ______ lasts longer and is more dependable than equipment that is not well cared for. a. b. combat maintenance
5.
.)When the president retired, his son _____ the operation of the company. a. b. engaged took over
6.
Military personnel participate in training exercises so that they will be ready to go _. a. b. into combat to the border
>v
63
Gramma r
PRESENT PROGRESS IVE PASSIVE
64
A LOT OF CHANGES ARE BEING MADE.
Read these dialogs. passive. 180.Jim: Joe: 181.Sue: Sam: 3. Bob: Ken:
They contain the present progressive
What's happening in the city? A lot of changes are being made. I'd like to know if my car is ready. Not quite. It's being worked on right now. \
What time is the meeting this afternoon? Didn't you hear? next week. The meeting is being put off until
V,
182.Jay: Ben: 183.Alan: Anne: 6. Carl: Mark: Are a lot of people betting on the game? Yes. A lot of money is being bet.
Where are your students? They're being tested in the lab now. Will the letters be ready soon? Yes. They're being typed now.
65
OUR CLASSROOM IS BEING PAINTED.
Complete the sentence with the present progressive passive form of the verb in parentheses. EXAMPLES: The classrooms A new bridge are being painted (paint) is being built (build) over the river.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Air conditioners _____________________ in the building. (install) New teachers_______________________ classes. (give) Paul _____________________ by his sister Mary. (help) The old spark plugs _____________________. (take out) /
The ingredients of the mixture ______________________. (combine) Dogs______________________by the military police. (use) Three lieutenants ______________________ to captains. (promote) Flight 44 to Rome _____________________ (cancel) because of snow. .
10.
The plans for the new library _____________________. (discuss) t Blood ________ continually __________________ through , (circulate) the body by the heart.
66
THE CROPS ARE BEING HARVESTED.
Change the verb in each sentence to the passive voice. "by phrase" only if it contains important information. EXAMPLES:
Use the
The Ace Home Company is building the red house. The red house is being built by the Ace Home Company. They are harvesting the crops. The crops are being harvested.
184.They are barricading the streets. 185.They are dividing the class into two smaller ones. 186.The state is increasing the speed limit. i 187.Mrs. Johnston is looking after the children. 188.Someone is notifying Lt Blake about his promotion. 189.They are shutting down the computers. 190.Mike is taking the carburetor apart. 191.They are reducing prices on all the items in the store >p 9 . The city is spending a lot of money on the new park. 10. Someone is preparing dinner.
1
67
Gramma r
PAST PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE
MUSIC WAS BEING PLAYED BY A SMALL BAND.
Read these sentences . They contain the past progressi ve passive. t 192.M us ic wa s be in g pl ay ed wh en
we ar ri ve d at th e we dd in g re ce pt io n. 193.Whil e Davi d was trav elin g in Euro pe for two week s, his hous e was bein g pain ted. 194.Atte ndan ce was bein g take n as Alic e ente red the clas sroo m. 195.Both Engl ish and
Russ ian were bein g spok en as Mr. Fran k sat down at the tabl e. 196.M rs . Bl ac k be ca me an gr y wh en sh e le ar ne d th at he r ca r wa sn 't be in g re pa ir ed . 197.The gram mar was bein g expl
aine d when the bell rang .
68
198.We couldn't use the language lab yesterday because new windows were being put in. 199.The reserves were being called up when the enemy attacked. 9. Because it overheated, the engine was being rebuilt. 10. Our team was being beaten when we got to the game.
BECAUSE OUR CAR WAS BEING REPAIRED.
Change the verb in the first sentence to the passive voice and complete the second sentence. Use the "by phrase" only if it contains important information. EXAMPLES: We couldn't use our car yesterday because Mr. Ross was repairing it. We couldn't use our car yesterday because it was
V
being repaired by Mr. Ross. He was cutting the grass when the storm hit. The grass was being cut when the storm hit.
200.The police came because we were making a lot of noise. The police came because ____________________________ 201.They were selling the crops before they were even, planted.
_____________________________________________
before they were even
planted. \ 3. Someone was washing clothes in the washing machine when it .began to shake.
______________________________________________________________________________when
it began to shake.
69
4.
As Dr. James spoke, his secretary was writing down the information. As Dr. James spoke, _______
5.
The jack slipped as someone was lowering the car. The jack slipped as ______________________________________
6.
I couldn't eat breakfast in the dining hall because they were fixing the roof. I couldn't eat breakfast in the dining hall because .
7
7.
The tire burst as the mechanic was filling it with air. The tire burst _________________________________________
s. f. (,,
8.
Because of the thick ice, they were putting warning signs on the highway. Because of the thick ice, _____
70
Writing Skilll
PARAPHRASING
To paraphrase m eans to state som ething w have read or heard in e different w ords in order to m ake its m eaning clearer. The instructor w read a paragraph tw tim ill o es. Listen carefully to each paragraph and then w rite a paraphrase of it.
EXAMPLE:
___________Friday
morning, Sgt Smith had a pain in his side. It He called the doctor. The
became worse a few hours later.
doctor said that he should have an operation right away. The doctor operated on him that afternoon.__________________ 1. \
7]
Gramma r
ELSE
Notice these sentence s that contain word pairs with "else." They are question -words, pronouns , and adverbs. They mean a differen t or another person, thing, time, place, reason,or manner. Questionwords
Pronouns
Adverbs
72
WHAT ELSE CAN I DO?
Read this short story. they are used.
Notice the word pairs with else and how
Helen and Hank are having a get-together at their house next Saturday. Helen made a list of the people she wants to invite and asked her husband Hank whom else he thought they should ask. "Who else? I can't think of anyone else. thought of everyone," Hank said. I think you've
That made Helen feel good. Then she began to plan her menu. She made a list of things she needed and the places she had to go to get them. "I don't know where else I can go to find 'the things I need," she said to herself. After she made her lists, she decided on a time to do her shopping. She asked Hank if she could use the car on Thursday. "Do you have to use my car?" he asked. "How else can I get all this shopping done?" she asked him. "Well, when else can you do it besides Thursday? Friday be all right?" "Do you need the car Thursday?," Helen asked him. "Yes, I really do need it Thursday. Why else would I ask you to take it Friday? Will Friday be okay?" "I guess so. What else can I do?" Would
73
WHERE ELSE
____?
Complete the questions. Use the question-words indicated by th words underlined in the statement.
who else whom else
what else where else
when else how--else
why else
EXAMPLE:
Jan has to go to the book store.
Where else
does she have to go?
202.Jim asked all the people in his office-to come to the party. _________________ should he ask? 203.Margaret went downtown on the bus. _________________ could she have gotten there? 204.Dan buys all his books at that book store. _________________ can he buy them? 205.Kurt went on vacation .with his friends. With _________________ could he have gone? 206.Katy went to the grocery store for the groceries. _________________ would she have gone there? 207.They will go to the concert tonight or tomorrow. _________________ can they go?
N
7.
They are planning to visit their family. _________________ are they planning to do?
v 4
208.The boss has a nice big car. ________________ has one? 209.They want to go to the theater tonight. ________________do they want to go? 10. He told them all about the transportation on the base, _________________ did they want to know?
I DON'T KNOW WHAT ELSE I CAN DO.
Complete the sentences below. Use the "else" words in the box and add other words if necessary.
who else whom else
what else where else
when else how else
why else
EXAMPLES:
I've done everything 1 can do. I don't know what else I can do.
They traveled everywhere this pas4; summer. They can't think of 1. where else to travel.
The library is closed, and I need a book. Can you tell me_____________________________to get one?
2.
I made the appointment for Wednesday morning. I didn't know J_____________________________________
3.
I remember seeing Bill and Linda at the party. Can you remember ________________________________
75
4.
I think I've packed everything for the picnic. Can you think of __________________ ________
210.I have to go to New York, and I don't like going by plane. Can you tell me ________________________________________ 211.This is the list of people invited to our party. Can you think of ______________________________________ 7. I think the reason John left his apartment at 3 a.m. was to see his sick mother. Do you know ______ ______________________ at that hour?
212.John must have called Linda to invite her to dinner, Do you know ______________________________________ 213.Why did Marilyn call the emergency room? She didn't know 10. The newspaper says the President will go to England. Does it say _______________________________________
76
Functio n
WE'RE COMBAT READY.
The dialog below takes place during a news conference in a country whose ally, a neighboring nation, has just been attacked. Read the dialog; then answer your instructor's questions about the information requested by the reporter and given by the general. Reporter: Besides going on alert, have we taken any other steps to maintain our security? General: Yes, we've called up the reserves.
Reporter: General:
Have we moved additional equipment or men to the border? Yes, we've called for attack helicopters, as well as
additional ground forces.
Reporter:
Do you really think it's necessary to take these steps

now? General: How else will we be
combat ready?
77
Reporter: enemy
Besides gathering at our border, what else has the
done? General: In addition to that, they have taken control of our ally's communication center.
Reporter:
Do you really think the enemy plans to engage our ally in battle? General: Why else would they take over the
communication center?
Reporter:
The President has spoken of a possible meeting in New York to discuss the situation. they might meet? Where else do you think
General:
They'll consider any neutral country.
Reporter:
Who else besides the President has the authority to authorize an attack?
General:
At this time, no one. neutral.
We're still at peace and
78
WHERE ELSE...?
Match the question in column A with an answer in column B.

B 1.
Have they attacked anything besides the communication center?
a.
Maybe to make them more secure.
2.
Where else have they attacked?
b.
Yes, they've attacked several other places.
3.
Are we sending additional men and weapons to that area?
c.
They've hit the border bridge.
4.
What about to the other areas?
d.
I don't know if they've sent anything to the other areas, but they've moved the helicopters.
5.
Why else would they move them?
e.
No, we already have a large group of men stationed there.
79
WHAT ELSE...?
Look at a situation; then ask for more information about it. Use the word in parentheses. Another student will answer your question, using the word given and one of the words in the box.
as well as
besides
in addition (to)
additional
other
EXAMPLE:
The country is on alert. SI: S2: (besides) What else have we done besides go on alert? (reserves) In addition to that, we've called up the reserves,
1.
The enemy has attacked the northern border. SI: S2: (where else) (communications center)
2.
The country is defending itself with ground forces. SI: S2: (how else) (attack helicopters)
3.
The President will meet with our ally's leaders to discuss the situation. SI: S2: (whom else) (his chief advisors)
4.
The enemy attacked a military base. SI: S2: (what else) (places on the border)
5.
There is only a small maintenance force at the border now.
SI: S2:
(who else) (soldiers and maintenance personnel)
80
HAS ANYTHING ELSE DEVELOPED?
Read the news report. Then half the class will ask questions about the new developments listed on the next page. The other members of the class will answer the questions based on the new developments or on developments they create. Use some of the words in the box in your questions and answers.
>
who else what else
where else why else
how else besides additional whom else in addition other
EXAMPLES:
SI: S2: S2:
What else have enemy forces done besides attack the communication center? They've also' attacked and taken control of a military base. Where else have attack helicopters been sent? S3:
They've been sent to our embassy in that country.
81
New Developments 214.The enemy has attacked and taken control of a military base. 215.A group of attack helicopters has been sent to our borders. 216.Commanders have been ordered to be on alert. 217.Our President is meeting with the leaders of both countries at war. 218.The presidents will travel to a neutral country by plane.
82
Speaking Skills
LISTEN AND MARK THE STRESS.
Listen to the dialogs. Put a stress mark (/) over the stressed words. These words will contain both main-information stress and new-information stress. Then repeat the dialogs. 1. A: B: A: B: 2. A: B: A:
B:
Did you lose your hat? Yes, the white one. Where did you see it last? It was on the sofa. Have you unpacked yet? No, I haven't had time. When will you?
Sometime tomorrow.
3.
A: B: A: B:
Have you called the doctor? No, I haven't. Has anyone? Yes, my wife has. I need a shirt. What color shirt? A white one. How's this one? Where have you been? At the library. How did you get there? I took the bus. 83
4.
A: B: A: B:
5.
A: B: A: B:
MARK THE STRESS.
Read the dialogs to yourself. Notice the words that are stressed. Put a stress mark (/) over the other words in the dialogs that need to be stressed. The words will contain either main-information or new-information stress. Then read the response to your instructor's question. Be sure to use the correct stress. 1. A: B: Who got the job? I think John got it.
2.
A: Did they buy a house? B: No, they're renting one.
219. A: What caused the accident? B: The car's brakes failed.
220. A: Do you like American food? B: Not very much. A: I think it's good. B: You'll eat anything.
5.
A: Jim bought a new car. B: What kind of car? A: A small sports car.
B: I bet it was expensive.
84
MARK THE STRESS AND READ.
Read the dialogs to yourself. Notice the words in the dialogs that are stressed. Put a stress mark (/) over the other words that need to be stressed. The words will contain new-information stress. Then read the dialogs with another student. Be sure to use correct stress. EXAMPLE: Do you need a pen? Yes. I need a red one.
221.A: B:
Is that really fish? Yes, it's raw fish.
222.A: B:
Who had to take the test? All of the students had to.
223.A: B:
What does Al do for a living? He's a truck driver.
224.A: B:
Are those two nations our allies? No, they're both neutral countries.
225.A: B:
Where do your children attend school? They go to the elementary school.
85
Vocabulary
DICTIONARY TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS
In order to benefit from using a dictionary, you must know the meaning of certain terms, abbreviations, and symbols. Read the information below and discuss it with your instructor. You will need to know it to complete the dictionary skills exercise which follows this explanation.
Parts of Speech
Words are divided into groups called parts of speech. The group to which a word belongs depends on the way the word is used in a sentence. There are eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and interjection. 1. noun (n.): A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. A noun can be singular (sing.) or plural (pi.). A singular noun names one; a plural noun names more than one. EXAMPLES: Table, idea, milk, John, and Jan are singular nouns. Books, pens, meals, women, and men are plural nouns. 2. pronoun (pron.): A pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun. EXAMPLES: Has Mary told Jim about the meeting? told him yet. Did you see the new jet? No, she hasn't
Yes, I saw it.
3. verb (v.): A verb is a word that tells or describes an action, being, or state of being. A verb has four principal (main) parts:
EXAMPLES: is/am/are being work working eat eating going go put putting
was/were worked ate went put
been worked eaten gone put
The letter is on the small table. She works more than fifty hours a week David put his chair near the fireplace. He's eating his lunch in the cafeteria. They went into military service after high school 86
A transitive verb (v.t.) requires an object to complete its meaning. The object is a noun or pronoun which tells who or what received or was affected by the action of the verb. EXAMPLES: Alan scored three goals during the game. I watched an interesting T.V. program last night. An intransitive verb (v.i.) does not need an object. EXAMPLES: We drove to the beach last weekend. Dan works out at the gym almost every day.
4. adjective (adj.): An adjective is a word that tells which, what kind of, or how many. It modifies a noun. EXAMPLES: The young woman wore a blue uniform. He became cold as he walked down the icy path. That customer wants to return several items.
5. adverb (adv.): An adverb is a word that tells how, when, where, how much, or how often. EXAMPLES: Bob drove slowly. We left class early. He slept here. She often goes to a French restaurant.
6. conjunction (conj.): A conjunction is a word that joins or connects words or groups of words. EXAMPLES: The sergeant and the lieutenant left. The captain signed the letter, but the major didn't. We canceled the picnic because the weather was bad.
7. preposition (prep.): A preposition is a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to show its connection with another word. EXAMPLES: The cat is under the table. This gift is for Tom. He usually wakes up at 0600. An interjection is a word that
8. interjection (interj.): expresses a strong feeling. EXAMPLES:
Wow! Have you tasted the soup? Oh! I didn't see you.
87
Abbreviations and Symbols 1. Abbreviations for parts of speech noun = n. pronoun = pron. verb = v. transitive verb = vt. intransitive verb = vi. adjective = adj. adverb = adv. conjunction = conj. preposition = prep, interjection = interj. singular = sing, plural = pi. 2. Abbreviations for foreign languages Arabic = Ar. Chinese = Ch. German = G. Greek = Gr. Latin = L. Old English = OE. Old French = OFr. Spanish = Sp. Malay = M.
EXAMPLES:
3.
Symbols
/ This a symbol that is used to indicate which syllable or syllables receive stress when a word is pronounced. EXAMPLES: at tack con fi dence < EXAMPLES: This is a symbol that means "comes from". jar < Ar. "jarrah" (the word "jar" comes from the Arabic word "jarrah") quantity < L. "quantus" (the word "quantity comes from the Latin word "quantus")
88
Definitions of Words
Words are defined in the dictionary; that is, the dictionary gives the meanings, or definitions, of words. Many words have multiple meanings and can be used as more than one part of speech. EXAMPLE: bank n. 1. a place for receiving, keeping, or lending money 2. the high part of land along a river. v. 1. to save or put money in a bank.
USING THE DICTIONARY
Reading Skill
Look at the word as it is found in the dictionary; then write the answer to each of the questions about the word. If you need to, you can refer to the information you've just studied.
at*tack ( Q tak' ) vt. [ < OFr. atach-ier, ATTACH] 1. to use force against in order to harm 2. to speak or write against 3. to undertake vigorously 4. to begin acting upon harmfully--vi. to make an assault--n. 1. an attacking 2. an onset of a disease 3. a beginning of a task, undertaking, etc. at"tack er n.
EXAMPLE:
How many syllables are in the word "attack?" 2 syllables__________________________
1.
Is the word "attack" a noun or a verb?
2.
How many definitions are given for "attack?"
89
What word comes from the word "attack".
bar'be'cue (bar'bakyoo ) n. [Sp. barbacoa ] 1. a) a hog, steer, etc. roasted whole over an open fire âny meat broiled on a spit 2. a party, picnic, or restaurant featuring this vt. -cued', -cu'ing to roast or broil over an open fire, often with a highly seasoned sauce (barbecue sauce)
From what language does the word "barbecue" come?
Is "barbecue" a noun or a verb?
3.
What is the past tense of "barbecue"?
4.
How many syllables does the word have?
5.
Which syllable in the word "barbecue" receives the most stress?
Dictionary entries from Webster's New World Dictionary (c)1984 by Simon & Schuster, Inc. Used by permission.
90
Heading Skill
HOW MANY DEFINITIONS?
When your instructor tells you to begin, use your dictionary to find the number of definitions for each word. Write the total number on the line. You will have 3 1/2 minutes for each group of words.
EXAMPLE:
attack
GROUP A:
226.alert
227.authorize 228.defend 229.ingredient 230.purchase

GROUP B:
231.notify 232.list 233.neutral 234.property 235.quantity
91
+ Enrichm ent
TROUBLESOME ENGLISH A or An?
The adjective "a" appears before a singular count noun that begins with a consonant sound: a book a candle a diamond a fence a guard
"An," another form of "a," is used before a singular count noun that begins with a vowel sound: an example an actress an inch an onion an hour
"A" and "an" are not used before plural count nouns. actors horses jackets keys letters magazines
92
IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS ON THE TIP OF ONE'S TONGUE

Meaning
To be "on the tip of one's tongue" means to be about to remember a word, name, or anything else. Example sentences 236.I'm sure I can tell you Mike's last name in just a second. It's on the tip of my tongue. 237.John could almost remember his friend's phone number. It was on the tip of his tongue. 238.Wait! Don't tell me the answer. It's on the tip of my tongue.
93
I'D LIK E M Y B R A K E S A D JU S T E D
BO OK 20 LESSO N 3
- NC ON FU TI -
Mechanic: Customer: checked.
What would you like done today, ma'am? I'd like the oil changed and the fluids
GRAMMAR I need the engine tuned up. Suffix -ive/-tive/-ative
What did she tell you? What did you have done to your car? She said she had seen him. 1 got the spark plugs changed. SKILLS Label the diagram. Mark the word stress. Listen and summarize. VOCABULARY accelerate altogether carburetor align automatic clutch estimate defective defect function hydraulic estimate ignite manual exterior look over standard fluid provide used function pump worn (out) gear release ignition service interior shift -ive/-tive/-ative lever supply liquid transmit pedal wear/wore/worn out pipe pump have a look at repair step on the gas spark take a look at spark plug system transmission 95
GRAM
ST Page VOCABULARY: 97
LISTENING SKILL:
MAR: -ive /tive /ativ e
systems in an automobile
oral text (write connectives) 103 VOCABULARY: 104 WRITING SKILL: 109 GRAMMAR: direct object + passive infinitive/past participle 111 GRAMMAR: passive causative with diagram (label parts) servicing a car
suff ix 129
WRIT ING SKIL L: oral narr ativ e ( s u m m a r i z e i n w r i t i n
have and get 114 WRITING SKILL: 118 GRAMMAR: reported simple past tense (indirect speech) 120 FUNCTION: inquiring about and indicating service/repairs 124 SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals refine notes
(new-information word stress) 128
g) 131
ENRICHMENT 132
'
96
Vocabulary
AUTOMOBILE SYSTEMS
Repeat the underlined words and listen to the paragraphs. read the paragraphs. An automobile has different systems. systems has a different job, or function. some of these systems in this lesson. 1. The Ignition System
Then
Each one of the We will learn about
The electrical system of an automobile is divided into two parts. The ignition system is one of those parts. It provides the spark that is used to ignite the mixture of air and gas. This spark is supplied by the spark plug.
97
2.
The Hydraulic Brake System
All modern cars have a hydraulic brake system. The word "hydro" means "water, or liquid." Hydraulic means "operated by the movement of liquids." The brake fluid is the liquid that is used in this system. The fluid forces the system to operate when you step on the brake pedal.
98
3.
The Fuel System
carburetor
The fuel system of an automobile has four parts: a fuel tank, a fuel pump, rubber pipes, or hoses, and a carburetor. The carburetor mixes the gasoline with the air. The fuel pump, whose action is very much like that of a toy water gun, pumps fuel from the tank to the carburetor. The accelerator controls the amount of gasoline used by the carburetor. The driver controls this action with the gas pedal. When you accelerate or step on the gas, you allow more gasoline-air mixture to enter the engine. This in turn makes the car run faster.
gasoline-air mixture
99
4.
The Transmission, or Gear Box
The transmission, or the gear box, provides the engine with a system of gears. These gears pass on, or transmit, mechanical power from the motor to the other parts. There are two types of transmission systems: standard transmission and automatic transmission. In a standard transmission, the gears are shifted, or moved, manually (by hand) using the gear shift lever. This type of transmission is also called manual transmission. The gear shift lever allows the driver to shift gears. In an automatic transmission, the gears aren't shifted manually; they're shifted automatically. In a standard transmission, the clutch connects or disconnects the engine to the transmission. The driver controls this action by stepping on and releasing the clutch pedal.
gears
100
TRUE OR FALSE
Circle T if the statement is true. false. EXAMPLE:
Circle F if the statement is
Automatic and manual transmissions are the same.
1. The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the gasoline-air mixture. 2. The spark plug is part of the hydraulic brake system. 239.The carburetor is part of the fuel system. 240.When you accelerate, you stop the flow of the gasoline-air mixture in the engine. 5. A fuel pump pumps gasoline from the gas tank to the carburetor. 241.In an automatic transmission, you shift gears manually. 242.The clutch is part of the ignition system. 243.The gears are used to transmit power from the motor to other parts of the automobile.
T T T T T T T
F F F F F F F
101
PUMP/AIR
These words go together: eat/food, read/book. Below are words from the lesson. Write a word on the line that goes with each word. Then make a sentence that uses both words. EXAMPLE: transmit gears
The gears transmit power. 244.pump 245.step on ______ _______
246.provide
247.release 248.accelerate 249.shift
_______
__________
102
SYSTEMS
Circle the word
which could be the name of the category.
1.
brake
gas spark plug fuel system shift brake fluid brake system
pedal battery tank gears brake system fuel system
clutch wire carburetor transmission brake pedal ignition system
2. /ignition 250.pipes 251.clutch 252.hydraulic 253.automobile
Listening Skills
CONNECTIVES
Listen for and write the connective words in the paragraph you hear.
1.
2.
103
W Vocabulary
THE MECHANIC SERVICED THE CAR.
First repeat the underlined words and the sentences. the sentences. 254.A used car is not new. 255.A defect is a fault or mistake. 256.Jack will take a look at my report. over. 257.John didn't know the exact distance. was about 20 miles. 258.Please align all your books on the top shelf. straight. 259.My old shoes are very worn out. 260.The mechanic serviced my car yesterday.
Then read
He'll look my report
He estimated that it
Make them
He repaired it.
104
JOHN BOUGHT A USED CAR.
IN R R TE IO
E XTER R IO
Repeat the underlined words. John: David: John: David: John: I bought a used car. Really? What kind?
Listen to the dialog; then read it,
It's a G5000. Does it have a standard or an automatic transmission? A standard. The interior of the car looks very clean.
The exterior looks like new. David: Don't you prefer an automatic transmission? John: No.
My last car had a defective automatic transmission. I tried fixing it many times, but I could never get rid of the defect. After that, I decided never to buy another car with an automatic transmission.
105
David:
Did you have a mechanic take a look at the car? John:
Yeah, I took it to Jody's Garage and asked him to look it over. Jody found that a few things were worn out, but Even the radio
altogether the car was in great shape. functions like new. David:
Did he give you an estimate for the repairs? John:
Yes,
not only did he estimate the repairs, but he also did the repairs for me. The amount I ended up paying was
very close to his estimate. David: That reminds me, I need to get my car serviced. wheels need to be aligned. The
The tread* on the inside of
the tires is wearing out much faster than the tread on the outside. John: Take it to Jody. too. I'm sure he'll do a great job for you,
*tread = the part of a tire that touches the road
106
Answer these question about the dialog. 261.Did John buy a new car? 262.How's the interior and exterior of the car? 263.Why doesn't John like an automatic transmission? 264.Did a mechanic take a look at the car? 265.What did Jody say about the car? 266.Did he give John an estimate for the repairs? 267.What does David need to do? 268.Why does he need to get his wheels aligned?
107
WHAT'S THE BEST ANSWER?
Listen to a question or statement, and choose the best answer.
1.
a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c.
Yes, I'll give it to them. Yes, I'll step on the gas. Yes, I'll put them in line, Yes, they're defective. Yes, they were used. Yes, they're aligned. John will bring them. John will service them. John will step on it. Yes, they provided a spark. No, they need gas. Yes, they shifted easily. Okay, I won't step on the clutch. Okay, I'll release the pedal. Okay, but I won't be able to shift gears, No, I didn't look it over. No, but Tony can give you one. Yes, I'll have a look at it. Here, use my air pump. This is a fuel pump. It needs to be aligned. more than a thousand about two-hundred and fifty only twenty-five
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
108
Writing Skill
t>
LABEL THE PARTS.
Label the different parts in the diagrams below. EXAMPLE:
a.
brake pedal
b.
brake fluid
109
1.
The Fuel System
110
a. b. _____________________________ _____________________________
c. _______________________________ d.
2.
Carburetor
Gramma r
D I R E C T O B J E C T + P A S S I V E I N F I N I T I V E / P A S T P A R T I C I P L E
I ' D L I K E T H E O I L C H A N G E D I N M Y
C A R .
Read the dialogs. 1. Do these windo ws need to be washe d? Yes, they do. And I expec t the floor s to be clean ed, too.
P v t W i n t e r s ; S g t P o w e r s :
Yes, sir. When do you want Pvtthe job Wifinis nthed? erBy s:1730 Sghrs. t Po we rs : 2. Mechan ic: Hello. What would you like done
today, ma'am? Sara:
I ' d l i k e t h e o i l c h a n g e d i n m y c a r , a n d I w a n t m y b r a k e s c h e c k e d .
Mech
a n i c :
O k a y . W o u l d y o u l i k e a n y t h i n g e l s e d o n e ? S a r a : N o t r i g h t n o w .
T h a n k s .
Ill
3.
Allen: Jimmy: Allen: Jimmy:
Mr. Anderson demands a lot from us. That's not true. He just expects things to be done on time. He told me he wanted these maps redrawn before noon. Well, you'd better start right away.
I'D LIKE IT PAINTED BLUE.
Answer the questions. EXAMPLE:
Use the word or words in parentheses.
What color would you like your car painted? (blue) I'd like it painted blue.
269.Do you want your shirt washed? (yes) 270.When do you expect this work to be finished? (two weeks) 271.How would you like your steak cooked? (medium) 272.What does Sam want done to his car? (transmission checked) 273.Does Lori like all the windows closed? (no) 274.What else would you like done to the house? (inside of the house painted) 275.When do you expect the next meeting to be held? (sometime next month) 276.Where do you want these papers put? (on that desk when you finish)
112
DO THE JOB OVER.
I WANT IT DONE OVER.
Change the statement. Use the words in parentheses and a passive infinitive or past participle. EXAMPLE: Rewrite the letter. (she wants) She wants the letter rewritten. (he'd like) (she wants) (he expects)
277.Charge the battery.
278.Put air in the tires.
279.Deliver the newspapers by this evening. 280.Tighten the screws. (he needs)
281.Give me an answer by noon. 282.Align the tires. (we need)
(she expects)
283.Adjust the picture on the TV. 284.Wash her car.
(they'd like)
(she likes/every week)
113
Gramma r
CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET
Read the example.
MEDICINE
Y e s t e r d a y J o e w e n t t o t h e d o c t o r . H
e w a s n ' t f e e l i n g w e l l . T h e d o c t o r g a v e h i m a p r e s c r i p t i o n , H e t
h e n w e n t t o t h e d r u g s t o r e .
He had his prescri ption filled. He got his prescri ption filled.
When we cause someone to do something , we use have and get as causativ e verbs to express the idea. If what is done is more important than the person who is doing it, or if the agent is unknown,
we use the passive causative . Active voice: I had Mr. James repair my roof last week. (have someon e do someth ing) I got the pharma cist to fill my prescr iption . (have someon e do someth ing) Passive voice: I had my roof repaired. (have somethi ng done) I got my prescri ption filled. (have somethi ng done)
114
Have and get are followed by a direct object and a past participle. The sentences below show the pattern.
I HAD THE TRANSMISSION FIXED LAST MONTH.
Read the questions and answers with causative have and get. 285.When will you get your passport pictures taken? We'll get them taken next week. 286.Doesn't Sam usually get his hair cut on the base? Yes, he gets it cut there every two weeks. 287.Where do you have your brakes serviced? I have them serviced at the brake shop down the street, 4. How often do you get your oil changed? I get it changed every three thousand miles.
288.What did Jan have done to her car? She had a new battery installed. 289.When was the, last time you had your uniform cleaned? I had it cleaned about a week ago.
115
290.When was the last time he had his temperature taken? He had it taken an hour ago. 291.Has Jack gotten his car repaired? No, he hasn't gotten it repaired yet.
SHE HAD THE FURNITURE DELIVERED TO THEIR HOUSE.
Answer the question. parentheses. EXAMPLE:
Use have or get and the words in
What did the captain have delivered to his house? (some furniture) He had some furniture delivered to his house. Did you get your battery checked? (yes, yesterday) Yes, I got it checked yesterday.
292.What did Bob have done to his car? (repair/clutch) 293.Has the captain had the letters typed yet? (no, not yet) 294.When did they get their pictures taken? (a year ago) 295.Where did Mike get his tires aligned? (Frank's Garage) 296.When was the last time Nancy had the oil in her car changed? (3 months ago) 297.Did she have the air conditioner installed? (yes, this morning) 298.Where did Terry have her eyes checked? (at Dr. Martin's office) 299.Did Hank have the ignition fixed last Saturday? (no, last month)
116
HE HAD HIS EYES CHECKED.
The second sentence in each pair of sentences below contains causative have or get. Complete it using the underlined parts of the first sentence. EXAMPLE: He asked the doctor to check his eyes. He had 1. his eyes checked.______________________
Pat asked Mr. Brown to cut down some trees. She had ____________________________________________
2.
The sergeant will order his men to clean up the area. The sergeant will get _______________________________
3.
John told the mechanic to replace the fuel pump. John got _____________________________________
4.
Mrs. Smith told the phone company to install a phone in her kitchen. She had
300.Bill asked the mechanic to put a new engine into his car. Bill had ________________________________________________ 301.Col Hill needs to have everyone review the new regulations. Col Hill needs to have 7. Sally asked her brother to change the flat tire. Sally had __________________________________ Ed is going to ask the company to replace the defective carburetor. Ed is going to get ____________________________________
117
The notes below are in sentence outline form. Refine them by removing the unnecessary information and rewriting the outline using single words or phrases. EFFECTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE The automobile has changed our world a great deal. A. The automobile has caused cities to grow.
302.They have brought the farmers to the cities. 303.When the cities became too crowded, they have taken people to the suburbs. B. The automobile has created millions of jobs.
304.It has made jobs in factories. 305.It has made jobs at gas stations. 306.It has made jobs in road building. 307.It has made jobs for mechanics. C. The automobile has caused problems.
308.It has caused dirty air. 309.Accidents have caused injuries and deaths.
118
I
A. ___ 1. 2.
EFFECTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
The automobile has changed our world a great deal
B. 1. 2.
3 4 . .
C . 1 2 . .
119
Gramma r
I N D I R E C T S P E E C H : R E P O R T E D S I M P L E P A S T T E N S E
120
JIM SAID THAT HE HAD GONE TO THE MEETING.
The dialogs below contain reported past tense speech. Read the dialogs; then learn a part in one of them well enough to say it without depending on your book. 1. Capt Lewis: We spent four hours in that meeting with the general. * * * * * * Lt Rogers: Lt Evans: What did Capt Lewis tell you this afternoon? He said that he had spent four hours in that meeting with the general. Did you see Sgt Kline at the meeting? No, I didn't. * * * * * *
Sgt Green: What did Sgt Ames ask Sgt Harris?
2.
Sgt Ames: Sgt Harris:
Sgt Clark: 3. Major Kelly: Capt Allen:
He asked him if (or whether) he had seen Sgt Kline at the meeting. When did you receive your orders? Yesterday. * * * * * *
Capt Davis: Capt Allen:
What did Major Kelly ask you this morning? He asked me when I had received my orders.
121
JANE SAID THAT THEY HAD BEEN AT THE MALL.
Answer the questions using reported speech. EXAMPLES: Jane: We were at the mall all morning.
What did Jane say just before lunch? She said that they had been at the mall all morning. * * * * * * Jane: Were you at home all morning?
What did Jane ask you? She asked us if (or whether), we had been at home all morning * * * * * * Jane: When did you get home?
What did Jane ask you? She asked us when we had gotten home. 1. Fred: Did Frank deliver the furniture to the right address?
What did Fred ask? 2. Charlie: Where did Jack go last night?
What did Charlie ask?
122
310.George:
I drove about 400 miles yesterday.
What did George tell you? 311.Ellen: Did Nancy meet my cousin?
What did Ellen ask? 5. Susie: What cities did you visit on your trip to California?
What did Susie ask you? 312.Joe: I waited over an hour for the bus.
What did Joe say? 313.Walter: Did you receive the package from Tom?
What did Walter ask you? 314.Lt Adams: When did Lt Smith start his leave?
What did Lt Adams ask about Lt Smith?
123
Functio n
I'D LIKE YOU TO LOOK AT MY CAR.
Read the dialogs below. They deal with services that need to be performe d and repairs that need to be done. 1. A :
n e e
t o
h a v e
m y
c a r
r e p a i r e d .
B :
h a t ' s
t h e
p r o b l e m ? A: Whe n I ste p on the bra kes , the ped al goe s all the way to the flo or. Wil l you
add som e bra ke flu id and adj ust the bra kes ? B: We may need to do more than that. The brakes may be worn. A: Well, look them over, but give me an estimat e before you fix the m. 2 .
A :
W h
a t
w o u l d
y o u
l i k e
d o n e
t o
y o u r
c a r ? B: I don 't kno w. The eng ine 's har d to sta rt, and it' s alw ays dyi ng. Sou nds lik e a dir ty or def ect ive car bur eto r or fue l pum p. I'l l tak e a loo k at it.
A:
124
3. A: Can you work on my car today? when I shift gears. B: I think we can do it today. It makes a terrible noise
A: What do you think it is? B: The transmission fluid could be low. On the other hand, you might need a new clutch or transmission. A: Can you give me an estimate?
B: Not until I check it out. 4. A: What can I do for you today? B: A: B: A: My car needs to be serviced. fluids checked. I want the oil changed and the
We have a special on a tune-up this week. No, not right now. How much will the oil change be?
Fifteen dollars and ninety-five cents, plus tax. 5.
A:
My car isn't accelerating properly. it still doesn't accelerate.
When I step on the gas,
B: I'll look it over and see what needs to be done. A: What do you think it might be? B: It might be the accelerator pump system. A: Will the repairs run* a lot? B: They shouldn't, but I can't give you an estimate until I check it out.
*run = cost
125
WHAT WAS DONE TO THE CAR?
Match the problem with a possible service or repair. 1. ______ Water is leaking from the car. 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. The car stalls frequently. The car pulls to one side. a. b. c. d. e. f. The carburetor needs to be cleaned. Hydraulic fluid has to be added. Automatic transmission fluid has to be added. The front end should be aligned. A radiator hose needs replacing. The ignition system should be checked.
_____ The gears do not shift smoothly.
5. ______ The starter won't work. 6. ______ The brake pedal goes down to the floor.
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE DONE TODAY?
V
You want your car serviced. One student will be the customer. He will tell the service station employee what he wants done and ask how much it will cost. Another student will be the service station employee. He will take the customer's instructions and tell him the cost or give an estimate. Use the topics that are given.
126
Two students will listen to the conversation. One student will ask the other student what the customer had done to his car and how much it cost. The other student will give him the information. EXAMPLE: oil changed Employee: Customer: Employee: Customer: Employee: What would you like done today, sir? I'd like to have my oil changed. Do you want anything else done? No, that's all. How much will it be? We have a thirteen dollar special today on oil changes. * * * * * * * * Student 1: Student 2: Did he have his car worked on today? Yes, he did.
Student 1: What did he have done? Student 2: He had the oil changed. Student 1: Student 2: Do you know how much it cost? Yes, it ran him ten dollars.
315.radiator repaired 316.add fluid to transmission 317.carburetor fixed 318.battery recharged

319.water hose replaced
320.spark plugs replaced 321.brake fluid checked 322.tires replaced
127
Speaking S/ci7/sf\
Read the dialogs to yourself. Notice the words that are stressed in the dialogs. Put a stress mark (/) over the other words that need to be stressed. The words will contain either maininformation or new-information stress. Respond to the question that your instructor reads; then read the dialogs with another student. Be sure to use correct stress. 323. A: B: Did Sam check the clutch? No, Joe checked it.
324. A: B:
I need a pen. What color pen?
A: A black one. B: Here's one.
325. A: B:
Did Joan buy a used car? No, she bought a new one.
326. A:
I need some oil.
B: What weight oil? A: Thirty-weight.
5.
A:
Where are you going this summer?
B: To Chicago. A: Is your family going with you? B: No, I'm traveling alone. 128
Gramma r
-IVE/-TIVE/-ATIVE SUFFIX
T O N Y C A N P E R S U A D E A N Y O N E . H
E ' S V E R Y P E R S U A S I V E .
Read these sentences . Notice the -ive, -tive, or -ative suffix that has been added to a verb or noun to make an adjective . 327.T h o s e w e a p o n s a r e u s e d f o
r d e f e n s e . T h e y ' r e d e f e n s i v e w e a p o n s . 328.Havi ng your car serv iced regu larl y prev ents trou ble. It's prev enti ve main tena nce. 329.Harv ey crea tes a lot of good
cart oons for the news pape r. He's very crea tive . 330.Ted comm unic ates very well . He has good comm unic ativ e skil ls.
129
331.The storm destroyed a lot of buildings. destructive.
It was very The medicine
332.The effects of the cold medicine were good. was quite effective.
333.My grandfather talks from morning to night about the time he spent in the military. He's very talkative. 334.Mr. Rogers protects all his pets from cold weather. is very protective of them. He
JOHN IS A VERY PRODUCTIVE WORKER.
Complete the sentences. to the underlined word. change. EXAMPLE:
Add the -ive, -tive, or -ative suffix Some words will require a spelling
John produces a lot of work. productive worker.
He's a very
1.
Isabel has a lot of secrets and hides information from everyone. She's very ________________. Water
335.What are the effects of water in putting out fires? is _________________ in stopping some fires. 336.John can persuade anybody to do anything. He's very
4. Checking your car regularly to prevent future trouble is called ________________ maintenance. 337.Howard doesn't communicate much with his co-workers. not very ________________. 338.Tornadoes can destroy almost anything in their way. They are very ________________. 130 He's
339.Mary created a new design for a jet engine. ________________ person. 340.Jim found some defects in the new machine.
She's quite a
It's
________________, and we'll have to send it back.
Writing Skill
t>
SUMMARIZE THE PARAGRAPH.
Listen to the paragraph, and then write a summary of it. EXAMPLE: _________John was tired after a long hard day at work. The phone rang as he was leaving, but he
was too tired to answer it.
SUMMA RY OF PARAG RAPH:
131
+ E nrichm ent
TROUBLESOME ENGLISH For and Since
A time expression that begins with for tells us how long an action or event has lasted. Col Roberts has been in the military for twenty-five years. My son has been talking on the phone for a long time. A time expression that begins with since tells the time when the action or event began. Since means from an exact time in the past up to the present. After since, you can use a single word, a phrase, or a clause (sentence). Mary has worked here since 1984. Uncle Fred hasn't visited us since last summer. My sister has been living in Chicago since she got married.
132
IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS ALL SHOOK UP
Meaning
A person who has been very disturbed or upset by something is "all shook up."
Example Sentences
341.He almost had a car accident this morning. He's all shook up. 342.Don't get all shook up. The news might not be as bad as you think. 343.She gets all shook up when the children don't come home on time.
133
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY GRAMMAR
Complete each dialog by writing a sentence that reports what the speaker said.
EXAMPLE:
Arnold:
Did you jog yesterday? What did Arnold ask you this morning? He asked me if/whether I had jogged yesterday.
1.
Lt Col Harris:
Did Col Evans leave an envelope for me?
What did Lt Col Harris ask you?
2.
Larry:
Where did you put my new sweater?
What did Larry ask you?
3.
Roger:
Did you give Mrs. Jones $15.00 dollars?
What did Roger ask you?
4.
Steve:
I ate at that new French restaurant last night.
What did Steven tell Bill this morning?
134
O IL R E D U C E S F R IC T IO N .
BO O K 20 LESSO N 4
-FUNCTION-
Why are you adding antifreeze? So the car won't overheat.

-GRAMMAR-
I've had less trouble with my car than Joe has. We've been saving so we could buy a new car. I don't know as many people as you do. David doesn't do much work around the house.
-S I L KLS
N -inform ew ation w ord stress U sing the dictionary L istening and sum arizing m
-VOCABULARY-
overheat rebuild/rebuilt/rebuilt
regulate rub tear/tore/torn down
circu late e in te lim a filter lu ricate b mlfu c n a n tio
combustible external for the purpose of in order to internal least overheated so (that) useful antifreeze combustion component
wear and tear
coolant cylinder exhaust filter friction malfunction overhaul piston pressure process purpose speedometer surface thermostat
135
ST Page VOCABULARY: combustion guide words 137 141
READING SKILL: VOCABULARY: overhaul GRAMMAR:
cooling system, engine 142 144 149 150 154
comparisons of quantifiers diagram (label parts)
WRITING SKILL:
GRAMMAR: adverb clause of purpose introduced by so (that) FUNCTION: inquiring about and expressing reasons and purposes SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals
(new-information word stress)

GRAMMAR: as much/many (+ noun) + as
159
160
READING SKILLS: dictionary entries (locate and write information) definitions (write number)
162 163
GRAMMAR: adverb comparisons (much/ a little, more/less, the most/ the least) WRITING SKILL: oral narrative (summarize in writing)
ENRICHMENT
164 166
167
136
Vocabular y
MORE ABOUT AUTOMOBILES
Repeat the underlined words. Listen to the paragraphs, and then read them. Let's continue our study of automobiles. In this lesson we will learn about the combustion process in the engine, the lubrication system, and the cooling system.
cylinder head intake manifold exhaust manifold exhaust valve
1.
The Combustion Process
We have studied that the carburetor supplies the mixture of gasoline and air to the engine. We have also learned that the spark plugs, which are part of the ignition system, provide the spark to ignite the gasoline and air mixture. Before we examine the combustion process, let's take a look at some of the components, or parts, of an engine. The two most important components of the process of combustion are the cylinder and the piston. All automobile engines have a certain number of cylinders and pistons. For this reason, we talk about eightcylinder engines, six-cylinder engines, and four-cylinder engines. 137
Because combustion takes place inside the cylinder, we call this type of engine internal combustion engine. In an external combustion engine, such as a steam engine, combustion takes place outside the cylinder. In all automobile engines combustion takes place internally. During the combustion process, a combustible mixture of air and gasoline enters the cylinder. The spark ignites the mixture. The heated air pushes the piston down. This movement of the piston uncovers an opening through which the exhaust leaves. When the hot gasses are eliminated, or removed, the piston moves up and the process is repeated. Read the question. Another student will answer it.
344.What are the two most important components of an engine for the process of combustion? 345.Why is the automobile engine called internal combustion engine? 346.What is left after combustion takes place? 347.How is this exhaust eliminated from the cylinder?
138
2.
The Lubrication System
The lubrication system has three purposes, or uses. First, it reduces the friction between parts that move. Secondly, it takes heat away from the engine. And lastly, it cleans engine parts as it lubricates them. Friction is severe along the surface of the piston where it touches, or rubs, against the cylinder wall. Pistons and cylinders must be well lubricated in order to prevent overheating and reduce wear. There are many other parts of the engine that must also have lubrication in order to reduce wear and tear. An oil pump, an oil gauge (gage), and an oil filter, or cleaner, are parts of the lubrication system. The oil pump circulates, or moves, the oil to the various engine parts that need lubrication. An oil gauge is used for the purpose of showing the pressure of the oil. An oil filter cleans, or filters, the oil.
oil pressure gauge
o i
139
WHAT CLEANS THE OIL IN THE ENGINE?
Complete the sentences with the words from the lesson. 1. Where is there a lot of friction? Where the surface of the piston _______________ against the cylinder wall. 2. _______________ is severe at this point.
Why do the pistons and cylinders need to be lubricated? In order to prevent them from _____________
out too quickly.
and wearing
3.
What's the purpose of lubrication? It reduces the _________________ of engine parts.
4.
What does the oil pump do to the oil? It_________________ the oil to the various engine parts.
5.
What does the oil gauge indicate? It indicates the ________________ of the oil in the system.
6.
What part of the system cleans the oil? The oil cleans the oil.
140
Reading Skill
[N
GUIDE WORDS
Guide words are at the top of each dictionary page. There are left and right guide words on each page. When you want to find a word in the dictionary, look at the guide words to find the page where a word is located. The word that you want to find will be found, alphabetically, between the two guide words. Use a dictionary to find the left guide word for each word. Write them on the lines provided. You will have 3 1/2 minutes to find the guide words for each group of words.
LEFT GUIDE WORD
Group A:
1.
combustion
348.exhaust
349.external 4. 5. Group B: 6. filter internal friction
350.malfunction 351.overhaul 9. 10. piston surface
141
Vocabular y
OTHER AUTOMOBILE SYSTEMS
Repeat the underlined words, them.
Listen to the paragraphs; then read
3.
The Cooling System

OR
RADIAT
All internal combustion engines have some type of cooling system because of the high temperatures they generate during operation. Water is often used as a coolant. When a vehicle is operated in hot or cold weather, antifreeze should be added to the water in order to prevent freezing or overheating. A simple liquid-cooling system is composed of a radiator, a coolant pump, rubber hoses, a fan, and a thermostat. The coolant circulates through the system removing heat from the hot metal. A thermostat regulates, or controls, the engine temperature. It automatically controls the flow of the coolant from the radiator to the engine.
THERMOSTAT
ENGIN E
WATER PUMP
4.
Maintaining an Automobile
The life of an automobile engine depends largely on preventive maintenance. Frequent tune-ups, oil changes, and the quick repair of malfunctions help keep an automobile useful for longer periods of time. Engines with more than 100,000 miles often need a major overhaul. In order to overhaul the engine, it's sometimes necessary to tear it down (disassemble it) and then rebuild it. The gauges inside the car need to be working properly in order for the owner to keep the car in good condition. The fuel gauge, temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, and speedometer should be fixed immediately if they malfunction. You don't want to run out of gas, have an overheated engine, or travel faster than the speed limit.
142
M A L F U N C T I O N
Complete the word; then read the sentence. 1. I didn't have enough coolant in the radiator. 0 this morning. The The engine
2. Don't ever take the cap off of a hot radiator. p may burn you. 3. I had some a
inside it is very high and the coolant
left from last winter, so
1 put it in the radiator. 352.I drove my car to the nearest garage. about the m _. c in the I told the mechanic
353.He advised me to keep plenty of system. 354.The oil pump 355.The oil 1 c
the oil in the system. the engine. It also reduces f It helps keep and
the engine cool.
the wear and tear on the engine. 356.The exhaust pipe the engine. 357.A f cleans the oil. t d _, it was e the exhaust from
358.After the engine was r 359.A s _.
indicates the speed at which a
car is traveling.
143
SOME QUESTIONS
Read a question aloud.
Another student will answer it. \\
360.Why must internal combustion engines have a cooling system? 361.What is often used as a coolant in automobiles? 362.What's the purpose of antifreeze? 363.What does a thermostat do? 364.What is it called when you tear down an engine and then rebuild it?
Grammar
QUANTITY AND AMOUNT
1.
We use much and little with noncount (mass) nouns to state quantity and amount: much water much time little power little money
2.
We use many and few with plural count nouns also to state quantity and amount: many people many houses few friends few books
3.
We use more and the most with both noncount (mass) nouns and plural count nouns: more coffee more pencils the most energy the most pens
4.
Much is primarily used in questions and negative sentences: George didn't say much. Pam doesn't put much sugar in her tea. Has Ed saved much money?
5.
Sometimes too and so are used with much in affirmative sentences: We're spending too much money. He eats too much! She spends so much time in the kitchen. 144
6.
Little and few usually have a negative idea. use very with them. She has little time and money to waste. money) They eat very little.
Sometimes we
(not much time and
Few of us can speak German as well as Frank can. of us) There were very few children there.
7. Comparatives and superlatives:
COMPARISONS OF QUANTIFIERS:
(not many
LITTLE, FEW, MUCH, MANY
The comparative of little is less; the superlative is the least. The comparative of few is fewer; the superlative is the fewest. The comparative of much and many is more; the superlative is the most.
145
WE'VE HAD LITTLE RAIN.
Read these sentences that contain quantifiers. 1. We've had very little rain this year. We've had less rain this year than last year. In fact, this year has had the least amount of rain in the past five years. There were Because of today than Our beach, very few people on the beach. the heat, there were fewer people on the beach yesterday. I think, had the fewest people of all.
2.
3.
Mrs. Davis gave her class too much homework. Her class had more homework than any other class. In fact, Mrs. Davis's class always gets the most homework. Did you take many pictures on your vacation? I wish you had taken more pictures during your vacation. Fred took the most pictures of all.
4.
MUCH AND MANY
Make sentences with much or many. EXAMPLE:
We need to stop at a gas station, (have/gas) We don't have much gas._______________________

1
1.
We have to hurry, (have/time) We _________________________________________________
2.
She never talks to anyone, (have/friends) She ________________________________________________
3.
The car is very inexpensive to operate, (use/gas) It
146
4.
It was very crowded, (people/at the party) There were
5. John has traveled all over the world, (can speak/languages)

He ___________________________________________________
6. She is a very quiet person, (say) She ________________________________________________
LITTLE AND FEW
Make sentences with little or few. EXAMPLE:
Use the words in parentheses,
We can't spend a lot. (have/money) We have (very) little money.___________________
1.
The bus was almost empty, (people/on it)

There were____________________________________________ ~P~~
2.
We can't waste water, (rain/this year)

We've had ____________________________________________
3.
Jason is often rude and selfish.
(has/friends)
I imagine that he ^__________________________________ 4. Please hurry up! (time/to get there) You have 5. John tries to fix his own car, but he usually fails (success/as a mechanic)
He has
147
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Make statements about the situations with the words in parentheses. EXAMPLES: Jack has three children. Tom has two. (fewer)
Tom has fewer children than Jack. Ed spent $50 to repair his car. Carol spent $100 to repair hers. Bill spent $75. (the most) Carol spent the most money to repair her car. 365.Peter smokes three cigarettes a day. John smokes five, and Linda smokes a pack a day. (the most) 366.Larry spent $25 for groceries. Lucy spent>$17. (less)
367.Al drank a couple of cups of coffee. and Sam had three. (the least) 4.
Louis drank one cup,
John spent one day to complete his work. Bill spent two days. Bob spent five days. (the fewest) Steve bought three new suits. Fred bought two. (fewer)
5. 6.
David put fifteen gallons of gas in his car. twenty gallons in hers. (more)
Mary put
148
Writing Skill
LABELING PARTS
Label the different parts in the diagrams below.
149
Grammar
S (HT O TA)
The conjunction so (that) is used to introduce clauses that state the purpose for which something is done.
Mary takes vitamins He hurried She'B studying more Phil moved to Rome
so (that) she won't get sick, so (that) he wouldn't be late, so (that) she can graduate on time. so (that) he could learn Italian.
CINDY SAVED HER MONEY SO SHE COULD BUY A NEW CAR.
Read these sentences about purpose.
They all contain so (that)
1.
I saved my money so I could go on vacation.
2.
I'm working through lunch so I can play golf this afternoon.
150
3.
Jim is setting his alarm clock so he can wake up on time.
4.
Mike is running so he won't be late for class.
They're buying warm clothes so they'll be warm during their trip to Canada.
Lori is driving so that her husband can take a nap.
151
7.
John is adding antifreeze to his radiator so the engine won't overheat.
8.
Tom changed the air filter so that the carburetor would stay clean.
WHY?
Answer these Why-questions. Use so (that) and the words in parentheses in your answers. Answer in complete sentences. EXAMPLE: Why did you leave him a message? (could call me back) I left him a message so he could call me back.
368.Why is John saving his money? (can buy a new car) 369.Why is he adding coolant to the radiator? (car won't overheat) 370.Why are you leaving so early? (won't be late for work) 371.Why did Tom go to the bank? (could cash a check) 372.Why did Sarah go to the drugstore? (could get her prescription filled)
152
373.Why did they study late last night? (wouldn't fail the test today) 374.Why do you always drive so fast? (can get to work on time) 375.Why should I eat fresh vegetables? (won't get sick)
COMBINE THE SENTENCES.
Combine the two sentences into one sentence. won't, wouldn't, can, could, or couldn't. EXAMPLE:
Use so (that) and

\"
We wore sweaters. We didn't want to get cold. We wore sweaters so we wouldn't get cold. We didn't want to get too warm. He doesn't want the
376.We lowered the thermostat.
377.He puts antifreeze in the radiator. engine to overheat. 378.She's learning French.
She wants to travel in France. Don't you want
379.Aren't you going to take the extra money? to buy some things? 380.I woke up at 0600. 6.
I wanted to get to work early. He wants others to understand
Frank speaks Spanish slowly. him.
381.I slowed down.
I wanted to make the turn smoothly We want to begin on time.
382.Try to get here early.
153
Function
REASONS AND PURPOSES
Read silently.
When we inquire about the reason or purpose for something, we use expressions like these:
Why? Why did you . . . ? For what reason? What for?
To give the reason or purpose for something, we can use these expressions:
so that The reason is .... because (of) in order to for the purpose of since
THE REASON I CALLED WAS TO ASK YOU A QUESTION.
Read these questions and answers about reasons. 1. 2. 3. Why did you quit school? I quit because I got married. What did they cancel the game for? It was cancelled because of the rain. Where did you go yesterday? Since we didn't have class, we went to the movies. I tried to call you last night. What for? To ask you about our homework assignment.
4.
154
BECAUSE THE MOVIE WAS SO EXCITING, WE SAW IT TWICE.
Complete the sentences. 1.
Give a reason.
My family enjoys eating at this restaurant because __ _
2. Because ___________________________________, he bought a used car. 3. Since __________________________(_______________, I'm going to

>
study medicine. 4. We have to wear our winter coats because of
383.She decided to make a cake since 384.He chose that college because of
155
WHAT'S THE PURPOSE OF WATERING THE YARD EVERY DAY?
Read these sentences about purpose. Why does he water his yard every day? He does it so his grass will get greener. Are you going to leave the heater on? Yes, I'm going to do that so the house will stay warm. 3. What did he go to Dallas for? He went there in order to go to medical school. He didn't go to the store again, did he? No, he went to the cleaners to pick up his clothes. Did you go to the library for the purpose of studying or to get out of* class? To get out of class. It was boring. What's the purpose of traffic barricades? Traffic barricades are used for safety.
4.
*get out of = to avoid a situation
156
WHY?
WHAT...FOR?
Below you will see some pictures. One student will look at the picture and ask a question with Why or What...for. Another student will answer the question by using the words or phrases in the box below.
because since because of so (that) in order to for the purpose of to + (verb) for + (noun)
157
Ask and answer questions about automobiles. One student will use Why or What...for and one of the words in Box 1 in a question.
BOX 1
antifreeze thermostat brake pedal
coolant piston ignition
cylinder exhaust carburetor clutch transmission spark plug
filter fluid pump
Another student will answer the question by using the words in Box 2.
BOX 2
because since because of so (that) in order to for the purpose of to + (verb) for + (noun)
EXAMPLES:
why SI:
exhaust Why does a car have an exhaust?
in order to S2: It has an exhaust in order to eliminate the hot air from the engine. filter
what...for
SI:
What is a filter used for?
for the purpose of S2: A filter is used for the purpose of cleaning the fuel, air, or oil.
158
Speaking Skills
~Y
Read the dialogs to yourself. Notice the words in the dialogs that are stressed. Put a stress mark (/) over the other words that need to be stressed. The words will contain either maininformation or new-information stress. Respond to your instructor, and then read the dialogs with another student. Be sure to use correct stress. 385.A: B: 386.A: B: A: 3. A: B: A: B: Did you get the engine overhauled? No. I just got a tune-up.
I'd like to buy a filter for my car. An oil filter? No, an air filter. Can I help you? Yes. I need a set of spark plugs.
What kind do you need? They're for an '89 Starfire.
159
Grammar
AS MUCH/MANY AS
EAT AS MUCH FOOD AS YOU LIKE!
Read -these sentences with as much/many as. 387.There's plenty of food. much as you like! Eat as
388.Jimmy puts only a little sugar in his tea. His brother likes a lot more. Jimmy doesn't put as much sugar in his tea as his brother does. 389.Helen has $25, and so does Margaret. Helen has as much money as Margaret does. 390.Ed didn't serve as many customers as Jim served. 391.Jim drove ten hours today, and Pete did also. Jim drove as many hours as Pete. 392.My son ate as much as I did last night. I really don't know as many important people as you do.
8.
Even after the overhaul, the engine makes as much noise as it did before.
160
SHE ATE AS MANY COOKIES AS I DID.
Read the situations. Make statements like the example. as ... as and the words in parentheses. EXAMPLES: Farmer Jones has thirty cows. thirty-five, (many cows) Farmer Jones doesn't
Use
Farmer Smith has
have as many cows as Farmer
Smith.____________________________________________ My son and I ate a lot last night at the party, (much) In fact, my son ate as much as I ate. ____________________________________________________ 1. Peter has three good suits, and so does Ralph, (many good suits)
Peter has ____________________________________________________________
2. Ed earns $400 a week. (much money)
Charley earns $500 a week.
Ed doesn't__________________________________________________
3. Sgt Andrews jogs five miles a day, and Sgt Evans jogs 2 miles a day. (many miles) Sgt Evans doesn't _________________________________________ 4. Room 222 has two typewriters; so does Room 215. (many typewriters) Room 215 has 5. Jane ate five cookies, but Sarah ate only one. (many) Sarah didn't 6. George bought three new shirts. (many shirts) Harry bought four,
George didn't ^__________________________________ 7. Joe rebuilt three engines this month, and Jack did, too. (many engines) Jack rebuilt __________________________________________ 8. Fred smokes. Fred doesn't 161 He used to smoke a lot more. (much)
Reading Skill
Look at each word as it is found in the dictionary. Answer each of the questions about the word. Write the answers on the lines that are provided. If you need to, you can look at the explanation of dictionary terms that you studied in Lesson 2.
kin"der"gar'ten (kin'dar gar't n) n. [G. kinder children + garten garden] a school or class of young children, usually four to six years old, that develops basic skills and social behavior by games, handicraft, etc. --kin'der * gart'ner, kin'der"gar'ten-er n.
393.What part of speech is
"kindergarten"?
394.Can "kindergarten" be a verb?
395.From what language does
"kindergarten" come?
396.How many syllables are in the word
"kindergarten"?
162
Reading Skill
When your instructor says to begin, use your dictionary to find the number of definitions for each word. Write the total number on the line. You will have 3 1/2 minutes for each group of words.
GROUP A:
1. circulate
_______
397.eliminate 398.filter 399.lubricate 400.rub
__________ __________ _________ __________
GROUP B:
1. combustible _______ __________ _________ __________ _________
401.least 402.stationary 403.component 404.process
163
Gramma r
ADVERB COMPARISONS
GRANDFAT HER DRIVES LESS THAN HE USED TO.
Read these sentences . They contain adverb compariso ns.

405.John does n't like ice crea m much . 406.Geor ge jogs just a
litt le. 407.Patt y work s more than Pete does . She work s thir ty hour s a week , and he work s twen ty. 408.My cous in just move
d to a new hous e. He now driv es less to work than he used to. 409.Now that he's reti red, Gran dpa work s less than he used to. 410.Of
all the peop le in the offi ce, Ray work s the most . He work s fift y hour s a week . 411.Of all the spor ts he part icip
ates in, he like s bask etba ll the most . 412.I l i k e t h i s r o o m t h e l e a s
t . T h e p a i n t i s o l d , a n d i t ' s a l w a y s t o
o h o t .
164
SHE DOESN'T SLEEP MUCH AT NIGHT.
Make sentences with adverb comparisons. EXAMPLE: sleep/much
Use the cues
Janet doesn't sleep much at night. __________________________________________ 1. read/a little Susan _______________________________________________ 2. drive/the least Of all the people in the office, Peter _______________________________________________
3.
eat/less than
Jim ___________________________________________________
4.
swim/more than Terry _______________________________________________
5.
exercise/a little every day Sam _______________________________________________
6.
talk/the most of Carmen _______________________________________________
7.
work/much around the yard Rudy _______________________________________________
8.
write/more than Your brother _______________________________________________
165
Writing Skil
* Y
SUMMARIZE THE PARAGRAPHS.
Listen to each paragraph, and then write a summary of it, 1. ________________________________
2 . __________________________________________________________
166
TROUBLESOME ENGLISH Omitting "to" before the words "home" and "downtown" The words home and downtown are used without the preposition to when they are used with verbs of motion or direction. Roger is driving me home after work. The children ran home to see if their grandfather was there. He left home when he was a child. That bus will take you downtown. Mr. Nelson walks downtown almost every day. Bob and Sally went downtown last night.
IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS HOLD YOUR HORSES Meaning
"Hold your horses" means "Be patient", or "Wait a minute."
Example Sentences
413.Hold your horses! We haven't finished fixing the brakes. 414.Hold your horses! me explain first. Let
415.Hold your horses! The food will be ready in a few
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES VOCABULARY
Circle T if the statement is true. 1.
Circle F if it's false
A cooling system is necessary for all internal combustion engines. T T T T T T F F F F F F
416.Gasoline is a coolant. 417.Antifreeze is necessary in hot weather. 4. 5. 6. A thermostat regulates the temperature of the engine. You need to overhaul the engine every time a car malfunctions. Sometimes it's necessary to tear down an engine and rebuild it.
FUNCTION
WHAT ARE THEY FOR?
These are some automobile parts. purpose. 1. spark plug

2.
Match each of them with its
a. b. c. d. e.
circulates the oil to the engine parts removes the heat from the engine supplies gasoline-air mixture to the cylinder provides a spark to ignite the gasoline-air mixture regulates the engine temperature cleans the dirt from the oil
oil pump
3.
carburetor
4.
oil filter
5.
coolant
6.
thermostat
f.
H A V E YO U FO R G O TTEN A N Y TH IN G ? B O O K 2 0 L E S S O N 5
171
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.
Use the words in the box below to complete the sentences repairs depend on bet cost stir authority notify create recipe war
418.Ellen has a great 419.Mr. Harris has the
_^____________ for chocolate cake. ___________ to sign the checks
when the boss is gone. 420.Peggy used a big spoon to __________ the vegetable soup.
421.The students were asked to ________________ a play from the story they'd read the week before. 5. 6. Sgt Roberts can always _______________ Sgt Anderson to do a good job. Even though his wife thought he shouldn't, Larry thirty dollars on last night's game. He lost! ________
422.When Sara agreed to buy her niece a pair of jeans, she had no idea of the _____________. 423.The supervisor asked his employees to ______________ him whenever there was a problem with the supplies. 9. 10. The ______________ in that part of the world has been going on for years and years. Tom needs a lot of _______________ done to his car.
SEVERAL, MUCH, SOME, A LOT OF
Look at the nouns below and listen to your instructor's cue, Then make a sentence. pencils chairs groceries clocks rings children
seats
sugar coffee money time rooms energy

food
shirts
help
WHAT'S BEING DONE?
Answer the questions. Use a past progressive passive verb and the words in parentheses. EXAMPLE: What was being done to the streets while you were there? (widened) They were being widened.
424.When did you take leave? (my office painted) 425.Were those balloons being given away? (no, sold for 50 cents each) 426.What changes were being made at the school? (hours changed) 427.Why did he take the bus to work last week? (because/car worked on) 428.Were the employees being told about the parking problems? (No, not notified) 429.What was being done to the building? (air conditioning put in) 174
HOW ELSE
Make a question with "else" and the word in parentheses. EXAMPLES: Lori went to Japan by plane. (how) How else could she have gone there? Sam should invite the whole family to the lake. Who else should he invite? 430.Gina can buy shoes at that store. (where) (what) (who)
431.Jill buys her groceries at the commissary. 432.We can go to the mall on Tuesday. (when)
433.I need to get to work, but my car is in the shop, and no bus comes near my house. (how) 434.I think there's another reason Harry's going on this trip. (why) 435.Rita is taking her cousins to the park. (where)
OF
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Use the cues in parentheses. Be sure to use "of" in your answers. EXAMPLES: How many potatoes did you buy? (a large sack) I bought a large sack of potatoes. How much soda does your family drink in a week? (two six-packs) We drink about two six-packs of soda a week. 436.How much milk did Gina buy? (two gallons) (three pounds) (plenty)
437.How many apples did Mr. Day buy?
438.How much money does Mr. Rich make each year?
439.How much medicine does Mike have to take for his cough? (four teaspoons a day) 440.How many ounces of gold do you think this is? (five)
175
441.How many cartons of cigarettes do you buy each week? 442.How much soda does Sam drink every day? (three cans)
(one)
443.How much coffee does Col Hill drink every day?
(four cups)
HOW MUCH...?
HOW MANY...?
Use the nouns below to make questions with HOW MUCH or HOW MANY. EXAMPLE: tables How many tables do you need for the party? bread How much bread did you buy? 1. 3. 5. 7. sugar cereal chairs coins 2. 4. 6. 8. books eggs money medicine
CONNECTIVES
Listen to the paragraph and write the connectives you hear. 444.____________________ 445.____________________ 446.____________________ 447.____________________
448.___________________
6.
176
HE WANTS THIS LETTER TYPED AGAIN.
Change the sentences. EXAMPLE:
Type this letter again. (he/want) He wants this letter typed again. (she/need)
449.Put antifreeze in the car. 450.Check the transmission. 451.Protect our borders.
(he/would like)
(we/need) (she/expect) (they/want) (the city/want) (he/would like)
452.Settle this argument soon.
453.Maintain all these vehicles. 454.Tear down this old building.
455.Lubricate the front end of his car.
WHEN DID YOU HAVE THE ANTIFREEZE ADDED?
Make questions with "When" and "get" or have". EXAMPLE:
Then answer them,
antifreeze/add (have) When did you have the antifreeze added? I had it added last week.
456.cars/repaired (get)
457.radio/fix (have) 458.argument/settle (get)
459.hair/cut (get)
460.homework/look over (have) 461.engine/rebuild (have)
177
SHE SAID THAT
Read what someone has said and then answer the question. EXAMPLES: Bob: I was late for football practice yesterday. What did Bob say? He said that he had been late for football practice yesterday. * * * * Pat: Did you see that new film?
What Pat did ask you? She asked me if/whether I had seen that new film. * * * * Ray: Where did you get the dictionary?
What did Ray ask John? He asked John where he had gotten the dictionary. 462.Major Jackson: I went to the retirement party last night. What did the Major say? 463.Sara: Did you put the letter in the mailbox? What did Sara ask you? 464.Jimmy: Where did Tina buy that set of wrenches? What did Jimmy ask? 465.Ellen: When did you get your new car? What did Ellen ask you? 466.Jerry: Did you watch that movie on TV last night? What did Jerry ask you? 467.Sherry: The oil filter was changed two weeks ago. What did Sherry tell the mechanic? 468.Lester: I got the engine overhauled six months ago. What did Lester tell you this morning? 469.Kevin: Did she discuss the problem with anyone? What did Kevin ask them this morning?
178
WHICH WORD IS CORRECT?
Circle the word that completes the sentence correctly. 470.These people are very (secret/secretive). have a lot of (secrets/secretive). They seem to
471.Pete said his boss was a very (persuade/persuasive) person. 472.Checking the engine regularly (prevents/preventive) malfunctions. 473.My grandmother told me that eating oranges was (prevent/ preventive) medicine for a cold. 474.Matthew is a (produce/productive) employee. 475.Harold says that the engine is (defect/defective). 476.Mrs. Thompson (protects/protective) her money by putting it in a shoebox. 477.Janice is the most (talk/talkative) person in our office.
Answer the questions using the words in parentheses. EXAMPLE: Why are you packing? (because) Because I'm going on a trip.
478.Why is Harry setting his alarm for 5:00 am? (so that) 479.Why is Victor running down the hall? (because) 480.Why does the builder want three windows in that room? (in order to) 481.Why was Barbara late this morning? (because of) 482.Why is your car at the mechanic's? (so that) 483.Why are the Andersons buying so many heavy clothes? (because) 484.Why is Margaret studying tonight? (so that) 485.Why are soldiers stationed on the border? (in order to) 179
AS MUCH/MANY AS Choose either as much as OR as many as to complete each sentence, EXAMPLES: My son eats as much cake as I do. pictures
Bob's brother didn't draw as 1. Bob did.
as many
Charlie drives _____________ miles to work ________ Burt does.
2.
Aunt Laura uses _____________ sugar ________ Uncle Fred does.
3.
Sgt Lawrence drinks _____________ coffee ________ Sgt Benson does.
4.
Mr. Carlton ordered _____________ computers Mr. Miller did.
5.
I don't know why Nancy's so hungry. dinner ________ I did.
She ate _________
6.
Eddie ate______________eggs _________ his brother did,
180
ALLEN JOGS THE MOST OF ALL THE MEN. Make sentences from the cues given. EXAMPLE: jog/the most of Allen jogs the most of all the men in the office.
1.
eat/the least of Bobby _________________________________________________
2.
study/a little Lt Adams_______________________________________________
3.
work/less than
Jack_____________________________________________________
4.
argue/more than She ___________________________________________________
5.
not laugh/much Jennifer ______________________________________________
6.
work out/the most of Alice
181
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.
Use the words below to complete the sentences.
overheat estimate combustible
exterior lubricate interior
groceries mix malfunction
raw bag separate
1.
Mr. Jones will give us an _______________ on painting the house. He'll tell us how much it will cost. He
486.The mechanic needs to put grease on the wheel bearings. needs to _______________ them. 487.The clerk put Mrs. Bank's purchases in a ______________. 488.The outside of something is the ______________. 489.When we put ingredients of a recipe together, we them. 490.We'd better add coolant so the engine won't _____ 491.Uncooked vegetables are ______________ vegetables. 492.Gasoline is a very _________________ liquid. 493.The inside of something is the ________________. 10.
Meat, cookies, vegetables, napkins, and soup are examples of
11. 12.
To place apart means to My car isn't running properly. somewhere. There must be a
1 R9
GUIDE WORDS
Use a dictionary to find the left guide word for each word. Write them on the lines provided. You will have 3 1/2 minutes to find the guide words for each group of words.
LEFT GUIDE WORD
494.helicopter 495.best 496.service 497.peace 498.clutch
___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
Look at the word as it is found in the dictionary. Answer each of the questions about the word. Write the answers on the lines that are provided.
1. How many syllables are in the word "octagon"? 2. Which syllable receives the most stress?
183
3.
From what language does the word "octagon" come?
4.
How many meanings does the word have?
5.
What part of speech is the word?
6.
What word comes from the word "octagon"?
When you instructor tells you to begin, use a dictionary to find the number of definitions for each word. Write the total number on the line. You will have 3 1/2 minutes for the group of words. 499.persuade 500.transmission 501.strength 502.hard 503.automobile ______ ______ ______ ______
184
MATCHING
Match the words and phrases on the left with those on the right.
_______
1.
a good deal of
a.
It has a lot of damage due to use. He collected a lot of them. They're ready for anything. I just want to see a movie. She sees them occasionally. The doctor will examine
_______
2. feel like 3. on alert
b. c. d. e. f.
4. take a look at _____ 5. step on the gas

_______
6.
from time to time
your son now.

________
7.
wear and tear
g.
Go faster!
Appendix A Part I WORD LIST
a good deal of, I estimate, 3 a great deal of, I exhaust, 4 accelerate, 3 external, 4 additional, 2 exterior, 3 alert (j)(v), 2 alig , 3 n
feel like, 1 ally, 2 filter (n)(v), altogether, 3 4
fluid, 3 antifreeze, 4 for the purpose of, 4 apart, 1 freedom, 2 apart from, 1 friction, 4 attack (n)(v), 2 from time to time, 1 authorize, 2 function (n)(v), 3 automatic, 3
bag, 1 give away, 1 battle, 2 groceries, 1 become of, 1 bet (n)(v), 1 have a look at, 3
g e a r , 3
border, 2 hydraulic, 3 callfor, 1 call up, 2 ignite, 3 can't help, 1 ignition, 3 carburetor, 3 order to, 4 circulate, 4 ingredient, 1 clutch, 3 interior, 3 combat, 2 internal, 4 combination, 1 ive/-tive/-ative, 3 combine, 1 combustible, 4 jar, 1 combustion, 4 component, 4 label, 1 coolant, 4 least (j)(r), 4 cost, 1
lever 3 create, 1
in
liquid, 3 cylinder, 4 list (n)(v), 1 l o o k o v e r , 3
defect, 3 lubricate, 4 defective, 3 defend, 2 maintain, 2
defense, 2 maintenance, 2 define, 2 malfunction, 4 depend on, 1

manual, 3
eliminate, 4 mixture, 1 enemy, 2

most, 1 engage, 2 mostly, 1
m i x ( n ) ( v ) , 1
A-l
neutral, 2 nevertheless, 2 notify, 2 on hand, 1 on alert, 2 overhaul, 4 overheat, 4 overheated, 4 peace, 2 pedal, 3 pipe, 3 piston, 4 pressure, 4 process, 4 property, 1 provide, 3 pump (n)(v), 3 purchase (n)(v), 1 purpose, 4 put off, 1 quantity, 1 raw, 1 rebuild, 4 recipe, 1 regulate, 4 release, 3 repair, 3 rub, 4 secure, 2 security, 2 separate, (j)(v), 1 service, 3 set, 1 settle, 2 shift, 3 situation, 2 so (that), 4 spark, 3 spark plug, 3 speedometer, 4 standard, 3 step on the gas, 3 stir, 1 supply, 3 surface, 4 system, 3
take a look at, 3 take control of, 2 take over, 2 take sides, 2 take steps, 2 tear (up), 1 tear down, 4 thermostat, 4 threat, 2 threaten, 2 thus, 1 transmission, 3 transmit, 3 used, 3 useful, 4 war, wear wear worn 2 and tear, 4 out (v), 3 out (j), 3
A-2
Part II
GLOSSARY
LESSON 1
504.A GOOD DEAL OF (a good DEAL of):
a lot of
Jim's away from home a good deal of the time. 505.A GREAT DEAL OF (a great DEAL of): a lot of
We need to do a great deal of work on our house. 3. APART (adv) (a PART): pieces away from, separately; in or to
Margaret and her sister live just half a mile apart. These stamps are stuck together. Can you pull them apart? 4. APART FROM (prep) (a PART from): except for besides, separate from,
Apart from the storm Monday, the weather has been great. Apart from Jim, everyone else went on the tour. 5. BAG (n): a container, usually made of paper or plastic; a suitcase Food stays fresh longer if it's stored in a plastic bag. When she travels, Pat tries to pack all of her clothes in one bag. 6. BECOME OF (v) (be COME of): to happen to
What will become of the employees if the company is sold? I wonder what became of General Arnold after he retired? 7. BET (n): an agreement that the person whose guess about something is wrong will pay the person whose guess is correct Pat placed a bet on the race and won fifty dollars. Do you have a bet on the next race? 8. BET/BET/BET (v): to make a bet
Alan never bets anything that he can't afford to lose. Ann bet Al that her test score would be higher than his.
A-3
9.
CALL FOR (v) (CALL for):
to go and get; require
If you'll be ready to go at 7:00, I'll call for you then. This job calls for a person with excellent typing skills. 10. CAN'T HELP (can't HELP): doing something to be unable to stop from
Tom has stopped smoking, but he can't help wanting a cigarette once in a while. The program was terribly boring; we couldn't help falling asleep. 11. COMBINE (v) (com BINE): to put together, to mix
Two small classes were combined to make one large class. If we combine our money, we'll have enough to buy the book. 12. COST (n): price, the amount paid or asked for something
If you buy a pair of shoes during the sale, you'll get a second pair at no extra cost. What was the cost of your new car? 13. CREATE (v) (ere ATE): to make, to produce
The new law isn't clear; it has created a lot of confusion. The teacher will create some exercises to help you study the vocabulary for this lesson. 14. DEPEND ON (v) (de PEND on): to be decided by something else
The flight's arrival time depends on the weather conditions. Your passing the test depends on how much you study. 15. FEEL LIKE: (v) (FEEL like): to want to do something
I'd rather stay home tonight; I don't feel like going out. We felt like going somewhere, so we drove to the coast.
16. FROM TIME TO TIME (from TIME to TIME): sometimes
I don't see Ann regularly, but I call her from time to time. We go to a movie from time to time. 17. GIVE/GAVE/GIVEN AWAY (v) (give/gave/given a WAY): gift to make a
Kay's giving away the clothes that don't fit her anymore. He gave away all of his old books.
A-4
18.
GROCERIES (n) (GRO cer ies):
items sold at a grocery store
We need to go to the commissary; we're almost out of groceries. Does that store sellgroceries? 19. INGREDIENT (n) (in GRED i ent): combination one of the parts of a
This drink is made of two ingredients--fruit juice and wine. What ingredients are needed in order to prepare that meal? 20. JAR (n): a glass container with a wide mouth
We need to buy anotherjar of mayonnaise; this one's almost empty. Many different kinds of foods can be bought in jars. 21. LABEL (n) (LA bel): a small piece of paper, cloth, etc., attached to something as identification The label on those slacks will tell you the kind of fabric they're made of. It is always a good idea to read the label before you buy something. 22. LIST (n): other names of items or people written one after the
Have you made a list of the things that you need to buy at the mall? The teacher has a list of the names of the students that she will have in class next week. 23. LIST (v): to make a list
Dave is listing the courses that he needs to take before he can graduate from college. Please list all of the books that you have read in the past year. 24. MIX (n): a combination of things
Jan bought a box of chocolate cake mix at the grocery store. The class is made up of amix of students from many different countries. 25. MIX (v): to put ingredients together
Blue paint turns green when you mix it with yellow paint. Gasoline and water do not mix.
A-5
26.
MIXTURE (n) (MIX ture):
the product of mixing
The students in the class are a mixture of Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel. The English language is a mixture of many different languages. 27. MOST (prn): something the largest part, number, or amount of
A few of these math problems are hard, but most are easy. He ate most of the cake by himself. 28. MOSTLY (adv) (MOST ly): chiefly, for the most part
While Frank was in Europe he travelled mostly by train. You should speak mostly English while you are studying here, 29. ON HAND (on HAND): available for use now She
If you don't have a pencil, ask the teacher for one. usually keeps a few on hand. How much money do you have on hand? 30. PROPERTY (n) (PRO per ty):
anything that is owned; land
These textbooks are the property of the school. My neighbor is building a tall fence around his property. 31. PURCHASE (n) (PUR chase): action of buying anything that is bought; the
Ellen made only three purchases while she was at the mall. Elmer's purchase of an expensive sports car shocked his friends. 32. PURCHASE (v) (PUR chase): to buy
Did you purchase that camera at the BX? I am going to purchase a new car next week. 33. PUT/PUT/PUT OFF (v) (put/put/put OFF): to postpone
Can you put off making your decision for a day or two? The soccer match has been put off until next Saturday. 34. QUANTITY (n) (QUAN ti ty): an amount
Army cooks prepare huge quantities of food every day. That store has a large quantity of items to select from.
A-6
35.
RAW (adj):
not cooked
The meat was cooked on the outside but still raw inside. Do you like to eat raw vegetables? 36. RECIPE (n) (REC i pe): preparing food a list of things and directions for
Ann uses her mother's recipe for making whole-wheat bread. I have a good recipe for cooking that kind of meat. 37. SEPARATE (adj) (SEP a rate): different not together with; not shared;
Joe and his wife use the same bank account; they don't have separate accounts. Let's try and keep our books separate from each other. 38. SEPARATE (v) (SEP a rate): to set or keep one person or thing away from another; to divide The English Channel separates England and France. The Rio Grande River separates the United States from Mexico. 39. SET (n): a group of people or things that belong together; radio or TV equipment that has been assembled There are two sets of twins in the Johnson family. Bob wants to buy a TV set with a bigger screen.
40. STIR (v): to mix
Stella stirred her coffee with a small silver spoon. You must stir that food every few minutes while it's cooking. 41. TEAR (UP) (v) (tear UP): to pull apart or into pieces I need some paper. May I tear a page from your notebook? After John read the letter, he tore it up and threw it away.
42.
THUS (adv):
therefore
Our basketball team seldom practices; thus, we usually lose. The bus was late; thus, I was late for work.
A-7
LESSON 2
1.
ADDITIONAL (adj) (ad DI tion al):
in addition to; added
We need to buy some additional food for the party. I need to do some additional work on my car.
2. ALERT (adj) (a LERT): watchful
You must remain alert when you drive your car. The dog was very alert. 3. ALERT (v) (a LERT): to warn; to be ready
Please alert me if you see my boss coming. The signal will alert the men when it is time to go. 4. ALLY (n) (AL ly): a person or country joined with another person or country; a friend That country has been a strong ally of our country for many years. I am glad to have him as an ally. 5. ATTACK (n) (at TACK): someone or something the use of force or violence against
The attack started just before daylight. The attack by that country was what caused the war to start. 6. ATTACK (v) (at TACK): to act upon harmfully
The war started after one country attacked another country. When do you expect the enemy to attack? 7. AUTHORIZE (v) (AU thor ize): to give power or authority to
Are you authorized to be in this room? Who authorized you to use that machine? 8. BATTLE (n) (BAT tie): a fight
The battle lasted for three days. When did that battle occur? 9. BORDER (n) (BOR der): something a line between nations; the edge of
Can you name a country that has a border with the United States? There is a border of flowers along the sidewalk.
A-8
10.
CALL UP (v) (call UP):
to summon for duty
The National Guard can be called up when necessary. My father was called up by the Army in 1941. 11. COMBAT (n) (com BAT): a battle or a fight
The Army trained my father for combat. The soldier was injured in combat. 12. DEFEND (v) (de FEND): to guard from attack; protect
It is the job of the armed forces to defend the country. The soldiers are taught to defend themselves. 13. DEFENSE (n) (de FENSE): attack something that defends against
Some countries spend a lot of money for weapons for defense. The river was their only defense against the enemy. 14. DEFINE (v) (de FINE): to give a meaning for something
The teacher asked me to define the word. A dictionary is a useful tool when trying to define words. 15. ENEMY (n) (EN e my): another person or thing that is against
The enemy attacked during the night. I would not like to have him as an enemy. 16. ENGAGE (v) (en GAGE): together to enter into conflict; bring
We are going to engage the enemy near his border. The men were engaged in battle for three hours. 17. FREEDOM (n) (FREE dom): state of not being under control
The job of the military is to defend our freedom. Children should be given some freedom when they are young. 18. MAINTAIN (v) (main TAIN): to keep in a certain state; defend or support something He maintains his car by changing the oil regularly. Is it difficult to maintain that kind of car? 19. MAINTENANCE (n) (MAIN ten ance): maintained maintaining or being
Who is responsible for the maintenance of that aircraft? What are the maintenance costs for that car? A-9
20.
NEUTRAL (adj) (NEU tral):
supporting neither side
That country usually remains neutral during times of war. He remained neutral during the fight between his two friends. 21. NEVERTHELESS (adv) (nev er the LESS): however; also
I can't go. Nevertheless, thank you for inviting me. What you said was true but nevertheless unkind. 22. NOTIFY (v) ( NO ti fy): to tell or inform
Please notify me when my car is ready. You will be notified of your test score this afternoon. 23. ON ALERT (e) (on a LERT): ready for danger
The pilots have been on alert for the past twenty-four hours. The army was placed on alert last week. 24. PEACE (n): absence of conflict
Most people in the world would like to see peace between nations. The period of time between the wars was a period of peace. 25. SECURE (adj) (se CURE): free from danger
Your things will be secure if you keep your room locked. A strong army makes the people of a country feel secure. 26. SECURITY (n) (se CU ri ty): protection
Do you have a security system in your car? The security at that bank is very good. 27. SETTLE (v) (SET tie): permanent residence to reach an agreement; take up
When I retire I'm going to settle in Texas. How was the argument settled? 28. SITUATION (n) (sit u A tion): condition or circumstance
What is the economic situation in that country? They are in a very difficult situation.
A-10
29.
TAKE CONTROL OF (e) (take con TROL of): assume control of
to
Who wants to take control of the class when I leave? The copilot took control of the plane when the pilot became ill. 30. TAKE/TOOK/TAKEN OVER (v) (take 0 ver): to begin controlling
Who will take over your job when you leave? You drive for awhile, and then I will take over. 31. TAKE SIDES (e) (take SIDES): or individual to support a group
I'm not going to take sides in the argument between my two friends. I'll remain neutral. In some countries, military people are not allowed to take sides in elections. 32. TAKE STEPS (e) (take STEPS): to begin to act
What steps will you take in order to prepare for the test? The commander took steps to be certain that the accident wouldn't happen again. 33. THREAT (n): warning; danger
Tne speeding car was a threat to the people. Do you think that the broken lock on the door is a threat to our security? 34. THREATEN (v) (THREAT en): to make threats
He was tnreatened by a man with a gun. The high water threatened the house and the people who were living in it. 35. WAR (n): armed conflict or hostility
The threat of war was reduced when the leaders of the two countries settled the border dispute. I hope that my son never has to fight in a war.
A-ll
LESSON 3
1.
-IVE/-TIVE/-ATIVE: suffix used to change nouns and verbs to adjectives which indicate that something has a certain tendency, character, or quality ACCELERATE (v) (ac CEL er ate): to increase the speed of
2.
On this road, you may accelerate you car from 40 to 50 m.p.h. We are going to accelerate your language learning program. 3. ALIGN (v) (a LIGN): to bring into a straight line
Will you please help me align the desks in this room? I need to have the front wheels on my car aligned. 4. ALTOGETHER (adv) (al to GETH er): all in all; completely
Altogether there will be seven students going on the tour. Altogether I have taken twelve tests at this school. 5. AUTOMATIC (adj) (au to MAT ic): by itself done as from habit; working
The car has an automatic transmission. The door will close automatically when you leave. 6. CARBURETOR (n) (CAR bu re tor): with air device for mixing gasoline
I need to have the carburetor on my car adjusted. If the carburetor is not working properly, your car will not run smoothly. 7. CLUTCH (n): gears a device used for connecting or disconnecting
The clutch on my car needs to be repaired. Do you know how to operate the clutch on that machine? 8. DEFECT (n) (DE fect): lacking something; a fault
I must return my new radio to the store because it has a defect. Have you noticed any defects in the new machine? 9. DEFECTIVE (adj) (de FEC tive): having defects
She returned the radio to the store because it was defective. The machine had many defective parts.
A-12
10.
ESTIMATE (n) (ES ti mate):
general guess; opinion
After the accident I had to get three estimates on the cost of repairing my car. What was the estimate for the repairs to your roof? 11. ESTIMATE (v) (ES ti mate): of; form an opinion to guess the size, cost, etc.
How far would you estimate it is from here to New York? What do you estimate the cost of that new car is? 12. EXTERIOR (n) (ex TE ri or): outside part of
What color is the exterior of your house? The exterior of the car looks very good. 13. FLUID (n) (FLU id): liquid
You should check the fluid levels in your car on a regularly. In warm climates, it is important to drink lots of fluids. 14. FUNCTION (n) (FUNC tion): purpose; job, role
What is the function of that machine? The computer has many functions in industry. 15. FUNCTION (v) (FUNC tion): to operate; work
Does your car function well in cold weather? Her new tape recorder functions very well. 16. GEAR (n): toothed wheel
The gears on the machine are broken. You must use the clutch in order to engage the gears. 17. HAVE A LOOK AT (e) (have a LOOK at): to examine
My car is not operating properly. I must have a mechanic have a look at it. I'm going downtown tomorrow to have a look at the new building. 18. HYDRAULIC (adj ) (hy DRAU lie): movement or force of liquids operated by the
My truck has a hydraulic clutch. You should check the fluid in a hydraulic system on a regular basis.
A-13
19.
IGNITE (v) (ig NITE):
to set fire to; to catch fire
The fire was ignited by a cigarette that was carelessly thrown away. What caused the fuel to ignite? 20. IGNITION (n) (ig NI tion): or other machine starting system of an automobile
The car won't start because the ignition switch is defective. Do you know how to operate the ignition system of that machine? 21. INTERIOR (n) (in TE ri or): inside part of
What color is the interior of your new car? I have never seen the interior of her house. 22. LEVER (n) (LEV er): bar used to apply pressure
You must pull this lever in order to operate this machine. Early man used levers to help him lift heavy things. 23. LIQUID (n) LIQ uid): fluid
You should drink a lot of liquids in hot areas. Some liquids are very dangerous. 24. LOOK OVER (v) (look 0 ver): to examine
The teacher will look over your homework after class. Have you had the opportunity to look over my plans? 25. MANUAL (adj) (MAN u al): made, done, or worked by hand
That house was built using only manual labor. That car has a manual transmission. 26. PEDAL (n) (FED al): lever operated by foot
Most cars have three pedals: a brake, a clutch, and an accelerator pedal. In order to stop the car you must step on the brake pedal. 27. PIPE (n): a tube used to carry liquids or gases
Engine oil flows through that pipe. Pipes are made from either plastic or metal. 28. PROVIDE (v) (pro VIDE): to furnish what is needed; supply
It's your responsibility to provide for your family. The army provides everything that the soldiers need. A-14
29. PUMP (n):
device used for pumping
The water pump on my car is not working. The heart acts as thepump for the body. 30. PUMP (v): to move fluids, gases to and from
The water is pumped from the mountains to the city. Many gas stations in the United States allow people pump to their own gas. 31. RELEASE (v) (re LEASE): to allow to come out; let go
The teacher willrelease the class at 2:30 today. He will be released from the Army in two years. 32. REPAIR (n) (re PAIR): work done in repairing
I need to have somerepairs made on my car. The repairs to your house will be expensive. 33. SERVICE (v) (SER vice): for to repair or provide maintenance
The mechanic services my car every three thousand miles. All the typewriters were serviced this morning. 34. SHIFT (v): to move from one person or place to another; change position We have to shift the location of the soccer game. With a manual transmission, the driver must shift gears. 35. SPARK (n): small part of fire
The wind blew thesparks from the fire close to my house. The sparks from his cigarette caused the fire. 36. SPARK PLUG (n) (SPARK plug): electrical spark device which produces an
You should change thespark plugs in your car every tenthousand miles. Spark plugs are not very expensive in the United States. 37. STANDARD (adj) (STAND ard): or acceptable; ordinary generally recognized as correct
It is standard procedure to stand up when a higher ranking officer enters the room. These shirts come in the three standard sizes: small, medium and large.
A-15
38.
STEP ON THE GAS (e) (step on the GAS):
to accelerate
Hurry! Step on the gas or else we'll be late for class. Don't step on the gas too hard in heavy traffic. 39. SUPPLY (v) (sup PLY): to provide what is needed
The school will supply you with whatever materials you may need. I'll supply the food, and you supply the drinks. 40. SYSTEM (n) (SYS tern): whole; method arrangement of things to form a
What system are you going to use to study for the test? The ignition system on my car is not working properly. 41. TAKE A LOOK AT (e) (take a LOOK at): to examine
The mechanic took a look at the engine and said I needed a new oil pipe. Why don't you have the nurse take a look at your arm? 42. TRANSMISSION (n) (trans MIS sion): a system of gears; the part of an automobile that transmits power from the engine to the wheels Does your car have a manual or an automatic transmission? Transmission repairs can be very expensive. 43. TRANSMIT (v) (trans MIT): to send out
The captain will transmit the message to the soldiers. How far will that radio transmit a message? 44. USED (adj): secondhand; not new
I can't afford a new car so I will have to buy a used one. Used cars are cheaper than new ones. 45. WEAR/WORE/WORN OUT (v) (wear/wore/worn OUT): a useless state; to become very tired to reduce to
The tires on my car seem to wear out very quickly. Running forty-two kilometers will wear you out. 46. WORN (out) (adj) (WORN out): effective; tired out used until no longer
The tires on my car are worn out. She was worn out after running forty-two kilometers.
A-16
LESSON 4
1.
ANTIFREEZE (n) (AN ti freeze): chemical substance used to keep liquids from freezing or overheating You should use antifreeze in your car if yu live in a cold climate. Antifreeze is usually sold by the gallon.
2.
CIRCULATE (v) (CIR cu late): return
to move in a circuit and
Please circulate this letter among all of the people who work here. The antifreeze is circulated throughout the engine by the water pump. 3. COMBUSTIBLE (adj) (com BUS ti ble): capable of being burned
Gasoline is a combustible liquid. Keep combustible materials away from sparks. 4. COMBUSTION (n) (com BUS tion): act or process of burning
Combustion in the engine is caused by the spark plug. Combustion won't take place if a supply of fuel is not available. 5. COMPONENT (n) (com PO nent): a part of a whole, especially a part of electrical or mechanical equipment A computer has many components. A radiator is a component of a car's cooling system. 6. COOLANT (n) (COOL ant): fluid used for cooling engines
You should check the coolant level of engines on a regular basis. The coolant is circulated through the engine by the water pump. 7. CYLINDER (n) (CYL in der): a hollow, solid body with a circular base and straight sides Combustion takes place in the cylinder. How many cylinders does your car have? 8. ELIMINATE (v) (e LIM i nate): to remove or get rid of; omit
We will eliminate his name from the list of those students going on the tour. We have eliminated all of the possible safety hazards.
A-17
9.
EXHAUST (n) (ex HAUST): engine
the hot gas produced by a gasoline
The exhaust from the automobile engine is dangerous. It is a good idea to have the exhaust system of your car inspected regularly. 10. EXTERNAL (adj) (ex TER nal): of or on the outside
Can you describe the external parts of that engine? The skin is an external organ of the body. 11. FILTER (n) (FIL ter): cleaned device through which a liquid is
The fuel filter on your car should be checked regularly. It is a good idea to change the oil filter every time you change the oil in your car. 12. FILTER (v) (FIL ter): to pass through a filter
The oil filter on your car is designed to filter out the small metal particles from the oil. The fuel filter will filter out any dirt which may be in your fuel. 13. FOR THE PURPOSE OF (prep) (for the PUR pose of): to in order
The men were sent outside for the purpose of physical training. The oil filter is in your car for the purpose of filtering the oil. 14. FRICTION (n) (FRIC tion): the natural force which tries to stop one surface from rubbing over another surface Oil is used to reduce friction. Friction causes heat. 15. IN ORDER TO (prep)(in OR der to): for the purpose of
You must study in order to pass the test. You must first fly from San Antonio to New York in order to get to London. 16. INTERNAL (adj) (in TER nal): of or in the inside
The heart is an internal organ of the body. If there is a problem within our organization, we call it an internal problem.
A-18
16.
LEAST (adj)(prn): number or amount
in the smallest degree; the smallest
John ate the least of all. What is the least amount of time it will take you to run forty-two kilometers? 17. LUBRICATE (v) (LU bri cate): lubricant to make slippery; to apply a
What are you going to use to lubricate that machine? The mechanic lubricated the wheels of the car. 18. MALFUNCTION (n) (mal FUNC tion): malfunctioning the act or instance of
The pilot reported a malfunction in his right engine. That machine has had too many malfunctions in the past six months. 19. MALFUNCTION (v) (mal FUNC tion): properly to fail to function
The engine is malfunctioning. The machine malfunctioned soon after it was put into operation. 20. OVERHAUL (n) (0 ver haul): repairs a major repair job;
When the malfunction was reported, it was decided to give the machine a complete overhaul. An engine overhaul for your car will be very expensive. 21. OVERHEAT (v) (o ver HEAT): to become excessively hot
What caused your car to overheat? Not using the proper lubricant may cause your engine to overheat. 22. OVERHEATED (adj) (o ver HEAT ed): excessively hot
My engine became overheated because I had used the wrong lubricant. When you work outside in hot weather you should be careful that your body does not become overheated.
A-19
23.
PISTON (n) (PIS ton): cylinder
cylinder fitted within hollow
My car needs to have its pistons replaced. Jet aircraft engines do not have pistons. 24. PRESSURE (n) (PRES sure): applied force
What air pressure do you keep in your automobile tires? I keep thirty pounds of pressure in my tires. 25. PROCESS (n) (PROC ess): a specific result a series of actions that produce
Learning a second language is a long process. In the cooling process, water circulates through the radiator. 26. PURPOSE (n) (PUR pose): reason; objective
What is your purpose in studying English? What is the purpose of this lesson?
27. REBUILD/REBUILT/REBUILT (v) (re BUILD/re BUILT/re BUILT): to construct again
I rebuilt my house after it was destroyed by fire. I'll have the engine of my car rebuilt next month. 28. REGULATE (v) (REG u late): to control
The carburetor regulates the flow of fuel to the cylinders. The gears regulate the speed of the machine. 29. RUB (v): to move along a surface with pressure and friction
Lubricants reduce the amount of friction caused by two metal parts that are rubbing against each other. When you rub your hands together very quickly, you can feel heat caused by the friction. 30. SO (that) (c): in order that
Speak louder so I can hear you better. Check the coolant level in your engine so that it won't overheat. 31. SPEEDOMETER (n) (speed OM eter): speed device used to indicate
The speedometer indicated that we were going very fast. Cars built in the United States have speedometers that indicate speed in both miles per hour and kilometers per hour. A-20
32.
SURFACE (n) (SUR face):
outer part; top of a liquid
Most glass has a smooth, shiny surface. The leaves floated on the surface of the water. 33. TEAR/TORE/TORN DOWN (v) (tear/tore/torn DOWN): to disassemble to destroy;
The new building will be built as soon as the old one is torn down. We need to tear down the engine and then rebuild it. 34. THERMOSTAT (n) (THER mo stat): temperature device used for regulating
A thermostat is used to regulate the temperature of the engine in your car. The thermostat in my house is located in the living room. 35. USEFUL (adj) (USE ful): capable of being used; helpful
A dictionary is a useful tool when you are studying a language. Many kinds of tools are useful when you are repairing a car. 36. WEAR AND TEAR (e) (WEAR and TEAR): use damage resulting from
My car is ten years old. It's had a lot of wear and tear. The surface of that road gets a lot of wear and tear because of the heavy traffic.
A-21
Appendix B
STRUCTURE LIST
Adjectives: Adjectives:
Adverbs:
Comparison of quantifiers,
4 1
Quantifiers used with count/noncount nouns,
comparisons: least, 4
much/a little, more/less, the most/the
Adverbs: Adverbs: Affixes: Clauses:
Interrogative:
How much/many...? (review objective), 1 2
Interrogative and indefinite adverbs with else, Suffix: -ive/-tive/-ative
(noun/verb to adjective), 3 as + much/many
Adverb clause of comparison/degree: (+ optional noun) + as, 4
Indirect Speech: Nouns: Nouns:
Reported simple past tense, 3
Direct object followed by passive infinitive or past participle, 3 Unit nouns with partitive of, 1 1 2
Pronouns: Pronouns: Verbs: Verbs: Verbs:
Quantifiers (review objective) and partitive of, Interrogative and indefinite pronouns with else, 3 2 2
Passive causative,
Past progressive passive,
Present progressive passive,
Appendix C
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR VERBS
Present arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break bring build burst buy cast catch choose come cost creep cut
Past arose awoke was bore bea t became be ga n bent bet bid bou nd bit bl ed bl ew broke brought built burst bought cast caught chose came cost crept cut
P ast Participle arisen awakened been borne b e a te n become begun bent bet bid bound bitten ble d blown broken brought built burst bought cast caught chosen come cost crept cut
P r e s e nPast t flee fly forget forgive freeze get give g rind g row hang have hear hide hit h old hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie light lose make m ean meet pay put quit fled flew forgot forgave froze got gave ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put quit
Past P artici ple fled flown forgotten fo rgiven frozen gotten(got) g i ve n g r ou nd g r ow n h ung had h e ar d h idden hi t h eld hu rt ke pt k nown laid led left lent let lain lit(lighted) lost ma de m eant met paid pu t qu it
deal dig do draw drink drive

eat fall feed feel fight find
dealt dug did dre w drank drove

ate fell fed felt fought found
dealt dug done drawn drunk driven

eaten fallen fed felt fought found
r ea d ride ring
read rode rang
read ri dden ru ng
C-l
IRREGULRR VERBS (Continued)
Past
Present Past Participle Present Past
Past
Participle
rise run say see seek shake sell send set shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide slit speak spend spin split spread spring stand steal stick sting strike string swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw
rose ran said saw sought shook sold sent set shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid slit spoke spent spun split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck strung swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw
risen run said seen sought shaken sold sent set shed shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid slit spoken spent spun split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck strung sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown
wake wear weave weep wet win wind wring write
woke(waked) wore wove wept wet won wound wrung wrote
woke(waked worn woven wept wet won wound wrung written
understand
understood
understood
C-2
A ppend ix D
FOUR IMPORTANT SPELLING RULES There are four spelling rules which will help you spell thousands of words.
Rule 1. Words Ending in Silent -e
SHORT RULE Before a vowel, drop the -e. Before a consonant, let it be.
When a word ends in silent -e, drop the ê before a suffix beginning with a vowel, but retain it before one beginning with a consonant. Notice what happens to the final ê in the following words when a suffix is added. close take arrange closed taker arrangement closing taking arranging
Rule 2.
Final Consonants C = Consonant V = Vowel
SHORT RULE Double one C after one V if it accented be.
When a word ends in a single consonant after a single vowel in an accented syllable, you double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Notice what happens in these words of one syllable:

stop begin help stopped helped stopping beginning helping stopper beginner helper
Now look at these words:

ship shipped shipping shipment
The same general rule applies to words of more than one syllable if the accent falls on the last syllable.
prefer preferred preferring refer referred referring
D-l
But look at these words: prefer preferable refer reference
They end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it and are accented on the last syllable. But the final consonant is not doubled before the suffix even though it begins with a vowel. Notice what happens to the accent in these words when the suffix is added, it is shifted forward. When the accent does not remain on the syllable, the final consonant is usually not doubled before a suffix. The final consonant in any word is doubled before a suffix only under these conditions: a. The word must end in one consonant with one vowel before it.
b. If the word has more than one syllable, the accent must be on the last syllable and remain on the same syllable. c. The suffix must begin with a vowel.
Rule 3.
Final -y
SHORT RULE After a consonant, -y becomes -i. After a vowel, -y stays -y.
If a consonant comes before final -y, -y changes to -i before all suffixes except -ing. If a vowel comes before -y, -y does not change. Notice these words with a consonant before final -y: carry marry study carried married studied carries marries studies carrying marrying studying
Notice these words with a vowel before final -y; delay journey employ delayed j ourneyed employed delays j ourneys employs delaying journeying employing
Notice these exceptions:
day lay pay
daily laid paid
lain
D-2
Rule 4. ei and ie
Write i before e except after c or when sounded like /e/ as in neighbor and weigh.
SHORT RULE
Notice these principal situations in which the ei - ie problem arises: a. i be fore e (Th is c ov er s mos t o f t he p robl em w or ds .) believe friend b. e before i after c deceive receive receipt ceiling piece niece
c. e before i when sounded like /e/ eight neighbor weigh Notice these exceptions: either neither their seize foreign leisure
Appendix E
VERB FORMS
(These are examples of standard conjugations.)
Verb: To Be (Be: Simple Form)

Present Tense I am you are he, she, it is Past Tense I was you were he was we were you were they were Future Tense* I will be y o u wi l l b e he will be we will be y ou w i l l b e they were we were you are they are Present Perfect Tense I have been y o u ha v e b ee n he has been Past Perfect Tense I had been you had been he had been we had been you had been they had been we have been you have been they have been
Future Perfect Tense* I will have been we will have been y o u w i l l h av e you will have been been he will have they will have
been
been
Verb: to walk (Walk: Simple Form) Present Tense I walk we walk you walk yo u wal k he, she, it wa lks they wal k Past Tense I walked you walked he walked we walked you walked they walked Present Perfect Tense I have walked we have walked y ou ha ve w al ked you have walked he has walked they have walked Past Perfect Tense I had walked you had walked he had walked we had walked you had walked they had walked
* shall may be used, but it's less common.
E-l
Verb: To Walk (Continued) Future Tense* I will walk you will walk he will walk Future Perfect Tense*
we w i l l w a l k I will have we will have walked walked you will walk you will have you will have walked walked they will walk he will have walked they will hav walked Verb: To Walk (Progressive Form) Present Tense
I am walking you are walking he, she, it is walking
we are walking you are walking they are walking
Past Tense
I was walking you were walking he was walking we were walking you were walking they were walking Future Tense*
I will be walking you will be walking he will be walking
we will be walking you will be walking they will be walking Present Prefect Tense
I have been walking you have been walking he has been walking
we have been walking you have been walking they have been walking
Past Perfect Tense

I had been walking you had been walking he had been walking we had been walking you had been walking they had been walking
* see page E-l
E-2
Verb: To Walk (Continued) Future Perfect Tense* I will have been walking you will have been walking he will have been walking we will have been walking you will have been walking they will have been walking
Verb: To See (Passive Voice) Present Tense I am seen you are seen he, she, it is seen we are seen you are seen they are seen Past Tense I was seen you were seen he was seen we were seen you were seen they were seen Future Tense* I will be seen you will be seen he will be seen we will be seen you will be seen they will be seen Present Perfect Tense
I have been seen you have been seen he has been seen
we have been seen you have been seen they have been seen Past Perfect Tense
I had been seen you had been seen he had been seen
* see page E-l
we had been seen you had been seen they had been seen
E-3
Verb: To See (Continued) Future Perfect Tense* I will have been seen you will have been seen he will have been seen we will have been seen you will have been seen they will have been seen
Verb: To Be (Subjunctive Nfcod) (used in conditional or contraryto-the-fact situations) (If) I were (If) you were (If) he, she, it were (If) we were (If) you were (If) they were
* s e e p age E - l
Appendix F
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES There are three basic types of conditional sentences discussed in this appendix. Each type has two parts: the if-clause and the main clause.
REAL PRESENT/FUTURE CONDITION
This type of conditional sentence is used to show what may/will happen in the present/future if a certain condition happens. When the if-clause has the present tense, the main clause uses the present or future tense. Note that the if-clause may come before or after the main clause. When the if-clause comes after the main clause, there is no comma between the clauses.
If Clause
Main Clause
If the weather is good,

If he can,
we drive to the beach. we will drive to the beach. he calls home everyday. he's going to call home today.
Main Clause
If Clause
Sam goes fishing on Fridays Sam will go fishing this Friday

She goes to the movies every week She will go to the movies this week
if he has time.
if she has extra money.
UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION
If-clauses that refer to an unreal, or hypothetical, situation in the present use verbs in the subjunctive mood. Their forms are the same as those of the past tense, except for the verb be, Were, not was, is used with singular nouns and I, he, she, and it. Such a situation is also called a contrary-to-fact condition. F-l
If Clause
Main Clause he would probably feel better, we could get home before dark. I'd follow the doctor's advice.
If If If
he exercised regularly, we left earlier, I were you,
Main Clause
If Clause
Bob wouldn't get so confused You could get your money back This might be a better movie
if he followed instructions, if you had your sales slip, if it weren't so long.
PAST UNREAL CONDITION
Another type of conditional sentence is used to show a past unreal condition or situation. It tells what could, would, or might have happened in the past if a certain condition or situation had been true. The if-clause has the past perfect tense, and the main clause uses could have/might have/would have + a past participle. If Clause
Main Clause
If we had left earlier, If you had had more money, If Jay had seen the doctor,
we might have been on time. you could have bought a house, he wouldn't have gotten so ill,
Main Clause
If Clause
Ed could have passed He might have gone with you Jane would have called John
if he had studied harder. if you had invited him. if she hadn't been so busy.
F-2
HOMEWORK FOR BOOK 20 LESSON 1
A.
Complete the recipe. them in the blanks.
Spell the words correctly and write
CHOCOLATE NUT COOKIES
Ingredients________: Insigdernet 1 cup white sugar 506.cup brown sugar 507.eggs 2 teaspoons (tsp) vanilla 10 2/3 tablespoons (tbs) butter Directions:
______________
3 cups flour 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda 12 oz chocolate chips 1 cup nuts
sugar and butter in a large bowl.
Add eggs and
cineomb vanilla and beat until smooth.

_______________
In a __________ bowl, paterase Add to first
flour, salt, and baking soda.

and beat again.
imx
_______________
uremtix
___________ in nuts and chocolate rist Cook for
chips and drop by teaspoonfuls on a cookie sheet.
8-10 minutes at 375 degrees. cookies.
__________ makes 4-5 dozen cerpie
HW-1
B.
Match the words that have opposite meanings. correct letter in the blank. 1. from time to 2. on hand 3. apart 4. create 5. feel like time a. sell b. destroy
Write the
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________
c. together with d. cooked e. not available
6. a good deal of 7. raw

8. to purchase
f. together g. put together

h. little, not much
9. tear up
10. apart from
i. always
j. not want to
C.
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences bag bet can't help depends on ingredient jar mix property quantities separate set thus
1. 2. 3. 4.
Oil and water don't The Pyrenees Mountains A military vehicle is government A is usually made of glass, France and Spain.
HW-2
5.
Flour is the primary __________ in a loaf of bread. ^
508.Edward is allergic to milk; __________ , he never drinks it. 509.Ann _________ Andy that she would make a higher grade on the quiz than he would. 8. Although Lucy tries to diet, it seems that she __________
______________
gaining weight.
9. 10. much
Bob bought a nylon __________ to carry his school books in. I may go to the game, and I may not. It __________ how
the tickets cost. 11. Anna and Albert received a ___________ of aluminum pots and pans as a wedding gift. 12. Since the Millers have eight children, they buy clothes in large __________.
D.
Rewrite this sentence outline as a topic outline. only important information.
Include
CIGARETTES Cigarette smoking is expensive, inconvenient, and dangerous, A. Cigarette smoking is expensive.
510.There is the cost of the cigarettes themselves. 511.There is the cost of the damage to health that is caused by cigarette smoking. HW-3
B.
There are the inconveniences of cigarette smoking.
512.Smoking wastes a lot of a smoker's time.

513.People who are allergic to smoke are made uncomfortable.
514.Smoking is a dirty habit. 515.Smoking is a cause of air pollution. C. Cigarette smoking has bad effects on your health.
516.Smoking can cause cancer. 517.Smoking can cause heart problems.
CIGARETTES Cigarette smoking is expensive, inconvenient, and dangerous,

A. _______________________________________________________ 518. ____________________________________________________
59 1.
__________________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________________ 520. 51 2. 3 . 4 . C . __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________
____________ 1 . _____ _________
2 .___________________________________________
HW-4
E. Mrs. Barker is talking with a clerk at the grocery store. She's ordering some groceries. Read this phone conversation. Then write a list of Mrs. Barker's groceries. Mrs. Barker:
Clerk: Hello, this is THOMPSON'S MARKET.
Yes, this is Ellen Barker. few groceries.
I'd like to order a
Clerk: Okay, Mrs. Barker. What do you need today? Mrs. Barker: I'd like some cheese. Clerk: About how much? Mrs. Barker: Two and a half pounds. Clerk: Anything else? Mrs. Barker: I also need some milk. Clerk: A quart? Mrs. Barker: No, a gallon. Clerk: Mrs. Barker: Anything more? Yes, some bread. Two loaves of white bread, and I want some green beans in a can.
Clerk: How many cans would you like? Mrs. Barker: Four cans will be fine. Clerk: all for now. Clerk: Is that all? Mrs. Barker: Thank you. Yes, that's
We'll deliver your groceries this afternoon. Thank you.
Write Mrs. Barker's grocery list.

EXAMPLE:
two and a half pounds of cheese
HW-5
F.
Read the letter and then answer the questions.
Dear Barbara, I'm really looking forward to our vacation in Los Angeles next month. I still have a few things that I have to buy. I need lots of shorts, more t-shirts, and some shoes. I plan to get plenty of exercise while I'm there. hope to visit all of the museums. I also
Most of my time this past week has been spent washing and packing all my clothes. I have gotten a little help from my mother, but not much help. She's very busy these days. She doesn't even have enough time for herself. I've been able to save a good deal of money for this trip. I'll be able to buy lots of things for my family and friends. Well, see you next month. Your friend, Lucy
1. What does Lucy need to buy?
2.
How much exercise does she plan on getting?
3.
How many museums in Los Angeles does she hope to visit?
4.
How much help has she gotten from her mother?
HW-6
5. How much money has she been able to save?
6. What will she be able to buy?
G. Answer these questions in complete sentences. EXAMPLE: Do the two girls want to go with you? (no, neither) No, neither of them wants to go with me. 1. George is hard to get along with. (no, few) Does he have"any friends?
2.
Was there any food left when you arrived?
(no, not much)
3.
How many of the people in your office got promoted? out of five)
(three
4.
How many of John's children go to the university?
(both)
HW-7
5.
How many of the passengers brought cameras?
(most)
H.
Read the paragraph, and then select the correct word for each blank. Some recipes call for ingredients _____ people never 1
keep on hand. ______ sometimes have to make a _____ 2 3
trip to the grocery store _____ to get the one or 4

________
special items listed in the _____. 6
Instead,
they may decide not _____ follow the recipe at all and 7
________
use some other ingredient.
Many _____, better, 9
and easier recipes are _____ this way. 10

1. a. that b. they c. the a. b. c. still just yet 2. a. b. c. Them There They 3. a. regular b. usual c. special a. recipe b. story c. report
4.
5.
a. six b. all c. two
6.
7. 10.
a. of b. to c. in a. b. c. created purchased combined
8.
a. should b. ought to c. may
9.
a. old b. new c. good
HW-8
A. Match the words that have opposite meanings. correct letter in the blank. 1. peace 2. secure 3. attack 4. alert 5 . border 6 . enemy 7. 8. security authorize a. b.
Write the
not safe uncertainty ally, friend war
c.
d.
e. defend; withdraw
f . refuse to allow
g.
sleepy, careless
h. center, middle
B. 1.
Circle the correct answer. The troops were on alert.

a. b. c. They were going on leave. They were watching for danger. They were cleaning the barracks.
2.
Those nations are allies.
a. b. c.
3.
They communicate with each other. They're fighting against each other. They help each other when necessary.
Smoking is a _____ good health.
a. b. c.
threat to battle with defense against
HW-9
4.
The forest fire is threatening to destroy many homes. a. b. c. It may destroy them. It is destroying them. It has destroyed them.
5.
Our passports were checked twice by the guards at the

a. b. c. combat border defense
6.
Linda's looking for an apartment building that provides plenty of security for the people who live there.
a. b. c. service furniture protection
7.
Mr. Bates is retired, so he can travel any time he feels like it. He has the _____ to travel when he wants to.
a. b. c. peace freedom security
8.
Sara was authorized by her boss to buy a new computer for the company. a. b. c. given the power given the money given instructions
9.
Floyd was sure that he had the flu; nevertheless, he went to work this morning. a. b. c. thus however therefore
HW-10
10. Frank feels secure in his job.

a. b. c. He doesn't expect to be fired. He doesn't think he'll be promoted. He doesn't plan to retire right away.
11.
Since he'd been in the same _____ before, John knew exactly what to do when he locked his keys in the car.
a. b. c. attack situation maintenance
12.
The people who applied for the job were told they would be _____ of the manager's decision in ten days.
a. b. c. 13.
alerted engaged notified
The coach _____ the argument between the players.

a. b. c. settled attacked maintained
14.
The President can _____ the reserves to strengthen the nation's armed forces. a. b. c. call up take over take control of
15.
Even though that country is small, it _____ a large army and navy. a. b. c. engages defends maintains
HW-11
C.
Complete these sentences with the present progressive passive. What is being done (do) to solve the problem? are being repaired. (repair)
EXAMPLES:
All of the typewriters
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The old buildings __________________________ this morning. (tear down) Steps ________________________ to settle the argument. (take) The reserves ________________________ for duty. (call up) The new jet engines _________________________ . (build) Peace _________________________ by the two countries. (maintain)
D.
Complete these sentences with the past progressive Nothing pipe. was being done (do)
passive.
EXAMPLE:
about the leak in the with a new
The cars were being lubricated lubricant. (lubricate) 1. 2. 3.
The country _____________________ by its neighbor. (attack) Dinner ______________________ while the guests talked. (make) The jars _______________________ as they (break)
___________________
(put)
in the boxes.
4.
The cars ______________________ when it began to rain. (wash) HW-12
E. Use the explanation of dictionary terms, abbreviations, and symbols in the lesson to answer the questions about the word "purchase".
pur'chase (pur'chas) vt. -chased, -chas ing [ <OFr. pour, for + shader, chase] to buy --n 1. anything bought 2. the act of buying 3. a fast hold applied to move something heavy or to keep from slipping --pur'chas'a'ble adj. --pur'chas"er n.
522.How many syllables does the word "purchase" have?
523.Which syllable is stressed?
524.What part of speech is "purchase"?
525.From what language does the word "purchase" come?
Dictionary entries from Webster's New World Dictionary (c) 1984 by Simon & Schuster, Inc. Used by permission.
HW-13
Complete the crossword puzzle. Across

2. calm, quiet 4. combat 526.a fight 527.advise, tell 528.line between nations; edge 9. abbreviation for Seaman Apprentice 10. however 529.begin controlling 530.friend, partner 531.decide; establish a home
Down 1. war 3. extra, more 5. give authority to 9. safety, protection 532.supporting neither side 533.safe, free from danger
ST-MH
G.
Fill the blanks in the paragraph like the example, words in the box.
Use the
who else where else
whom else when else why else Kurt went to the mall.
what else how else
EXAMPLE :
Where else
could he
have gone to buy presents? He went by bus because he didn't know how else to get there.
Marge made an appointment for her husband Marvin to see the doctor. the doctor. Marge was only thinking of his health. ____________________________________________________________ would she make an appointment for him? She made it for a She didn't know ______________ to get him to go to
Saturday morning because she didn't know _______________ Marvin would have time to go. could he do? Marvin took a bus to the doctor's office. near the mall, so he got off there.
___________
He didn't want to go, but _____________
The office was
He didn't know _________
to get off.
Marvin spent half an hour looking for the Just
doctor's office.
He asked everyone, but no one knew.
then he saw a little boy. "I'm looking for Dr. Smith's office.
_____
I don't know _______
to ask.
Do you know where it is?"
The little boy looked at Marvin and said, "It's right behind you.
HW-16
H. Read the paragraph, and then select the correct word for each blank.
They _____ us from all sides. 1 We _____ to kill them as they _____, but more kept coming. 2 3 They _____ our food and threatened to _____ us also. Our defense 4 5 was _____ weaker and weaker; nevertheless, we _____ not let them 6 7 take control _____ us. We decided to continue _____ battle until 8 9 we won the . We would not let these _____ bugs take over. 10 11 We did _____ want them to settle in _____ kitchen. 12 13
1. a. read b. attacked c. authorize 2. a. notified b. asked c. tried 3. a. b. c. houses appeared lonely
The situation was terrible.
4.
a. made b. ate c. read a. would b. hoped c. fired

a. class b. prize c. war
5.
a. eat b. help c. do a. of b. to c. in
a. good b. awful c. more
6.
a. b. c. a. b. c.
becoming joining going the some more
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
a. not b. ever c. never
13.
a. your b. her c. our
HW-17
I.
Answer these questions. paragraph.
Then use the answers to write a
1.
Where did you go yesterday?
2.
How much time did you spend there?
3.
What did you do there?
4.
Are you going to return there?
If so, why?
Write your paragraph here.
HW-18
J. Answer these questions in complete sentences. answers on the blank lines.
Write your
534.Where do you plan to settle when you leave the service? Why do you want to settle there? 535.If you had the freedom to do what you wanted, what would you choose to do? List at least three things. 536.What do you think is the best way to settle an argument? Give a reason for your opinion.
1. _____________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3.
HW-19
A. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
aligned pipes
altogether repairs
defects supplied
estimate worn out
1.
There were a few boring parts in the book, but __________ it was a pretty good book.
2.
Some stores sell clothes which have __________; these are sold at a cheaper price.
537.Did the mechanic make all the __________ to your car? 538.The desks in the office are all __________ against the wall. 539.He walks a lot; his shoes get __________ quickly. 540.Ben and Mary __________ us with blankets and dishes when we first moved into this house. 7. Some homes have plastic water __________. Sometimes they
freeze during cold weather and start to leak. 8. I __________ the repairs will cost you about $85.00.
HW-21
B.
Complete the chart below. System Job
Use the vocabulary of the lesson. Parts ignition switch
ignition
system
hydraulic brake
stops the car
system provides the

fuel to the engine pipes/metal tubes
transmits power from the motor to the wheels
gear shift lever
C.
Complete the sentences by adding the suffix -ive, -tive, or -ative to the underlined word. George doesn't talk to anyone unless he has to. not very talkative. I don't want to buy a He's
EXAMPLE:
541.That tool has a defect. _______________ tool.
542.Changing the oil every three thousand miles prevents damage to the engine. maintenance. It's a type of ________________
HW-22
543.Mothers try to protect their children from everything. are very ________________.
They
544.Mr. Harrison's company produces much more than Mr. Richard's company does. Mr. Harrison's company is more
5.
John persuaded me to go to the coast this weekend. be very ________________ at times.
He can
6.
Jill created a new machine for copying papers. a _____________ person.
She's quite
D.
Label the different parts in the diagram below.
a.
_____________________________
b. _____________________________ c. _____________________________ d.
HW-23
E.
Put the groups of words into correct order to make a sentence. Write capital letters and periods. in the carburetor / and air / are mixed / gasoline Gasoline and air are mixed in the carburetor.
EXAMPLE:
1.
the car will stop / if you release / and step on the brake / the gas pedal
2.
or disconnects / the clutch / the engine / connects / to the transmission
3.
to shift gears / is used / a gear shift lever
4.
the spark / to ignite / the gasoline and air mixture / supplies / the spark plug
F. Match the words on the left with the words on the right,
1 . gear box 2. shift

3. manually 4. defect 5. fluid 6. function 7. supply 8. look over 9. ignite 10. transmit
a. b. c. d.
e.
liquid light, set fire to transmission job by hand
f . pass, send
gh.
j.
move fault, mistake
i . have a look at provide
G. Write the answers like the example. EXAMPLE: When do you expect this report to be finished? (today)
I expect it to be finished today. __________________________________________________ 1. Does Ed need the oil changed? (no, carburetor checked)
2.
What does Tina want done to her car?
(brakes adjusted)
3. Where would you like the sofa put?
(across from the TV)
HW-25
4.
Does the boss expect this job to be done over?
(yes)
5.
What does Bob want done to these pants?
(legs lengthened)
H.
Write the answers like the example. When was the last time you had your tires aligned? (six months ago) I had my tires aligned six months ago.______________
EXAMPLE:
1.
Didn't you just have that TV repaired?
(no, the dishwasher)
2.
Where did Bill get his hair cut?
(at the new barbershop)
3.
When did you get your leave approved?
(yesterday)
4.
Where did you have your prescription filled? drugstore)
(at the
HW-26
5. When do you want the package delivered?
(this Monday)
I.
Rewrite this sentence outline as a topic outline. only important information.
Include
THE BALL One of man's oldest toys is a ball.

A. The first balls were round rocks.
545.They were thrown and were caught. 546.They were used as weapons. a. b. B. They were used against enemies. They were used to kill animals,
Balls are used in many sports today. used in baseball. used in basketball. used in tennis. used in volleyball. used in soccer.
547.They're 548.They're 549.They're 550.They're 551.They're
HW-27
THE BALL
One of man's oldest toys is a ball.

A . ____________________________________________________________________ 52 5. ________________________________________________________________
53 5. ___________________________________________________________
a. _______________________________________________ b. ____________________ ________________________ B. _______________________________________________________ 554.

555. 556. 557. 558.
* *
J.
Write a word which is opposite in meaning to the word on the left. new used__________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
EXAMPLE:
559.interior 560.standard 561.slow down 562.in good shape 563.not straight 564.step on
HW-28
K. Answer these questions about what someone has said. ( EXAMPLE: Ed: When did you visit your mother?
What did Ed ask you? He asked me when I had visited my mother. 1. Rita: I spent over three hundred dollars today.
What did she say?
2.
Roger:
Did she visit Paris while she was in Europe?
What did Roger ask you?
3.
Sam:
How many miles did they drive on their trip?
What did he ask you?
4.
Carmen:
I didn't eat lunch today.
What did she tell them?
HW-29
L.
Read the paragraph and select the correct word for each blank.
The first automobile makers
one car at a
of money.
This
took a lot
time and cost a
Workers made
changes in the cars, 6 different from the 7
each car was a
bit
one car.
All the factory workers

When that 10 was finished, they built 11 one.
1.
a. b. buil c. t foun d took
a. b. week c. time
day
3.
a. on b. of c. in
4.
a. b.
many
little c. lot
5.
a. b. some c, lot none
a. that b. when c. so
7.
a. b. more c. much littl e
8.
a. b. c.
cars other s many
9.
a. c,
b. picked up worked on put off
10.
a. c.
b. car 11. place tool
a. c.
b. more much another
HW-30
M. Select one of the topics on page 127 of your Student Text and write a dialog between a customer and a service station employee about repairs that need to be done and the cost. Customer: Employee: Customer: Employee: Customer: Employee: Customer: Employee:
EVALUATION EXERCISES FOR BOOK 20 LESSON 1
A.
Answer the questions in complete sentences. parentheses. Be sure to use "of."
Use the words in
EXAMPLE:
How much sugar do you need to buy? (two pounds) I need to buy two pounds of sugar.
565.How much water did the doctor suggest you drink every day? (eight glasses) 566.How many bottles of soda did Hal drink last night? (three) 567.How many cigarettes does Sam smoke a day? (two packs a day) 568.How much medicine do you have to take? (four teaspoons a day) 569.How many potatoes does Aunt Laura need? (two large bags) 570.How much milk do the children drink every week? (two gallons) 571.How much gas does this tank hold? 11 B. (fifteen gallons)
Use the cues to ask a question with "How much" or "How many" Another student will answer the question. cans of soda/drink How many cans of soda did he drink? He drank a couple of cans of soda. juice/buy How much juice do you buy each week? I usually buy one large carton of juice.
EXAMPLES:
1. 2.
apples/want ice cream/buy .,

i : . ,
572.tables/need 573.money/need 574.salt/put EE-1
C.
Ask a question with the first cue. Another student will use the second cue to answer your question. salt/a little
EXAMPLES:
Do you use salt? I use just a little? How much salt should I add to the soup? Add just a little to it.
575.gas/some 576.people/not many

3. 4. money/a great deal of 0 fy chairs/several
' .-ijs&fa no \jouu '/''
',
5 . coats/a few
6. free time/a little
' ^ /
7 . money/enough 8. D. gifts/lots of Complete the sentences. Use the pronouns in the box.
a few of either of much all of neither of more both of half of most of
of of
1.
That coffee is delicious. it.
I'd really like ________________
2.
Mr. James has two sons.
_________________ them work for him. There's nothing left.
3. __________________ the cake was eaten.
4. More than ________________ the children in class speak another language besides English. EE-2
- U ?/
my
5.
my two uniforms is clean. wash them before I leave this weekend.
I'll have to
6. has
Elaine
the pictures from John's
wedding. 7.
those two shirts would be nice for tonight,
8. Peter doesn't like milk. drink
He doesn't
it,
9. I saw
the movie but not quite all of it.
E. 1.
Match the word with its meaning, set a. to buy
577.create 578.a list
b. c.
to pull apart into pieces to mix
4.
a jar
5.
d. e. f. g. h.
to make paper container items that are written in one after the other glass container number of things that form a group
combine
6.
a bag
7.
tear
8.
purchase
EE-3
F.
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences correctly.
became of bet combine give away groceries
ingredients mix recipe raw tear
1.
Bobby, don't ________________ that paper! school.
I need it for
2.
Mr. Jones ________________ a lot of money on last night's

football game.
579.Janet can't wear these clothes any more. _____________ them _____________.
She's going to
580.It's Thursday, and I'm out of milk, bread, eggs, and juice. It's time to get ________________ again. 5.___________________ vegetables are very good for your health. 6. The ________________ calls for three eggs and half a cup of milk. 7. Now you have to _______________ the milk and the eggs together. 581.What ________________ do I need for this cake? 582.Is Mrs. Land going to_________________ the ingredients? 10. What ever ________________ Tim Allen? anything about him in years.
EE-4
I haven't heard
A.
Answer each question. Use the words in parentheses and the present progressive passive. Was Jack notified about the rent increase? (no, notified now) No, but he's being notified now.
EXAMPLE:
583.What's happening to the street? (widened) 584.What's going on at Fred's house? (painted) 585.There are a lot of people at that store. (clothes/given away) What's going on?
586.Where are the students? (tested in the lab) 587.Why are all the students in the meeting room? (briefed) 588.Did anyone notify Carl? (yes, notified now)
B.
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences correctly.
called up peace notify maintains
neutral maintenance
secure settle
1. The reserves were put on alert.

_________________________
They are ready to be
for military duty. She remained
2.
Marge did not take sides in the argument.
589.Sgt Lopez said that this area was free from danger. that it was _______________. 590.The car is more than twenty years old, but it runs beautifully. John _______________ it very well.
He said
EE-5
591.Who does the _________________ on your computers? 592.The opposite of war is ________________. 593.Those children have been arguing for two hours. They'll
have to _________________ their problem fairly soon. 594.Who's going to _________________ Sgt Peterson of his promotion?
C. Write answers to the questions. passive. EXAMPLE:
Use the past progressive
When did he stay at your house? He stayed at our house while
(his house painted) his house was being
painted.____________________________________________ 1. Why did Mike ride to work with you last month? (car fixed) He rode with me because 2. Why did Ted borrow your jacket last week? (his cleaned) He borrowed my jacket because _________________________ 3. When did Jill use your computer? (hers repaired) She used mine while 4. Why were the streets closed? (building torn down) They were closed because a _____________________ 5. Why was Capt Wilson in the major's office for so long? (briefed) He was there because he
EE-6
D.
Use the "else-words" below to complete the sentences,
Who else Why else
What else Where else
When else How else
595.Mr. Johnson, you have told us about the transportation on the base. _______________ can you tell us?
596.You said you visited Germany, France, and Italy. _______________ did you visit while you were in Europe? 597.On Monday I have to go to the dentist. barber. Tuesday I go to the
Thursday and Friday I have night school.
_______________ can I meet with you? 598.I know there were four people in the meeting. seeing Bob and Fred. I remember
_______________ was at the meeting? But he was sent
599.Ted hates the cold weather in Chicago. there to work by his company. he live in Chicago? 6. Gina had to take a taxi to work.
______________ would
Her car is being repaired,
There's no bus stop anywhere near her house. _________________________________________________________ could she have gotten to work?
EE-7
E.
Use a dictionary to find the left guide word for each of the words below. You will have 3 1/2 minutes to find the guide words.
LEFT GUIDE WORD
1. 2 3 4 . . . 5 .
neutral border ready red soft
F.
ser'geant (sar ja nt) n. [< L. servire, serve] 1. a noncommissioned officer ranking above a corporal 2. a police officer ranking next below a captain or a lieutenant
1.
What part of speech is the word "sergeant"?
2.
Which syllable contains the main stress?
3.
How many meanings does the word have?
Dictionary entries from Webster's New World Dictionary (c) 1984 by Simon & Schuster, Inc. Used by permission.
EE-8
4.
From what language does the word "sergeant" come?
G.
Match the word with its meaning.

a. battle
600.peace
601.authorize 602.settle 603.combat 604.take over 605.alert 606.secure 607.take steps
b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
to begin controlling freedom from war to warn to reach an agreement free from danger to give power to to begin to act
A.
Listen to the paragraph and write the connective words that your hear.
1. 2 . 3 . 4 .
B.
Write answers to the questions. Use the passive causative with "have" or "get" and the words in parentheses. What did Laura get done to her car? (wheels/align) She got the wheels aligned.______________________
EXAMPLE:
1.
How long has it been since he got his hair cut? (three months)
2.
Did Harry have the transmission checked? (yes, last Saturday)
3.
When did Tom have his house painted? (last summer)
4.
Do you think it's time to change the oil? (no, three weeks ago)
EE-11
C.
Write answers to the questions. Sara: Where did you get your shirt? What did Sara ask you? She asked me where I had gotten my shirt.
EXAMPLE:
1.
Mike:
I worked out at the gym for three hours yesterday.
What did Mike say?
2.
Nelson:
John, did you lock the door before you left?
What did Nelson ask John?
3.
Ellen:
What time did you leave work yesterday?
What did Ellen ask you?
4.
Carl:
When did you go to Chicago, Ms. Martin?
What did Carl ask Ms. Martin?
EE-12
D.
Write answers to the questions. parentheses.
Use the words in
EXAMPLE:
What needs to be done to the car? (would like/tires aligned) I'd like the tires aligned.
1.
What do you need done this weekend? (need/exterior of the house painted)
2.
Where do you want this bookcase put? (want/next to the sofa)
3.
What would you like done today? (would like/brakes adjusted)
4.
When will you be told whether you've been promoted? (expect/told tomorrow)
E.
Complete the sentence by adding the suffix -ive, -tive, or -ative to the underlined word. A spelling change may be necessary. If anyone can persuade the boss, Joan can. very persuasive woman. It's She's a
EXAMPLE:
608.Having the car serviced regularly prevents trouble. ___________________ maintenance.

609.Col Simpson can communicate well with his troops. good ___________________ skills.
He has
EE-13
3.
I found a lot of defects in this coat. ___________________ for me to buy.
It's too
610.Mike says that Sue talks all the time. a very __________________ person.
I guess she's just
611.This farm produces a lot of fruits and vegetables. very __________________ farm.
It's a
F.
Label the diagram correctly.
1 . 2 . 3 .
G.
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
aligned liquids
hydraulic provides
accelerated estimated function defective worn out automatic
612.Ed stepped on the gas.
He _________________ the car.
613.Bob felt _________________ after the basketball game. 614.The tires aren't wearing out evenly. They need to be
4.
What's the ________________ of the carburetor? It mixes gasoline with air.
5. 6.
Water, gasoline, and oil are ________________. There's a leak in the _________________ brake system. fluid is dripping out. The
7.
The gears shift by themselves. transmission.
It's an _________________
8.
The mechanic _________________ that the repairs would cost about $100.
9.
The spark plugs aren't working properly.
They're
10.
The ignition system ________________ the power to start the car.
A.
Answer the questions with complete sentences. in parentheses in your answers.
Use the words
EXAMPLE:
Why is Joe running down the hall? (because/late) He's running down the hall because he's late.
615.Why are you setting the alarm an hour earlier? (so that/get to work early) 616.Why are you always exercising? (in order to/lose weight) 617.Why are we stopping at the bank? (so that/get some cash) 618.Why is Sam taking his camera? (because/take pictures) 619.Why is Sally saving her money? (in order to/buy a car) 620.Why is Frank driving fast? (because/late) 621.Why are you going to the library? (so that/study for my test) 622.Why did you leave class early? (because/doctor's appointment)
B.
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
much fewer
many less
few little
more the most
the fewest the least
623.The farmer doesn't have many cows.
In fact, he has
_________________ cows of all the farmers in this area. 624.Grandpa used to drive all the time, but he drives very ________________now. 625.Harriet is always sad. at all. 626.There are stop lights on every corner of Broadway. are ________________ lights on Main Street. 627.I like math. English does. 628.I can't speak Chinese with anyone here. There are very It gives me ________________ trouble than There She doesn't smile ________________
________________ people here who speak Chinese. 629.Jack uses a lot of sugar in his coffee. ________________ than I do. 630.John didn't ask _______________ questions during the briefing. 9. Kenny is never tired. He's always ready to play. He's got He uses
________________ energy of any child I've known. 10. His brother is very quiet. He speaks ______________ of
all his brothers and sisters.
C.
Combine the sentences. parentheses.
Use as ... as and the word in
EXAMPLE:
Ted ate two bowls of ice cream. bowls also, (much)
Louis ate two
Louis ate as much ice cream as Ted did. 1. Peggy earns $5.00 an hour. (much) Sally earns $6.50 an hour,
Peggy ________________________________________
2.
Harry ate four pieces of cake. (many)
Jimmy ate four pieces, too.
Harry ________________________________________________________
3.
When Steve makes that recipe, he uses two cups of sugar. When Nancy makes it, she uses one cup. (much) Nancy ________________________________________________
4.
Col Travis supervises ten civilians. eight civilians, (many) Col Evans
Col Evans supervises
D.
Choose the word in the box that completes the sentence correctly.
antifreeze coolant components
combustion eliminated friction
filter circulates overheat
thermostat wear and tear
1.
You'd better add ________________ so the engine won't
2.
It's about time to change the oil Do
631.The temperature is going down below freezing tonight. you have _________________ in the radiator? 632.The oil and grease reduce _________________. 633.Making so many long trips to the beach adds to the _________________ of your car.
634.Hot exhaust gases are _________________ from the engine, 635.The process of burning is called _________________. 636.This engine has a lot of _________________. 637.A ________________ regulates temperature. 10. A water pump _________________ the coolant through the engine.
E.
ma.te.ri.al (m atir e 91) adj. [ L. materia, matter] 1. of matter; physical [ a material object] 2. of the body or bodily needs, comfort, etc; not spiritual 3. important, essential, etc. --n. 1. what a thing is, or may be made of; elements or parts 2. cloth; fabric 3. [pi ] tools, etc. needed to make or do something
1.
From what language does the word "material" come?
2.
How many syllables does "material" have?
3.
Which syllable receives the most stress?
4.
What parts of speech is the word?
F. 1.
Circle the correct answer. They a. b. c. d. the building in order to build a new parking lot, rebuilt tore down regulated lubricated It's
2.
The machine isn't working correctly. a. b. c. d. functioning separating malfunctioning circulating
3.
Sandra looked at the going. a. b. c. d. fuel gauge thermostat speedometer piston
to see how fast the car was
4.
Oil and grease are

a . b . c . d . filters lu rica ts b n co n o la ts p ms u p reduces pressure weight friction re u in b ild g
5.
O il a. b. c . d .
A'wADctofA !'<- ' NHRCEA f

B .; iB
EE-22

Book 20

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Book 20

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Book 20

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is the purpose of the American Language Course?

What is the purpose of the American Language Course?

What are the four areas that the American Language Course focuses on?

What are the four areas that the American Language Course focuses on?

PREFACE

NOTES TO THE STUDENT

Mark the stressed word. Refine these Listen and paraphrase.

CONTENTS OF BOOK 20 LESSON 1

ST Page VOCABULARY: planning a party and purchasing food

expressing quantity SPEAKING SKILLS:

Answer the questions. paragraphs.

Use the words that are underlined in the

BOB BOUGHT A NEW SET OF TIRES FOR HIS CAR.

feel like groceries list

listed most on hand put off

quantity separate set

Anne: Jane: out,

19. Jane: Carl: 20. Bill: Jill: things

to do. 21. Lynn: Mark: 22. Larry: Carol: 8. Howard: Denise:

I don't want to forget anything. Do you have one?

I need a battery for my radio.

There's not much medicine in this bottle. need more?

No, a small________________will be sufficient.

ONE OF THE GROCERY BAGS TORE.

Repeat the underlined words.

Then read the paragraphs.

MARIA PURCHASED SOME GROCERIES.

(a good deal of)

(a great deal of)

Except for a jar of pickles, nothing broke.

Listen to each paragraph and write the connectives you hear.

a. b. _________________ c. _________________ d. _______________

b. _________________ c. _________________ d.__________________

MARIA'S SNACK MIX

Then read this dialog about a

This snack is delicious.

What's it made of?

Repeat the underlined words.

Then read these conversations.

What a football game!

Sure, I wouldn't mind making some easy money. much?

No, we decided to give it away. needed it.

I'm sure they were glad to get such a nice gift.

32. Stan: Sara: 33. Mack: Mike:

I don't know many of the other guests.

Who are they?

34. Edith: Eddie: 35. Dawn: Dana: Dawn:

36. Vickie: Victor:

I don't know what's become of

Bruce: Betty: Bruce: Betty:

Marty: Maria: Marty: Maria:

This certainly is a nice house. and Mike owned it?

How long have you

COMBINE AND MIX HAVE THE SAME MEANING.

Match the words with their meanings. beside the number.

Write the correct letter

THERE WILL BE PLENTY OF FOOD AT THE PARTY.

SHE CAN SPEAK SEVERAL LANGUAGES.

Answer the questions. EXAMPLE:

Use the words in parentheses.

a. b. _________ c. _ d. _______

b. _________ c. _ d.__________

Utensils for eating__________ Knives_ Dinner_ Steak Forks____________________

Dinner_______________ Spoons_ Teaspoon Soup spoon_____________

a. ___________________________________________ _ b. 2. ___

87. ______________________ 88. C. 1. _ 2. ___________________________

1. '_______ 2. 3. _ 4. _:_ 5. __________________