Power Supply

POWER SUPPLY
SUBJECT: ADVANCE POWER ELECTRONICS VII SEM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET
SYLLABUS TOPIC
DC Power Supplies:
Switched-Mode DC Power Supplies, Fly back converter, Forward converter, Push pull converter, Half bridge converter, full bridge converter, resonant DC power supplies, Bidirectional power supplies.
AC Power Supplies:
Switch Mode AC Power supplies, Resonant AC Power supplies, Bidirectional AC Power supplies
UPS: on line, off line, line interactive, chargers,

inverters, transfer switch, transformer, control, design etc.,
POWER SUPPLY
Importance of DC Power Supplies.

Nearly every electronic circuit requires DC power.
Design Parameters
Supply voltage Supply current Noise Regulation Efficiency Physical dimensions
BASIC TECHNOLOGIES
Common Types Linear : ( Lowest noise, low efficiency, lower power, good regulation)
Applications sensitive instrumentation and sensors
Switch mode
: (Higher power, higher efficiency, higher noise, good regulation)
Applications digital circuits widely used
Unregulated
:(Highest power, highest efficiency, highest noise poor, regulation)
Applications power amplifiers, large DC motors etc
UNREGULATED POWER SUPPLY
Highest power Highest efficiency Highest noise Poor regulation
CURRENT FLOW - POSITIVE

Diode Voltage Drop D1,D2 ~ 1.4 V
CURRENT FLOW NEGATIVE
FULL BRIDGE WAVEFORM

Vrms = Vp (2xVdiode)/1.414
Irms = Vrms/Rload
Smoothing Capacitor Q = C x Vr Irms xTr = C x Vr Example Vr = 0.5V at 1A C= 1A x 10ms/0.5V C = 20 000uF Ripple frequency 100Hz in Australia Tr = 10ms full wave rectified Beware! Capacitor voltage rating and polarity
LINEAR REGULATED SUPPLY

Can be replaced by a battery or switch mode supply!
Semi conductor device acts as a variable resistor which uses voltage feedback to control voltage drop.
BASIC REGULATOR CIRCUIT
Ripple (Electrolytic)
Decoupling (Ceramic)
3-TERMINAL POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
DUAL SUPPLY
AS A CURRENT REGULATOR
SWITCH MODE OVERVIEW

Lots of noise = Lots of filtering Wide Input Range (1 to 4)
Square Wave Switching 10 250 kHz

High frequency ferrite core
10 to 100mv HF ripple with Harmonics!
BASIC SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

I
DC to DC Converter
AC to DC converter
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION POWER DISTURBANCES UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES GENERAL DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES QUESTIONS
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY
An UPS is a device that has an alternate source of energy that can provide power when the primary power source is temporarily disabled. The switchover time must be small enough to not cause a disruption in the operation of the loads.
UPS AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ONLY DEVICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGE
OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINST EQUIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLY COMPUTER AND EQUIPMENT DAMAGE DATA LOSS TIME AND EXPENSE TO RECOVER BACK TO WHERE YOU WERE, IF EVEN POSSIBLE
CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

STORM ACTIVITY LIGHTNING, WIND, ICE OBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH POWER LINE AND TRIPPING BREAKER TREE BRANCHES, ANIMALS, OTHER UTILITY FAULT CLEARING
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
ACCIDENTS MOTOR VEHICLE, OTHER EQUIPMENT FAILURE OVERLOADING LOAD SWITCHING
DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCES
INSTANTANEOUS MOMENTARY -
CYCLE (8 1/3 ms) OR LESS CYCLE TO 3 SEC
TEMPORARY
SUSTAINED
3 SEC TO 1 MIN
GREATER THAN 1 MINUTE
MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES
BUY EQUIPMENT THAT HAS INTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR EXAMPLE, BATTERY BACK UP FOR ANY
APPLIANCE THAT CONTAINS A CLOCK
USE ONE OR MORE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

SURGE PROTECTORS LINE FILTERS VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER UPS
UPS ARCHITECTURES
OFF-LINE
ON-LINE
BLOCK DIAGRAM - OFF LINE UPS
AC SUPPLY BATTERY CHARGER INVERTER DC TO AC
AUTOMATIC SWITCH
CRITICAL LOAD (AC)
BATTERY
AC FAIL
BLOCK DIAGRAM - ON-LINE UPS
AC SUPPLY CONVERTER AC TO DC INVERTER DC TO AC
AUTOMATIC SWITCH
CRITICAL LOAD (AC)
BATTERY
INVERTER FAIL
BLOCK DIAGRAM LAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY

CRITICAL LOAD CONVERTER AC TO DC CONVERTER DC TO DC (DC)
AC SUPPLY
BATTERY
UPS WAVEFORMS

TRUE SINEWAVE MODIFIED SINEWAVE SQUARE WAVE
UPS WAVEFORMS
170
TRUE SINEWAVE MODIFIED SINEWAVE SQUARE WAVE
VOLTAGE
0 0 4 8 12 16 20
TIME (ms)
-170
INVERTER TECHNOLOGY FOR TRUE SINEWAVE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION - PWM LINEAR AMPLIFIER RESONANT INVERTER
BLOCK DIAGRAM - PWM INVERTER

DC POWER
HIGH FREQUENCY GENERATOR
PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR
BASE / GATE DRIVE
TRANSISTOR BRIDGE
TRANSFORMER
FILTER
CRITICAL LOAD (AC)
REFERENCE SINEWAVE GENERATOR COMPARISON AMPLIFIER
BLOCK DIAGRAM - LINEAR AMPLIFER INVERTER

DC POWER
SINEWAVE OSCILLATOR
TRANSFORMER OSCILLATOR AMPLIFIER
CRITICAL LOAD (AC)
COMPARISON AMPLIFIER
POWER AMPLIFIER
BLOCK DIAGRAM - RESONANT INVERTER

DC POWER
SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR
SWITCH DRIVE
TRANSISTOR SWITCHES
TRANSFORMER
LC RESONANT TANK FILTER (OR FERRORESONANT)
CRITICAL LOAD (AC)
UPS COMPONENTS

CONVERTER - AC TO DC
SPD - PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND TRANSIENTS
BATTERY
STORED ENERGY DEVICE - PROTECTS AGAINST INTERRUPTIONS
INVERTER DC TO AC
WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND INTERHARMONICS FILTER PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND NOISE VOLTAGE REGULATOR PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES AND FLUCTUATIONS
MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE

SWITCHOVER TIME
A TYPICAL SWITCHOVER TIME ONE QUARTER CYCLE OR LESS
2 4 ms
FOR SOME EQUIPMENT THIS IS NOT TOLERABLE
ADVANTAGES
LINE INTERACTIVE ADVANTAGES

AC TO DC CONVERTER / BATTERY CHARGER DOES NOT HAVE TO PROVIDE FULL LOAD POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER) LESS STRESS ON DC TO AC INVERTER SINCE IT RUNS AT NO LOAD UNTIL UPS SWITCHES TO BATTERY POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER)
ON-LINE ADVANTAGES
ZERO SWITCHOVER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTERY POWER ALWAYS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE MAIN LINE
SIZING THE UPS
EQUIPMENT RATINGS FOR LOADS
OBTAIN RATINGS FROM NAMEPLATE OR SPEC SHEET ENERGY USAGE MAY BE SPECIFIED IN VOLT AMPS (VA) OR WATTS (W) AND IN VALUES THAT ARE EITHER MAXIMUM OR NOMINAL (VA) AND (W) ARE RELATED VIA THE POWER FACTOR
TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS VOLT AMP (VA) RATING TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS WATT (W) RATING
OVERSIZE / DERATE TO ADD LIFE

RUNTIME CHARTS
BATTERY SAFETY
MAINTENANCE INSPECT PERIODICALLY REPLACE AS NEEDED
RISKS
ACID ELECTRIC SHOCK BURN FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES) INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY PACKS
DISPOSAL
DISPOSE OF PROPERLY RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE
SWITCHED-MODE DC POWER SUPPLIES
Five configurations
Fly-back Forward Push-pull Half Bridge Full-Bridge
Operate at high frequencies

Easy to filter out harmonics
FLY-BACK CONVERTER
MODE 1 OPERATION -- Q1 ON

Current builds up in the primary winding Secondary winding has the opposite polarity D1 OFF C maintains the output voltage, supplies load current
MODE 2 OPERATION - Q1 TURNED OFF

Polarity of the windings reverses Diode D1 conducts, charging C and providing current to the load RL Secondary current falls to 0 before the next cycle begins
WAVEFORM SUMMARY
FORWARD CONVERTER
FEATURES

Includes a reset winding to return energy Secondary dot so that D2 forward biased when Q1 is ON no energy stored in the primary Operates in continuous mode
MODE 1 OPERATION -- Q1 ON

Current builds up in the primary winding Energy transferred to the load
MODE 2 OPERATION -- Q1 TURNED OFF

Polarity of transformer voltages reverses D2 turns OFF, D1 and D3 turn ON
WAVEFORM SUMMARY
Vo
D3
CURRENT COMPONENTS IN THE PRIMARY
DOUBLE-ENDED FORWARD CONVERTER
PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
PUSH-PULL OPERATION

Q1 ON, Vs across the lower primary winding Q2 ON, Vs across the upper primary winding
HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
MODE 1 OPERATION

Q1 ON, D1 conducting Energy transferred to the load
MODE 2 OPERATION

Both transistors are OFF D1 continues to conduct due to current in L1
MODE 3 OPERATION

Q2 ON, D2 conducting Energy transferred to the load
MODE 4 OPERATION

Both transistors OFF D2 continues to conduct due to current in L1
WAVEFORM SUMMARY K<0.5
FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
MODE 1 OPERATION

Q1,Q4 ON, Q2,Q3 OFF D1 conducting, energy transferred to the load
MODE 2 OPERATION

All transistors are OFF D1 continues to conduct due to current in L1
MODE 3 OPERATION

Q2,Q3 are ON, Q1,Q4 OFF D2 conducting, energy transferred to the load
MODE 4 OPERATION

All transistors are OFF D2 continues to conduct due to current in L1
HALF-BRIDGE RESONANT INVERTER
FULL-BRIDGE RESONANT INVERTER
BIDIRECTIONAL POWER SUPPLY
TYPES OF AC POWER SUPPLIES
Switched-mode Resonant Bidirectional
SWITCHED-MODE AC POWER SUPPLY
FEATURES OF THE SWITCHED-MODE CONF.
Two inverters Input side: operates at high-frequency Reduces size of transformer and DC filter components at the input of the output-side inverter
FEATURES OF THE SWITCHED-MODE CONFIGURATION
Two inverters continued Output side: operates at output frequency
RESONANT AC POWER SUPPLY
FEATURES OF THE RESONANT AC POWER SUPPLY
Two inverters Input side is a resonant inverter Output side operates with PWM control at the output frequency
BIDIRECTIONAL AC POWER SUPPLY
FEATURES OF THE BIDIRECTIONAL AC POWER SUPPLY
Output inverter and Rectifier are combined into a cycloconverter (converts one frequency ac into another frequency ac) Power flow in either direction
MULTISTAGE CONVERSIONS
MULTISTAGE CONVERSIONS (CONTINUED)

Four conversions AC-DC DC-AC AC-DC DC-AC Ultimately an AC AC Conversion
QUESTIONS
?

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POWER SUPPLY

SUBJECT: ADVANCE POWER ELECTRONICS VII SEM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

UPS: on line, off line, line interactive, chargers,

Importance of DC Power Supplies.

Applications sensitive instrumentation and sensors

: (Higher power, higher efficiency, higher noise, good regulation)

Applications digital circuits widely used

:(Highest power, highest efficiency, highest noise poor, regulation)

Applications power amplifiers, large DC motors etc

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

UNREGULATED POWER SUPPLY

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

Highest power Highest efficiency Highest noise Poor regulation

CURRENT FLOW - POSITIVE

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

CURRENT FLOW NEGATIVE

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

FULL BRIDGE WAVEFORM

LINEAR REGULATED SUPPLY

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

BASIC REGULATOR CIRCUIT

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

3-TERMINAL POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

SWITCH MODE OVERVIEW

Square Wave Switching 10 250 kHz

10 to 100mv HF ripple with Harmonics!

BASIC SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES OUTLINE

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

UPS AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCES

CYCLE (8 1/3 ms) OR LESS CYCLE TO 3 SEC

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES

USE ONE OR MORE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

BLOCK DIAGRAM - OFF LINE UPS

AC SUPPLY BATTERY CHARGER INVERTER DC TO AC

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

BLOCK DIAGRAM - ON-LINE UPS

AC SUPPLY CONVERTER AC TO DC INVERTER DC TO AC

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

BLOCK DIAGRAM LAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

TRUE SINEWAVE MODIFIED SINEWAVE SQUARE WAVE

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

TRUE SINEWAVE MODIFIED SINEWAVE SQUARE WAVE

PROF. PRATIK MUNJANI EED, OMSCET

INVERTER TECHNOLOGY FOR TRUE SINEWAVE