International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020

Vol. 4, Issue 10, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 225-230

Published Online February 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

SINGLE PHASE INVERTER USING PWM

TECHNIQUE
Prajakta S. Kasulakar Chetan B. Dethe
Asst. professor, Department of Electrical Engg. Student, Department of Electrical Engg.
Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur, India Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur, India

Paras G. Patil Pratik N. Murkute

Student, Department of Electrical Engg. Student, Department of Electrical Engg.
Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur, India Ballarpur Institute of Technology, Ballarpur, India

Abstract: An inverter is device that changes the dc voltage But in Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight
into ac voltage thus inverter plays an important role in into electricity using photovoltaic and concentrated solar power
modern electrical system performers of inverter is system. In photovoltaic cell is a device which converters light
necessary for use of electrical energy for various households into electric currents using the photovoltaic effect. The array of
and industrial purpose. Thus, we are introducing a single- photovoltaic produced direct current power which fluctuates
phase inverter using PWM. the use of PWM make it more with the sun light intensity. For practical used it converts certain
effective and superior then conventional inverter. This desired voltage or alternating currents through the use of
project is basically designed to convert dc source voltage to inverters.
ac voltage from a battery by using inverter circuit design
and construct of 50Hz,240V,1KVA is made for the optimum And other application of Inverter is when the main power
performance many sub circuits are interconnected with source fails, Inverter has provided emergency power to a load
each other for overall operation. The interconnected circuit like fans, LED bulbs etc.
such as PWM circuit, low battery circuit, over load An inverter is a device that changes DC voltage into AC
shutdown circuit, charging control/soft charging circuit voltage. A Direct current (DC) is a current that flows in only
protection change over circuit /power supply circuit. It also one direction, while an Alternating current (AC) is that which
has output circuit MOSFT and transformer section. The flows in positive and negative directions.
project more introducible to user due to use of visual
display component like LED. Use of such inverter can easily The electric inverters are a high-power electronics oscillator is
contribute to known the start of system easily. namely as mechanical AC to DC converters are works in
reverse thus was invented DC to AC. The performance of
I. INTRODUCTION inverter is opposite to the rectifier.

A few year ago, basic need of human beings are food, cloth, II. LITERATURE REVIEW
shelter but now this scenario is change to food, cloth, shelter
and also electricity and we are surrounded by greater In 19th century, DC to AC power converted using Rotary
technologies. Electricity is biggest technological innovations of Converters or Motor – generator sets (M-G sets) was reliable at
human beings. the time was only the converter that converts DC power to AC
power. The output waveform fit at the various wide variety of
It is most important factor of daily need and no one cannot application but it is inefficient.
imagining world without electricity. Now a day’s electricity
plays a main role in domestic as well as industrial. Electricity is In 20th Century Vacuum tubes and gas filled tubes are to be used
run our appliances and can also in travelling as like as electric as switch in inverter. Generally, thyratron tube is used as
train, electrical car and can also be used in medical (For Ex. switch.
ECG, X-ray machine etc.)
Since early transistors were not available with sufficient voltage
To generate this electricity from primary energy. But it is not and current ratings for most inverter applications. 1957
freely available in nature so that we have to produce electricity introduction of the thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier
from other form of energy Like thermal power plant, hydro (SCR).
power plant, solar power plants etc.
Power MOSFET is voltage and not current- controlled. It has a
positive temperature coefficient, stopping thermal runaway.
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 225-230
Published Online February 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

The on – state – resistance has no theoretical limit. Hence on – switch generally, the MOSFET are classified as enhancement
state losses can be far lower. The MOSFET also has a body- and depletion type
drain diode, which is particularly useful in dealing with limited
freewheeling current. FEATURE OF IRFz44:

III. MAJOR COMPONENT  Lower input capacitors typically (1770pF)

 Improved gate charge
A. Transformer-  Extended safe operating area
It is a Passive electric device that transfer electric energy from  1750C operating temperature
one circuit to other circuit which are mutual magnetically  Lower leakage current =10µA(max.) at Vds =60V
coupling. A varying current in any coil of transformer produces  LOWER Rds(ON):0.020Ω (Tp)
a varying magnetic flux, which turns induced a varying
magnetic electromotive force and wound around same core. C. IC SG3524 PWM (50Hz) frequency oscillator-
Features:
Mostly the transformer is used to step up or step-down voltage  Complete PWM power control circuitry
or current. The No. of turn on primary winding is a usually
 Single ended or push- pull output
different from secondary. Due to both winding is same no of
 Line and load regulation of 0.2%
turns, it is isolation transformer provides secondary voltage and
current that is same as that of primary. This transformer  1% max temperature variation
preventing from transfer of unwanted electrical noise from  Total supply current is less than 10mA
primary to secondary noise.  Operation beyond 100kHz

The winding of this conventional transformer is wounded on SG3524 description:

tabular bobbin is made up of plastic and other insulating
material the iron or steel core is enclosed the wounded bobbins. This monolithic integrated circuit contains all the control
the shape of this core generally “E” and “I” the shaped circuitry for a regulating power supply inverter or switching
laminated metal sheet, assemble through and round and the regulator. Included in a 16-pin dual-in-line package is the
wound through bobbins voltage reference, error amplifier, oscillator, pulse-width
modulator, pulse steering flip-flop, dual alternating output
The generated emf of transformer is given by switches and current-limiting and shut-down circuitry. This
device can be used for switching regulators of either polarity,
Emf=4.44 *F*Bm*A*TP transformer-coupled DC-to-DC converters, transformer less
Where, f=frequency of ac input(50Hz) voltage doubles and polarity converters, as well as other power
control applications. The SG3524 is designed for commercial
Bm=maximum flux density which is assume to be 1500 wb/m applications of 0°C to +70°C.
TP= stacking factor (0.9) D. Battery -
A =area of core There are two types of the lead acid batteries (i.e. flat plate
batteries and tubular batteries) out of these tubular batteries are
No of turns per volt, NT. V-1=7/A best four power backup. Dry type batteries are never use for
Transformer specification: inverters
These types of batteries are used for all types of inverters
Rating of transformer (KVA)=1kVA, E2=12 volt
including solar inverters
Efficiency of transformer =85%
Advantages of tubular batteries over flat plate batteries are It
Therefore, requires minimum maintenance

input rating=output/efficiency=1000VA/0.85=1176VA Due to the internal structure of battery, it needs to topped up

with distilled water at longer intervals
Vp=260
It is also safer than the dry battery i.e. the structure of a battery
Ip=1176/260=4.5A/IS=1000/12=83A is designed in such a way that there is a no problem of leakage
B. Power MOSFET (IRFz44)- This type of battery should not trigger any toxic gas release.
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). It Hence it can be used inside the house without any tension.
is three terminal device which can be used as an amplifier or as
It has a longer lifespan than flat plater battery (about 5 years)

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Vol. 4, Issue 10, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 225-230
Published Online February 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

It has high efficiency and are associated with low current

wastage.
Batteries specification:
Battery voltage: 12V
Capacity: 26 Ah
Type: Sealed lead acid battery
Fig. (a) output section
Length: 6.58”
B. PWM Section-
Width: 6.89” To obtain the steady output voltage of 230V or 110V pulse with
modulation technology used in inverter based on PWM are
Height: 5.04”
more superior to the conventional inverter PWM method is used
Rechargeable: yes to detract over all harmonic distortion in the load current. PWM
is realized by feeding back by AC supply generated by the
Recyclable: yes
inverter to the PWM IC1 to keep the pulse with output from pin
Memory effect: no 11 and 14 constant. A bridge rectifier is made up of 4 diode (D2,
D3, D4, and D5) is connected to the drain terminal of the
Operating temperature range: MOSFET for providing the feedback to the PWM controller IC
At the time of discharging: -400C to +600C the output of the bridge rectifier is filtered by a 10µF capacitor
and gives to the pin 1 of PWM IC through adjusting preset
At the time of charging: -200C to +500C (potential circuit) 10K and PWM adjustment VR2.
E. Resistance- The pin diagram of PWM IC 1 is shown in fig (b). The pin
220Ω/5W, 0.01Ω/2W,47 Ω/2W,220KΩ/2W 1,2&9 are three pins of an internal Op-Amp, pin 1 and pin 2 are
input pins and pin 9 is the output pin. Pin 1 is given feedback
F. Capacitor- signal, pin 2 is given regulated power supply as a reference
voltage through voltage divider circuit of two 10K resistor. Pin
100µF/50V, 1000µF/63V, 330 µF/35V, 2.2 µF/50V, 4.7
16 of PWM IC 1 is taken the reference voltage. Pin 9 is
µF/63V, 10 µF/50V, 22 µF/50 V, 0.47 µF/50V, 0.1 µF/10V
(Ceramic) internally connected to the section that control the width of
signal (oscillating frequency). by varying the signal at pin 9 will
IV. WORKING OPERATION result in a change in width of the output frequency and this will
maintain the steady state output of inverter (220V).
The working operation of inverter is divided into following
section
A. Output Section-
the no. of terminals of all MOSFET is three (ie. DRAIN, source
& gate) out of this drain (D) of all MOSFET of one channel
connected together and one end of the inverter bifilar winding
is connected to this connection. The same is done to the second
channel and other end of inverter winding. Center tapping of
bifilar winding is connected to the positive terminal of battery
and the negative terminal of battery is connected to the source
terminal of each MOSFET. Because, current flows through the Fig. (b) Pin diagram of SG3524
first and second half of the transformer’s bifilar winding
alternatively. This will cause alternating current flowing will
induce an AC current of 50Hz in 260V tapping’s of transformer. C. Protection Section for Low Battery-
This tapping is connected to the N/O-2 terminals of relay. If the In previous the LM3914 IC is used. Which is also a good IC to
make a quality battery monitor but its cost is higher than
AC mains is failed, pole P-2 of the relay is connected to the
LM324.
N/O-2 terminals and thus an AC voltage is produced by the
inverter reaches the output socket.
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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020
Vol. 4, Issue 10, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 225-230
Published Online February 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

Pin Description: In low battery condition, an Op-Amp made of be turn ON and which is fed to the PNP transistor (BC557).
pin 4,5,2 of IC 2 (LM324), T5, SCR Q1 and low battery When PNP transistor is ON then it causes for the operation relay
indicator LED is used. Pin 4 of IC 2 is given a constant and Switch ON the overload indicator and shutdown the
reference voltage of 5V (from IC 1’s pin 16) through 47K. pin inverter to prevent the Overloading battery.
5 is given positive supply from the battery through 47k, 10k,
10µF and 4.7k preset VR4 network.
Basic working of circuit - For the overload protection, taping is
taken from the battery terminal and it is fed to the inverting
input of an op-amp ad reference voltage is fed to the non-
inverting input of an op-amp which is adjusted by preset pot to
your convenience. If the output of an op-amp is below (greater
than zero) the required voltage then the circuit will be turn ON
and which is fed to the NPN transistor (BC547). When NPN
transistor is ON then it causes for the operation buzzer and
Switch ON the overload indicator.
Fig. (e) Basic working of circuit of overload battery circuit

Fig. (c) Basic working of circuit of low battery circuit

Fig. (f) Overload battery circuit

E. Battery charging section-
In this mode inverter works as a rectifier i.e. inverter
transformer is work as a step-down transformer As the inverter
is work as a rectifier during charging mode (due to internal
diode) the drain being cathode and source as anode. positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the center taping of
Fig. (d) low battery circuit transformer and negative MOSFET source when the inverter
receives the ac main supply, inverter transformer and MOSFET
D. Protection section for overload battery- together work as a charger and it will charge the battery it also
provides protection from over charging of battery.
Pin description: It consist of two Op-Amp A and C made of pin
6,7,1and pin 10, 11, 13 of IC (LM324). It also uses two V. ADVANTAGES
transistor T3 and T4. Pin 6,7and pin10,11 are the input pins for
A and C their outputs are pin 1 and 13. 1. It improves switching speed
2. It improves dynamic performance that requires even
Basic working of circuit - For the overload protection, the less power from the driver
current is converted in to the voltage i.e. current is passes 3. It had a highest frequency application and long duty
through the 0.1 Ω and voltage drop the produces and it is fed to cycle
the inverting input of an op-amp ad reference voltage is fed to 4. It has low voltage application
the non- inverting input of an op-amp which is adjusted by 5. Due to the multilevel inverter the output wave form
preset pot to your convenience. If the output of an op-amp is just closer to sinusoidal hence it will reduce stresses on
below (less than zero) the required voltage then the circuit will the insulation level of motor (as a load).
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 225-230
Published Online February 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

6. It can be energy efficient way of charging. necessary facilities in time without delay in things. We Must
thank sincerely to all professor and non-teaching of BIT,
VI. DISADVANTAGES Ballarpur without whom work not have possible.

1. It required rectification and smoothing on the output if IX. CONCLUSION

output is to be DC.
2. It may produce radio interference or audio able tones. For the optimum performance this construction of 1 KVA
3. It may produce AC at non specified frequency. single phase inverter using PWM is one of the better
4. In certain type of UPS inverter may need to face constructions than another inverter. The use of control circuit
synchronized to the AC input power to ensure a spice makes this inverter as a novel design. The project successfully
free switched over. executed on the basis to prevent it from overload damaged,
5. It may produce access output voltage under on load or battery short down. Also, it is built in such way that it increases
very lite load condition. the life span of battery which is use. One of main advantage is
that the status of system can be easily known due to
incorporation of monitoring system into the inverter system.
VII. RESULT
X. REFERANCE
In case of multilevel inverter as the level increases, the output
waveform will closer to the sinusoidal waveform as shown [1] Babarinde,O. O., Adeleke, B. S., Adeyeye, A. H.,
below fig. Ogundeji, O. A., and Ganiyu A. L (2014) Design and
Construction of 1kVA Inverter. International Journal
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Volume 2, pp 201-212 ISSN: ISSN 2349-4409.
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[3] https://www.electronicproducts.com/Analog_Mixed_
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s_IGBT.aspx#
[4] Wensong Yu, jih-Sheng Jason Lai, Hao Qian,
Christopher Hutchens, (2011). “High-Efficiency
MOSFET Inverter with H6-Type Configuration for
Photovoltaic Nonisolated AC-Module Applications”.
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics ( Volume: 26
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[5] Juan Colmenares ,Dimosthenis Peftitsis , Jacek
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fifth level inverter, fig. 4 seventh level inverter Phase 7-Level Inverter For Reducing Number Of
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Switches, Intelec, Int. Telecommun Energy Conf., Vol
2016.
We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our [7] V Letsoin, F A Samman, A E U Salam, (2018) Three-
guide prof. Prajakta kasulkar for guiding me to accomplish this Phase DC-AC Inverter with Low Power Dissipation
project work. It was our privilege and pleasure to work under Filter For Photovoltaic-Based MicroGrid Scale
Electric Power System, The 9th International
her able guidance. We are indeed grateful to her for providing
Conference on Electrical, Electronics,
helpful suggestion, from time to time. Due to her constant
Communications, Controls and Informatics System,
encouragement and inspiration we are able to present this
Batu City, Indonesia.
project work. We are very much thankful to prof. V. P
[8] N.-C. Yang and M.-D. Le, Optimal design of passive
pimpalkar, head of electrical engineering department for
providing all the necessary facilities to carry out our project power filters based on multi-objective bat algorithm
work. We are also thankful to Dr. Rajnikant principal Ballarpur and pareto front, Applied Soft Computing, vol. 35, pp.
257266, 2015.
Institute of Technology, Ballarpur. for supporting and
coordinating the project work as well as guiding and providing
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Vol. 4, Issue 10, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 225-230
Published Online February 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

[9] Xu Jun, Han Kailing,(2016) “The single phase inverter

design for photovolataic systems”, 2016 International
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[10] Didi Istardi, Andy Triwinarko, (2014) “ Design of
Snubber Circuit and PI Control to Achieve Load
Independent Output Voltage in Micro Smart Home
System’, International Conference on Smart-Green
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[11] https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/exide-12v-
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[12] M. Buyuk, A. Tan, M. Tumay, and K. C. Bayindir,
(2016) Topologies, generalized designs, passive and
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[14] https://www.alldatasheet.com
[15] https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-multilevel-inverters

XI. MODEL

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