CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Solar Inverter Load

panel

Charge
controller
Wind
turbine
with DC Battery
generator
 CHARGE CONTROLLER:
The charge controller is a circuit used to regulate the input voltage and also used to monitor

the battery voltage. LM317 was used as the controller IC, it regulates the input voltage.

 INVERTER SECTION:

CD4047 oscillator IC:

CD4047 IC was used to generate the pulse frequency it can modified as the astable or

monostable vibrator. In this circuit it was used as astable mode vibrator. For an astable

multivibrator, we need RC network which incorporates in generating the pulse frequency. The

pulse wave was fed into gates of 2 mosfets IRFZ44N, a center tapped stepup transformer was

used to stepup the 12V AC to 230V AC. The center pin of the transformer was connected to

+ve pin of the battery, and another 2 pins of the transformer was connected to drain pins of

the mosfets. The source pins of the mosfets was connected to gnd or -ve pin of the battery.

 The solar panel was connected to through a 1N4007 diode to the charge controller.

 Also the wind generator was connected to the charge controller through another diode.
 LM317
REGULATOR:
The LM317 is a popular adjustable positive linear voltage regulator. It was

designed by Robert.C.Dobkin in 1976 while he worked at National Semiconductor.

The LM337 is the negative complement to the LM317, which regulates voltages

below a reference. It was designed by Robert "Bob" Pease, who also worked for

National Semiconductor.

Operation:

As linear regulators, the LM317 and LM337 are used in DC to DC converter

applications. Linear regulators inherently waste power; the power dissipated is the current

passed multiplied by the voltage difference between input and output. A LM317

commonly requires a heat sink to prevent the operating temperature from rising too high.
For large voltage differences, the power lost as heat can ultimately be greater than that

provided to the circuit. This is the tradeoff for using linear regulators, which are a

simple way to provide a stable voltage with few additional components. The alternative is

to use a switching voltage regulator, which is usually more efficient, but has a larger

footprint and requires a larger number of associated components.

In packages with a heat-dissipating mounting tab, such as TO-220, the tab is connected

internally to the output pin which may make it necessary to electrically isolate the tab or

the heat sink from other parts of the application circuit. Failure to do this may cause the

circuit to short.

LM317 as voltage regulator

The typical voltage regulator circuit was shown in Fig 9. The LM317 has three pins:

input, output, and adjustment. Internally the device has a bandgap voltage reference which

produces a stable reference voltage of Vref= 1.25 V followed by a feedback-stabilized

amplifier with a relatively high output current capacity. How the adjustment pin is

connected determines the output voltage as follows.

If the adjustment pin is connected to ground the output pin delivers a regulated voltage

of 1.25 V at currents up to the maximum. Higher regulated voltages are obtained by

connecting the adjustment pin to a resistive voltage divider between the output and

ground. Then

Vout = Vref (1 + RL/RH)

Vref is the difference in voltage between the OUT pin and the ADJ pin. Vref is

typically 1.25 V during normal operation. Because some quiescent current flows from the

adjustment pin of the device, an error term is added:

Vout = Vref (1 + RL/RH) + IQRL

To make the output more stable, the device is designed to keep the quiescent current at

or below 100µA, making it is possible to ignore the error term in nearly all practical

cases.

Fig 9: Voltage regulator circuit

AC inverter design

A power inverter, or inverter, is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct

current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and frequency,

and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry. The

inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC source. A power

inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such as

a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the

conversion process.

Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents

and voltages are present; circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals,

which usually have very low currents and voltages are called oscillators. Circuits that

perform the opposite function, converting AC to DC are called rectifiers.

Circuit description

In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre

tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current

to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the

primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the

primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary

circuit.

The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts

and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one

of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite

stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the

switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of

electromechanical inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum

tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and

tattoo machines.
As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types

of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs. Certain

ratings, especially for large systems (many kilowatts) use thyristor (SCR). SCRs provide

large power handling capability in a semiconductor device, and can readily be controlled

over a variable firing range.

The switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output

transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as

opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply.

Using Fourier analysis, periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite

series of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original

waveform is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves, called harmonics,

that are included in the series have frequencies that are integral multiples of the

fundamental frequency.

CD 4047 inverter circuit

Fig 10: CD4047 inverter circuit

Of all the components that you need to build the system, the role of two components

CD4047 multi-vibrator and IRF540 MOSFET transistor deserve special mention.

The CD4047 multi-vibrator manufactured by Texas Instrument consumes very low power.

The system is designed on a way to work both as monostable and astable multi-vibrator.

Furthermore, it also operates on gatable or free running mode and provides pretty descent

stability in frequency. CD4047 has the power to generate duty cycle of 50%, which

actually creates the pulse.

The IRF540 or IRFZ44 MOSFET transistor is used in this development is because of its

capacity for high switching and a current range which can be used for making any

inverter from 100 watt to 500W.

Referring to Figure 10, the 12V battery is connected to the LED diode. The battery is

also connected to Pin 8 of IC4047 i.e. the power-supply pin or VCC, and is also further

connected to Pin 4 and Pin 5 which works as astable and complement of IC4047.

It is important to note here that the diode will not be able to produce any reverse

current. The LED in the circuit acts as a battery indicator to see if it is working. The

CD4047 IC, in this development will function as astable multivibrator mode.

To make the multivibrator mode work you need to get one capacitor, which need

connection between Pin 1 and Pin 3. The Pin 2 is further connected to a variable resistor

and a resistor in order to update the output frequency of the IC. The rest of the pins

should remain in grounded mode. Pin 10 and Pin 11 are connected to IRF540 mosfet

gate. Both these pins also referred as Q and ~Q generates duty cycle of 50%.
In order to prevent loading of the mosfet the output frequency has its connection to the

mosfet via a resistor. The AC current, which is generated by the two mosfets behaves

like two electronic switches. The current from the battery is enabled to move upper or

positive half of the transformer’s main coil via Q1. This is done on a situation when Pin

10 gets higher and lower or negative half is attained by the opposing current flow via

the primary coil of the transformer and when Pin 11 is high. Therefore, the power gets

generated by switching the two mosfets.

The AC power is further supplied to step-up the transformer’s secondary coil from where

we receive the higher AC voltage. The Zener diode on the other hand enables bypass the

reverse current.

For upgrading this circuit to any range between 100 W to 500 W inverter, you don't have

to change anything just make sure the wattage of the transformer is rated above the

required output wattage and the AH rating is 10 times more than the transformer primary

amp rating.

CD4047 pin details

CD4047 is a CMOS Low Power monostable or astable multivibrator mainly used for

converting DC current signal to AC signal. It comes with a high voltage rating around

20-V. CD4047 is a 14 pin IC that operates on a logic techniques with an ability to

allow negative or positive edge-triggered monostable multivibrator action layered with

retriggering and external counting options. Accurate and complemented buffered output

with low power consumption make this IC an ideal choice for Frequency Division and

Time Delay applications.

 Fig 11: CD4047 Pin details

Pin description of CD4047

No Pin name Pin Description

.
1 C Connected to an external capacitor
2 R Connected to an external resistor
3 R-C Common pin for establishing a connection with resistor and capacitor

Common
4 Astable’ Must be kept low when used in astable mode
5 Astable Must be kept high when used in astable mode
6 -Trigger High to Low transition will be given to this pin when used in

Monostable mode
7 Vss Ground Pin
8 +Trigger Low to high transition will be given to this pin when used in

Monostable mode
9 EXT Reset External reset triggers when a high pulse is provided to this pin,

resetting the output Q to low and Q’ to high

10 Q Generates high output
11 Q’ It is an inverse output of pin 10, producing a low output
12 Retrigger This pin is used in Monostable mode for simultaneously retriggering

+trigger and –trigger pin

13 Osc Out Generate oscillated output
14 Vdd Voltage supply pin
Astable mode operation of CD4047

As mentioned earlier in astable mode, the inverter needs a trigger signal for generating

the output pulse.  The output frequency is determined when a single capacitor is

connected between PIN 2 and 3. The IC will be operating as an Astable mode when we

apply  HIGH on Pin 5 and LOW on Pin 4, generating the output toggling between

HIGH and LOW. The oscillated output frequency on Pin 13 can be determined using the

following formula,

F = 1 / 4.4 x R*C

Similarly, the formula to find the time it takes to generate pulse will be given as:

t = 2.48 x R*C

The oscillated output frequency on Pin 13 can be determined using the following formula,