MelYv cvebv

wkivbvg: b`x fvOb Ges MvgxY gZv KvVvgvi cwieZb

Kvm wkivbvg: gvV MelYv I Dcvcbv

MelYv ZveavqK:

gv: gwbivgvb Lvb

mnKvix AavcK mgvRwevb wefvM RMbv_ wekwe`vjq, XvKv|

Dcvcbvq: bvg : gv: BmgvBj nvmb ivj bs : 07881740 iwR: bs : 070090 mkb : 20072008 3q el, 2q mwgvi mgvRwevb wefvM|

RMbv_ wekwe`vjq, XvKv|

ZveavqKi Abygv`b

ZveavqKi ^vi I ZvwiL: ---------------------------------

m~wPc:

c_g Aavq
1.1 f~wgKv 1.2 mgmvi weewZ 1.3 MelYvi hwKZv I Zvrch 1.4 MelYvi Dk 1.5 MelYvq eeZ cZqmg~ni KvhKix msv 1.6 AbywgZ wmv

1.1 f~wgKv:
gvbeRxeb ev gvbe mgvRi Rb b`xi iZ Acwimxg| Gi mv_ h w`KwU mePq ewk cZ ev civfve RwoZ, Zv nQ MvgxY gZvKvVvgv| b`xfvOb Ges MvgxY gZvKvVvgvi cfve GKwU ^xKZ mvgvwRK mgmv| b`x GKw`K hgb gvbemgvRK mg Ki ZzjQ, Abw`K Gi fqven fvOb cevn gvbemgvRi Av_mvgvwRK AevK Ki ZzjQ wech; hv eZgvb evsjv`ki GKwU mvaviY wP| cw_exi GKwU AbZg b`xweaZ `k nQ evsjv`k| cwjgvwU viv MwVZ G`k QvUveov AmsL b`xbvjv eyK wPo eq wMq coQ evcmvMi| evsjv`ki gvU AvqZb 1, 47, 570 eMwKjvwgUvi| Gi wZbw`K fviZ, `wY evcmvMi| Gi cvq 20 34 Di nZ 36 38 Di AiLv Ges 88 01 c~e `vwNgv iLv nZ 92 41 c~e `vwNgv iLv ch weZ| evsjv`ki Dci _K eq MQ KKUvw iLv| evsjv`k vYxq Aj AewZ| myRjv-mydjvkm-kvgjv Avgv`i GB `k| evsjv`ki gvU RbmsLvi 76 fvMB Mvg evm Ki| evsjv`k cvq 230wU b`xi AwZ iqQ| Mv, ecy Ges gNbv b`xi AeevwnKvq Mo IVv evsjv`kK ejv nq cw_exi eni eo e-xc| GB b`xjv cwZeQi cvq 1360000 wgwjqb wKDweK cvwb cevn wbwZ Ki hv AvgvRb b`xi ci cw_exi wZxq| (Roger.et.al. 1989) hnZz evsjv`k b`xgvZK `k, ZvB Gi b`xi msLv AmsL| myZivs b`xi Zxi emevmKvix gvbyli msLvI Kg bq| GB gvbyljv wewfbfve b`xi Dci wbfikxj nq RxweKv wbevn Ki _vK| ZvB evOvwji mvgvwRK Ges A_bwZK Rxeb b`xi cfve GKK_vq eYbvZxZ| evsjv`k cwimsLvb eyivi GK wicvU _K Rvbv hvq h, evsjv`ki gvU RbmsLvi cvPu _K Qq fvM b`xi ZxieZx GjvKvq emevm Ki| GB b`x hLb fvO, ZLb Ab RvqMvq b`xi eyK Avevi Lvwj Avev` Rwg RM IV| GB Rwg wbq MvgxY gvbyli ga Pj gZvi eenvi| ay ZvB bq, G wbq Pj bvbv cwiKbv| GgbwK GB Rwg `Lj wbq `ywU ev Zvi AwaK MvgxY RbMvxi ga msNvZi mw nq| hvZ Zv`i A_bwZK, mvgvwRK GgbwK Rxebi cwimgvw NU|

GK K_vq ejZ cvwi, b`x fvOb evsjv`ki GKwU wPivPwiZ Aev| wK Gi cfve MvgxY RbMvxi Av_mvgvwRK Aevq gvivZK f~wgKv ivL| ay ZvB bq, GwU MvgxY gZv KvVvgvZK bvbv iKg cwieZb msMwVZ Ki| GB Amnvq gvbyl`i wbq Kvbv MVbg~jK cPv ev wPvfvebv Zgb j Kiv hvq bv| ZvB G`i Rb cqvRb gReyZ Dbqb| G gvbyljvi Rb Aviv cqvRb MVYg~jK MelYv hvi gvag fvObKewjZ gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Ges MvgxY gZvKvVvgvi cwieZb mwKZ GKwU eve wP Zzj aiv hve|

1.2 mgmvi weewZ:

evsjv`k hZjv cvKwZK `yhvM msMwVZ nqQ, Zvi ga GKwU fqven mvgvwRK mgmv| Kbbv, cwZeQi nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl cZ ev civfve b`xfvObi wkKvi nq wewfb Dcvq mev^ nvwiq wb:^ nq hvQ| mvaviYZ b`xZxieZx gvbyli KvQ GwU AwZkq mvaviY GKwU NUbv| GwUK GKwU cwiekMZ mvgvwRK mgmv wnme wPwZ Kiv nq| cvwb Dbqb evWi GK Rwic _K Rvbv hvq h, `ki cavb 16wU b`xZ 254wU vb DjLhvM b`xfvOb j Kiv MQ| hvZ eo eo kni Ges AbK QvUv kni, Rbc`, j j gvbyl Mnnviv, Aanviv, Rwgnviv nq gvbeZi Rxebhvcb KiQ| Elahi and Roger (1990) c` Z_vbymvi mvwZKKvji b`x fvObi dj AvbygvwbK 10 jiI ewk RbmsLv cZ I civfve wZM nQ| b`x fvObi dj cwZ eQi gvU Avw_K wZi cwigvY cvq 200 KvwUiI ewk| Aciw`K Mvgi gvbyl b`x fvObi dj wZi cwigvY Kwgq AvbZ ev bZzb Rwg wdi cZ b`xi gvS RM IVv Pii `Lj wbq mP nq| hviv menviv, Zviv Pvq `Lj KiZ| Avevi hv`i Zgb wKQz nvivqwb, ZvivI cieZx Avkqi Rb IB RM IVv Rwg `Lji Pv Ki| GZ i nq `yB Mvgi gvbyli ga gZvi eenvi| GKK Mc wfb wfb cwiKbv Ki IB Rwg `Lj KiZ hw` e_ nq, Zvnj Aekl kyi nq msNvZ| GZ AbK jvK AvnZ nq, AvnZ nq cy ev wbg Rxeb hvcb Ki| Avevi KD ev gZyeiY Ki| ay GLvbB kl bq, cieZxZ Pj AvBbi jovB hv Mixe RbMvxK Ki Zvj Avw_Kfve Aviv wZM|

1.3 MelYvi hwKZv I Zvrch:

h Kvbv mvgvwRK mgmv wbq MelYv KiZ Mj c_gB welqwUi hwKZv Ges Zvrch _vKZ ne| KviY hwKZv Ges Zvrchwenxb MelYvi Kvbv g~j bB| ZvB MelYvi G welqwU LyeB iZmnKvi weePbv Kiv nq| evsjv`ki `wY AewZ evcmvMii Kvj Nul eibv Rjvi ZvjZjx _vbvi Aevb| _vbvwUi GKw`K mvMi, Ab `yw`K b`x, hv GmQ IB mvMi _K| dj b`xi vZ Lye ewk _vK IB b`xjvZ| ZvB AenwjZ b`xi ZxieZx Aji Awaevmxiv bvbvwea mgmvq RRwiZ _vK| zav-`vwi`, `ywf, Awkv, AZv, Afve-AbUb cfwZi ciI Mc ev GjvKv f` gZvi eenvi j Kiv hvq|
8

cw_exi eyK evsjv`k GKwU ej Av_mvgvwRK mgmvM Ges `vwi`cxwoZ `k| GLvb 40 fvM gvbyl `wi` mxgvi wbP evm Ki| Avi G mg welqjv hw` Avgiv AvwjK cvcUi AvjvK `wL, Zvnj `Lv hvq h, Dci DwjwLZ welqjv G`ki AenwjZ I AbMmi b`xZxieZx fvObKewjZ GjvKvq evcK nvi we`gvb| b`xZxieZx gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Dbqb Zgb Kvbv c`c MnY Kiv nqwb| hZUzKz MnY Kiv nqQ, Zv cqvRbi Zzjbvq AbK Kg| ewMZ chvq e MelK I MelYv cwZvb b`xZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb b`x fvObi Av_mvgvwRK cfve mK msw cwimi mvgvb Z_ Zzj aiQb| hv b`x fvObi m~Y cfve mK aviYvRb mnvqZv Ki bv| Avgvi MelYvKgwU mgqi cvcU b`xZxieZx gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Dbqb f~wgKv Ges MvgxY gZvKvVvgvi cwieZb hwKZvi ^vi enb Kie ej Avwg gb Kwi|

1.4 MelYvi Dk:

1. b`x fvObi KviY| 2. b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb b`x fvObi A_bwZK cfve mK Rvbv| 3. b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb b`x fvObi mvgvwRK cfve mK Rvbv| 4. b`x fvObi dj MvgxY gZvi Kx cwieZb nq| 5. Kviv Ges Kxfve b`xi eyK RM IVv Rwg `Lj Ki| 6. b`x fvOb Ges Gi dj b`xi gvS ev Zxi RM IVv Rwg wbq MvgxY jvKi gZvi eenvi cwZiva miKvwi I emiKwi c`c chvjvPbv|

1.5 MelYvq eeZ cZqmg~ni KvhKix msv:

MelYvKg cwiPvjbv KiZ wMq MelYv welq mswk cZqmg~ni ZvwK msv `vb AZ Riwi| GZ MelYv mK GKwU cwivi aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|

Avgvi MelYvi welqwU nQ b`x fvObi dj b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb Av_mvgvwRK cfve Ges GZ cwieZxZ MvgxY gZvKvVvgv| b`x: evsjv`ki Kvbv AskKB b`b`x ev` w`q Kbv Kiv hvq bv| Avi evsjv`ki gbi Qwe GLvbKvi Kweiv wPiw`bB b`b`xK Aej^b KiB dzwUq ZzjQb| b`x kwU gvbe mfZvi gZvB cvPxb| cw_exi wewfb fvlvq b`x kwU eeZ nqQ| BsiwRZ Rill, River, Runnel Branch, Brook, Burn, Creek, Stream, AviweZ bvnvi, PvqbvZ wn cfwZ kjv mvaviYfve b`x A_ eeZ nq| Latin Ripa A_vr Bank _K BsiwR River kwU GmQ| evsjvq b`x eySvZ wewfb aibi k eenvi Kiv nq| Mvb, Qov, Lvj, b`, `wiqv kjv b`x A_ eeZ nq| b`x ejZ mvaviYZ Kvbv mvay cvwbi cevn hv Ab Kvbv eo cvwb cevn, `, RjvaviY, b`x ev mvMi wgwjZ nq, ZvK eySvq| George Harry Dvry, Department of Geography, University of Sydney ejQb, River in any natural system of water that flows in channel with defines bank.

10

 b`x fvOb b`x fvObi msvq ejv nqQ h, cvwb cevn I Gi NlYRwbZ qi dj b`xi cvo ev Zj`ki wkLvq vbPywZK b`x fvOb ej| b`x fvOb cavbZ cvwb ZvwK Ges wexY ebvKvjxY mgq cwqvwU gvivZK AvKvi aviY Ki fqven asmh NwUq _vK| b`x fvObi wP:

b`xi Zxi: b`xi Zxi ejZ mvaviYZ mB GjvKvK eySvq hviv b`x fvObi ciI b`xi KvQvKvwQ RvqMvq emevm Ki| A_vr b`x fvOb GjvKvi gvbyljvK b`x ZxieZx GjvKvi gvbyl wnme wPwZ Kiv hvq| b`x fvObi dj gvbyl b`xi ewoevuai Dci QvU UzKwi Ni Zwi Ki Zvi ga emevm Ki| Avevi hLb IB b`x fvObi dj IB ewojv fO hvq, ZLb Zviv bZzb ewoevaui Dci emevmi Avkvq Acv Ki| Gfve Zviv wfUgvwU nvwiq b`xi gvQ aivi
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Dci wbfikxj nq co| Avevi AbK b`x fvObi dj b`xi Zxi emevm bv Ki vbvwiZ nq Ab Kv_vI| Avevi KD cvwo `q XvKv knii ew GjvKvi Dk| GZ `ywU kYxi gvbyli Avwefve NU| h_v1. b`x Zxi A_vr b`xi KvQvKvwQ Giv emevm Ki b`xi Dci wbfikxj nq RxweKv wbevn Ki| 2. Ab `jwU Rxebi Pvwn`v gUvbvi Rb knii w`K cvwo Rgvq Kgmsvbi Rb| Av_mvgvwRK Aev: Av_mvgvwRK Aev ejZ gvbyli cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK RxebaviYi mvgwMK cwqvK evSvq| mvaviYfve Av_mvgvwRK Rxebaviv ejZ gvbyli mvweK Rxebhvcb cYvjxK evSvbv hvq| b`x ZxieZx Aji gvbyli Rxebaviv eovB KwVb Ges Kmva| b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Aev b`x fvObi Dci wfw Ki wfb wfb nq _vK| Avevi GKB b`xi DRvb gaMwZ Ges fvwU Aji Zxif` wfb wfb nq| b`xi fvOvMov I cvebi mv_ b`x ZxieZx Avw`evmx`i Rxeb IZvcvZfve RwoZ| b`x fvOb ZvB b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Rxeb evcK cwieZb wbq Avm| Ze Gi BwZnvm myLi Pq `y:LiB ewk nq--- GK_v wb:m`n ejv hvq| gvUK_v Av_mvgvwRK Aev nQ A_ Ges mgvRi Aevbi wfw hvi Dci wfw Ki gvbyli Rxebhvcb mb nq|
MvgxY gZv KvVvgv:

Kwl, evwYR, wkvrcv`b wKsev `vm, mvg, cywRuev`x--hKvbv Av_mvgvwRK ev Drcv`b eevq gZv KvVvgv GKwU iZc~Y welq wnme weewPZ nqQ| W. AvwZDi ingvb Zvi evsjv`k Dbqbi msMvg M gvKmxq `wKvY _K gZv KvVvgv mK ejQb, kYxmg~ni Aevb, cviwiK mK, mvgvwRK I A_ bwZK KgKv G`i f~wgKv BZvw` cvcU MvgxY mgvR mvgvwRK kwmg~n h KvVvgvi ga w`q weKwkZ nq, ZvK MvgxY gZv KvVvgv ejv hZ cvi| MvgxY gZvi eenvi, vK Ges weKvk nq g~jZ MvgxY kYx KvVvgvi gvag| G GwjU kYx gZvi PPv Ki| mvaviY gvbyli Dci gZvi cqvM nq| A_vr gZv KvVvgvq GK kYx wbqK ev kvmKi f~wgKv cvjb Kib| Ab kYx
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wbqwZ ev kvwmZ nq| MvgxY mgvR gZvi PPv I vKK K` KiB MvgxY gZv KvVvgv Mo IV|

1.6 AbywgZ wmv:

b`x fvObi dj-1. b`xi ZxieZx gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Aevi Dci cfve djQ| 2. b`x ZxieZx gvbyli vbvii gvv eo hvQ| 3. b`xZ RM IVv Pi wbq b`x ZxieZx gvbyli ga msNvZi mw nQ| 4. MvgxY gZv KvVvgvZ AbK cwieZb nQ| 5. b`xi ZxieZx GjvKvq gvbylRb wewfb mgmvi myLxb nQ| 6. b`x ZxieZx gvbyli `vwi`i cwigvY eo hvQ|

13

wZxq Aavq
2.1 mvwnZ chvjvPbv

14

2.1 mvwnZ chvjvPbv:

MelYv nQ vbi mv_ bZzb vbi mshyw| ZvB h Kvbv MelYvi GKwU iZc~Y chvq njv MelYvi Rb wbavwiZ welqwUi mv_ mswk MelYv cwZe`b, eBc I ce cvV Kiv Ges kjfve chvjvPbv Kiv| MelYv mvwnZ chvjvPbv ev eB chvjvPbv h_ iZi `vwe`vi| Avgvi cvweZ MelYvKgwU mvwnZ chvjvPbv mK wb eYbv Kiv njv| W. G GBP Gg gvvwdRyi (2007) Zvi eB evsjv`ki cwiek I mgvR-G cvKwZK `yhvM wnme b`x fvObi cfve mwKZ djvdj weklY Ki `wLqQb h, Av_mvgvwRK Aevi Dci b`x fvObi cfve AZ evcK Ges fqvbK| RbMY b`x fvObi mv_ wbRK gvwbq wbqQ| Zey&I evcK AvKvi b`x fvObi dj dmji gvivZK wZ mvwaZ nq| b`x fvObi dj b`xi cvwbZ b`x ZxieZx Aji dmj cvwbi wbP Pj hvq| `xNw`b cvwbi wbP _vKvi dj dmj b nq| Abw`K b`x fvObi dj GKw`K gvbyl hgb Zv`i RvqMvRwg nvivq, Zgwb Mevw`c, MvQcvjv, cyKzii gvQ, Pvli gvQ, Nievwo, KjR, gmwR`, gw`i BZvw` b`xi Kej wejxb nq hvq| b`x fvObi dj b`x ZxieZx wk cwZvbI wZi myLxb nq| Abw`K b`x fvObi dj Drcv`bI e nq hvq| dj b`xi ZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb Av_mvgvwRK Aev Pig `yivevq bg Avm| gvnv` BKevj nvmb Rural Sociology (2005) M MvgxY gZv KvVvgv mK ejQb, mgvRi gvbyl hLb ew gvwjKvbvi wfwZ Drcv`b eev ceZb KiQ, ZLb _KB Av_mvgvwRK eevq kvlY I gZv cqvM jYxq| mB gZv KvVvgvi cfve AvR cwijwZ nQ b`x fvObi dj wZM gvbyli ga| GwU Zv`i wbZ w`bi mxZ cwiYZ nqQ hvi cfve BwZevPK Ges bwZevPK-- `yfveB co _vK| dj MvgxY gZv KvVvgv w`bw`b cwiewZZ nQ| gvbyli ga gZvi cqvMI w`bw`b ew cvQ| Bmjvg L g Avwgbyj Zvi eB evsjv`ki cwiek I mgvR-G evsjv`k b`x fvObi ic I cKwZ, b`x fvObi cwiekMZ cwZwqv, b`x fvOb I ebv wbqYi evua wbgvY cK cf wZ welq AvjvPbvi gvag b`x fvObi Av_mvgvwRK cfvei GKwU mvgwMK wP Zzj aiQb hv Avgvi cvweZ MelYvKgwU mv`b KiZ AbK mvnvh Avme|

15

Kwcj fvPvh (2008) Zvi eB evsjv`ki b`b`x I cwiKbv , b`xi hveZxq AvjvPbv Zzj aivi gvag b`x fvObi wKQz iZc~Y w`K, b`-b`x mwKZ cwiKbvi mvaviY K_v, b`x mwKZ evwbK AvjvPbv evsjv`ki b`b`x mK aviYv w`qQ| KvRx W. Ave`yi ie Zvi eB cwiek Aeq I wechq eevcbv-Z b`x cvoi fvOb I qx feb, b`x Zxi fvOb I qxKiY, evsjv`ki b`x fvOb, b`x fvOb I RbmsLvi vbPzwZ, b`x cvoi fvObi cfve cfwZ welqjv mK AvjvPbv KiQb| wZwb Zvi eBq b`x fvObi cfve wnme wbv KviYjvK `vwq KiQb--1. cveb mgf~wg Aj f~wgi Pvj Kg nIqvq gvivZK qi gvag b`x Gi LvZK ck Ki Zvj| 2. cvo fvOvi dj cwjMwVZ Dei Kwl Rwgjv b`xi Mf wejxb nq| 3. Pvli wZ nj KlKi mebvk nq| 4. cvwievwiK I A_bwZK wZM nq| 5. b`xi cvo fvOZ _vKj ebvi Avkv _vK| 6. AbK vb b`xi ^vfvweK evaui Dci moKc_, ijc_ wbgvY Kiv nq| 7. b`xi cvo fvOb iy nj ^vfvweK evaujv b nq Ges mB evau cwienb eev enZ nq| 8. gvnbvi KvQ b`xi cvo fvOb nj Rvqvii jeYv cvwb Kwl Rwgi Dci Qwoq co| dj Kwli evcK wZmvwaZ nq| DcwiD eB chvjvPbv Ki `Lv hvq h, jLK eBwUZ b`x fvObi Av_mvgvwRK cfve wbq AvjvPbv KiQb hv Avgvi MelYvq mnvqK| g~jZ G MelYvwU cwiPvjbv KiZ DcwiD eBjv cavbic mnhvwMZv Kie|

16

ZZxq Aavq
MelYv cwZ: 3.1 MelYvq cwZ 3.2 MelYv wbevPb 3.3 3.4 3.5 eeZ GjvKv

MelYvi mgMK bgybv wbevPb Z_i Drm Z_ msMni

3.6 Kkj

17

MelYv cwZ:
cwZMZ w`KwU MelYv LyeB iyZc~Y| KvRB mgvR MelYvi Dci cwZMZ w`KwU wekl f~wgKv ivL| ew`b aiB mgvR MelKiv MelYv KiZ wMq wewfb mgmvq coQb| cvkvcvwk wewfb cwZ Dveb KiQb Ges Zv cqvM Ki mgvR MelYvq cwiPvjbv KiQb| h Kvbv MelK MelYvi welq, G aviv Abyhvqx mvgvwRK mgmvmg~ni mgvavb LyuR ei Kivi myweav_ MelYv cwZjvi ga _K GK ev GKvwaK cwZ eQ bb| Avi MelYv cwZi Dk njv, MelYvi welqeK cZ AwfZvi wfwZ wePvi-weklY Kiv| GKwU my`i MelYv cwZ MelYvK myfve AMmi nZ mvnvh Ki| wevbmZ cwZZ Z_vbymvbi GKwU Kjv nQ MelYvcwZ| Kvbv wbw` welq mK cvmwK Z_ msMni Rb evwbK I mymse AbymvbB njv MelYv cwZ| MelYv cwZ GKwU mgmv wbqB iy nq, Dcv ev Z_ msMn Ki Ges msMwnZ Z_ cyvbycyfve weklY Ki Ges cKZ Z_i Dci wfw Ki wmv cuQ| MelYv cwZ Kvbv welqi bZzb w`K DbvPb Ki, bZzb vb hvM Ki Ges cPwjZ vbi mZZv hvPvB Ki| ZvB Avgvi cvweZ MelYvwU cwiPvjbvi MelYvi cwZ wbevPbi Rb LyeB mZKZv Aej^b Kivi Pv KiwQ|

3.1 MelYvq eeZ cwZ:

Avgvi MelYvwUi welqwU nQ b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb b`x fvObi Av_mvgvwRK cfve Ges MvgxY gZv KvVvgvi cwieZb| GwU GKwU cwigvYMZ mvgvwRK MelYv| ZvB Avgvi MelYvKvh cwiPvjbvi Rwic cwZ eenvi Kiv ne| mvaviYZ Kvbv cwigvYwfwK Z_ msMn cwZZ Kvbv wKQzi cwigvYMZ ewki Dci wfw Ki Z_ msMn Kiv nq| D`vniY wnme Avgiv gvbyli Avqi cwigvY, Drcv`bi cwigvY, eqi cwigvY, wZi cwigvY BZvw` wfwZ Z_ msMni K_v ejZ cvwi| Avgvi MelYv welqwU hnZz b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK cfve Ges MvgxY gZv KvVvgv wbq, ZvB GLvb Rwic cwZ Dchy Ges AwaK MnYhvM| mgvR MelYvi h KqwU cwZ eenvi Kiv hvq, Zvi ga AbZg nQ Rwic cwZ| G welq weZKi AeKvk bB| Rwic
18

cwZ, mvgvwRK Aev, mK, AvPiY, msv, Pvwn`v BZvw` mK Z_ msMn Ki MVbg~jK mvgvwRK Kgm~wP cYqb I evevqbi c_ myMg Ki `q| G cwZwU bZzb bq, eis HwZnvwmK| wLc~e 300 A Harodotus RbmsLvi ewk mK Rwic Kib| Avi ZLb _KB Rwic cwZ cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| Willium-Gi Doms Day Book-G Rwic mK wevwiZ jLv AvQ| evwbK cwZ wnme Gi c_g eenvi Kib John Howard| Ze wevbmZ mvgvwRK Rwici RbK njb Booth| 1801 mvj c_g Rwic cwZ evcKfve i nq ewUb| evsjv`k 1972 mvj| gvwi Rwic gvag hvi hvv i nq| eZgvb evsjv`ki HIES bvg Rwic cwiPvwjZ nq AvmQ| Survey kwUi A_ to see or look over or beyond A_vr PvLi mvgb hv AvQ, ay Zv `Lv bq, wcQb wK AvQ, mUvI `Lv| AvjvP MelYvq mvgvwRK cwZ eenvi Kiv nqQ, KviY, G cwZZ AwaK msLK gvbylK Afz Kiv hvq Ges Gi eqfviI Kg| mvgvwRK Rwic cwZi ewk: 1. Dbqbg~jK KgKvi cwiKbv cbqY mvgvwRK Rwic cwZ eenvi Kiv nq| 2. G cwZ welqi Dci mK aviYv cZ mvnvh Ki| 3. mvgvwRK Aevbi Rb Rwic cwZ AZ KvhKi| 4. mvgvwRK Rwic cwZ wewfb mgmv, NUbv, ew ewk mK evLvg~jK, wecYbg~jK, weeiYg~jK Z_ ei Ki|

3.2 MelYv GjvKv wbevPb:

wkvbwek MelYv wnme MelYv cwiPvjbvi Rb AvgvK MelYv GjvKv wbaviYi ^vaxbZv `qv nqQ| GRb Avwg Avgvi MelYv GjvKv wnme Avgvi wbR Rjv eibv Rjvi ZvjZjx _vbvK eQ wbqwQ| Avgvi GB GjvKv wbevPbi h_v_Zv KZUzKz, Zv wb ejv njv: evsjv`ki `yievi wP Zzj aiZ nj `wYvji bvg mevi AvM Pj Avm| evcmvMi _K eq Avmv cvqiv b`xi Zxi Avgvi MelYv ZvjZjx _vbv AewZ| eibv Rjvi h _vbvjv fvOb cwZZ nq, Zvi ga AbZg ZvjZjx _vbv|

19

b`x fvObi dj ZvjZjx _vbvi h wZ nq, Zv eYbvZxZ| Gi dj b`x ZxieZx GjvKvi wfZi cvwb XzK dmji evcK wZ nq| Abw`K b`x fvObi dj Hme GjvKvi gvbyl Zv`i Nievwo nvwiq wb:^ nq hvQ| Mevw` c cvjb GLb Avi b`x ZxieZx gvbyljv viv me nQ bv| b`x fvObi dj Ab RvqMvq bZzb Ki Pi RM IV| hv wbq wZM gvbyli ga gZvi cfve cejnvi ew cvq| AvcvZ `wZ ZvjZjx _vbvi K_v weePbv Kij cwZ eQi cvq 2 nvRvi gvbyl Mnnviv nq _vK| ZvB G GjvKvq AenwjZ RbMvxi Av_mvgvwRK Aev wPwZ Kivi z` cqvm wnme Avwg ZvjZjx _vbvK MelYv GjvKv wnme eQ wbqwQ|

3.3

MelYvi mgMK:

MelYv GjvKvq emevmiZ b`x fvObi dj h mg gvbyl Gi cfve myLxb nqQ, Zv`iK Avwg Avgvi MelYvi mgMK wnme wbevPb Kie|

3.4

bgybv wbevPb:

mij `e bgybvqb ev Simple Random Sampling cwZi mvnvh AvjvP cvweZ MeYv bgybv wbevPb Kiv nqQ| h bgybvqb cwZZ mgMKi cwZwU GKKi wbevwPZ nevi m vebv mgvb Ges Kvb& GKK bgybvq Afy ne--- Zv `ei Dci wbfi Ki ZvK `ePwqZ bgybvqb ej| GB cwqv wevbwfwK I bgybvMnY m~Yfve ccvZgy|

3.5 Z_i Drm:

Z_ msMni DrmK mvaviYZ `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v1. cv_wgK Drm 2. gvawgK Drm

20

cv_wgK Drm ejZ MelYvi eve _K mivmwi cv_wgK Drm _K Z_ msMn KivK eySvq| gvawgK Drm ejZ mvaviYZ hLb Kvbv MelYv cwZvb Z_ msMwnZ ivL, Avi Kvbv MelK Kvbv MelYv cwiPvjbv KiZ wMq hw` H MelYv cwZvb _K Z_ msMn Ki, Zvnj H msMwnZ Z_K gvawgK Z_i Drm ejv nq|

3.6 Z_ msMni Kkj:

Avgvi cvweZ MelYvq Z_ msMni Kkj wnme mvvrKvi Abym~wP eenvi Kiv ne| hnZz Z_ msMni GKwU DjLhvM Kkj nQ mvvrKvi| wekl Dk cwiPvwjZ K_vcK_bK mvvrKvi ej| mivmwi mvvrKvi MnYi Rb ckgvjv cbqY Ki Z_ msMn Kiv ne|

21

PZz_ Aavq
4.1 MelYvi KvhKiY mK (PjK) 4.2 b`x fvObi mvgwMK wP 4.3 b`x fvObKewjZ gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Ges gZv KvVvgvi Aev

22

4.1 MelYvi KvhKiY mK (PjK):

Avgvi cmvweZ MelYvq ^vaxb PjK ev wbfikxj PjKi gvag KvhKiY mK `Lvbv njv: ^vaxb PjK: b`x fvOb wbfikxj PjK: Av_mvgvwRK Aev Ges gZv KvVvgv

4.2 b`x fvObi mvgwMK wP

mviYx-1: wefvMIqvix b`x fvOb Dc`e DcRjvi msLv| evsjv`k 1983-84 _K 1985-86. wefvM DcRjv 1983-84 1985-86 ivRkvnx 113 32 22 Lyjbv 95 17 10 XvKv 120 26 18 PMvg 136 19 19 gvU 464 94 69 Drm: REIS-JU, 1984-87, Riverbank Erosion Impact Study, Jahangirnagar University; Winnipeg; University of Manitoba. 19 16 13 7 55 Dhaka:

cvwb Dbqb evWi GK Rwic `Lv MQ h `ki 16wU b`xZ 254wU vb DjLhvM b`x fvOb j Kiv MQ (mviYx2)| Gi ga ek wKQz vb cwZwZ knii AwZi cwZ gwK^ic (mviYx-3)| mviYx-2: cavb b`x fvOb GjvKv Ges evcKZv, evsjv`k, 1984-85 b`x ecy-hgybv Mv-cv gNbv Kzwkqviv wZv LvqvB fvObvb, msLv 43 26 8 17 8 20 fvObi cwigvY (wgUvi) 162,544 94433 67044 11003 34854 5242

23

myigv gby Ryix mvy MvgZx avjvB KvuKix `vqvwiqv ZIKvmvwZ gvZvgywi

23 8 10 7 33 18 23 4 2 4

13224 3962 17617 4267 5166 16473 1347 213 244 1128

Drm: Islam, A. M. Z. 1985. A Brief account on bank erosion, model studies and bank protective work in Bangladesh. Workshop on the Impact of Riverbank Erosion and Flood in Bangladesh, Dhaka: REIS-JU.

4.3 b`x fvObKewjZ gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Ges gZv KvVvgvi Aev:

b`x fvb h Kvbv mgvR eevi RbB gvivZK Av_mvgvwRK wechq WK Avb| e-xc, cvebf~wg, b`x evsjv`ki wPicwiwPZ welq I gvbyli AwZ Avcb fMvwjK Dcv`vb| e-xc, cvebf~wg, b`xi cvwievwiK wqv I cwZwqvq AbK mgq bvbv aibi mgmvi mw nq| b`x fvOb evsjv`k cwZ eQi wecyj cwigvY gvbylK evnviv Ki| AwbqqZvi c_ Vj `q| `ki `vwi` mgmvi wbqvgK nQ b`x fvOb| b`x fvOb QvovI b`x wewfb mgq wewfb aibi mgmvi mw KiZ cvi| evsjv`ki b`xNwUZ mgmvjv nQ--1. ebv 2. b`x fvOb 3. evwji AviY 4. RjvQvm 5. jeYvZv 6. cwiekMZ 7. AeKvVvgvMZ| b`x fvObi dj fvObKewjZ gvbyljvi Rxeb h Av_mvgvwRK wechq eq Avb, Zvi ga AbZg nQ--K. f~wgnxbZv L. emZwfUvnviv fvmgvb jvK b`x fvObi dj emZwfUvi AeKvVvgvMZ wZi dj evPyZ RbMYK Avkqnxb Aevq evm KiZ nq| GZ bMiRxebi Dci Pvc
24

eo hvq| KviY, b`x fvOb Avv RbMvx vbvwiZ nq kni emevm i Ki| dj--K. kni ewi wevi NU| L. eKviZ evo| M. mvgvwRK AwiZv evo| N, wewfb ivMi mw nq| O. cvwievwiK eb b nq|

25

b`x fvOb ZvjZjx _vbvi fvOb KewjZ gvbyli Avw_KmvgvwRK Ges gZv KvVvgvi Aev:
evsjv`ki me`wY evcmvMi _K eq GmQ cvqiv b`x; hv ZvjZjx _vbvq AewZ| ZvjZjx _vbvi gvbyli Rxebi mv_ Rwoq AvQ wewfb aibi `yhvM| hgb- ebv, wmWi, AvBjv, N~wYSo, RjvQvm Ges b`x fvOb| DjwLZ `yhvMjv cwZeQiB G _vbvi evcK wZmvab Ki| 2007 mvji wmWi cvq 15 nvRvi cwievi wZM nq| 1984 mvji ebvZ G _vbvZ cvq 100 eMwKjvwgUvi GjvKv cvweZ nq| GQvovI 2002,2004 Ges 2006 mvji ebvZ G _vbvi wZi cwigvY DjLhvM| b`x fvObi h fqvenZv, Zv ZvjZjx _vbvi gvbyli cwZw`bi mx| 2010 mvji gvSvgvwS Aevq ZvjZjx _vbvi KvQvKvwQ GKwU Pi RM IV; hv wbq `yB Mvgevmxi wfZi msNvZi mw nq| GZ AbK jvK AvnZ nq cyZ eiY Ki| GK chvq ckvmbi nc msNvZi Aemvb NU| Gfve Aviv bvbv NUbv iqQ hv Z MvgxY gZv KvVvgvZ cfve wevi KiQ|

26

cg Aavq
5.1 Z_ msMn I Dcvcb
5.2

Z_ weklY

27

5.1

Z_ msMn I Dcvcb

Avgvi cvweZ MelYvq msMwnZ Z_vewjK hvPvB evQvB Ki Uwej Dcvcbi gvag cwqvKiY Kiv ne|
5.2 Z_

weklY

Avgvi cvweZ MelYvq cwqvKiYKZ I DcvwcZ Z_jvK cqvRbvbyhvqx cwimsLvb cwZ eenvi Ki weklY Kiv ne|

28

l Aavq
6.1

MelYvi mgq eUb MelYvi evRU

6.2

29

6.1 MelYvi mgq eUb

1.1 AvbylwK eBc, MelYv BZvw` Aaqb I MelYvi ZMZ wfw Zwi| MelYvi cvec Zwi| ckgvjv Zwi, c~ecixv I P~ovKiY Dcv msMn Dcv weklY I Lmov wicvU Zwi P~ov wicvU Zwi, UvBc, cid `Lv I evauvB 3 gvm

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

2.5 gvm 4 gvm 1.5 gvm 3 gvm 7 gvm

gvU: 1 eQi 5 gvm 15 w`b

6.2 MelYvi evRU

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. AvbylwK eBc, MelYv BZvw` msMn I cvV MelYvi cvec Zwi, UvBc I evavuB Lmov ckgvjv Zwi I c~e cixv P~ov ckgvjv Qvcv Z_ msMn 2000 3000 1800 3500 5500
30

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Dcv weklY I Lmov cwZe`b Zwi P~ov cwZe`b Zwi, UvBc I evavuB cwienY kbvwi I wewea gvU

5000 7000 4000 2500 34300

31

cwiwk
K. mvvrKvi Abym~Px L. Mcw

32

K. mvvrKvi Abym~wP
we.Gm.Gm (mvb) 6 mwgvi- 2011 mgvRwevb wefvM, RMbv_ wekwe`vjq, XvKv| b`x ZxieZx gvbyli Rxeb b`x fvObi Av_mvgvwRK Ges MvgxY gZv KvVvgvi cfve: eibv Rjvi ZvjZjx _vbv K`xK GKwU mgvR ZvwK mgxv (msMwnZ Z_vewj ay MelYv KvRi Rb Ges m~Y MvcbxqZv iv Kiv ne)

mvgvwRK I Z_ RbwgwZK
1. Di`vZvi bvg: ----------------------------------------------------------2. Di`vZvi wcZv/ ^vgxi bvg: -----------------------------------------------------------3. eZgvb wVKvbv: -----------------------------------------------------------4. vqx wVvKvbv: -----------------------------------------------------------5. eqm: -----------------------------------------------------------6. wkvMZ hvMZv: -------------------------------------------------------------7. ckv: -------------------------------------------------------------8. eevwnK Aev: -------------------------------------------------------------9. ag: -------------------------------------------------------------10. bvg cwievii Rb Ab mKj m`m mK Z_: wj eqm wkv ckv eev wnK mK Di`vZ vi mv_ mK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
33

6. 7. 8. 11. Avcbvi Nijv Kxmi Zix? K. wUbi L. gvwUi M. Loi O. Abvb 12. Avcbvi cwievii m`m msLv KZ Rb? ----------------------------------------------13. Avcbvi cwievii gvwmK Avq KZ? --------------------------------------b`x fvOb I gZv KvVvgv mwKZ Z_: 1. Avcbvi GjvKvq cwZ eQi wK cwigvY b`x fvOb NU?
2. Avcbvi gZ, b`x fvOb msMwVZ nevi Rb `vwq wK?

N. cvKv

K. cKwZm KviY KvbwUB bq

L. gvbem KviY

M. DfqB

N.

3. Avcbvi gZ, b`x fvObi dj Kviv ewk wZi myLxb nq? K. cyil L. gwnjv M. wk 4. Avcbvi gZ, b`x fvOb wK gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Aevi Dci cfve dj? K. nvu L. bv 5. b`x fvObi dj gvbyl Qvov Abvb ccvwLi wZ nq wK? K. nvu L. bv 6. b`x fvObi dj Avcbvi GjvKvq eKvi mgmv `Lv w`qQ wKbv? K. nvu L. bv 7. Avcbvi gZ, b`x fvObi dj mgvRi Kvb& kYxi gvbyl ewk wZM nq? K. abx L. gawe M. Mixe 8. b`x fvOb `yhvMi dj Avcbvi GjvKvq miKvii c _K Kvbv vY mnvqZv GmQ wKbv? K. nvu L. bv

34

9. b`x fvObi dj Kvbv vY mvnvh ev Abvb mvnvh cqQb wKbv? K. nvu L. bv 10. b`x fvOb c~eeZx mgq vwcZ Kvbv gvagi mvnvh c~e mZKZv b _vKb wK-bv? K. nvu L. bv

35

11. Avcwb h RwgZ emevm KiQb, Zv wKfve GmQ? K. Pi RvMvi dj L. ^vfvweK cwqvq 12. G RwgwU `Lj KiZ Kvbv msNvZi mw nqQ wK-bv? K. nvu L. bv 13. G RwgwU wbqY Ki Kviv? -----------------------------------------------------14. Avcbvi gZ, gvbyl viv wK b`x fvOb gvKvwejv Kiv m e? K. nvu L. bv 15. b`x fvOb iva wK aibi c`c MnY Kiv DwPZ ej gb Kib? --------------------------------------------------------------------__________________ mvvrKvi MnYKvixi ^vi (GKwU my`i mvvrKvi `qvi Rb AvcbvK AmsL abev`) we:`: cqvRb ZveavqKi civgk mvc GB mvvrKvii Abym~wP cwieZbhvM|

36

L. Mcw
1. cvwb Dbqb evW 2. cwKv 3. Uwjwfkb msev` 4. cZ`kx 5. MvgxY mgvRwevb, BKevj nvmb, 2005 (eB)| 6. W. G.GBP.Gg gvvwdRyi ingvbi (2007) evsjv`k cwiek I mgvR'| 7. Av. m. g. ndRyj Kwei (2008) b`x: f~wgic ZvwK weeiY| 8. W. KvRx Ave`yi iDd-Gi cwiek Aeq I wechq eevcbv'| 9. W. myeZ Kzgvi mvnv-Gi evsjv`ki cwiek I mgvR cf wZ Mcy ev Drmmg~n MelYvKgwU mv`b KiZ mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb KiQ|

37