Chapter 5
Uploaded by
Emmanuel AkinolaChapter 5
Uploaded by
Emmanuel AkinolaPage 178
Chapter 5, Integration
CHAPTER 5
Integration
5.1 Antidifferentiation, 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 dx 2x
5.
6.
f =+ f- =- + f + =++ f ~? + f+ ++ f (- + + ~t+
C 4 dx 4x C (2x
Pages 281-282
19.
x(x
+ ..fi)
dx
J (:r? +
32 x / ) dx
20.
J y(y'l
= lx3 + ~x5/2 + C - 3y) dy
~
J(~ dt
3
3y2) dy
3) dx
:r?
3x
(4 - 5x) dx = 4x 3t2) dt = t'
21.
= ly4
(r2 -
r3 + r4)
(4t'
t'
8t'
5 15t ) dt = - 2t'
22.
J~ ~ - ~)
=
=-
rl + !r2
dt
-It=
C
3t 4)
(2t -
3-
dt
7. fg~=!lIllXI+C
8. 9.
J J
14 eX dx = 14ex (6u2 (5t'
-
C
3 sin" C
23.
-t-2+t-3+C
(2:r? + 5)2 dx
(4x4
+ 20:r? + 25)
dx
3 cos u) du = 2,,3 -
10. 11. 12.
= 1x5
+ 230x3+ 25x + + 16x7 + 7
1) dx
0) dt = ~t'
+
j?/2 +
24. f (3 - 4x3)2 dx = f (9 - 24x3
16x6) dx
sec2(} d(} = tan (} sec (}tan sin (} dO
13. 2 14. l
15.
16
. 10 1 +:r?
J J \1"1 .l.f_AL.
f(u
3/2u5/2
J J
e dO = sec (} + C
= - 2 cos
(J
25.
f(
= 9x - 6x4 :r? +
~~ -
= f (x-2
+ 3x-3
- x-4)
dx
cos (} dO = lsin
e+C
+
26. C
5 dy :; = 5 sin -ly
J? + f +
f:r?
= - x-I - ~x-2
1 dx
+ lx-3 +
C
x-
(1
+ x - 3/2 + +
C
-
2) dx
= x - 2x -1/2
27.
_ x-I
= '!'tan -Ix
10
+; -
2 dx
= f (1
+ x-I
C
dx -
2x -
2) dx
17.
,,1/2+
u-
10)d" u-9
=x
+ lnl xl + 2x-1
=-y---r+_9+C
2 2
,,3/2
~
28. f (1
+ x-1)(1
- 4x-2)
= f (1 - 4x-2
_
x-I
4x-3)
dx
18.
f (~ -
= ~ u5/2
539
u3/2
1u-9
3x
+ {IX -
5) dx
5x
= x + 4x -1 + lIllxl + 2x - 2 + C 29. f "It - :r? - 1 dx = f[1 1
= x - sin-1x+
= lx4 -
~? + 1x5/4
VI -
:r?
VI -
] dx :r?
Section 5.1, Antidifferentiation
Page 179
30. f:?:
x-
1 dx
J[
1 - :? ~ 1] dx C
F(O) = 0
+2+
C = 0, so C
=-
2;
tan -Ix
31. F(x) = f (~ + 3x) dx = x3 + ~~ + C F(O)= 1(0) + ~(O)+ C = 0 so C = 0;
',;'JN~/~/"'J'
"'_'/11111"""/1 ' .... '/1"11"',11 '''''/1111/'''''/1 " ...'''IIIJ'' '
,."""'1",,,,
'''''''11111''''''' ",/",,11/'''''//
....... /l
''''''/11111''''// '-'/1/11/' ...... /1
III III II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
,,,,/1"'''''''''' , ... ,,/,""/"'/1 ,
'''''/11111'''''/1
",,,,,1""",
:.: :
I I I I I I I I
I I I I P'
35. F(x)=
fx~ldX= =In!XI-x-I+C
f(x-l+x-2)dX
F(I) = 0 - 1 + C = - 2, so C = -1;
32. F(x) = f(2X-l)2 = ~x3 - 2:?
F(1)
dx = f(4~
- 4x+
1) dx
+x+
=
Cj
so
= i; F(x)
= ~ (1)3 -
2(1?
+ 1 + C = 3, ~x3 - 2~ + x + i
II II II II II II II II II I P' ~~ t II II II II II II II II
36.
=2sec-Ix+C
F(4) = 2sec-14 + C= 1, so C= 1 - 2sec-14; F{x)
33. F(x) = =
f (.fi
+ 3)2 dx = + 9x + C;
= 2sec-1x - 2sec-14 + 1 -------,',. '/------------- \ ,-'------------1/------------'/------/.?: __ ------_ , 1/-------:;
_______ ..... ,If\I '/ _
:::::::~ ~1 \1 \ \ \ \ ~ ~::::::: ______
(x + 6x /
+ 9) dx
------ ~ 1~:::c!:=------ , ''''------,,,------------''''------:::::::~ r- '/------------- , 1"'-------
-, ~ --:.--~
---
.....
!~+ 4i/2 =
F(4) = !(4)2 + 4(4)3/2 + 9(4) + C = 36 so C -40; F(x) + 4x3/2 + 9x 40
------- , 1"------,,,-----------//------_______
.....
W \
=!~
37. F( x)
J (x + ej
dx =
F(O) = 1 + C F(x) =
!~+ eX + 1
= 2, so C = 1;
I I I I I I I I I
! + eX + ~
..
I I I I I I I I
:.
34. F(x)
(3-2 sin x) dx = 3x-2(
-cos
x)+ C
Page 180
Chapter 5, In'tegration
38. F(x) =
f~ ~; ° '0
dx =
f (1 - ? ~ 1)
C
dx
41.
= x - 2tan-1x+
F(O) =
F(x)
It returns to the ground when s( t) = 0, or when t = 6 sec.
=x
C = 0, so C = 0;
C(x) =
C'(x)
dx
(6~ - 2x
+ 5)
dx
2 tan -Ix
= 2~ - ~ C= -1. C( x) = 2x3 R(x) =
3 ~
+ 5x+
+
C
5(1)
C(1) = 2(1)3 - (1)2
C = 5, so
C(5) = 250 42. a.
f (-
+ 5x - 1, and 25 + 25 - 1 = $249.
3~
+ 4x + 32)
dx
= - x + 2~ + 32x+ C
39. a.
F(x)
f
5
R(O) = 0, so C= 0 and (x
-1/2 -
4) dx
= 2x1/2 -
4x+ C
R(x)
=-
x3
+ 2~ + 32x
= xp(x).
32
Thus,
F(l) = 2 - 4
F(x)
C = 0, so C = 2; h.
p(x) = - ~ R'(x) x
= 2Jx
••
"
- 4x+ 2
Pl.) • 3
+ 2x + 32 = -3z2 + 4x +
h.
-.5
-'>"
:~>
"''-
= 4 ( - £ is not
= - (x - 4)(3x
+ 8)
in the domain)
'- ....
and p(4) maximum. 43.
= 24. R"(4) < 0, so it is a
in the town at
•S
•••••••~~
rc.) - ~
-,
Let P( t) be the population time t in months .
c.
G(x) = F(x) G'(x) = F(x)
At x =
116
+ Co;
=
Jz -
4=0
(note the original function),
4(116)
= 4 + 5t2/3 P(t) = f (4 + 5t2/3) dt = 4t + 3f/3 + C P(O) = 10,000, so C = 10,000 and P(t) = 4t + 3f/3 + 10,000
P'(t)
The population in 8 months will be 10,128
G(l~) = 2(1) Co 40. = - 32t
+2+
Co
= 0, so
44.
= -~
a = - 32 ft/s2, so v(t) =
f+
P(8) = 4(8)
32 dt 96
aCt)
v(t)
+ 3(8)5/3 + 10,000 = = .fi + t2 = t1/2 + t2;
Vo = - 32t
(t1/2
+
0
t2) dt =ir/2
+ If +
2, C1 = 2
C1
The maximum height is reached when v( t) = 0 t = 3 sec. It is a maximum because the ball is thrown up. Now,
Since v(0)
+ 0 + C1 =
v( t) = ~/2
(-32t
+96) dt
set) =
v(t) dt =
set)
= (ir/2 + If + 2)
=
1~
+ If + 2
dt
C2
= - 16r
+ 96t + So + 96(3)
s(4)
f/2
112 (!
+ 2t +
We have SO = 0 since the ball starts at ground level, and
Since
s(O)
0, C2
=0
~ 37.87
s(3) = - 16(3)2
= 144 ft
= ts(4)5/2 + ftC4)4 + 2(4)
Section 5.1, Antidifferentiation
Page 181
v(4) = ~(4)3/2 45. a( t) = k, v( t) But v(0) s( t) =
+ 1(4)3 + 2
~ 28.67
the velocity, so kt
J a( t) dt = J k dt
+e
s( t)
=-
228? + 88 t
C2
= 0, so C = 0
v(t) dt =
kt dt
kt
+e +
C
49.
Let the point at which the brakes are applied correspond to s(0) 0, so that C2 O. Then the braking distance is
{V) =
=
-¥(VY
=
+ 8~2l)
~ 138.3 ft
We know that s(O) = C and s(6) =18k and are given s(6) 46. s(O)
= 18k = 360
Thus, k = 20 ft/s2. Let pet) be the price of bacon in t months. P'(t)
= 0.084 + 0.0120;
With a( t) k, v(t) kt + C1; the initial speed of the car is Vo 88 so v(0) C1 88 and the distance is s( t) kt2/2 + 88 t + C2• For convenience, measure the distance from the point where the car begins moving so s(O) = 0 so C2 = O. Let t1 be the time required for stopping.
pet) =
= 0.084t + 0.008f/2 + e Since P(O) = e = 1.80, P(4) = 0.084(4) + 0.008(4)3/2 + 1.80
= 2.20 The price of bacon in 4 mo will be $2.20/lb. 47. With aCt) = k, v(t) kt + e1; C1 0 because the plane starts from rest (vo 0) and the distance s( t) = kt2/2 + C2• For convenience, measure the distance from the point where the plane begins moving so s(O) 0 and C2 O. Let t1 be the time required for liftoff. Since kt 2 s(t1) = = 900 50.
(0.084
+ 0.0120)
s(tl) dt or
t1
++
kt 2
88t1
= 121 and
v(t1)
=0
= - 8:. Substituting into the distance
formula leads to 882k _ 882 _ 121 = 0 or 2J;;2 k '
= - ~~~= - 32 ft/s2 ~~ = - 28; ~: = v = - 28t + 88 so that
k
s = - 14t2 + 88t where s is the distance from the point where the brakes are applied. Before the brakes are applied, he travels
Sl
+
=
= (88)(0.7)
= 61.6 ft
and v(t1)
kt 2 1
= kt1 = 88,
1800 Ts-;
t1 ~
we find (by dividing these equations)
After the brakes are applied, he travels until v 0; that is t 88/28 = 22/7 sec. The distance traveled after the brakes are applied is
k:
20.4545 seconds
S2 = - 14e;)2
+ 88e;)
~ 138.3
Thus, the total stopping distance is
sl
From the velocity equation, k = t;:'" 88 88 = 20.4545 ~ 4.3
+ s2 = 61.6 +
138.3 = 199.9 ft
48.
The acceleration of the plane at liftoff is 4.3 ft/s2. The deceleration is aCt) 28 ft/s2. The velocity v(t) is an antiderivative of the deceleration, so v(t) = - 28t + C1, where C1 is the initial velocity (when t = 0). Now, 60 mi/hr = 88 ft/s. Thus, v(t) 28t + 88. The car will stop when the velocity is 0, or when t 88/28 22/7 ~ 3.1429 sec. The distance traveled, s(t), is an antiderivative of
=-
=-
The camel is toast! However, if you want to have some fun with this solution, you might argue that if the camel is standing so that the car is positioned between the camel's front and rear legs, and if the hood of the car is more than 0.9 ft ~ 10.8 in. in length, the camel will escape undamaged. Here, of course, it is assumed that the camel's stomach is above the car's hood ornament. 51. s( t)
(t -
+ t) dt
Total movement
= In! t I + !2 + C t from t = 1 to t = e2 is
Page 182
Ch"pter 5, Integr .. tion
s( e2)
s(l)
Co
= (In e2 + !e~ + C) - [In(l) + !(1?
R;J
c]
28.8
Technology does not use "+ C," and to reconcile the inverse trigonometric functions, use a reference triangle where 0= sec -1" so y = sec O. Then tan () = tan-l(~
52. C(x) = I (O.leZ = O.le
X
+ 21x1/2)
21@x3/2
dx
J1? bg(x)
1 so
- 1) = sec-1y.
Co 60. I [af(x)
C(1) = 0.le1 + 14(1)3/2 + Co = 100, so Co
R;J
+ +
eh(x)] dx bg(x)]
85.73
= I ([af(x) + 85.73 and = I [af(x) = I af(x) = a I f(x)
61.
eh(x)} dx
C(x) = O.lez + 14x3/2 c( 4)
R;J
+
dx dx
bg(x)] dx
I eh(x) dx
203.19
It costs $203.19 to produce 4 units.
+ +
I bg(x) dx b I g(x) dx
+ +
I ch(x) dx
e I h(x) dx
53. F(x) = I ~ dx = F(4) F(l)
f+ = [~3 c] - [1 + c] = +
C .
21
54. F(x) = I.fi
dx = ~x3/2
+c
F(4) - F(l) = [~4)3/2 +
c] -
[j(1)3/2
c]
Using calculus, F(x) = I (mx+ b) dx= mt
55.
F( x)
= 134
(eX x) dx = e" -
!~ C + c]
F(2) - F(O) = [e2 - !(2)2 + C] - [eO- !(0)2 +
bx+
56.
F(x) = Ixt1dX= =x
I(1+x-1)dX C
F(O) = 0 + 0 + C = 0, so C = 0 F(x) =
+ InJxl +
=1+ln2
'2,f- +
br, the area is
F(2) - F(l) = [2 + In 2 + Cj - [1 + 0 + C] 57. F(x) = I cos x dx = sin x + C F(~) - F(O) = [sin ~ + C] - [sin 0 + 58. F(x) = I (1 - ~) -1/2 dx = sin -Ix F(!) 59 F(O) = sin -I! dy - sin -10 C
R;J
A = F(d) - F(e) =
('2 d2 + bd)
-
('2 e
b(d c)
+
e)
be)
Gj = 1
+C 0.524
= 1f{d2 = !(d -
e2) e)[m(d
+ 2b]
Using geometry, A = !h(61 = !(d
+
h
b2)
a. I
h.
2yJ1I - 1 !tan -lJ1I -
= -21sec-ly+
1
- e)[(me + b) (md + b)] ---.......- _____. + ___... 61
b2
= !(d -
c)[m(d
+ c) + 26]
Section 5.2, Area As the Limit of a Sum
Area AB the Limit
Page 183
5.2
Of a Sum, Pages 288-290
2.
250
1. 3.
k=l
2:
1 = 6(1)
=6 = 225
-
k=l
2:
2 = 250(2) = 500
~
k=l
k = (15~(16) = 120
3
5.
7.
tk
= (52~(62)
6.
t J? = (7)(8,(15)
k=l
= 140
k=l kYdl
(2k - 3) 1)2
= 2 kYd/
kYdl1
= {(100~(101)J - 300 = 9,800 992
8. 9.
k=l
I:(k
= 02 + 12 + 22 + ... +
-\nk
k=l k
E ~ = (99)(1°6°)(199) = 328,350
i) = -21
n-+oo
lim
i: \ = n-+oo lim =
1n
t.. k =
1
~.::I
= n-+oo lim
-\-[n(n2+ l)J = lim (1)(-21J 1+ n n-+oo J\
L..J " k 1
2 • 1 n (n + 1)2 = hm - 4 ----''--:-----''n-+oo n 4
11.
n-+oo
lim
k=1
nn 2k) L (2 + - 2 n=
n-+
lim
2 (n(n 2+ n(n) + n22
1))]
+ _i. 2
n
12.
n-+oo
lim
t: =
(1
(1 + i)] = 3 + 2: Y( i) = !Lm ( iX i: 1 + ~ i: n +00 k= k=
nJ~
[2
t..~) =
1
(2'{ 4 n(n+ 1) 4 n(n+ 1)(2n 1. im 2 + 2" 6 n-+oo n n+ n n
+ 1) )
8.67
n!LIl_l.oo [2 + 4(1)( 1 +~) + ~(1)( 1 +
13.
a.
n
~X2 + ~)J 2 + 4 + i= ~6 ~ =
= 4, ..1.x = 0.25, I( a + k..1.x) = k + 1; S = 3.5
IWIf fIllET
, • ill·!
"
5
.Ir 'I!lIIIS
llEIWII 3lJI DUEll (8. 11 3.5
•
3
/
OIetwork,.,hrta are right .... pol.ta.)
'/
.z
'/
.6
/'
••
.8
Page 184
Chapter 5. Integration
h.
n = 8, ~x = 0.125, f( a
, • g·l
+ k~x)
= ~ + 1; S = 3.25
I
.or
8
IIAIIT IIlII!T
II 5
mns
IIDWII SIll IJUDI II. 11 3.5 3.25
•
3
V
~. poillta arc rlPt eMpolllta. )
VI:?'
.Z
vV
!7~
.4 RJ
....
1.67
14.
a.
n = 3, ~x = r
.3-a
1, f(
+ k~x)
••
= 3 - ~k; S
II
JllrEJIUAL J'OII IIIIWII
SIll:
111I1rt enolpoillt:
un enolpoillt:
• Dr __ urn:IIIMLS
3
IStlMlIl1UD [I.U
1.EcrCfFFsfC7
r---_
2
1
h.
n = 6, ~x - 6'
,.3-a
_1
f( a + k~x)
=3
.Z
3;
••
RJ
....
1.83
----- J
••
II
JIlTuuAL FIlIIIJDWII SIll:
.......
IInDUIILS
'''polnt: • •Ipt "'pol.t: I
ISJlIMD DUll
wt
5 4
II. 11
...
1,,1Ii6~6'E'6"7
4._
z
1
1,8",.,.3'n
-- -- -......
.2 .4
....
.8
Section 5.2, Area As the Limit of a Sum
Page 185
15.
a.
= 4,
,.r
~x
= 0.25,
I
f(a
+ k~x)
= (1 + ~J; s = 2.71875
INIf 11111!1
II
....
4
5
ImwtII
1'IIIIS
11. ZJ
SIll DUD
2.7l175
4
:1
r---:;
[7
2 1 '""~It
...... paillta 11Ita.)
[7V
arc I'lglIt
_/
.Z .4
.6
V
I
.8
1.' I.Z 1.• 1.6 1.1
h.
= 6, ~x = l, f(a + k~x) = (1 + ~J; s ~
, ~ liZ
2.58796
IIIIJIUAL
roa IIDWIC u:
,
II
....
I.eIt .... )DIIIt: Ilgllt .... )DIIIt:
5 4 J 2 1
IIII'DUM.S
:..4 6
IStlJMft GUD 11. ZJ Z.~ Z.~
r_J7 pV _-/P"
.Z .4 .6 .1 1.'
pV
1.Z 1.4 1.6 1.1
16.
= 4, ~x = ~, f(a + k~x) = cos( -~ + t;); S
, • aJS(lI)
1.183
lIMIT IIIIET
II
II
....
4
1'IIIIS
IIIIWII SIll WEI 1-1'2. II 1.1ID165
(~It
palma ....... IBts.)
....
I'lglIt
v
-1.4
V
-.'
-.4
....---
•• ••
...
.Z
-1.Z -1.'
-.8
-.Z
Page 186
Chapter 5, Integration
17.
n
r•
= 3, ax = il, f(a + k~x) = (ilk):X41"(11)
sin(ilk)
S ~ 0.795
IIIIJ!IIIML PIlI IIIIWII lilt:
• 111''' J"1'EIIUALS
IS1IMII [I. viI
aua
.2
.1
••
.8 1•• 1.2 1.1 I.'
1.1
18.
= 4, ~x = 0.25, f( a + k~x) = ( 1 + ~)- 2; S
XI"
I
~ 0.42
•• 1
....
1
11M! IIIUT
II 2.5
IIDIAMI lUI IJUDI
11. 2)
JEJIIS
.115201
z .•
1.5 1•• .5
~:::::::...
.2 .1
.Ii
(1Ietooark po 1m arc .. '-lit
....,.,11Ib.'
n
••
1.• 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.'
19. r
= 4, ~x = 0.25, f(a
k~x)
= ~ 1 + ~)-1; = S
1.269
-lJoWII NIIII1'
I
.or
4
II
IIDWII all IJUDI
U. ZJ
z.s
Z ••
JEJIIS
1.Z691H8
1.5
.----:: ~~ ~
1.'
.5
(""-,Ie ...l.ta
.... rl," .2 .1 .6
....... 1••
••
,
1•• 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.'
Section 5.2, Area As the Limit of a Sum 20.
,.
Page 187
n = 4, Ax = 0.75, f(a
'flU
kAx) =
VI + ~k; S ~
5.03009
I
lar
1
IIMr IIlIIET
I
SIll !JIll
II
Z.S
IJIIWII
[1,
JEIIIS
1J
S.1I:Bm
Z ••
1.5
(ItI:tIoarII pol." _,ollila.)
are roJPt
V
.5
V
1.5
.»:
___.
1.'
Z ••
2.5
3.'
3.5
21.
n = 4, Ax
= 0.25,
I
f(a
+ kAx)
VI + (!f;
S ~ 1.2033
, • ii'l.r)
IIAIIf IIJIIET
....
1
II 1.1
IIDWII SIll GUllI
II, 1J
1.2
RJIIS
1.Z83256
••
• f
••
--.2
.1
___..
»>
.Z ("'"-II pol.ta .... rot,lIt .6
........Ib.' I
-
••
23•
L.l.X
A
22 •
L.l.
AX_~-£' n
- n'
b-a_2-1 n n
1 =n
A = lim = lim
n->+oo
L: f(O + kAx)Ax k=1
k
A = lim
n->+oo k
E 1(1 + kAx)Ax
=1
n->+oo
i: =
f(2n~Ax
= lim
n->+oo
t =
1(1
+ ~)AX
Page 188
Chapter 5, Integration 14n(n + 1) 2n
= lim
n->+oo
{ 6n
12n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4n2(n + 1)~ 1 + 6n2 + 4n3 -jn
= lim
lim {6 + 14n2+ 14n
n->+oo
2n2
+ 24n3+
2 36n + 12n 3 6n
n->+oo [ n3
3 -
A:
n 2 n 1n E P + n'n 1 E k + n E
=1
=1
A:
= 11
+ 4n4+ 8n3 4n4
+ 4n2}
, + Irm [3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) +2'2 n(n 2 1) +nn] = n->+oo 3" 6 n n =1+1+1=3
(6 + 7 + 4 + 1) = 18 24.
.:lx
b -;; a
3n0
3 n
27.
A=
A b-a llX=-n-=-n-=
1-0
~).:lx
1 n
n->+oo A:
lim
i: f( =
1
= n->+oo [.f_ A: = 1k3+~ n3 A: = 1 lim n4
= n->+oo lim , [162 n(n+ 1)(2n+ 1) 18 n(n+ 1) 12n] ~ 6 +2'n 2 +--;r n
-I 1m - n->+oo n4
t:
t~]
6
[4 n2(n + 1)2 + ...::;.~-___,,;;c--~ + 1)] 3 n(n + 1)(2n
4 n3
=1+1=
28.
= 1~2+ 9 + 12 = 75 25.
llX
A
The statement is true. We are dealing with a rectangle of height C and base b - a. This statement is false. We are dealing with a trapezoid of base (b - a) and parallel sides of length aC and bC. The area is
A =!<b a)[aC
= -nA: 1
b-a_3-1_2 - -n-
29.
A = lim
n->+oo
i: f(1 =
+ 2n~.:lx
30.
+ bGj = ~C(b2
a2)
The statement is true. Consider the trapezoid of base (b - a) and parallel sides of lengths a2 and b2• The area is A =~(b a)(b2
+ a2)
= lim
n->+oo
[2~
A:
i: =
1 + 56 2
n
A:
t =
+ 4~
n
A:
i: p] =
1
The area under the parabola is less than the area of the trapezoid.
31.
, [ 56 n(n + 1) 48 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)] = n->+oo 24 + 2' lim 2 + 3" 6 n n = 24 + 28 + 16 = 68 26.
b-a 1-0 1 .:lx = -n- = -n- = n
The statement is true. y = 1 - x2 or x2 + ~ = 1 (for y ~ 0) represents the equation of a semicircle. The area is
A
.J
= 1r/2.
32.
The statement is false. Let f(x) x2 on [0,1], then [f(x)]2 = x4. Now, [f(x)]2 $ f(x) and the area under [f(.x)]2 is less than that under f(x). The statement is true. The graph of f is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. The area on the right of the x-axis is equal to that on the left.
A = lim
n->+oo A:
E f(n).:lx
=
1
33.
Section 5.2, Area As the Limit of a Sum
Page 189
34.
f(x)
f(a
= x3 on [0, 1];' ~x = ~;
+
kx) = f(~) n
37. a.
f(x) = 2~; ~x = ~;
f(a
=n ~.
k
+ k~x)
= 2(1 [2(1
+ ~)2
A = lim n-+OO
i: J:' =
1
A = lim
n--++oo k
=lim 35. f(x)
n-+OO
1 n2(n+1)2 -4
n 4
= lim
n--++oo
C on [a, b]; ~x = b -; a; f( a+ k~x)
n-+oo
1m n--++oo
2n(n + 1)(2n 1. [2 + 4n(n+2 1) + -.:..,._-~--~ + 1)] 2n 6n
3
[2: +.i. t =
n2 k
i: =
+ ~2I~)
1
+.1. 3
n
k=1
].;2]
A = lim = (b where b width C.
36.
b- a -n-
L.J k=1
C = b n- a nC
= 2+2+j h. If g(x) =
g(2)
Co
a)C
a
i~;g'(x) = 2~;
=
=ll
is the length of the rectangle of
g(l)
If h(x)
f(x)
i~ + C; h'(x) = 2~;
=
=
16-
j = 134 = A
-ix
+ h where h is the height and
h(2) - h(l)
the base of the right triangle; ~x = ~; f(bJ'J
14
136 +
c-j -
= -~~) + h
k
1
=A
regardless of C. The statement is true.
A = n-+oo i: [- 7A bk) + h](l!.) lim hi = n n
= lim = lim bh -n-+oo [ n2
k
n n bh] Lk+ L -
1n
n-+oo
[_ bh n(n
n2
+ 1) + (bh)n]
n
-~+
bh =!bh 38. The area seems to be 2 square units.
,.4X
• or
8 16 3Z
IIDWII lUI PID IDIIS [I. 11 Z.5
Z.ZS Z.1%5 Z.86ZS Z.831%5
6t 1211 Z!i6
Z .11S6ZS
512 lIZt
Z .1IB7II13 Z.1II:BI6 Z.lIBlm
(lteboark pohta .... pahta.)
arc rl,ht
Page 190
Chapter 5, Integration
39.
The area seems to be 21.36459.
II
• 01' JlJIIS i
IJDWII SIll DUD
rl. n
• J6 3Z
'" SZII
38 ZS.5 23.3?5
zz.3t375
Zl.1I3IS'I Zl.511398 Zl.i!i85 Zl.3645!I
ZSIi 5JZ
llIZi
Zl.3'Blfl
(1Iriooar!l
......
llIta.)
... llIta ..... I'lpt
40.
The area seems to be 1.000767.
, • GIS(X)
....
JlJIIS i •
IJDWII SIll DUD
1-w.lZ. I J
1.lII3465 1.Hr2IH 1.lZiMl
1.11ZZZZ 1._123 1.~7 1.Ei!Ii
J6 3Z 5 5JZ
'" SZII
1.1831165 1 •• 1533
llIZi
41.
The area seems to be 0.6018907.
, • X·'IN(X)
...
n::JItS I
IIDWII SIll DUD
rl.....n
.'H6!l831 .,70t6Z
'SZII "
5 5tZ
llIZ4
16 3Z
.""19t .'1K126
.1oII5II!J6t .YIH'lfI
.6BZ163 .fI8l1r.117
.63mll
CIIIoWarII... lIb _ .
..... "'Illb.)
I'
.,1It
Section 5.2, Area As the Limit of a Sum
Page 191
42.
The area seems to be 3.40922.
Y = J)I(X2
.u
I or TERrIS
RIPWIIt [8, 3]
lUI
OUER
1 8 16 61 128 2S6 512 1821
3Z
1.297237 3.8+4611 3.623172 3.51122 3.159921 3.1328S8 3.11!J31S 3.112591 3.18922
(lletwork points are rigbt endpoints. )
JC
-1
43.
The area seems to be 0.5038795.
Y = e-3lI"'2
1.1
I or TERrIS 1
RIPWIIt SlJ1 OUER [8, 11
.3IK1H1
1.2
8 16 61 128 2S6 512 1821
3Z
.1115681 .1715523 .19691~ .5886383 .5821873 .SlGt155 . S83879S
.18!M?22
(lletwork points are rigbt endpoints. )
JC
-1.5
1.5
44.
The area seems to be 1.000758
Y
= AIICCOS(X.1)
5
IOF
1 8 16 3Z 61 128
ZS6
TERrIS
RII'JWIt SUI OUER [-1. 8] 1.161711 1.886167 1.811816 1.1123 1.811718 1.B8S938 1.BBZm 1.1181589 1.11118?S8
512 1824
THE FINAL ESTIMATE
JC
Otet..ork po I nts are left endpoints. )
-1.5
-1.8
-.5
.5
1.8
1.5
Page 192
Chapter 5, Integration
45.
a.
The area seems to be 2.
, • SJ"OC)oCDSOC) .
• or
I 16 3Z 64
J2:II f
n:JISS
IIDWIf SIll OUEII II...-zJ 1.~ 1.~ 1.~ 1.~ 1.""
1.9m'15
Z
Z56 1.""" 512 1.~
lIZ.
'~1 JlUhrta are rlght "'palata.)
h. With g(x) = -cos X + sin Xi g'(x) = sin x + cos x = f(x) g(-~) = - 0 + 1 = Ij g(O) = - 1 + 0 = - 1, and
g(~)
c.
g(O) = 1 - (-1) = 2 = A
With h(x) = - cos x + sin x + C; h'(x) = sin x + cos x = f(x). h(~) = - 0 + 1 + C = 1 + Cj h(O) = - 1 + 0 + C = - 1 + C, and h(~) h(O)
= 1+ C
- (-1)
- C =2
=A
The statement is true. 46.
a.
}=1
i: [.t-2 -
(.t-2 2k + 1)] +! -
}=1
i: 1 =! i: (2k)
}=1
= ![2(1 + 2 + ... + n)] =
}=1
h.
c.
}=1
i: [.t-2-(k
k=
I?]
= (12_02)+(22_12)+
+!n .
... + [n2_(n
From part a. From part b.
1)2] = n2
}=1
i:
}=1
2
i: [.t-2-(.t2-2k+l)]
+!n
= !n
= 2\n 47.
a.
lr2')
n=
n(n+l) 2
,t3 = a[k4 - (k -
1)4]+ b.t2 + ck + d
= a[k4 - (k4 - 4,t3 + 6.t2 - 4k+ 1)]+ b.t2+ ck + d = 4a,t3 - 6a.t-2 + 4ak - a + b.t-2 ck + d +
= 4a,t3 +
h.
}=1
(b - 6a).t-2 + (4a + c)k + ( - a + d)
Since 4a = I: b - 6a = OJ4a + c = OJ - a + d = OJwe find a = ~, b = ~, c = - 1, and d = ~.
:E
II
[.t3-(k - I?J = (13-02)+(23_12)+
... + [n3-(n
1)3] = n3
Thus,
Section 5.3, Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral
n3 =
Page 193
n
1;=1
L: [k3 1;=1
(k 1;=1
1)3]
d.
.1:=1
n
=c
= 3t~-3tk+t1 3
.1:=1
t~
= n3
The solution is illustrated statement.
k=1
k=1
a.l:
in the problem
-3 n(n
2
+ 1) + n +n
e.
ak = (a1
+ a2 + ... + a ) + am+2 + ... + an)
m
Solve for the summation
.1:=1
i: ~ _ 3n
+
3
n _ n(2n2 -
2 From Problem 46.
+ (am+1
to find:
2
1;=1
L: J:2
+ 3n + 1)
2
f.
1;=1
a.l:= a
+ a2 + ... + a
~ b1
+ b2 + ... + bn =
hold term-by-term.
Consequently,
.1:=1 .I:
48.
n-++oo
lim
= =
n-++oo n
lim
t «= 13 t: =
1
i: J:2 = n(n + 1)(2n
6
1 n
since the inequalities
1) 5.3 Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral, Pages 301-302
J\
VI) n
1.
I;
(J:2 1)(2n
2k
+ 1)
1)
= 2x + L; a = OJ ~x = i I( a + k~x) = I(!) = ! 1 +
I(x)
1
l[n(n n-++oo n3
lim
+ 2 n(n 2 1)
] 2.
Jo (2x +
I(x) I(a
1
1) dx ~.
_2 -6- 0+0-1-3
The result is the same as that shown in Example 1. 49 • ~
AX
= 4x2 + 2j a = OJ = i + k~x) = I(~ = 4(!f + 2
~X
1;_1
t (!
Xi) =
2.25
~.
'0-
x-a
+ 2~x -
+ 2n' b - a.
3.
"•
Xl X2
= a + -2- = a +
=a
3~x
3(b - a) 2n j 5(b - a) 2n j
J (4x2 + 2) dx o
I(x) I(a
3
k-l
t (~ Vi) = A
+2
10.75
3.875
5~x -2- = a (2k+ 2
xI;
= a+
lim
l)~x
A=
n-++o{
(2k+
l)(b 2n
n
a)
= x2j a = 1j ~x = ~ + k~x) = 1(1 +!> = (1 +!f
+!f(~)=
.I: = /\
i:
Ja+(2k+1)(b-a)Yb-a)]
2n"
J x2 dx ~ ktl(l
1
4.
h.
I(x) = I(a
2
Xj
k=1
E(a.l:+b.l:)=(a1+b1)+(a2+ = (a1 =
+ k~x)
3
= I(!) = (!~
= OJ
~x
b2)
+ ... + (an + bn) + a2 + ... + an) + (b1 + b2 + ... + bn)
ak +
.1:=1
Jx
o
dx ~
.l:t/!f(~)
3X; a
= 6.25
~x
5.
I(x) I( a
1
=1+
= OJ
=i
k=1
bk
k~x) = f(!) 3x) dx ~
= 1 _ ~k
c.
k=1
cal; = cal
+ ca2 + ... + ca n = c( a1 + ~ + ... + an)
J (1 o
.l:tl(
1-
~kXi) = -0.875
Page 194
Chapter 5, Integration
6.
3
f(x) f(
:r? - x a = 1; Ax = ~ a + kAx) = f(1 + ~ = ( 1+ ~r - (1 + ~r
=
3 ; )
84 = k=1 sin ¥!~)= ~V2 + 1] ~ t 4,
14.
1.896
v(t) v(a
= cos
k
t; a
f(:r?-x
1
dX~k~J(I+~r-(I+~rl~)
=
-16.25
+ kAt)
84 =
7.
f(x)
f(a
= cos
X; a
kAx) = f(
= -~;
-~
+ tg) = cos( -~ + tg)
2
Ax
=~
15. . v( t) = e - t; a v(a
t cos ~~) = 8,
1 4 _
= 0; At = ~ = v(tg) = cos tg = 0; Ax = !
e-k/4
~ 0.791
+ kAt) = v(~ =
-7(/2
o
cos x dx ~
k=l "\
f(f6)
X; a
coJ -!: +
k1rX!:) ~ 88
1.18 16.
84 = v( t) v( a 84
-1
=t~
+
L k=1 e
k/\I) 4
~ 0.556
1; a
= 0; Ax = i
8.
f( a + kAx)
7(/4
f(x)
= x + sin
=
sin ~
f (x+
o
9.
f6 + f6 x) dx ~ ktl(f6 + f6XI6)
=
sin sin
= 0; Ax = 16
kAt) = v(~ = ~
= kt1 k!
0
li) ~ 0.635
4+1
k! 4
0.75
;
17.
f:r? dx = - f :r?dx =
o
222 -1 -1-1
-!
f(x) f( a
=
+
a = 0;
AX=!
= i/4
~ 1.94
4
kAx)
= f(~)
4
18.
f (:r? + x) dx = f :r?dx + f x dx = 3 + ~ = ~
-1 222
f
10.
2
er
dx ~ k L =
+ kAx) =
(i/4)(!)
1
19.
f (2:r? - 3x) dx = 2 f
-1
? dx
-3
f x dx
f(x) f( a
= i; a = 1; Ax
f(1
!
=~
1+4
0.63
-1-1
= 2(3) - 3(~)
=~
+~
=4! k
20.
f:r?
o
-1
dx =
? dx +
2
? dx
-1
f~=
1
kt1(4!kX!)
= 3t + 1; a =
+
kAt) = v(1 Ij At
11.
v( t) v(a
84
= £;
= - f :r? dx + f :r? dx =
-1 -1
-! + 3 = i
+ ~~ = ~1 +
~k) + 1
21.
f f
020
x dx =
f
-1
x dx
f f
x dx
-1
12.
9kX3) 231 = ~ ( 4 +"'4 4 = 8"" = 28.875 c: k=1 v(t) = 1 + 2tj a = L; At = !j
=
o
22.
-1
x dx -
1
0
x dx = ~ - 2
0
-!
x dx
v(a 84
13.
= t (3 + ~X~J ~7 = 4.25 = k=1 v(t) = sin t; a = OJ At = i
v(a
kAt)
= v(1
+~ =
+~
(3? - 5x) dx = 3
? dx - 5
-1
= 3(~)
- 5( Firs: integral i, given, ,econd i, from th.e .ol"tion to Problem 21.
-!)
-1-1
kAt) = v(7)
= sin
Section 5.3, Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral
Page 195
23.
On [0, 1] X Now
:s
x,
sO
o triangle with length 1 and height 1, so
X dx
x dx
28.
100
x d» is the same as the area of a right
J
24.
z d»
J o
7r
= i(1)(l) =!
< -
-.
sin x ds:
J
7r
1 dx =
25.
Let F Then
n-++oo
lim
k =1
t: * =
For continuity, suspicious points are x= 1 and x=4. By considering the left and right hand limits at these points, it is easy to show I is continuous on [ -1, 5].
5
7r
514
I(x)dx
J 2dx+ J (3- x) dx + f (2x
-1 1
-9) de
I(x)
dx and G
-1
g(x) de,
29.
= 2(2) + ~ -
J
4
-2
-2
[5/(x)
+ 2g(x)]
d»
= 5F + 2G = 7,
.,
0=
-2
and
J
4
[3/(x)
+ g(x)] d» = 3F + G = 4
-2
Subtracting the first from twice the second leads to F 1 and G 1.
-3
-z
-1
26.
a.
Let F=
J
o
I(x)dx
= 3; G = J g(x)dx =
2 0
For continuity, suspicious points are x = -1 and x = 2. By considering the left and right hand limits at these points, it is easy to show lis continuous on [- 3, 5].
-1
and H
J
2
h(x) dx
= 3.
-1
I(x)dx
5dx
(4 - x)dx
15
(2x-
2)dx
Then
-3
-3
J [2/(x)
2
= 10 +
30.
V+
-1
= 7l
+ 5g(x)
- 7h(x)] dx
= 2F+ 5G - 7H = 2(3) + 5( -1) h.
7(3)
=-
20
J
2
In the 18th century, in the German town of Konigsberg (now a Russian city), a popular pastime was to walk along the hank of the Pregel River and cross over some of the seven bridges that connected two islands, as shown below.
[5J(x)
+ 5g(X)
- 6h(x)] dx
= 5F
+ 5G
5-
- 6H= 5(3)
(-1)5 - 6(3) 3
=27.
= 0 which implies s = -
By the subdivision and opposite properties,
I(x)dx
=
133
J(x)dx
J
3 1
I(x)dx
J
2 3
I(x)
dx
-1
-1
J I(x)
-1
dx
J I(x)
1
dx 10
J I(x)
2
dx
= 3 +5 -
(- 2)
One day a native asked a neighbor this question, "How can youtake a walk so that you cross each of our seven bridges once and
Page 196
Chapter 5, Integration
only once?" The problem intrigued the neighbor, and soon caught the interest of many other people of Konigsberg as well. Whenever people tried it, they ended up either not crossing a bridge at all or else crossing one bridge twice. This problem was brought to the attention of the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, who was serving at the court of the Russian empress Catherine the Great in St. Petersburg. The method of solution developed by Euler led to the development of two major topics in geometry, networks, and topology. The solution concludes that it is impossible to cross all of the bridges exactly once.
31.
_ ll b-a( rm -nn-+oo
a n+
2(b-a)an(n+
1)
+
= (a2
(b -
a)2 n(n
n2
ab _ a2 a)3a2+
1)(2n 6
1»)
_ a)
+ (b
-; a)2}b
(b 3"
34.
3ab - 3a2+ b2 - 2ab
a2)
I
h a
f(x)
dx
I
c
a
f(x)
de
!(x) dx
[l
I
h c
f(x)
dx
The respective subintervals are ~x1 = 0.8; ~x2 1.1; ~X:J 0.4; ~x4 = 0.4; ~x5 0.3, The norm is the largest of these deltas, namely, 1.1.
!(x) d»
35.
f(x) k:
= 4 - 5x
1 2
!(x)
dX]
3 1 -1 0.4
5 1.8 0.3
- 0.5 6.5 ~xl.:: R5 36. fez) k: 0.8 Ef(xl.:)~xk 2.5)(0.4)
1 5
0.8 0 1.1
1.3 0.4
32.
A=
I
h
a
- 2.5 - 5
(Cx
D) de is the area of a
a trapezoid with base (b heights (Ca + D) and (Cb
A = !(b a)[(Ca a)[f<b
a) and + D). Thus,
Cb
= 6.5(0.8) + 0 + (-1)(0.4)
+ (5)(0.3) = 2.3;
2
+ (-
II PI! = 1.1
5
64
125
+D+
+
a)
+ D)]
=?
1 -1
= (b 33.
DJ
= a + b -;; a k;
3
1
4
81
128
f(x)
= Xl and ~x =
1.:=1
o
0 1.1
b -;; a; xk
-1 0.8 R5
1 0.4
3.94616 7.4506 0.4 0.3
s; = i: [a + b -;; a kf( b -;; a)
-
Ef(x0~xl.:
1
~ -1(0.8)
+ 0 + 1(0.4)
1.:=1
£...J
b- a[ 2 2(b- a) k (bn a+ n a+
a)2
Ir
,2]
37.
+ 3.94616(0.4) + 7.4506(0.3) = 3.413644; IIPIi= 1.1
_b-a(2~1
-n
.
a~+
2(b-a)
k=1
.+
= -nb-a(2
(b- a)2 2
i: !?)
1.:=1
~k
1.:=1
s:
I
a
f(x)
dx
= n-+oo I.: E 1f(xl.: *)~xl.: lim =
1.:= 1
:5 lim
n-+oo
g(xn*)~XI.:
Ih g(x) dx
a
2(b-a)an(n+l) a n+ n 2
because fez)
1)(2n 6
:5 g(x) implies :5 bl.:= g(xt)
I
h
+
Xldx
(b n2
a)2 n(n
1»)
al.: 38.
= f(xl.:*)
The statement is false. Let f(z) on [0, 2].
(1)(1) dz
= 2 and
= g(x) =
(1) dx
1 2.
Section 5.4, The Fundamental
Theorems of Calculus
. Page 197
(1)(1) dx
42.
Let f(x)
= G and let Xo, xl' ... , Xn _ l' xn = b} be a
p = {a =
partition of the interval [a, b], and for k
2, ... n, let xk* be a number chooses
1,
arbitrarily from the kth subinterval,
39. It is true; for example, consider the function y x on [ - 1, 1]. The value of the integral
[xk-I' f(xt)
n
x.cJ. Since ax.c
= X.c -
x.c-I
and
= Gfor all k, the corresponding
=
n E
f x dx = Al - A2 where Al is the area of the triangle to the right of the origin and A2 is the area of the triangle to the left of the origin. That is,
-1
.c=I
E f(xk *)axk
= q(xI
Riemann sum is .c=I qXk - xk-1]
-
- xo) -
+ (x2 - Xl) + ... + (xn
= C(b - a)
Xn -1)]
= qXn
Thus,
1
xo1
Thus, by the definition of the definite integral, we have x dx = 1 - 1 = 0 2 2 f(xt)ax.c fb C dx = IIlim p If--+o .c = 1 c = lim qb - a] IIpll-o = C(b a)
-1
i:
However, the area enclosed by the two triangles is
40.
-
f f(x)
a
d»
= f f(x) de + f f(x) dz
a 0
5.4
The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus;
Pages 308-309
10
Let u = - x, then du = - dx, and if x = - a, then u = a. Thus,
a
1.
7 dx =
txl
10 -10
= 7[10 - (-10)] = 140
f f(x)dx
-a
=o
a
0
a
-10 1
f f( - u)du
a
+f
0
f(x) dx
dx
2.
f (-3)dx=-3xI1
-5
5
-5
= -3[7-(-5)]=
-36
- f [- f(u)]du o = ff(U)dU+
a a a
f f(x)
0
3.
f (2x
-3
a)dx = (~
ax)
ff(X)dX
0
a 2
= (5)2 + 5a
x)dx=
- [(_3)2 (bx -
+ (-3)a]
= 16 + Sa
= - ff(U)dU+
o 41. Since
b m
ff(X)dX=O
0
4.
f (b -2
~~)L2
- 1]
5: f(x) 5: M on [a, b], we have
b b
= (2b - 2) - (- 2b - 2) = 4b
2
5.
M dx
fax3
-1 1
dx = lax4
= la[16
~5 a
f
a
dx 5: f f(x)
a
de
<f
a
so m(b a)
<
6.
f(x) ds:
f (x3
-1
b~)dx
= (lx4 + Ib:tJ) 4 3
1 -1
<
M(b -
a)
Page 198
Chapter 5, Integration
19.
Jx-1;
2 1
1 dx=J(x+
x-2)dx
2
7.
cJ
2 1
X-
dx. =
c:.~21:
-1
=-
!c[;l _px-1
1] =
~c
[!x2 -
x-lJI~ =
8.
= pI
-2
x-2dx=
1-1 -2
=
=9.
p( - 1 -
_! 2) = ~
J
o o
1
x1/2 dx = ~x3/21 ~
= ~27
0)
= 18
21.
[£x 5
S/2
+ £x3/2 3
= 6atan
_ 2Xl/2]
1 4 _ 226
1-
15
..fi
6aJ
1
27
10.
J x1/3 dx = ~x4/31
~=
2:3
2
1 +:r
dx
-lxl
..j3
1
11.
J (5t,7 + 1I"2)du =
o
12.
(iuS
+ 1I" u)
I~ i
=
+ 11"2
O.S
J
o
22
(7xB
Vi )dx
= (~x9
Vix)l~
23.
VI dx _
2
z2 -
- 6·
sin
1 1 o.s x0 3
-""6
- 611"
J
J
o
2
(sin x + cos x) dx = I dx = x~ 2 = 5
-2
11"/4
13.
J
2
-2
s: dx - 2a + 1
_ 2211+1 - 2a + 1 -
211
?1I+112
11"/4
24.
(sec2x - tan2x) dx
=
e~
J dx = xi~4 = l
0
2a + 1 -
14.
I (2x)1I" dx = 211" !11";\
1
I:
_ 2211+1 - 1 2a + 1 25.
J
o
(1 -
e ) dt = (t 2
I~ = 2
_ 211" 211"+1 .
211" 1 _ 211"(211"+1 1) . -
lnS 15.
11"+1
11"+1-
11"+1
10 = 15
26.
Jx
1
;- 1 dx =
J (? + x-1)dx
1
5J eX dx=
16. e
J
4
ln2 e
lnS 5exi = 25 ln2
tff = IIlIx II
e
=1+2=3
-2
-2
= In
e-
In e -
27.
Jo
z2 x-2
4 dx=
1
J(x
0
2)(x+ x-2
2) dx
17.
J JX(x
+ l)dx
S/2
I (x3/2
0
+ x1/2)dx
272 15
1
J
o
(x
+ 2)
dx
1
= (~ + 2x) I~ = ~
_ [£x -5
«(3/2 -
+ £x3/2JI4 0 _ 3
28.
18.
I
o
J $~; dx = J[1 + ?-: 1J dx o
0
t) dt =
2 [£tS/2 -lt2 Jll 5
0-
_.1. 10
[x -
2 tan
-lxll ~ = 1
Section 5.4, The Fundamental
Theorems of Calculus
Page 199
o
29. J (x - x) dx+
-1
J(X+X)dx=2tl~=4
0
37.
f(x)
=;
- ;x
+ 3 is continuous on
[1, 2]
30.
[x + (x 1
1)] dx
o = J (2x 1) dx
and f(x) [x - (x 2
~ 0 on the interval, so we have dX=(~
1)] dx
f(x
1
- 2+3x-1) =31n2
-2X+31nlXI)I~
J dx
1
-!
= (?
31. f(x) f(x)
x)
I~ + x I ~ = 1
1] and
38.
f(t) f(t)
1
=~ is continuous on [0, 1] and 1+ r ~ 0 on the interval, so we have
~ 0 on the interval, we have
1
= ? + 1 is continuous on [-1,
-1
J (? + 1) dx = (f + x)1 ~ = i
Vi
t1/2 dt =
2J_.!l!._ 1+ o
= 2 tan
-lt
l1
=!:
39. F(x) = ~or 40. F(x)
42. F(t)
32.
f(t) = is continuous on [0, 1] and f(t) ~ 0 on the interval, we have
f
33.
= (x = _~tt
+ sin
+1 + 1) Vx
(x -
1)v'x+"l = si~ t =
41. F(t) 43. F(x)
~f3/21~ =
i
f]
f-
44. F(x) 45. d (.!! M2
= sec2x
y'1+3?
-~
tan x
f(x) f(x)
7r/4
= sec2x is continuous on [0, and ~ 0 on the interval, so we have sec2x dx = tan
z] 7r~4
2au 4a
+ C) = 1+
2 =!
2acos 2au 4a
+! cos 2au
= tan
tan 0 = 1
o 34. f(x) = sin x + cos x is continuous on [0, ~] and f(x) ~ 0 on the interval, so we have
7r/2
46.
-Ii...
~2
+ +
u si~a2au
co;~au
C)
J (sin x o =2 35. f(t) f(t)
1
+ cos x)
dx = ( - cos x
+ sin x) I 7r~2
= 4" -
2u
sin 2au
4a
u(2a) cos 2au 4a
= et - t is continuous on [0, 1] and ~ 0 on the interval, so we have
(2a)sin 2au 8a2
_ .!! + sin 2au -2 4a _.!!
u cos 2au _ sin 2au
2 4a
J (et - t) dt
(et - !t2)
o
36.
I~ = e
-2
+ u cos 2au
2
1)
= ~ + ~(2 cos2au -
f(x) = (; + x + I)JX is continuous on [1, 4] and f(x) ~ 0 on the interval, so we have
4
J (;
1
+x+
4
I)JX
dx
= J (i/2 = 105
5,602
1
+ x3/2 + x1/2) dx ~
53.3524
48.
fu[la l~ ~ + :1+ CJ
_ 1 u+a -2a·u=--a· 1
- fa2
(u
+ a)(I)
2a a)2
= 2a·
u-
+a
- (u ()2 u+a
a)(I)
+0
a· (u
Page 200
1(/2
Chapter 5, Integration
1
U2
a2
1(
cosxdx+
J xdx
1("
49.
fur - ( a2 =
_!(a2
2
u2)1/2
+q
1(/2
_ u2)-1/2(_2u)
2
. / 1 = sm x 11(2 + -2:r21 1(/2 o 1(2 =1-0+2-S ,..2
v' a
u
-
50. fu[u(ln! ul)2 - 2u In! ul
+ 2u + q
- 2u·i
= (In! ul)2 + 2u(In! ul) ·i-2 In! ul
= 1<8 + 31(2)
Rj
4.7011 dx 4)dx
+2
56. a.
= (lDI ul)2
51.
If f(x)
1\x) = (jz-4)
~ 0 on [a, h], the integral
f(x) dx is
= J (x-1/2
1\x) = 2..fi
= 2..fi
+2
4x
the same as the area under y f(x) and above the x-axis on [a, h]. If f(x) ~ 0 on [a, h], the integral is the opposite of the area above y = f(x) and below the x-axis on [a, h]. If f(x) < 0 over part of the interval of integration, the integral and the area are not the same, and will be discussed in Section 6.1. Thus, area is an integral, but an integral is not necessarily an area. 52.
1\1) = 2 - 4 + C = 0, so C = 2
4x
h.
x1/2 dx = 8 x1/2 dx
0
32 /1
~
~x
= ~~x3/2J ~
c.
G(x) = F(x)+K=
2..fi
-
4x+2
~ a3/2
3
= 16 c3/2 3
= [8c3/2f/3
G'(x) = x -
1/2
4 = 0 fo; x =
l6
[a3/2f/3 a 53.
f~
1 -1
c = 1a
57. a.
= 4c
G(l~) = 2Jk - 1~ + 2 + K =0, so K = - 4. Thi IS a maximum because 9 . IS . Gil (116)
<0
does not make sense since ~ is not
defined at x =
54.
f(x) d» =
o.
f(x) de
h. f(x) de
001
x dx
o
55.
x4 dx
= 1x41~ +~x51 ~ = 6.45
d»
c.
1
7r
7r
f(x) dx =
/2 f(x)
7r
f(x)
d»
7r~
It is a relative minimum because the derivative (function /) shows the !t pattern. Also, g( a) < 0, g' is rising. Obviously it is concave down at x = 0.5 and concave up at x 1.25, so there must be an inflection point somewhere between those points, say at x 1. We estimate g(l) o. The function f crosses at x-axis 3 times, at x = a, x = b, and x = c. Now g(a) is a relative minimum, and at x c, g( c) is also a relative minimum (function fhas the H pattern). Thus, 9 has a relative maximum at x b (lhas the !i pattern), and we estimate this to be at x = 0.75.
= =
Section 5.4, The Fundamental
Theorems of Calculus
Page 201
d.
'.1 I"
= (2u - 3)( 4x3) = (2x4 - 3)( 4x3)
z."
Z.I '.S
= 8x7 Check:
12i3
%4
'.1
.S (\
-.
58.
a. At x h. At x
Co
-.1
IT
\j:2
••
.
62.
J
o
(2t - 3) dt = t2
3tl
~4
= 2.5 (ll pattern). = 1 and x = 4 (lL pattern)
tx ? I
sin t dt =
fu [U sin t dt J ~:
= - cos t I ;2 =
+ +
= sin u (2x) = 2x sin x2
-.
-1
\5
1 1
"I
%2
Check: Thus, 63.
I
59. For our purpose with these counterexamples, we let all the constants of integration be zero.
a.
sin t dt cos x2
x
- cos ~
fx< -
1) = 2x sin x2 dt. where u(x)
Let G(x) = I~t:21 Then, F(x)
I x.jX dx
I x3/2 dx
= ~x5/2
G(u(x»
.jX and
I x dx = !x2j I .jX dx = ~x3/2 Since ~x5/2
F'(x) = G'(U)U'(x)
:I (!~ 3/2) Xjx
=[~J(1_1 ) 2.fi
u+2 2.jX - 2.jX(.fi
the result follows.
h.
v:
dx
Since 2.jX follows.
b
:I
x -1/2 dx 2.jX ~x3/2 3!x2 ' the result
2 b
+1
+ 2)
F(l) 0 and F'(l) so the equation of the tangent line at P is
y
= !,
= !(x - 1)
60.
a.
I f(x) de
a b
I/'(x)
a b
dx
= I(z)
dz
I!
= I(b) - I(a).
64.
Let G(x) = Then, F(x)
J r~~
x
dt. where u(x)
h.
I [/(z)]2dz
a
II(z)/'(z)
G(u(x»
= i3 and
= i[/(z )]21
=
4
!
-
F'(x) = G'(U)U'(x)
= [u2 -+ 2 1](3x2) u
[I( a)]2}.
i{[/( b)] 2
- 3) d' =
61.
.t, [(2'
1.[l (2' -
(3x2)(x6 + 1) 3)
<It] ~:
F(l) 0 and F/(l) 6, so the equation of the tangent line at P is
i3 - 2
=-
Page 202
Chapter 5, Integration
.fi
y
= - 6(x - 1)
b.
t cos Pdt
65.
I(t) dt =
I(t) dt
= ! cos u du = ! u I:= 0 sin
0
1f'
I(t) dt
Iu = P; du = 2t
lif t
dtd
=Differentiate
I( t) dt
= 0, u = 0;
if t
= ft, u = 1f'1
6
I( t) dt
4. a.
both sides:
fo VZ
4
dx =
ix
32 /1
= 13
:x[! dlJ
f(l)
Thus, F'(x)
=~
-I d} ~l
f(l)
f(l)
~tJ
b.
f..;=z
-4
dx X;
=4, u
u / du
12
lu =
du = - dx;1
= - I(u) ~;
+ I(v)
~~
16
lif x
=-
= 4; if x = 0, u = 01
16 3
= I(v) ~~ - I(u) ~;
e- %
__ Z.,3/21 3" 5.
e- %
0_ 4-
66.
F'(x)
e% ~~
d( ~ x) =
eX
a.
f VX
o o
dx = gx5/41~6 = 1~8
h.
f v=x
lu =
lif x
dx
X;
==
u / du
14
5.5
Integration by Substitution, Pages 315--316
4
-16
16
du = - dx;1
16, u
1.
a.
J(2t+4)dt=(t2+4t)I~=32
o
b.
12 (2t
+ 4)
- 1/2 dt = du
u -1/2(~ du) 6.
a.
__ 1.,5/410
5"
=-
16; x = _128 16 5
0,
= 01
Iu = 2t + 4;
!if t
= 0,
4
= 2 dt; I u = 4; if t = 4, u = 121
I I
x(3~ - 5) dx = _ 3x4
4
_
I (3xl C
5x) dx
5~
2
h.
x(3~ - 5)50 dx
= u1/2112 = 2y'3 - 2
1f'/2
= 1 u50 du
+C
72 /
Iu = 3~
=1
7.
a.
- 5; du = 6x dxl
-
2.
a.
sin ()
d()
= =
du
-cos
()11f'~2
= 356(3~
5)51
o
sin 2(), dO
1f'/2
h.
1f'
sin u (~ du)
0
I ~N
dx
-121 x
dx
lu = 2();
Iif () = 0,
=
= 2 dO;1 u = 0; if () = f, u = 1f'1
t
h.
1f'
3.
a.
-! ul: =
cos
cos t dt
= sin
I:=
1 0
8.
a.
f VI -
= ~v'2x9/2 + C ~,/2xl - 5 dx = 1 u1/2 du Iu = 2x3 - 5; du = 6~ dxl = ~2x3 - 5)3/2 + C
dx
= sin
-Ix
Section 5.5, Integration by Substitution
Page 203
h.
x dx vh-x2
_1 f u - 1/2 du
2
16.
u = In(x2 + 1); du =
Iu =
=9.
1 - x2; du = - 2x dxl
+1
(2x dx)
cot~n(x2 + 1)] x22~ 1 dx =
VI -
x2 +
c
17.
cot u du
u = 2x + 3; du = 2 dx f (2x + 3)4 dx =
= l~sin~n(x2 + 1)] + C u = jl/2 + 5; du = ~t1/2 dt f Jt(jl/2+5)3 dt = if u3du
!f u4 du = !.i u5 + c
c
12 u / du =
= lO(2x + 3)5 + 10.
u = 3t - 5; du = 3 dt f V3t - 5 dt =
if
= l<jl/2 + 5)4 +
i·iu3/2 + C
18.
u = x2 - 3x+ 5; du = (2x - 3) dx f (6x-9)dx =3fu-3dU (x2 - 3x + 5)3 = -~(x2 - 3x+5)-2+ C
= i(3t
- 5)3/2 + C
11. u = ? + 5x + 3; du = (2x + 5) dx
tan(?
+ 5x + 3)(2x + 5) dx
19.
u = 3 + x2; du = 2x dx f x sin(3 + x2) dx = if sin u du
= f tan u du = -l~ cos(x2 + 5x + 3) 1+ Alternatively, l~sec(? 12.
c
20.
= -icos(3
+ x2) + C
+ 5x+ 3)1+ C.
u = sin t; du = cos t dt f sin3t cos t dt = f u3 du = u4 +
u = 11 - 2X; du = - 2 dx f(11 - 2x)-4/5dx= = -i(5u1/5) = -~11 +C
-if
u-4/5
du 21.
t sin4t +
u = 2? + 3; du = 4x dx f x dx =! f du = !lnt ul + C 2x2 + 3 4 u 4 =
- 2x)1/5 + C
13.
For the second part of the integral, let u = 3X; du = 3 dx
t In(2x2 + 3) +
22. - ~ f cos u du
u = x3 + 1; du = 3? dx f dx = ~ f ~u = ~Int u I + C x+1 =~I~x3+ 11+ C
(? - cos 3x) dx = ~x3 =~x3-~sin3x+C
14.
u = 5t; du = 5 dt f csc2 5t dt =
if
23. csc2u du =
-i cot 5t +
15.
u = 4 - X; du f sin(4 -
= - dx x) dx = - f sin u du
- x) + C
24.
= !f u1/2 du = !<i)u3/2 + C = ~2? u = 2x + 1; du = 2 dx
xV2z2 + 1 dx
u = 2? + 1; du = 4x dx
+ 1)3/2 + C
= cos(4
2~x;xl
J[2 -
2x ~ 1] dx
Page 204
Chapter 5, /';tegration
= 2x 25.
In! 2x + 11 +
c dx 2
32.
u = x1/3 + 1; du = 1x -
= x..;z = = Vx =
e
x3/2; du dx
= ~xl/2
e" du
I ..;z eZ.;z
= ~I
= ~ ex3/
dx
I
+C
33.
u
x2/3(
Vx + 1)
=3Injul+C = 3Inl
dx
3Iu-
2/3 dx
1 dU
26.
x1/3; du
= 1x-2/3
Vx dx = 3 I e" du = 3e V x + C 3'x2/3
du
27.
= il + 4;
=
= 2x
32 /
dx Iu
12 /
I
34. u
= + 1; du = .LAi. = u -1 t
et
Vx + 11 +
et dt du
+1
= Injul +
I x(?
+ 4)1/2dx
=!
= In( et + 1) + C
du 4)3/2 + C
t·~u
+ C=
l<? +
dx
28.
x>(? + 4)1/2dx
I
1
= eVt + 1; du = e Vt(it -1/2 e Vt dt = 2 u - 1 du Vt(eVt + 1)
dt)
Let u
and? I x3(?
= il + 4; du = 2x
=u- 4
= 2Injul+ = 2 In(e 35.
dx I 2x3 + 1 -
Vt
1
1)
+ 4)1/2dx
=
=
t I ?u
x>u1/2
12 /
g;
du 4)u
12 /
5?
I
0
=t
=t = t<~u5/2 - ~ u3/2) + C = ~? + 4)5/2 _ ~? + 4)3/2
32 I (u / 2 4u1/ ) du
o
du
6"
6il dx 2X> + 1
(u -
Let u x 0,
=
u
-6
- ~I
IX
2x3
3
1; x
1; du
1, u
= 6? =3
dx
du -6 ~ (In 3 - In 1) u4
= ~ In 3 6
+C
36.
e-V'"
dx=
-2Ie-..;z
1
dx
= fs(?
29.
u
..;z
-2..;z
4)3/2(3il
8)
+C
= In
Xj
du I
= i dx
u du = tu2 + c= t(1n x)2 + C
Let u x 1,
= - x1/2; du = -tx -1/2dx = u = - 1; x = 4, u = - 2
-2
II~X
dx=
=-2
e" du
2_
30.
= In(x + 1); du = x! 1 dx rn~x++ll) dx = I" du = t,,2 +
= t[1n(x + 1)]2 + C =
x1/2
= _ 2( e C
In2
-1
e-
1)
37. dx
I
-In2
!<e
In2
e-jdx
In 2
31.
+ 7;
du
= tx -
f ..;z(.fi
+ 7)
=2
= 2InjUI+
1/2
u-
1du
= tI
e dx
2
+ tIe
-In2
- Z( - dx)
-In
= 2 In(..;z + 7) + C
Section 5.5, Integration
by Substitution
Page 205
-1
38.
(eX_ e-
~2
dx =
(e2X_2exe-x+e-2,dx
o = =
- 29 .
_Jfu_ ll
1+ e e-u
= 2 9f
•
-1
...:
e
e -,.
U
(!e
!<
2x
_ _
2x _ e-
!e -
2, I~
1/2
+ du 1
= 2.9 In! 1 = 2.9~n(1
lt
e4
4) - 4
1 e /'
+ e)
- In 2]
39.
2 el~
dx = -
2 ~)
=-
= 2.9 In(~
e du
U
+!) ~ 1.80
12
12
111
44.
Let u =
i; du
1 12 eU1 /
= - ~; if x = 1, u = 1; if
1 + 10e - t/5 = - 25,000
5,000
dt= - 25,000f
-12/5
1 __AL 1+10e - t/5 - 5
0
x = 2, u = 2.
=_
1 +d~Oe"
e_
e1/2
-12/5
40.
x.j2x
1 dx -1)
= 25,000
o = 25,000 In! 10 = 25,000~n(10
~ 16,193.25
u+ f - e-"
e
du 10
-12/5
+ e - "11
+
eI2/5)
o
-
u=2x+l; du=2dx;x=¥u x = 0, u = 1; x = 2, u = 5
In 11]
!(u
1)(ul/2)(~U) 45.
a.
b.
7r/6
41.
tan 2x dx
u cos 2X; du 2 sin 2x dx; x = 0, u = 1; x = 7r/6, u = 1/2
=-
We take 1 Frdor as the variable so the note from the students reads, "Because of illness I cannot lecture between Easter and Michaelmas." The Dirichlet function is defined as a function Iso that I(x) equals a determined constant c (usually 1) when the variable x takes a rational value, and equals another constant d (usually 0) when this variable is irrational. This famous function is one which is discontinuous everywhere.
=
42.
-!f
~(x3
1/2
~u
-!lnl u Ill~2 = !In 2
=
46.
I(t)
4
= tJt2+9
dt
is continuous and positive on
[0, 4].
+ 9)1/2dx
u z3 + 9; du 3~ dx x = 0, u = 9; x = 1, u = 10
10
o
u
f tJt2+9
2
lf u
25
12 /
du
= !3/212: = 938 u
=~
t 47.
= 4, then
[1,
1].
= t + 9; du = 2t dt; t = 0, then u = 9;
u= 25
12 u/
du = -
~.~u3/2119°
27)
I(t) =
on
1
;2V5 - t is continuous and positive
t dt = f u 2 du = iu3/21~
4
1 / 0
= ~(10.jlo
5
43.
f 1 +0.58 0.2x dx e-
=-
0.58f
0.2
0.2 dx 1 + e 0.2x u
f ;2V5 t
= 136
= 5-
1/5
-1;
1, then u
=4
du
=t-
dt; t
= 1/5, then u = 0;
Page 206
Chapter 5, Integration
48.
f(x)
9
= x(x -
1)1/3 is continuous
8
and positive
on [2, 9].
Let u = - x, then du dx, and if x A, then u a. Thus,
=-
f x(x 2
1)1/3 dx= du = dx
u
1.1
f(U+
1
I)U1/3 du
f f(x)dz
-4
=-
=-
f( - u)du+ f fez)
0
d»
u = x-I;
x
8
x = 9, then = f (u4/3
1
= 2, then
= 1;
=8
=4
J feu)
4
4
du
+
4
J f(x)
4
dx
+ 1.11/3)
du = (~u1/3
iu I~
43 /)
= Jf(U)dU+
ff(X)dZ
0
o
=2Jf(U)du
= 1,::9:::::: 65.6786
49.
f(x)
is continuous
and positive on
o
=2
[1, 3].
3 10
fez)
dz
-4
fhdX
1 u
= f~JudU
2
51.
J
-7r
7r
sin x dx
= 0 since = 2J
0 7r/2
sin x is odd.
= x2 + 1; du = 2x x = 1, then u = 2 x = 3, then = 10
1.1
dx 52.
7r/2
cos x dx
cos x dx
=2
+ 1 is odd.
- 7r/2
since cos x is even.
10
= ~f u-1/2
2 _1.~ul/2110
du
2
53.
J J
1
x.Jii'+l
dx = 0 since xv' x4
-3
-21
54. 55.
;+1 -1
a.
sin x dx = 0 since
x2+1
sin x is odd.
50. a. f f(x)
4
dx = f f(x)
d»
f f(x)
0
de
Let u x, then du dx, and if x = - a, then u = a. Thus,
404
=-
=-
-115
7r
lr
o
f(x)
= 7x1OO1 + 14x99 is odd, so
(7x1OO1 + 14x99) dx
= 0; true
f f(x)dx
-4
= - f f( - u)du + f f(x) dx o
4
4
h.
f (sin x - cos x) dx
so _sin
7r
=-
J
0
7r
cos 2x dx
2XI7r - 0
07r
= - f[-f(u)]dU+ o
4 4
4
ff(X)dX
0
f feu) du
f f(x)
0
dx
c.
o
7r/2
sin x dx =
J cos x dx is
2
true
=h.
J
o
f(u) du
0
+
f(x)
J
o
cos
x dx = sin xl
7(/2
-7r/2
=2 =2
f(x) dx
de
=0
f(x) d»
-7r/2
J
4
f(x)
dx =
J
-4
J
4
-7r
sin x d»
=-
cos xl
0 -7r
-4
Section 5.5, Integration by Substitution
Page 207
The given statement is false.
s( t) =
1(~ -
8)4/3 -
56.
:~ =
x(x? -
1)1/3; 1)1/3 dx
F(x) = =
J x(:? ! J
13 U/
In part a we found that the particle turns when t 2, so
s(2)
= 1<23 -
8)4/3 3.
3 = - 3. It
turns at s
=-
du where u = 1)4/3 + C
x? -
59.
Water flows into the tank at the rate of
= !.~(x?
R(t) = \I'(t) = t(3?
The volume at time t is
+ 1) -1/2 ft3/s
dt)
F(3) = i(2)4 + C = 1 implies C = - 5.
Thus, F(x) =
V(t) =
1J (3? + 1) -1/2(6t
+1+C
so C =
i(:? -
1)4/3 -
= iJ3? V(O) = 0 =
Thus,
The tank is empty to start, so
i + C,
-i
V(t) = V(4) =
l<J3? + 1
- 1)
l<J49 -
1) = 2 ft3
57.
2x dx = 1 - 3x?
dy
The amount of water at 4 seconds is 2 ft3. The height h is given by the equation
F(x) =
100h = 2, so h = 2x
to
ft or ~~ = 0.24 in.
1-
3x?
dx
1-
3:?;
du
=-
60. 6x dx
= -l
= -llnb F(O) = -llnlll F(x) 58.
a. b.
~u
= -lID! u I + C
3x?1+ 3x?1+
5
J [(x? - 1)(x + 1)] - d:c = J [(x - 1)(x + 1)2] - 2/3 dx
2/3
The depth at that time is about
1in.
+ C = 5 implies C = 5, so
-
-lln]1
J [( J
=
Let u u-
= x + 1; du =
2/3
dx
2)u2j -
du
2/3
[(1 - 2u -1)u3] 2u-1)
du du dt
v(t) = ?(~ - 8)1/3= 0 at t =0, 2;
It turns around at t = 2 (H pattern). v( t) = s' (t), so
J (1 du C
61. a.
-2/3u-2
set) = t2(~ - 8)1/3 dt =
=
i·! u
=
iJ
1.
u1/3
43 /
+ C=
1(~- 8)4/3+
=
C
!(1 -
J t - 2/3(;t)
__ L(t)
Let t
1-
2u-1;
2u-2du
= !3t1/3
1 )1/3
+C
C
2u -
Now when
=
4
2_)1/3 l+x =
+C 0.24 - 0.03t dt 16t - f:2
0, s(O)
s(O)
(0 _ 8)4/3
1, so
C = - 3;
J J36 + =J
0.015(16 - 2t) dt
J36 + 16t - t2
Page 208
Chapter 5, Integration
Let u
= 36 + 16t
0.015
f 7u
Pj du
= (16 c
-
2t) dt
5.6
Introduction
to Differential Equations,
Pages 325-328
1. z?+1l=7 2x
= 0.015(2)u1/2
= 0.03.)36 + 16t
If t = 0, then 4
{l C
= 0.18 + Cor
+
16t -
= 3.82
+c
+ 2y
~!0 =
-Y
x
L(t)
h.
t.tt
= 0.03.)36
t2
+ 3.82
2.
5x2 lOx -
211 = 3
4y
dy dx =
~!0 =
..• ....
Z 1 , • •
....
UZ
dy 5x dx = 2y
3•
~+y dx
u
xy=C
=0 ~~=_~
z? 3xy
4.
The highest level occurs when L'(t) 0 or when 0.24 - 0.03t = OJ t = 8 (at 3 P.M.). The highest level is 4.12 ppm.
c.
t.lt
2x dx (2y -
3x dy 3x)dy
3y dx
+ 2y
-
11 = 5 dy = 0
=0
+ B)
+ (2x
3y)dx
5.
dy dx
=A
d2y cos(Ax +B)j dz?
=-
2 A sin(Ax
Thus,
t.lZ
...
6.
Z 1 6 • •
....
~J
+ A2y +
=
Z?'
dx A.
-A2sin(Ax+B)+A2sin(Ax+B)
dy _ :rf dx - 5
2 d y _ 3z? _ 2A dz? - 5 :rf x(3z? _ 2A)
_
Thus,
u
It is the same as 11:00 A.M. (t = 4) at 7:00 P.M. (when t = 12). 62.
2 xdy dz?
+ 2 dy =
-
_ 3x3
:rf 2A +
z?
\. 5 2x3 + 2A
5
+ ./
x2
_
::I
A)
z?-x-
f Q(
Let
t) dt =
f + ie " - f en + 1 Be" dt du
7.
dt
y y' y" y"
= 2e -
=-
+ 3e2z 2e + 6e2z
Z Z Z
= 2e y' -
+ 12e2z
2y (-2e-Z
u=
e"
+ A,
. = ~ ,,-ldu
= reM
C
dt
= (2e-Z
8.
y
+ 12e2~ Z
+ 6e2~
- 2(2e = Aez
+ 3e2~ = 0
=~IDl"I+
= ~lnl ert + A I + C
= s" =
y' xy"
Aez
+ BeZJn x + BeZJn x + BeZ(x -1) Aez + BeZJn x + BeZ(x -1)
- 2x)y'
-
+ (1
(1 - x)y
Section 5.6, Introduction
to Differential Equations
Page 209
= (Axe~
Bxe'9n x
+ 2Be~
- Bz
-1 e~
through (~, 1),
+ (1
- 2x)(Ae~
+ BeZJ.nx + Bz -1 e~
~=~+
4 Thus, 12.
_311" = C
'!I
- (1 - x)(Ae~
= Axe~
+ BeZJ.n x) + BxeXJ.n x + 2Be~ - Bx-le~
BeXJ.nx
= tan(x _ 3:)_
+ Ae~ +
Be -le~
- 2Axe~
- 2BxeZJ.n x - 2Be~ - Ae~ - BeZJ.n x
e - ., dy
J e~ dx
e~ -
9.
= y dy = -
+ Axe~ + BxeZJ.n x = 0 dy x dx= -Y y dy -x dx
'!I
= -In! -
cl
Since the curve passes through (0, 0), -1=I+C -2 = C Thus,
'!I
x dx
~=-~+Cl
:r?+'!l =c
Passes through (2, 2), so 4
=-
+4=
C;
13.
dy _ dx-
In! -
Vll
Ii
e~ + 2 ~
:r?+'!l=8
10.
~~ = (y
10) InJ y
dy =
+
dx
10
y1/2 dy = x1/2 dx y1/2 dy
iy3/2= ix3/2
x1/2 dx
C1
+C e~+ C = 1y + 101
101 = x e~eC=IY+ y 101 - 10 for a constant B
x3/2 _ y3/2 = C Since the curve passes through (4, 1), 8-1=C C=7 Thus, x3/2 _ y3/2 14.
= Be~
10
Since the curve passes through ( - 2, - 9), we have -9 = Be-2 1 = Be-2
B = e2
-
=7
:~=
y2JX
i/2
dx
Thus,
y
J
dy = y2 dx
s"
2dy = =
y-2dy
x1/2dx
32 /
= e~+2 - 10
- y- 1=
ix
+ C1 t\),
11.
+1
= - 3(2x3/2 + 0 - 1 = -3(2-27
Since the curve passes through (9, -1~
+ 03/2.
tan -ly
y
=x
C=O
Thus, 11 = - ~x -
= tan(x
Note: y = tan(x x+ so be careful here; in other words, we know that the constant must be supplied immediately after the last integration. Since the curve passes
+0 + 0 i- tan
c,
Page 210
Chapter 5, Integration
Let
II
= (1 - ?)j du - xl)3/2 ~
2
= -2x
dx
"2
(1
~"""'"
?J
2"
1 (1
xl)3/2 3
""""~
\\\\\ \\\\\
---'l--:r--'l-- -~-'2--'l--.
"""'"
~""\\\\'\\\\\\\\'\ \\\\\\
;;~;;;;nr.;;;;;;;;~;; ,
\I\I\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
"""",
\'
2(1 24.
\\\\\\\\\\
\\
\,
\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\ \ \
\'
\\\ \\\
:!=
2
?)3/2
3?J = C
('11 - 4)2
('11 - 4) - 2dy f ('11 - ('11 x
= dx
= + C1
X
4) -
dy = f dx
-I
4)
('11
25.
xy
19.
=C dx + fo dy = 0 fo dx = - dy i/2 dx = _ Y 4) -I f
(if xy ~ 0) 1/2 dy dy C1
i/2
dx = - f '11-1/2
~~~~~;;;~(-:~~~~~~~~
I I 1111//,..,-.... "", \\\\ IIIJIII/-to; ,'\"\\\\ J I I I I I I / /- - ..... \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , I , , I I I J 1/--' \\\\\\\\
26.
'l.1?/2 = - 2'111/2 3 3/2 + 3l/2 x =C dy _ '11 dx 2xl
VI
f
21.
'11 -
dy = f 3x dx
f y-1dy
VI
dx 2xl y2 dx
Inj '11 I = ~xl
'11
= exp[(~)xl Be(3/2)xl
+ CJ
for a constant B
Let u = y2,;; du In] '111 = f_Iy2 y2
22.
dy dx'11 - 1/2dy
Vx x
fi Y
1/2 dx
VI
du
u2
_1_ sin - lu
= x-
2'111/2 =
2x1/2
=~sin-Iy2x+ 27. xl dx dy _ sin x dx-cosy cos '11 dy = sin x dx
C1
.jY=C
23.
:! jVI = x~ fx~dX dy =
1 /
ydy= fydy=
J cos y dy = f sin x dx
siny=-cosx cosx+siny =C +C
'11
J( -t)u 2du
Section 5.6, Introduction
to Differential Equations
Page 211
28.
x? dy
+ sec
y dx
=0
cos y dy = -
x-
dx
sin
29. xy dy dx
x-I
=
=
"iI - 1?
In x
yJl u=l-i du
:; dy
lnxx dx v=lnx
36.
-2y
dy
-2-r-"2+
2
1 u3/2
t?
Family of curves y = x + C; differentiating with respect to x leads to the slope of the tangent lines dy/ dx = 1. For the orthogonal trajectories, the slope is the negative reciprocal, or dY/ dX = -1. Integrating leads to Y = - X + K or X+ Y= K.
-1(1 - y2)3/2 = !(1n x)2
30.
Note: eY-:C = e!
eY
f
31.
dy =
-e-Y
e -:c dx _e-x+ C
x dy xd y
32.
33.
y dx
= 0; =x
y dx = 0;
1£i)
d(xy) = 0, so xy
37.
= 0, so
x dy -
i=
y dx
Cor y =
c«
. Write y dx
dyas
:r?
= 0;
d (l!.) (l1\x -, 0 so l!. x34. x?y dy x?(2y dy) x? d(~)
C or y - Cx dx = 0 dx) = 0
Family of curves: y x3 + C; differentiating with respect to x leads to the slope of the tangent lines dy/ dx 3x? For the orthogonal trajectories, the slope is the negative reciprocal, or dY/dX X- 2/3. Integrating leads to the orthogonal trajectories: Y = 1+ K
= =-
lX -
+ xy2
+ y2(2x +~
d(x?) = 0
d(x?i) x?i
=0
=C
35.
Family of curves: 2x - 3y = C; differentiating with respect to x leads to the slope of the tangent lines dy/ dx = 2/3. For the orthogonal trajectories, the slope is the negative reciprocal, or dY/ dX = - 3/2. Integrating leads to the orthogonal trajectories: 2 Y + 3X = K
Note the differences in scale between the zand ~axis. This makes the orthogonal curves "look like" they do not meet at right angles. 38. Family of curves: y = x4 + C; differentiating with respect to x leads to the slope of the tangent lines dy/ dx 4x3• For the orthogonal trajectories, the slope is the negative reciprocal, or dY/ dX = - X- 3/4.
Page 212
Chapter 5, Integration
Integrating leads to 4 Y = ~Xy=lX2
+ Kl
or
41. 2x
z?+i'=~
+ K.
+ 2yy'
=0
Y' - -! Y
The slope of the orthogonal trajectory is the negative reciprocal:
~I= I
fy-1dY=
fX-1dX
-,
39. Family of curves: x'; = C; differentiating implicitly with respect to x leads to the slope of tangent lines to dy/ dx = - y/2x. For the orthogonal trajectories, the slope is the negative reciprocal, or dY/ dX = 2X/ Y. Integrating leads to the orthogonal trajectories: y2 _ 2X2 = K1, or X2 _ ~2
In! YI = In! xl + K
III= e =
K
=K
.... t........
•',·.~,iIIc_ln
42.
= Ce -
z:
,'= _ c«::
Y = -y
I
The slope of the orthogonal trajectory is the negative reciprocal: 40. .; = 4kx
2yy' = 4k ~
~I= }
f
f Y dY= !y2
2
dX
' _ 2k _ 24x _ JL Y- yy - 2x The slope of the orthogonal trajectory is the negative reciprocal:
dY _
= X+ K
y2 = 2X
+C
sx :
f Y dY ~y2 2X2
-Y
2X
= =
f - 2X dX
...
....
= _X2
C
+K
+ y2
43.
Let Q denote the number of bacteria. Then, dQ/ dt is the rate of change of Q, and since this rate of change is proportional to Q, it follows that dt where Ie is a positive constant of proportionality.
dQ _ kQ
Section 5.6, Introduction
to Differential Equations
Page 213
44.
Let Q( t) be the amount of radium present at time t and k the constant of proportionality. Then, itQ(t)
= kQ(t)
45.
Let T be temperature, t be time, T m be temperature of the surrounding medium, and c be the constant of proportionality. Then: dT = c(T - T )
dt
m
50.
a.
46.
Let Q denote the number of facts recalled and N the total number of relevant facts in the person's memory. Then dQ/ dt is the rate of change of Q, and (N - Q) is the number of relevant facts not recalled. Since the rate of change is proportional to N - Q, it follows that
sy
h.
.
:/~:-.;~.-<.-\
....... ..3
...
-.
(/{,,\\
/ ."
.... -.-_
".
'\.
] • 5
~~ =
47.
k(N - Q)
c.
s- y
where k is a positive constant of proportionality. Let t denote time, Q the number of residents who have been infected, and B the total number of susceptible residents. The differentiable equation describing the spread of the epidemic is
d.
/":"J~"':"\
-]
,·-·,z· ..,_-_.
-1
-l
-2
~~ = kQ(B
48.
Q)
e.
where k is the positive constant of proportionality. Let Q denote the number of people implicated and N the total number of people possibly implicated. Then dQ/ dt is the rate of change of Q, and N - Q is the number involved but not implicated. Since the rate of change is jointly proportional to Q and N - Q, it follows that
-4
-:J
-2
-1
~~= kQ(N - Q)
where k is the positive constant of proportionality. 49. Conjecture: the orthogonal trajectories are circles. Family of curves: :r!l - ,,; = C; differentiating with respect to x leads to the slope of the tangent lines dy/ die = x/ y. For the orthogonal trajectories, the slope is the negative reciprocal of dY/ dX = - Y/ x. Integrating leads to Y = C/ X.
51.
a and d are orthogonal trajectories; band e are orthogonal trajectories; c and f are orthogonal trajectories. Q
= Qoekt
ek(2,047)
~=
~ 0.780655 52. 0.28 Qo = Qoe kt
kt
1947 + 100 10(1/2) where k = 5,730 where t
14C
There was still 78% of the
present.
= In 0.28 t = In ~.28 where k = l~(~'~) ,
Page 214
Chapter 5, Integration
~ 53.
10,523 years or about 11,000 yr
For carbon dating k = In(1/2)/5,730;
_g_ _
Qo -
ekt
The tank will be empty when h = O. The time required for this is: t = 2401ry5 sec ~ 28 min.
56. a. Ao =
0.923 =
ekt
k ill tile known
value given
ahove
By Torricelli's law, dVI dt = - 4.8Ao (122)2= :16; V = 4h, so
vlh.
t = In
0k923
662
This dates the Shroud at around
1988 - 663 ~ 1326 AD. 54.
~r 4(~D= =
dh -
-4·~l6)0
Thus, ~~ = h.
- 100.
dt _.1.
Let V be the volume in ft3 and h the height at time t. Then V = 91rh,
dV _ 9_dh dt "dt
30Y
'h
II,
h - 1/2dh 20
=-
The hole has area Ao By Torricelli's law Thus, 91r~~
= n(~.g, :161rft2 =
Since h(O)
-lot
f lo
dt C
dX = - 4.~:161r)0
=
-4'~i61r)0
2 -13SY
0=
'h
II,
-lot + 2
= 4, C = 4, so
so that h = 0 when t = 120 sec or 2 min.
c.
57. a.
dh _ dt h - 1/2dh 2v1h
==
Experimental data will vary. 2gR2 if =-8-+ v02 - 2gR
l;S dt
2(32)(3,956)2(5,280)2 (3,956)(5,280) + 200
When t and 20
= 0, h = 5, so
2V5= =
-lis t + C
h.
1502 -
2(32)(3,956)(5,280)
= 9,700 or v ~ 98.5 ftls
The velocity at the maximum height i~ 0:
0=
-8-
-list + 2y5
2gR2
When h = 0, t = 135y5
55.
By Torricelli's Law,
Given a square hole with
Ao = (~)2 = l4'
~r
So
~r ~r
8
~ 302 sec ~ 5 min.
v02
2gR so ~ 0.9999831689; We now find
= - 4.8Ao
=
0.
58. a.
RI s = 1 - Vo21(2gR) thus,
8 ~
3,956.067.
1.5 in. = ~ ft,
h ~ 0.067 mi ~ 352 ft. Vo =
= - 4.8(6~) 0.
= 9 1r ~~. Substituting, we have:
V2iR = V2iR =
v'2(5.5)(1,080)(5,280) (1.5 mils)
l~
91r(64)
-(4.8)
vIh 64
dt
~ 7,920 ftls h. Vo = ~ c. Vo =
dh = 91r dt
v'2(12)(2,050)(5,280) (3.05 mils)
h-1/2
dh
16,118 ftls
- 1211r t'= 2hl/2
+C
V2iR ,;" v'2(28)(3,800)(5,280)
(6.35 mils)
~ 33,520 ftls
=-
2401r0
59.
~~ = 1,500
When the tank is full, t
= 0, h = 5.
P( t) =
=
r1/2
so
12 /
1,500
dt C.
- 2401ry5
C, C = 2401ry5
3,000..ji
We have the formula relating time and the height of the water: t = - 2401r0
1994 is four years after 1990, so
P( 4) = 39,000, and 39,000 = 3000y'4 or C
C,
+ 2401ry5
= 33,000.
Section 5.6, Introduction
to Differential Equations
Page 215
P(t) = 3,0000
a. h.
+ 33,000
h.
that is, 40 g.
P(O) = 33,000 P(9) = 3,000J9
+ 33,000
= 42,000
lo = 4~0 t + 1~0 or t = 36 days
=
63.
Differentiating V = 91fh3 leads to
dh) __ 48A 'h dt - "\ dt • oy" from Torricelli's law. Since the area of the dV _ 9J3h2
60.
Let Rx and Ry be the radii of planets X and Y, respectively. With gx = (8/9)gy, and vex 6, we have
ve/ -2 ve'll
Vey
2g~x 2 h = 2R = '9 w hiIC lead Sto
g'll 'II
hole (in ft2) is Ao
271fh2 ~~
"l2Y
+
= 1!4
= 9y'2 ~ 12.73 ft/s.
= ( - 4.8)(144)Vh =__
61.
dP _ I.: rp dt yr
12 p- /
dP =
I
=
h3/2 dh
4.81f dt 144(271f)
£h5/2
5
k dt.
810
l_t
80
2.JP
= kt
+C
If t 0, then h 4, height is zero when
that C
= 654. The
P(o) = 9,000, so C = 60y'iO, and P( - 10) 4,000, so
o=
- 8~0 t
+ 654
10,368 = t 10,368 sec is about 173 min or 2 hr and 53 min. a. The volume of water left after t seconds, to a depth of he is V 16h ft3• According to Torricelli's law (where Ao (1;)2 ft2),
2.j4,OOO = - 10k
+ 60y'iO
M.
k=2y'iO
We now have the equation:
2.JP = 2y'iOt + 60ViO .JP = y'iOt + 30ViO
To find t for P = 16,000, )16,000 = ViOt t = 10 The population will now. 62.
a.
be
16 ~~ = -
t4~Vh Vh
+
C
dh _ 4.8 "h dt - - 2,304 Y "
30 y'iO
= - 4~0
16,000 10 years from
h.
Vh I..9l!. Since h
--
I..Ai. 480
4~Ot
Let Q( t) be the amount of radioactive substance present at time t. Then,
2Vh = - 4~0 t 2Vh = -
= 6 when t = 0, 2V6 =
+ 2V6
C,
80
~~ = kef
Q-2dQ =
and h = 0, when
4~Ot
I.: dt
-Q-l=kt+C Since Qo
t - 1~0 and 1 - 100 4~0' so that
= 960V6
= 2V6
~ 2,352 sec or 39 min
= 100, C =
a:: = A;, w
65. Q( t) = Qo elt For neptunium-139: 0.7336 e24l, 80 k In 02~336
If t = 1, Q
a:' _ 400t 1 1=
= 80, and k = + +
100 1~0
- 0.0129079733
In 6 days, Q4~0(6)
For 43% we have: 0.43 elt
Q= 40
= t=
In 0.43 ....-65.38 -1.:--
Page 216
Chapter 5, Integration
It will take about 65 h for 43% to be left. The half-life is t = In 5 ~ 53.70
450 = 69.
~...1L) _
52SOR ,
2.
or R ~ 6,887
8
Neptunium-139 has a half-life of 53.70 hours. 66. Using carbon dating, we find that the artifact is t years old, where In 0.73 = 157g05 t t
On the surface of the planet, a = - 9 Since F = rna F In general, at a distance of
F - rna - mk
= Rand
= rna = rn: so k = R
- 7"' a_
82 -
gR2.
8,
= 2,602
k_
--;
gR
70.
50 em on a side of a square means
A = 2500, and k
Let t be the half-life of radium. Then 0.32 = exp[(ln~.5)(2,602)]
t
= 0.0025
~~ = -
0.0025(2500)~;
In 0.32
= (In_!l.5)(2,602) t
Since dQ/ dt is a constant,
7 = 1: 0~t2(2,602) ~ 1,583
The half life of radium is 1,583 years. 67. Q(t) = Qoekt 0.50 = e46•5k
k
~~ J tis
~~ s
= - 6.25 J dT
When s
=0, T
6.25 T
C C
60,
~O) ~~(2) ~~ 5.7 1.
=8
6.25(60) 6.25(5)
C= 375. When Q(35)
= 2, T= 5,
= 1~6~55~ - 0.014906391
Q(30) -
= 100ek(30)
100i(35)
=-
+ 375
= 4.59246357
The isotope loses 10~6~~:12416l~J7) 7.182% ~ of its original volume over the 5 hour period. For any other 5 hour period, beginning at time t1, the percentage lost is 10{ 100(ekt1
kt
= 171.875 calories/s
The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals; Average Value, Pages 332-333 f(x) is continuous on [1, 2], so the MVT guarantees the existence of c such that:
e (t1
1
+5»]
lOOe ~ 7.182%
= 100(1 - e5~
J 4x3
1
dx
= f(c)(2
- 1)
15
= f(c)
4
The percentage lost is always the same. 68.
a.
15 = 4c3 3 _ 15 C c=-22
With';
= 2gRf....lJV2
1)
+ vo
and (for
V30
~ 1.55
maximum height) v = 0 if
s-
1-
1.55 is in the interval [1, 2]
2.
-2gR
s--~-~
2gR2 - 2gR - v02 v 2R
0
J (~+
o
(lx3
4x+
1) dx = f(c)(2
0) 1)(2) 1
The maximum height above the ground is h=8-R= h.
2gR Vo
2
+ 2~ + x) I~ (c2 + 4c + =
2
Since 9 = 25/5,280 mi/s2, we have
3c
12c - 16 = 0 c ~ 1.055, - 5.055
368
c2
+ 4c +
Section 5.7. The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals; Average Value
1.055 is in the interval.
5
9. - 1)
1
f
X
3.
fI5x-2dX=fCC)(5
1
-1
t:~
1
Page 217
dx = f( c)(1
+ 1)
_15x-115
= 15c-2(4) 1 12 = 60c-2
C 2
-1
f [1+x2+1+x2
Jd
x=
2( c + 1) l+c2
=5
lln(x2 + 1) + tan [2
-lx
JI·
1 -1
= 2( c + 1) l+c2 2( c
c=
J5 ~
4.
±J5
c+f-1=0
2.24 is in the interval.
2= 1 + c2
c~
7r
+ 1)
The mean value theorem does not apply because f(x) = 12x-3 is not continuous at x= O. The mean value theorem does not apply because f (x) = esc x is discon tin uous at x= O. 7r/2
10.
1.46, - 0.187
- 0.187 is in the interval The mean value theorem does not apply because f(x) = tan x is not continuous at x = 7r/2.
10
5.
6.
cos x dx = f(c)(j
j)
-7r/2 sin
11.
f~
o
dx
= =
f 11: = 25
(~)(1O) = 25
= 2.5
xl
7r/2 =7rCOSC -7r/2 2=7rcOSC c~ ±0.8807
f(c)(b
- a)
so c = 5 and f(5)
Both of these values are in the interval.
1/2
••
7.
e2r dx
=
_
f(c)[~ - (-~)]
2c
-1/2 1 2r11/2 -e 2 -1/2
-e
• -- z-------
i -------1--i
~(e _ e-1)
= e2c
c~
0.0807 12. A = f(c)(b and
This value is in the interval. 8.
x2 dx = -
~x31~ = 9
is not in the domain)
f(x) d» = f(c)(1
- 0)
a) = c2(3) = 9 (-..;3
J (1
-1
!x) dx
so c =..;3
= 1~ c c
f(..;3) = 3
II
x - In(x
+ 1) I~= 1 ~
c= 1
1 - In 2 = _c_ 1+ c
In 1n2
~ 0.4427
!i i ------ ----1---i
This value is in the interval.
Page 218
Chapter 5, Integration
10
13.
J
2
(x2
+ 2x+
3) dx= (ix3
2
+ z? + 3x)l~
= ~8
16.
J
o
(x + sin x) dx = (!z? - cos x) ~o ~ 51.8390
I(c)(b - a) = (c + 2c + 3)(2) = 338 so 3c2 + 6c - 10 = 0; c ~ 1.08 (negative is not in the domain) 1(1.08) ~ 6.33
I( c)( b - a) = (c + sin c)(IO) ~ 51.8390 so c ~ 5.718808 (using a calculator; intersection feature, for example); I( c) ~ 5.1839
•M
It
..
It
i ---. ---- ---~-------!
..
I
!
IZ
14. A =
J
2 0.5
x-2
dx=
-x-lb~5
= 1.5
17.
-l- J
1)
1
(z? -
+ I)dx
-1
= 1.5 so c = 1 (negative is not in the domain) and 1(1) = 1
I
I(c)(b - a) = c-2(1.5)
= k<lx3 - !z? 18.
+ x)
3z?)dx
=~
I-l- J (~2) =
(
I
i ---f--------i
i<!x
-2
4
)~ 2
= - ~7
19.
1 _ 1(_ 1)
J (e~ =
e - ~ dx
-1
1.5
15.
A=
cos x dx = sin x
11.5 -1
1.83897
-1
20.
1':
0 2x ~ 3 dx
sin 1.5 -
sin (- 1) ~
Jo
0 Use long divi.ion.
J[! - ~.2x ~ 3] dx
3ul~
I( c)( b - a) = (cos c)(2.5) ~ 1.83897 so c~ 0.744264 or - 0.744264 in [- 1, 1.5]. I(c) ~ 0.735586
= !!ln1
21. --0
4
[!x -
!lnj2x+
~ 0.1169
.,
.r
..
-
~f
2
7r/4
sinxdx=
0
_1 cos
7r
xl7r/4
= -~(cos
1- 1)
~ 0.3729
-..
..
22. .!. ~
oj
7r/2
(2 sin x - cos x)dx 2cos x - sin x)
17r~2=
= i< -
~ 0.6366
Section 5.7, The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals; Average Value
Page 219
23. 4 ~
oJ ~
°
1.
dx
= i< -i)(4-
x)3/21~
=~
32. ~:
= v = - gt +
Vo
24.
o-
(-7)
J°
'1
(1 - x)1/3dx
Average velocity = ~.: 1(12 = t1 - to - '2 gt = - ~ t1
to
= 25.
-+·1(1 -
-7
X)4/3t7
= ~~ ~ 1.6071
vot 12
)1 to t1
to
J (-
gt + vo) dt
+ to) + Vo
1 J1 1 _ 0 (2x -
3 _ 1 (2x - 3)411 _ 3) dx - 2 4
° - - 10
26.
1 ~ 0 x(2? + 7)1/2 dx =
33.
Avg temp = 12:' 9 J (- 0.1? + t + 50) dt =
!2(2~
~ 7)3/21 ~ 34.
1[- ic/+ !P+ 50t] 11: = 49.4 "F
3
° = -k<27 27 .
73/2) ~ 1.4133
a.
_1_J 3-0
te - 0.01,2dt
1 J1 xC? 1 - ( - 2)
+ 1)3dx
= 1(~ 1)411 + 6 4 -2
h.
=3
-2
lr
62~
= - 25.375
3
e - 0.Olt 3 -0.02
2 ]
3 ~ 1.43
28.
_1_J 3-0
=°i(? +
3
x n+1dx = IJ(? 6 1)1/21~
+ 1) -1/2(2x
dx)
=°i< vw -1)
~ 0.7208
35.
a.
29.
3_
<-3)J ~
=
-3
dx
r
i(area of a semi-circle with 1(9'11") - 3'11" ...., 2 36 62-4"'·
2
3)
Use a calculator to solve 1.43 = te - O.Olt to find t1 ~ 1.47 years (approx. 1 yr. 6 months) t2 ~ 15.41 years (approx. 15 yr. 5 months) 20 1 J 2,000 dt 20 - 10 1 + 0.3 e 0.276t 10 20 2 000 J eO.276t =-'- eO.276t + 0.3 dt 10 10 Let u eO.276t + 0.3
30.
_1_J 2- 0
";2x -
x2
du dx 1)
° area of a semicircle with r = i(
t1
= 0.276 In( eO.276t + 200
h.
= 0.276eo.276t
dt
0.3) 120 10
= ~ ~ 0.785
31. Average height = t1 ~
~ 1,987.24 2,000 -1-+-0.....;.3-e ----",0"""'.2=76"""" = 1987.24
t ~ 13.93 (by calculator) The average population is reached at just under 14 minutes. The area under the curve is
to
to
J (-! gP+ vot) dt
36.
a.
J Jet)
x
dt = A(x) = tan x on [0,
f]
= t1 .:
to [- ~ g~ 3+ Vo t~
2 (~
gto 3 + Vo~
2 )]
°
h.
=-
i(t12
+ t1to + to2) +
iVO(t1 + to)
1xJ Jet) dt
= (tan
x)'; lex)
= sec2x
Page 220 1 + 1IX
-1
X
Chapter 5, Integration
37.
I(t) dt = sin r,
= (23.801) ~ 5.2891
Check with exact value:
i
4
!xJ
38.
I(t) dt
= [(x =
+1) sin x]'
-1
A=
x
I(x) = (x
+ l)C08 X + sin
J y'X dx = i 1: ~ ~6
x
32 /
o 3. Xo xl x2 x3 x4
a. A
0, B
k, C = 0, g(.x) = kte -.xt
h. Answers vary. Numerical Integration: The Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's Rule, Pages 339-342
5.8 1.
ax xl x2
~ :to
x4
= = = =
=24 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
= = = =
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
I(:to) l(x1) I(~) I(~) l(x4)
= = = =
1.00 0.94 0.80 0.64 0.50
a. Trapezoidal rule:
I(:to) l(x1) l(x2) I(~) l(x4)
= = = =
1 1.5625 2.25 3.0625 4
A ~ ~[1(1)+2(0.94)+2(0.80)+2(0.64)+1(0.50)](~)
= 1<6.26) = 0.7825
h. Simpson's rule: A ~ M1(1)+4(0.94)+2(0.80)+4(0.64)+1(0.50)](~) =
Trapezoidal rule: A ~ ~[1+ 2(1.5625) + 2(2.25) + 2(3.0625) + 4](~)
l2 (9.42) = 0.785
=
o - ( -1)
4
= 1(18.75) = 2.34375
Simpson's rule:
4.
ax Xo xl x2 x4
~
A ~ 1[1 + 4(1.5625) + 2(2.25) + 4(3.0625) + 4](~)
= 11228) (
~ 2.33333
Check with exact value:
= = = =
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0
I(:to) l(x1) I(~) I(~) l(x4)
2 A- - Jx2dx 1
= = = = =
1.414 1.250 1.118 1.031 1.000
_x312_8 -31-"3-"3-"3 1_7
a. Trapezoidal rule: A ~ ~[1(1.414) + 2(1.250) + 2(1.118)
2.
ax =
Xo xl x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
4- 0 6 0.0000 0.6667 1.3333 2.0000 2.6667 3.3333 4.0000
i~ 0.6667
I(:to) l(x1) l(x2) I(~) l(x4) l(x5) l(x6)
+ 2(1.031) + 1(1.000)](~)
= 1<9.212) =
1.1515
= =
= = = =
= = = = = =
0.000 0.816 1.155 1.414 1.633 1.826 2.000
h. Simpson's rule:
A ~ 1[1(1.414)+4(1.250)+2(1.118)
~ A (13.774)
5. Ax
+4(1.031)+1(1.000)](~) ~ 1.1478
Trapezoidal rule:
A ~ ~ [1(0.000) + 2(0.816) + 2(1.155)
+ 2(1.414) + 2(1.633) + 2(1.826) + 1(2.000)](~)
xl x2
~
:to
= 1(15.688) = 5.2294
Simpson's rule:
x4
= 4 4" =2 = 2.5 =3 = 3.5 =4
2=1 2"
I(xo) l(x1)
f(~) f(~)
l(x4)
= = = = =
1.381773 1.264307 1.068232 0.805740 0.493151
a. Trapezoidal rule:
A ~ M1(0.000) + 4(0.816) + 2(1.155)
+ 4(1.414) + 2(1.633) + 4(1.826) + 1(2.000)](i)
A ~ ~ [1.381773 + 2(1.264307) + 2(1.068232) +2(0.805740) + 0.493151](~)
Section 5.8, Numerical Integration:
The Trapuoidal
Rule and Simpson's Rule
Page 221
= ~8.151482) h. Simpson's rule:
A~
~ 2.037871
h. Simpson's rule: A ~ 1[1(0.000) + 4(0.239) + 2(0.342)
1[1.381773
+ 4(1.264307) + 4(0.805740)
+ 4(0.368)
+ 2(0.351) + 4(0.315)
+ 2(1.068232) + Oo493151](!)
+ 1(0.271)](1) ~ ~ (5.345) ~ 0.594
6.
= 1(12.291576) ~ 2.048596 1 ~ 2- 0 = 3 ~ 0.3333 x= 6 !(Xo) = 0.000 Xo = 0.0000 0.3333 !(x1) = 0.315 xl = !(x2) = 0.524 x2 = 0.6667 1.0000 !(~) = 0.540 ~= !(x4) = 0.314 x4 = 1.3333 1.6667 !(xs) = - 0.160 Xs = !(x6) = -0.832 x6 = 2.0000
a. Trapezoidal rule: + 2(0.315) + 2(0.524)
8.
= 2 -6 0 = Xo = 1.0000 Xl = 1.1667 x2 = 1.3333 x3 = 1.5000 x4 = 1.6667 Xs = 1.8333 x6 = 2.0000
~
i~ 0.1667
!(Xo) !(x1) !(x2) !(~) !(x4) !(xs) !(x6)
= = = = =
0.000 0.154 0.288 0.405 0.511 0.606 0.693
a. Trapezoidal rule: A ~! [1(0.000) + 2(0.154) + 2(0.405) + 2(0.288)
~[1(0.000) !
+ 2(0.540) + 2(0.314) + 2( - 0.160) + 1( - 0.832)](l) ~ 1<2.234) ~ 0.3723
+ 2(0.511) + 2(0.606)
+ 1(0.693)](1)
~li4.621)
~ 0.385 h. Simpson's rule: A ~ Ml(O.OOO) + 4(0.154) +2(0.288)
h. Simpson's rule:
A ~ l[I(O.OOO) + 4(0.315) + 2(0.524) + 4(0.540) + 2(0.314) + 4( - 0.160) + 1( - 0.832)](l) ~ ~ (3.624) ~ 0.4027
+ 4(00405) + 2(0.511) + 4(0.606) + 1(0.693)](1)
~ 118
(6.951)
7.
= 2- 6 Xo = 0.0000 xl = 0.3333 x2 = 0.6667 x3 = 1.0000 x4 = 1.3333 Xs = 1.6667 x6 = 2.0000
A
3~
!(xo) !(xI) !(~) !(x3) !(x4) !(xs) !(x6)
0.3333
~ 0.386
= = = = = = =
0.000 0.239 0.342 0.368 0.351 0.315 0.271
9.
Approximate the area under a curve (evaluate an integral) by taking the sum of areas of trapezoids whose upper line segments join two consecutive points on an arc of the curve. Approximate the area under a curve (evaluate an integral) by taking the sum of areas of parabolic sections whose parabolas pass through three consecutive points on an arc of the curve. For the trapezoidal rule,
10.
a. Trapezoidal rule:
A ~ ! [1(0.000) + 2(0.239) + 2(0.342)
+ 2(0.368) + 2(0.351) + 2(0.315) + 1(0.271)](l) ~ 1<3.501) ~ 0.584 11.
IEnl s
(b - a)3
12n2
M,
where M is the maximum
value ofl!"(x)
[a, b]. lex) !"(X)
I on
= _1_.
x2 + i'
J'(x)
(x2 +
2x
1)2
= 2x2 - 2
(x2 + 1)3
Page 222
Chapter 5, Integration 1
The maximum of 1 1"(%) x = 0), so we need ~2)
on [0, 1] is 2 (at
Ax
= 1"40 = = = = =
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
=4
12n 1 n n2
"2
s 0.05 s 0.30
>
10
-3 n~2
Xl ~ 23 x4
ro
f(ro) f(x1) f(~) f(~) f(x4)
= = = =
1.000 0.878 0.540 0.071 - 0.416
A ~ 
+ 0.5]
0.05
A ~ 0.455; the actual answer is between 0.455 - 0.0005 and 0.455 + 0.0005. 14.
1[1 + 2(0.8)
I'(x) I'"(X)
= 0.775
The exact answer is between 0.775 and 0.775 + 0.05.
= _x-2; = -6x-4;
5
f"(X)
= 2x-3; /4)(x) = 24x-5
12.
+1 fill (x) = - 3z(Xl /4)(x) = 3( -1
1'(%)
h;
The maximum value Or!f(4)(X) on [1, 2] is 24 on [1, 2]. For Simpson's rule 1 (24) 180n4 n4 n
f"(r)
= (Xl + 1) -3/2
< >
0.0005 267
+ 1) - 5/2 + 4Xl)(Xl + 1) -1/2
value of 3. For 2] is approximately
~ 4.04
I/4)(x) I on [ -1,
Simpson's
5
By calculator,
the maximum
from which we will pick n even). Ax
= 6 (n must be
rule
3 (3) 180n4 n
4
< >
0.05 81
from which we will pick n even). 2 -( -1) _3 Ax = -4 4 -1.00 f(xo) Xo f(x1) xl = -0.25 f(~) ~ = 0.50 1.25 f( 23) x3 x4 = 2.00 f(x4)
= 4 (n must be
Xl ~ 23 x4 x5 x6
ro
= 2- 1 = 1 6 6 1.000 = = 1.167 = 1.333 = 1.500 = 1.667 = 1.833 = 2.000
f(ro) f(x1) f(x2) f(23) f(x4) f(x5) f(x6)
= 1.000 = 0.857 = = =
0.750 0.667 0.600 0.545 0.500
= 1.414 = 1.031 = 1.118 =
1.601 2.236
A ~ 0.693; the exact answer is between 0.693 - 0.0005 and 0.693 + 0.0005. 15.
f(x) f"(X)
x(4 - x)1/2; I'(x) 4(4 _ x)3/2
8 - 3x ; 2(4 _ r)1/2
= 3x - 16
A ~ 4.103; the exact answer is between 4.103 - 0.05 and 4.103 + 0.05.
13.
I'(x) f"l(X)
-2sin
2X; f"(X)
-4cos
2x;
The maximum value of t" (x) on [0, 2] occurs at the endpoint r = 2, since it is an increasing function. I (2) 1 ~ 0.88388. 1;:2(0.88388) 0.01 2 ~ 58.92533 n n ~ 7.68 so we pick n = 8 terms. The trapezoidal approximation gives A ~ 3.25; the exact answer is between 3.25 + 0.01 and 3.25 - 0.01.
= 8sin 2x; /4)(x)
The maximum value of /4)(x) on [0, 1] is 16 on [0, 1]. For Simpson's rule 1 (16) 180n4 n4 n
5
= 16cos 2x
r'
< > >
0.0005 178 3.65 16.
from which we will pick n even).
= 4 (n must be
I' «(J)
= cos2(J
2(J sin (J cos (J 4 sin (J cos (J
f" «(J) = -
4(J cos2(J -
+ 2(J
Section 5.8, Numeri~allntegration:
The Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's Rule
Page 223
I'" «(}) =
- 12 cos2(} + 8(}sin () cos () + 6
1"I(x) = -6x-4;
/4)(x)
= 24x-5
163.3,'
f(4)«(}) = 16(}cos2(} + 32sin () cos () - 8(}
By calculator, the maximum value of /4)«(})
a.
23(2) --2
12n 5
<
0.00005 or n ~
on [0, 11"] is approximately Simpson's rule
25.13 «() = 11"). For h.
pick n
= 164
17.09
2 (24) --4 < 0.00005 or n ~ 180n pick n = 18
--''"-....,...4~ 180n n4 n
11"5(25.13)
< 0.01
> >
20.
4,272 8.08
J'(x)
= 3~ + 4X; f"(x) = 6x + 4;
= 6; /4)(x)
3
I"/(x)
a.
=0
from which we will pick n = 10 (n must be even). Using Simpson's rule we find A ~ 2.47; the exact answer is between 2.47 - 0.01 and 2.47 + 0.01.
5 (28) --2-
12n
5
<
0.00005 or n ~ 2,415.23
pick n h.
= 2,416
17. f x
'( )
1 = Xl + 1; r'i x ) = (~ -+2x1)2
5 (0) --4 < 0.00005 or n 180n -
=0
f'''(x)
= 2(3~
(~ +
1). /4)(x)
1)3 '
= - 24x(Xl-1)
(~ value of 4.669 at
pick n = 2 (n must be even for Simpson's rule) 21 .
1)4
x2x I'() - _1 f"/(X)
a.
If(4)(x) I on [0, 1] is approximately
x ~ 0.325. For Simpson's rule, (1 - 0)5(4.669) 180n4 n
By calculator,
the maximum
=-
1; «: 7/2; i4)(x)
3/2., f/l( x ) -4x2 - 5/2., -
= \0: x- 9/2
33 3 12n2 (4) ~ 0.00005, or n ~ 183.71
pick n =184
< 0.01 >
1.27
h.
1_j105) ~
16
s 0.00005,
X; f"(x)
or n ~ 20.52
pick n = 22 (n must be even)
Pick n = 2. We use Simpson's rule to find A ~ 0.44; the exact answer is between 0.44 - 0.01 and 0.44 + 0.01.
22.
f'(x) f'''(x)
a.
18.
f'(x) f"(X) f'/l(X) /4)(x)
= e - Z(cos x - sin x)
= - 2e - zcos X
= -sin = sin
3
X; /4)(x)
= -cos = cos x
X;
2 (1) --2
= 2e -
12n
<
0.00005 or n ~
115.47,'
Z(cos x
+ sin
x
x)
pick n = 116
= -4e-zsin
The maximum value of /4)(x) on [0, 11"] is approximately 1.29. For Simpson's rule, (11" - 0)5(1.29) 180n4 n
h.
25(1) --4 < 0.00005 or n ~ 7.72 180n pick n
=8
j
< 0.0005
23.
f'(x) f'''(x)
>
8.138 a. h.
Choose n = 10 to we use Simpson's rule to find A ~ 0.5215; the exact answer is between 0.5215 - 0.0005 and 0.5215 + 0.00005.
i~~:(4)s
= - 2e - 2z; f"(x) = 4e - 2zj = _8e-2z /4)(x) = 16e-2z
0.00005; pick n
= 82
1~1~:i16)s 0.00005; pick n = 8
19.
f'(x)
_x-2;
f"(x)
= 2x-3;
Page 224
Chapter 5, Integration
24.
/'(x) f(4)(x)
a,
= ~x; /"(x) = = - 34
(1)3 12n2 2
2~; /"'(x)
= ~;
= 29 =6
31.
~x
= 0.5
A~
1[10 + 4(9.75) + 2(10) + 4(10.75) + 2(12)
+ 4(13.75) + 2(16) + 4(18.75) + 2(22) + 4(25.75) + 30](0.5)
= 1(475)(0.5)
~ 79.17
(1)
< 0.00005; pick n
0.00005; pick n
h.
25.
1~~:i3)s
=
32.
&.
Trapezoidal approximation
f(x) (1 - z2)1/2; the second derivative is unbounded on [0, 1], so the number of intervals needed to guarantee a certain accuracy cannot be predicted.
a,
IT n
T8 ~ (0.5)(12.347)(0.125) ~ 0.772. Thus, 11" ~ 4(0. 772) ~ 3.09; to one decimal place this is 3.1. h.
= 8,
= 4, 84 ~ (0.3333)(9.2508)(0.25) ~ 0.771. Thus, 11" ~ 4(0.771) ~ 3.08; to one decimal place this is 3.1.
If n
40 no./intervals: 10 20 80 1.9835235 1.9958860 1.9989118 1.9997430 I (est) 0.0164765 0.0041140 0.0010282 0.0002570 En 0.164165 0.08228 0.041128 0.02056 En·n 1.6451 1.64165 1.6456 1.6445 E n ·n2 E n .n3 16.4765 65.8041 131.598 32.912 E n .n4 2,632.165 10,527.85 164.765 658.24 Based on these results, it seems that the trapezoidal approximation has order of convergence n2 (since the n2 row is essentially a constant 1.645).
h.
no./intervals: 10 40 20 80 2.0001095 2.0000068 2.0000004 2.0000000 I (est) 0.0001095 0.0000068 0.0000004 0.0000000 En 0.001095 0.000136 0.000017 0.0000000 En·n 1(2) 0.01095 0.00068 0.0000000 --2 < 0.0000005, n ~ 577.35; E n ·n2 0.00271 12n E n .n3 0.1095 0.0543 0.0211 0.0000000 E n .n4 pick n = 578. 1.095 1.086 1.083 0.0000000 27. 5 m regions, so ~x 5 The last approximation has no error, but the others seem to indicate that A ~ WO) + 2(9) + 2(15) + 2(20) + 2(27) + (30)](5) Simpson's approximation has order of convergence n4. 430 60 c. Rectangular approximation 28. The distance traveled is s = v( t) dt since no.j'intervals; 10 20 40 80 o I (est) 1.9835235 1.9958860 1.9989718 1.9991430 v( t) ~ 0 for 0 $ t 60. By the trapezoidal En 0.0164165 0.0041140 0.0010282 0.0002510 rule (using ~t = 1/12 hr): En' n 0.164165 0.08228 0.041128 0.02056 E n . n2 1.64765 1.6456 1.64512 s ~  E n . n4 164.765 658.24 2,632.165 10,527.85 ~ 50.38 miles Again, it seems the order of convergence 29. The area of the spill is approximately is n2• In numerical analysis, it is shown that trapezoidal approximations generally A ~ MO + 4(7.3) + 2(9.1) + 4(10.3) + ... converge about twice as fast as rectangular approximations. + 2(9.7) + 4(7.3) + 0](5) ~ 613 ft2 1( 30. ~x = 0.3 33. a, (9x - xr)dx = [~z2 - ~x4]1; A ~ 
~ 13.73
Section 5.8, Numerical Integration:
The Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's Rule
Page 225
TYPE OF ESTIMTE Right encipt· Right encipt Right encipt Right encipt trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid SiIIlpson Sb'pson Si ..pson Si ..pson
OF SUB-
37. p(x)dx =
EST IMTE [B, wJ DUER
11
(aa
r+
+ a
a2? + a1x + aa)dx
+ +
I"TERUALS 18 2B 18 ZS 18 8B 18 ZS 18
BB 18
11
B8
19.~17476 l' •7855B8B~ l' •~4't37331 ZS •8835BB43Z4 1'.81742"13188 ZS .8888663645 ZS.B4~ ZS .8571iZBB3B ZS.B68'478464 28 .868947Bi64 28.868947B464 ZS •868947B464
= =
[i x4 i x3 i ~ aax]l!
t<b
4
- a2) + aa(b - a) = l2(b - a)[3a3b3 + 3aaab2 + 3a3a2b + 3aaa3 + 4~b2 + 4~ab Now, (b ;
-
a + ~b2
+ fcb3
+ 4~a2 + 6al b + 6a1 a + 12ao] a)[p(a)
6
For Simpson's rule the same values occur. The error term involves /4)(x) which is 0 for cubics; that is, the Simpson error is O. h. The problem is that /4)(x) near x 2.
+ 4~
a ;- b)
23
+ pCb)] + !!a..a2b 2-')
- (b -
a)[3a b3 +!!a ab2
23
is unbounded
+ ~aaa3 + 2a2b2 + 2~ab + 2a2a2 + 3a1b Thus,
+ 3a1a + 6aa]
34.
35.
be about 314 cm2•
Answers vary, but the calculated value should
Let d be the diameter of the larger interior circle (as shown in the figure).
38.
p(x)dx
a
= (b ;
1, b
a1p(a)
b- a
1
+ 4~
a;- b)
+ pCb)]
11
=a
= 2,
b3 '-6- a
2'
an d
+ 2
=2 = {23 - 3(2) + 4
1)3 2
(x3 - 3x+4)dx
+4[(0.5)3
-1
- 3(0.5) + 4] + (-
Then, (d - 5) is the diameter of the smaller interior circle, and
- 3( -1)+4}(0.5)
= ::
39.
1, b a+b an d 2
=-
= 3,
b- a
b- a 4 , -6-
Use a solve utility to find (positive solution only) d ~ 13.33. So the inscribed circles have diameters 13~ and 8~.
36.
=1
7)dx = 3l
3'
(x3
+ 2? p(x) dx
-1
Type of estimate Left endpoint Trapezoid Simpson Newton-Cotes: ~(tan -10
Estimate
2.08415012194 2.55254228659 2.59973141073
40.
a.
-1
(a3
r+
3
a2? + a1x + aa)dx
-1
+ 3 tan
-11
+ 3 tan
-12
= [a3 x4 + ~ x3 + a1 ? + fL..xJ
+ tan -13)(1)
~ 2.597507406
= i~+ 2aa
Now, p( c)
~-1
11
Answers vary.
+ p(
- c)
= 2~c2 + 2aa
Page 226
Chapter 5, Integration
i~+ 2~
C2
= 2~?
+ 2ao
s=
Az?
2h
+ Bx+ + lhU(h)
-1 -3
= ~[!(h)
- 2/(0)
+ I( - h)]z?
- I( - h)]x
- 2/(0)+/(
+ 1(0)
- h)]x3
c= ~ which is on the interval [0, 1].
1/2
b.
J
h
p(:z:) d» = ~i2[/(h)
b.
-h
p(:z:) d:z:
1/2
-1/2
+ lh[/(h)
alx
- I( - h)]z? + I(O)x}~
h)
J (~~ + ~z? +
~l
+ ao)d:z:
= ~[/(c.
+ 4/(0) + I(h)]
-1/2
From part b: ~[/( - h)
[i x4 + ~2~ + = l2~+ ao
=
Now, l[p( - c)
-1 C2 -8 c-_l_
z? +
aoxJI~~~2 ao
+ 4/(0) + I(h)]
J
-h
p(x) d:z:
+ p(O) + p( c)] = j ~c2 + i~c2 + ao = l2~ + ao
Let u x + ~, then du dX; if x = - h, then u h; if x h, then u = ~ + h
=~-
J
-h
~+h
p(:z:) d:z:
=
Xl
p(:z:) d:z: h, x2 = x2
x2-h
-2.j2
Now, write
which is on the interval [ -~, ~].
41.
Using the error formula for Simpson's rule, 1(4)(x) for a third degree polynomial will be zero.
a.
~=~+h x2+h
=~ ~
+ 0,
p(x) dx
J p(:z:)
de
~-h
Xl
42.
Pl(
h,/( - h»)leads to
I( - h)
= Ah2
- Bh
+C
5.9 C
P2(O,/(0» P3(h,/(h»
leads to 1(0)
An Alternative Approach: The Logarithm as an Integral, Pages 345-346
leads to I(h) = Ah2
+ Bh + C
Adding to the first equation to the third equation yields 2Ah2 2Ah2
+ 2C
= I(h)
+ I(
- h) - h)
Iast,..aor'. Note: As you may know, there are survival hints for the students.in the Student's Solution Manual. We have included one of these hints here because you might want to share it with your entire class.
SURVIVAL HINT
From the second equation we have
+ 2/(0) = I(h) + I(
Solve this equation for A: A = ~[/(h) - 2/(0) + I( - h)] 2h Solve the third equation for B: B = ihU(h) Thus, - I( - h)]
The material of this section may seem confusing because you already "know" too much about logarithms and exponents. In precalculus you were introduced to y = bX without any proof that it was continuous for irrational values. The approach here is really better because the area function used is continuous to begin with, so the other functions derived from it, eX, bX, and logbx will also be continuous. Try to read the section as if you were seeing In X for the first time.
Section 5.9, An Alternative Approach:
The Logarithm as an Integral
Page 227
1.
Let L( x) =
f f
~t. Then we have
L(xy) = L(x)
in particular,
+ L(y)
and L(x')
= rL(x)
4.
n ~ 17.09; the number of subintervals should be 18. From the product rule for logarithms In x = 1{(j)yJ = In(j)
L(2 - N) = - NL(2)
since
2
<0
+ In
ln e -lny=ln(j)
~t
L(2) =
As N _
>0 00.
5.
a.
F'(x) G'(x)
+00,
2 - N _ 0 and L(2 - N) _ -
If x is very small and positive, then
= ~ G(x) = p ln x, so = ~ = F'(x).
+
o <x <2 L(x)
N for some large N so
Therefore, F(x) = G(x) h.
< L(2 - N)
If x = 1, then xl' = 1 and
J
1
C ~t = O.
and for x decreasing to 0,
O=p·O+C,soC=O
Thus,
L(x)--oo
2. Ax = 3
Xo Xl
'8
1=
i = 0.25
I(Xo) l(x1) l(x2) 1(2::3) l(x4) l(x5) l(x6) l(x7) l(x8)
= =
F(x) = G(x)
Inxl'
plnx
1.00 1.25 1.50 x2 1.75 2::3 2.00 x4 2.25 x5 2.50 x6 2.75 x7 3.00 x8 Simpson's rule:
= = =
=
= = =
= =
= =
1.00 0.80 0.67 0.57 0.50 0.44
6.
Assume M :f:. N; then In M = In N implies that there exists a number M < c < N such that I'(c) = O. This is impossible because I'(x) = l/x > 0 implies the graph is always rising.
0040
0.36 0.33
7.
A ~ 1[1(1.00)+4(0.80)+2(0.67) +4(0.57)+2(0.50) +4(0.44)+2(0.40) +4(0.36)+
~ 112
1(0.33)](~)
I(xy) I(x) + I(y) leads to 1(1) = 1(1) + 1(1) when x = y = 1. Thus, 1(1) = 2/(1) holds only when 1(1) = o. h. 1(1) = I( -1) + I( - 1) when x=y= -1. Thus, 0 = 1(1) =2/(-1) holds when I( - 1) = O. c. 1(-x)=/(-l)+/(x)so I( -x) = 0 + I(x) or I( -x) = I(x) d. Hold x fixed in the equation
a.
(13.15)
1.0958
I(xy)
= I(x) + I(y)
xl'(xy) =0
The calculator value is 1.098612289.
3.
= - t - 2; I"(t) 2t - 3; I'''(t) -6t-4; /4)(t) 24t-5 I'(t)
and differentiate with respect to y by the chain rule.
+ I'(y)
= 1, x> 0,
In particular,
when y
Thus, K = 24. The error estimate for 8 subintervals is 25(24) E = 180. 84 so
~
I'(x)
x ,
= 1'~1)
x
0.00104
I(x)
J 1 ~1)dt = 1'(1) J
1 1
~t
For an error of 0.00005, the number of subintervals should be 0.00005 n4
> >
25(24) 180n4 85,333
e.
From part d, it can be seen that I' is continuous and hence integrable on any closed interval [a, b] not including the origin. By the fundamental theorem of
Page 228 calculus, I(x) I(c) =
Ch~pter 5, Integration
J
z
c
/,(t) dt = /'(1)
J
z
c
= + ( - 2121t - 2)
=1
sine«
f' (t) = - t -
~t
-It
Thus we have, In 3
for x> 0 if c > 0 and x 1(1) 0, we can use c
= 1 to obtain
< 0 if c < O. Since
I(x)
= /'(1)
J
1
~t
if x> 0
~t >
(1 - 1t) dt
If x < 0, then - x I( - x), we obtain f(x)
> 0 and since f(x) =
-z
We know that In e = 1 and we have just shown that In 2 < 1 < In 3, so ln z x ln e c ln S and it follows that 2
= f'(I)
J
1
~t
if z «; 0
Combining these two formulas:
<
<3
Izi
f(x) = /'(1)
~t
if
x::J 0
10.
since I(x) function.
= In x is an increasing
- In E(y)
Property of log.
Finally, if I' (1) ::J 0 (that is, f is not identically zero), we can let
Izl
In ~:~ = In E(x)
F(x)
I(x) = /'(1) =
JT
dt
1
X-
In1lenion formll.la. In1ler.ion formula.
= In E( x - y)
It is easy to show that if f(xy)
Because In x is a one-to-one function, we then conclude that E(x) E(x - y) = E(y) 11. In[E(x)]P = p In[E(x)]
Property of log.
= I(x) + f(y),
+ F(y)
F(xy) = F(x)
All solutions of f(xy) f(x) + f(y) can be obtained as multiples of F( x) 8.
If In x
= In y, then
by the MVT
lnx -lny_l_o x y - cfor some c between x and y, which is impossible since x and yare both positive.
9. a.
= px = In E(px)
In1ler.ion jormv.la. In1ler.ion formv.la.
In 2
J
2 1
~t is the area under y
= t on
Because In x is a one-to-one function, we conclude that [E(x)]P = E(px)
[1, 2]. Since y = t -1 is always concave up and decreasing, this area is less than the area of a trapezoid with height 2 - 1 = 1, and parallel bases 1/1 and 1/2. Thus,
In 2 = b.
Jt
2 1
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW Proficiency EYB.IT!ination, ages 35&-356 P
1.
dt
<
!(1)(t + !)
= ~< 1
Since the graph of y = t - 1 is always concave up, it will be above the tangent line at any point - say at 1.0 = 2. The equation of the tangent line at 1.0 = 2 is
An antiderivative of a function F that satisfies F' = f.
f is a function
2.
J "n
d"
{ IIll"I + C;
-+l+C;n=/:.-l n
n
,,11.+1
= -1
Chapter 5 Review
Page 229
3. 4.
J J J J J J J J J
e" du
= e" + C = - cos
u
8.
Let fhe a continous function of x on a closed interval [a, b]j Given a partition, a
sin cos tan
u du
+
C
ul
s Xl * s x2 * s ... ~Xn* s b
+ l(i2).6.x2 + ... + I(tn)axn
xk).6.xk
'"
du = sin u
a Riemann sum is f(z* 1).6.xI
u du
Inlcos
ul
= lmsec cot u du = In/sin sec2u du = tan
+C ul + C
+C
C
9.
If f is defined on the closed interval [a, b] we
k=l
E f(
n
say
1=
I is integrable on [a, b) if
sec u tan u du
= sec u +
exists. This limit is called the definite integral of f from a to b. The definite integral is denoted by
1=
esc u cot u du = - esc u + C
J
a
~=b
I(x)
dx
or
1=
f(x)
dx
~=11
csc2u du
= - cot
+C
10.
a.
J
a a
I(x)
dx = 0
5.
h.
J
b
a
f(x)
dx = -
J
a b
f(x)
dx
11.
1
=sec-Iu+C
The total distance traveled by an object with continuous velocity v( t) along a straight line from time t a to t b is
6.
The area function, A(t), as the area of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), the xaxis, and the vertical lines x = a, x = t. When we say that the area function can be written as an antiderivative, we mean that the area function can be written as a definite integral and by the fundamental theorem of calculus, the definite integral can be written as an antiderivative. The conditions that are necessary for an integral to represent an area can be stated as restrictions on the function: f must he a continuous function such that f(x) ~ 0 for all x on the closed interval [a, b].
s=
12.
JIv(t)ldt
II
[a, b] and F is any function that satisfies F(x) = f(x) throughout this interval, then
If f is continuous on the interval
J
b a
f(x)
dx = F(b) - F(a)
13.
Let f( t) he continuous on the interval [a, b] and define the function G by the integral equation ~ = f(t) dt
G(x)
J
a
7.
Suppose f is continuous or piecewise continuous and f(x) ~ 0 throughout the interval [a, b]. Then the area of the region under the curve y = f(x) over this interval is given by A= h were
for a ~ x ~ b. Then G is an antiderivative of f on [a, b]; that is, on [a, b]. 14.
G'(x) = tx[J
f(t)
a
dt]
= f(x)
n-+oo
.uX
A
lim
L: f( k=I
+ k.6.x).6.x
b= -n-'a
Define a new variable of integration, u = g(x). Find dx as a function of du and transform the limits. Make sure that the new integrand involves only the new variables and be careful
Page 230
Chapter 5, Integration
if there are limits of integration. 15. 16. A differential equation is an equation that contains derivatives. A separable differential equation can be rewritten with only one variable on the left side of the equation and another variable on the right side. Each side of the equation is then integrated (if possible). The growth/decay equation is Q(t) = Qoe
kt
Co
+ 2/(z2) + ... + 2/(z"
where
~x
-1)
+ I(z,,)]~x
= b -;
and, for the kth
subinterval, xk
= a + k~x.
Let lbe continuous on [a, b]. Simpson's rule is
J I(z)
a
dz ~ !r/(zo) -1)
+ 4/(zl)
+ 2/(z2)
17.
+ ... + 4/(z"
+ I(z,,)]~x +
k~x, k an
where ~x = b -; a, xk = a
where Q( t) is the amount of the substance present at time t, Qo is the initial amount of the substance, and k is a constant. The sign of k depends on the substance: growth if k> 0 and decay if k < O. For carbon dating, k = In 0.5/5,730. 18. An orthogonal trajectory of a given family of curves is any curve that cuts all curves in the family at right angles.
If lis continuous on the interval [a, b), there is at least one number c between a and b such
integer and n an even integer. Moreover, the larger the value for n, the better the approximation. 22.
J [/(z)]2{2[/(z)]2
o =
- 3} dz - 3[/(z)]2} dx
J
1
{2[/(z)]4
19.
=2
that
J
b
II
/(z) dz = I(c)(b
a)
o 0 = 2(1) - 3(1) = 23. F'(x)
[/(z)]4 dx -
J [/(z)]2
i
dx
20.
If I is continuous on the interval [a,
b], the
1x J f'
3
z:
vcos(2t
+ 1) dt
average value of Ion this interval is given by the integral b .: 21.
a.
aJ I(z)
(I
= x5vcos(2x 24.
d»
Divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals, each of width ~x = b -; a, and let denote the right endpoint (just for convenience) of the kth subinterval. The base of the kth rectangle is the kth subinterval, and its height is I(;k). Hence, the area of the kth rectangle is I(lk)~x. The sum of the areas of all n rectangles is an approximation for the area under the curve and hence an approximation for the corresponding definite integral. Thus,
J 1 +dx4~ = !J~ 1+
2
'U
+
'U2
1)
= !tan 2
d'U =
-1(2x)
t;
25.
J
4 1 1
= 2X; d'U = 2
d'U
dx
ll
xe
-:c'l dx =
'U
-!J e
-!e -:c'l
26.
J (xl
= -~;
2
+ x-
= - 2x dx 2 3/2 3 / 2) dx = _x__
1_
311
2 - 1/214 ~:r~_
17
27.
J (2x
o
'U
-3
16 _
a +2 _ 3-3
- 6)( ~ - 6x
J I(z)
h.
a
dz ~
k~/(lk)~x
Let 'U = ~ If x = 0, 'U 2, and if x
= - 3;
-3
+ 2)2 dx 6x + 2; d'U = (2x
- 6) dx, 1, then
Let I be continuous on [a, b]. The trapezoidal rule is
J I(z)
(I
J
2
'U
d'U
'3
1~3
= - 335
dz ~ ![/(zo)
+ 2/(zl)
28.
Let
'U
= 1 + cos x, d'U = - sin x dx. For
Chapter 5 Review
Page 231
the new limits, when x when x 1.
= ~, " =
0,,,
=
J ,,2
2, and
e-
(In 2/5730)(3,500,000)
7~
f (1 + cos
o __
11 "2-
x)- 2 sin x dx
1-
=-
2d"
1_1- 2-2" 1
34.
This is approximately 1.33 x 10 -184 which exceeds the accuracy of most calculators and measuring devices. Other dating methods were used to date this artifact. b c
29. Let u = 2? + 2x + 5, du = (4x For new limits, when x 2, u when x 1, u 9.
30.
-1
l
(3?
I
9 9
==
+ 2)
dx.
9, and
u / du
12
+ 2)
dx
= [x3 + 2x]t
= 27 + 6 + 1 + 2 = 36
31.
e.y=-x-l
J
1 2
x2
35.
dx cannot be written as a formula, so we
a.
For the trapezoidal rule we need
..:...._-n2~
(6 -
a)3
must use approximate integration or technology to find
12n
< 0.0005 where M is the
maximum of 1/"(x)1 on [a, 6].
lex) = cos x, /'(x) = - sin x,
/"(x)
M
~2
~\
J e~
1
dx ~
14.99
= - cos x, so on [0, ~], 11)
There is an interesting discussion of this integral in the May 1999 issue of The American Mathematical Monthly in an article entitled, "What Is a Closed-Form Number?" The function
11 =
1.
(1!)3 b.
2 < - 0.0005, n > 646, n > 26. --
For Simpson's rule we need
..:...._--4~
(6 -
a)5
x2 e
dx
180n
< 0.0005 where
K is the
maximum of 1/(4)(x)1 on [0, ~]. /"'(x)
is an example of a function that is not an elementary function (that we mentioned in Section 1.3). 7/2 32. Average value = ~ :. 0 7/2
= sin x,
/(4)(x)
cos z. So on
J
0
[0, ~], M = 1. (~)5 180n4 (1)
cos 2x dx
*" J ~ cos 2x (2dx)
o
teO) = 0
< 0.0005 , n4 > 106.,3 n > 4 _ _
= t(sin 2x) 17~2
SupplemenWy 1. Problems, Pages 347-350
33.
The half life for HC is 5,730 years so when using the decay formula
[3g(x)
+ 2/(z)]
dx = 3
g(z) dz
Q(t) = Qoe -
kt
-1
-1
to compute the percent of amount originally present, we find
Page 232
Chapter 5, Integration
= 3(7) + 2[3 + ( -'1)] = 25
2.
n-++oo
lim
[3 ~
It
= lim
n-++
=1
It
A" \
J..2I' 1 \2{ 1) n Ii: n 1] n} \ n + 2 ~ "2 - ~ n
It
o
11.
3 n
E J? +"22
=1
n
= 1n
-
It
It
E 1Ii: =
n
1] mn)
2
=1
I
-1
til dx 3
2z
= -II
(1 - 2x)-I/\-2
dx)
-1
= lim
n-++cx{n3
r.!. n(n+l)(2n+l) 6
It
+.1. n(n+l)
n2
-1]
n E 1n It =
=
12.
13.
-~1 - 2x)2/3~1
-~1
~)
I x-
=1+1-1=1
3.
n-++oo
lim
n [4 ~
=1
A" \
wi
n) \ n + 6 n
1\-11) 1 E
n
It
= 1n
"2 +3
1]
14.
I 5z2 -.}/
Ix
dx
= -!x - 2 + C
+1
dx
= I (5x3/2 - 2x1/2 = 2x5/2 _
x - 1/2) dx
tx3/2 + 2x1/2 + C !x + !InJ x I + C
VI dx
. ~4 n (n+l)2 6 n(n+l)(2n+l) =hm""4 n 4 +3 6 n-++ n
3]
i~/dx = H! + !z -IJ dx
=
= 1 + 2 +3 = 6
4.
I (5x4 - 8x3 + 1) dx = (x5 - 2x4 + x) o
2 2
I~ = 0
15. I
VI -
3 - x dx = 3 I x2
z2
VI -
x dx
z2
= 3sin-lx+~f)~ = 3sin -Ix 16. I (e Z
+C
5.
I 30(5x - 2)2 dx = 6 I (5x - 2)2 d(5x - 2)
-1
= 6(1)(5x - 2)3
1
L 1 = 1,710
1
-1
VI -
x2 + C
l)eZ dx = I (1 + e~ dx
6.
I (xvx + 2)2 dx = I (i3 + 4x3/2 + 4)dx o 0 4 + 4(~)x5/2 + 4x] = 12~ =Gx
I~
17.
ISip x - cos x dx = smx+cosx
ILet u = sin x + cos
Xi
- I u -ldu du = (cos x - sin x) dxl
7.
= i(2vx3 + 1)1: = 6
2
lR+1
x2
dx=II(i3+1)-1/2(3x2dx)
-;v'2
(1 - 2x) -1/2( -2 dx)
18.
= -lnlsin x + cos xl + C I .ji:(x2+vx + 1) dx = I (x5/2+ x = ~x7/2 + !x2 + ~x3/2 + C
12 /)
dx
8.
I (x
2
+ sin x)3 dx =
dx
0
0
o
9.
-1
VI -
2x
= -II
2x)
2
19.
I (x - 1)2 dx = Ix2;ldX= I (sin2x I x(x +
1< x-l)3
= - !<2Vl 2
I~ = va
1
-1
20. 1
21.
I(I+X-2)dx=x-i+c dx
+ cos2x)
I 1 dx
= z+
10.
I
1
dx = II (3x V3x - 1 3
1
1)
-1/2(3 dx)
22.
4)V;
+ 6; + 2 dx
I Let u = x3 + 6x2 + 2; du = 3x(x + 4)dxl
Chapter 5 Review
Page 233
12 U/
d«
_ f(U - 1)(! du)
= ~U3/2 + C = i(X3 + 6z2 + 2)3/2 + C
23.
=
=
.fi
-
(!u1/2
!" -1/2)
1/2
du
x(2'? + 1)#+7"
2-3- - -2 ~
2"
1,P/2
dx dxl 28.
2"
ILet u
= x4 + ~; du = (4? + 2x)
= 1(1 + ,?)3/2 - (1 + ,?)1/2 + C
!u
x3(,?
12 /
du =
lu
32 /
(cosllx sin9x - cos9x sinllx) dx = =
= 1(x4 + ,?)3/2 + C
24.
I vz(;' + I = VZ +
Let u
+
3
1)3/2
+C
I I
(cos x sin x)9(cos2x - sin2x) dx (!sin 2x ~ cos 2x dx sin 2X; du - 2 cos 2x dxl
1)2 1; du
=2
=~
1
I
+
C
_
lu -
u-
du = - 2u 1
=_
25.
VZ+
+C
- 21010+
1 u10
xVI
- 5'? dx
= 10 \10 (sin 2x)10
29.
+C
ILet u
= 1 - 5'?; du = - lOx dxl
Inxx
VI
+ In(2x)
dx 1 -In 21
= -110<j)(1 - 5,?)3/2
+
C
1u = 1 + In(2x); du
= idx, so In x = u -
26.
-fs<1 -
5,?)3/2
= f(u =
1 - In2)..jUdu
-
vsinx-cosz(sin
-l-cos
x)dx
(sin x - cos x)I/2 d(sin x - cos x) x - cos x)3/2 dx = x, so cos
y
f[u
2"
32 /
(1
+ In 2) u1/2]
3/2
du
27.
I?
I
y
= ~sin
=~
5/2
- (l + In 2)~
2"
+C + In 2)(1 + In 2x)3/2 + C
cos(tan -Ix)
= ~(1
=
+ In 2x)5/2
- ~(1
= tan -
1 tan y X;
- Vi+"?
-f
=I~dX
'?(x dx) =u -
bI
10
30.
[3
+ 7 x73 10
100x101] dz
-10
=2
7f/4 31. 11 -7f/4
3 dz
Iu = 1 + ~; du = 2x dx, so ,?
+0+0=
6xll;
= 60
[sin( 4x)
+ 2 cos(4 x)] dz
7f/4
=0+4
cos 4x dx
= sin 4xf~4 = 0
Page 236
Chapter 5, Integration
56 .
1 AX ~ = 1 - 0 = '6 6 Xo x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
xI
0.1667
60.
Number of primes less than ?r( x) Legendre
= = = = =
0.0000 0.1667 0.3333 0.5000 0.6667 0.8333 1.0000
I(xo) I(xl) I(~) f(~) l(x4) l(x5) l(x6)
= = = = =
1.0000 1.0023 1.0184 1.0607 1.1386 1.2565 1.4142
Simpson's rule:
A ~ M1(1.0000)
+ 4(1.0023) + 2(1.0184) + 4(1.0607) + 2(1.1386) + 4(1.2565) + 1(1.4142)](~)
~ 1.1114
utl_te. DUEl
168 172 1,229 1,231 9,592 9,588 78,498 78,534 664,579 665,140 loB 5,761,455 5,768,204 109 50,847,478 50,917,519 1010 455,052,511455,743,004 Answers vary; Gauss' approximation to 1r(x). 61. Here is the result from the trapezoidal with n = 6:
Trapezolclal TYPE or EStIMTE Trapezo14 .. Ie .... to cala&late
103 104 105 106 107
is closer
~ I~
(20.0082)
rule
57. trapezoidal
TYPE or EStlMTE Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid
.. Ie uei to calculate
esU_te. DUER
• or
SUBi
1"rERUiU.S
!SIIMTE [8. 1]
• or
SUBIrfl'EJlUALS
annAn:
[8,
1]
18 28 is 88 168 1888
6 8
.217ZASAfJ7353 .21575~382 .21S2SZ87637? .21581858Z773 .214786883261 .ZI46Z?878Z6g .Zli688341819 .ZI468346iZ87 .ZI4681878Z69
1.81485563943
To check, we can use a calculator more accurate approximation: 1 .:
to find a
°f
cos?
dx ~
1.01297
01
-"2
is a(t)
By calculator, the maximum value of I"(x) is about 2, so let M 2. n2 > 33.3 or n 6.
62.
The deceleration
= - k m/s2;
v( t)
58.
Trapezolcl&l TYPE or ESTIMTE Trapezoid trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid Trapezoid
Rule ued to calculate
estl_te.
=-
• or
8(t) =
SUBI"TERWILS i
+ Vo = - kt + 25 -!k? + 25t + 0
kt
ESTlMTE DUEl
U. Z]
B 18 Z8 is lIB 168 1888
r-
1.18126B48687 1.i8B58ZfrtS86 1.1883tJ89B7Z 1.188Z3311187 1.i8888513653 1.18884889171 1.188838B31Z3 1.48883651517 1.~
The car will stop when the velocity is time tl or tl =25/ k. 50
at
!ktl2
25tl + 50 =
50 -
~k(2:?-
25e:) + 50
= 622; =
k
°
0
_!ktI2 + 25tl
= 6.25
By calculator, the maximum value of about 0.7, so let M = 1. n2 > [12(0.00005)] - I = 1,666.7 or n 59.
I" (x)
is 63 •
The deceleration a.
is - 6.25 m/s2. - 48
= 41.
- dv a -dt-dsdt- dv d8 -
Number of primes less than 1r(x) Gauss 178 1,246 9,628 78,628 455,055,614
103 168 104 1,229 105 9,592 106 78,498 1010 455,052,511
f
Substituting
v ~~= -4s
v dv
J-
48 ds
~ = -282
+C
v = 0 and s = 5 makes the
Chapter 5 Review
Page 235
,..
x=C
tan
46.
+ cot
53. Exact value:
6 Xo 0.0000 xt 0.5236 X:z = 1.0472 x3 = 1.5708 2.0944 x. x5 2.6180 x6 3.1416
J
0
sin x dx=
-cos . xl1l' 0
=2
dy x dx = Y
~x=
,..
o=~~
0.5236
J
47.
dy =
x dx
1
= =
i~
iz? + C
~=z?+C
dy 2 dx = y(xy- 1
dy
J (z? +
= = =
I(Xo) I(xl) I( x.z) I(~) I(x.) l(x5) l(x6)
1)
1) dx Cl
= = = = = = =
0.0000 0.5000 0.8660 1.0000 0.8660 0.5000 0.0000
Trapezoidal rule: A
~![1(0)
+ 2(1)
In]
yl = 1x3 + x +
3 y = Ce(1/3)X +X
+ 2(0.5) + 2(0.8660) + 2(0.8660) + 2(0.5) +
~ 1.9541
1(0)](~)
~ M7.4640)
48.
dy dx-Yz?+l
J #+2y dy 49.
J R+1 x dx
!J~
54.
A uX
1 = 1 - 0 = 6 ~ 0.1667 6
+2
Xo=
xl
.JiT+2=R+1+C
dy cos2y dx = cot x
sec2y
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 A
= = = = = =
0.0000 0.1667 0.3333 0.5000 0.6667 0.8333 1.0000
I(x.z)
I(Xo) l(x1) f(~) l(x4) l(x5) I(xt;)
= = = = = = =
1.0000 1.0023 1.0184 1.0607 1.1386 1.2565 1.4142
dy =
y
J
=
Trapezoidal rule:
tan x dx lnlcoa xl+ C
~
~ fi(13.3672) ~. 1.1139 1 8
50.
J
~/4
dy _ dx yl/2
I! V '!I
dy =
xl/2
65. dx
~l/2
= ~x3/2
+ +
Xo Cl
Xl
51.
J ::2: o
o
y3/2 = x3/2 ~/4 dx = ~
x.z
tan x sec x dx
= ~ sec xi~4= ~(..fi = -~ =cos xl:
1) ~ 0.5274
x3 = 0.375 0.500 x4 0.625 x5 0.750 x6 0.875 x7 1.000 x8
1 = -8- - 0 = = 0.000 = 0.125 = 0.250
= 0.125
I(Xo) l(x1) l(x2)
= = = = =
I(~)
l(x4) l(x5) l(x6) l(z7) l(z8)
= = = = = = = = =
1.000 0.999 0.992 0.975 0.943 0.897 0.839 0.774 0.707
52.
a. ~ sin x dx
2~
Trapezoidal rule: A~
= j ~0.6366
i [1(1.000)
+ 2(0.999) + 2(0.992)
h. 2~ sin x dx
fo
2~ cos x
r: =
+ 2(0.975) + 2(0.943) + 2(0.897) + 2(0.839) + 2(0.774) + 1(0.707)](i)
~ MI4.545) ~ 0.9091
Chapter 5 Review
Page 237
constant
h. 64.
,? +
= 50 so that'? + 4i = 100. 4(32) = 100 implies" = ± 8 m/s
C
= 1<,? + 5)3/2 + C
Since the curve passes through (2, 10)
aCt) = 2t
+ 1; v(t)
5
=P + t+
"0
=P + t+ 2 =
10 =
1<22 + 5)3/2 + C
s(1) = ~+ 65.
~ + 2t + 4
y
1= C
1<,? + 5)3/2 + 1
R(x) = I (1,575 - 5'?) dx
70.
a(1) = 12(21 + 1) -3/2; v(0) = 0; s(0) = 3
v(t) = 6 (21 + 1) -3/2(2 = -12(21 + 1) -1/2
Since v(0)
o = [1,575x - ~x3JI~ = 23,:00
R:l
dt) +C
7,666.67
The revenue for the five years is
= 0, C = 12
dt) +
= -12(21 + 1) -1/2 + 12
set) = - 6 (2t + 1) -1/2(2 = - 6[2(2t
$7,666.67. 66.
= 150i/ + C1; C(x) = 0.2? + C2; P( x) = 150x2/3 - 0.2? + C;
R(x)
3
12 dt
Il/2
- 2t]
C1
At 1 = 0, s = 3, so C1 = 15;
520 = 150(162/3) C
R:l -
(0.2)(162) + C 71.
set) = - 6[2(2t + 1)1/2 - 2t] + 15
When t
381.24 0.2'? - 381.24
profit is
= 4, the
particle is at s( 4)
= 27.
P(x) = 150x2/3
Tt = O.lt + 0.2
Q( t) = 0.05P
dQ
P(25) R:l 776.24; the manufacturer's $776.24. 67. dh = 1 + 1 dt (t + 1)2 I dh = I[l
+ 0.21 +
Since the current level of carbon monoxide is 3.4 ppm, C 3.4. In 3 years,
+ (t + 1)2J 1
Q(3) dt 72.
= 0.05(9)
+ 0.2(3) + 3.4
= 4.45 ppm
When the woman hits the brakes to avoid the cow, the deceleration is a k (the deceleration k is assumed to be a constant).
=-
h=t-t~l+C
Since the tree was 5 ft tall after 2 years, C = 130 and h(O) =~. Thus the tree was 2.33 ft tall when it was transplanted.
v(t) = - kt
Since - 3k
+
"0
"0
68. R(x) = I..fi(x3/2 = ~I (i/2 = ~x3/2 R(O) = 0 =
+ +
1) -1/2
dx dx)
+ vot + 0 So = - ~k + 3vo = - ~k + 9k
set) = v(t)
-!kP
= 0,
"0
= 3k.
= ~k
1) -1/2(~x1/2 C
For the second time, we will assume the same deceleration, k.
+ 1)1/2 +
=-
kt
VI
= 20
5A: + 20 and k
t + Cor
C= R:l
t;
v(5) = 0, so 0
"0
=-
=4
R(4) = t(8+ 1)1/2 - ~ 69. dy = dx
y
$2.67
= 12 ft/s =-
and So
= ;S = 18 ft
+0
xv?+5
set) =
sl
-!(4)P+
20t
2(52) + 20(5)
50 ft
= I (? + 5)1/2(2x dx)
Page 238
Chapter 5, Integration
73.
p(z) =
Vo
(10 + 2y';)
dz = lOx + ~x3/2 +
A=
P(9) - P(O) 74.
= 90 + 36 + C
= 126 people
~!tl Vo 2 0
(1/2)V
[0.074v + ~+Eo
O
-5.774] dv
-C
Let N(t) denote the number of bushels that are produced over the next t days. Then
= ; [0.0~4J + 112.65 In v o
+ (Eo -
5.774)v ] Vo
VO/2
df[ = 0.3t2
= ~[0.037v02 + 112.65In Vo+ (Eo - 5.774)vo] - Vo0.03'\"2J
Rj
+ 0.6t + 1, and the increase in the
crop over the next six days is N(6) - N(O) = = (o.lil
[.Jvo'a
Vo 112.65 In "2 + (Eo-5.774)
-1
(Vo)~J "2
J
6
(0.3P t)
+ 0.6t + 1) dt
0.056vo + 156.166vo Since 110 39, =
A
+ Eo - 5.774
+ 0.3P+
I~ = 38.4
77.
= Eo
+ 0.4143
- (In 2)25 - t dt
If the price remains fixed at $2 per bushel, the corresponding increase in the value of the crop is $76.80.
dP (f[-
75.
Because the price of turkey t months after the beginning of the year is P( t) = 0.06P - 0.2t + 1.2 dollars per pound, the average price during the first six months is 6 .:
= - 32(1n 2) 2 C= -31 and P( t) P( t)
dt = 32(2 - ~ + C
Since P = 1 when t = 0: 1 = 32 + C, so
= 32(2 -
~ - 31
of
The colony dies out when (0.06P - 0.2t + 1.2) dt
2
o
+ 1.2t)JI~
Rj
= 0 or when t = 0.0458 hr
(about 2 min, 45 seconds). 1.32 78.
a.
= [i<0.02il - 0.lt
The average price was $1.32 per pound. 76.
a.
The volume of snow cleared is approximately whtu = pilt, wh
~t-+O
~! when 0.074Jl =°
E=
- 112.65 = 0 or Since the second the function
Rj
1:= p
when Vo Rj 39.02 km/h. derivative at b.
Vo is positive,
lim
wh ils = p ilt wh~:=p
reaches a minimum for Vo
39 km/h. h. C
0.074Jl ;;
112.65 dv
= 0.074v + 112.65v-1
Since E = Eo when v = vo= 39, we have Eo = 0.074(39) + 112.65(39)
C = Eo -1
The height, h, of the snow equals the rate of the snowfall times the total time it has been snowing. Suppose the rate of snowfall is r (a constant) and that it started snowing to hr before noon. Then,
+C
h=r(t+to)
By substitution, we have =
p
5.774, and
1
E(v) = 0.074v+ 112.65vc.
The average energy between v=vois
v = !vo and
Eo - 5.774
wr( t +
to) ~:
wrds=
f
Since s
It': to
dt
wrs=plnjt+
= 0 when t = 0, it follows that
tol+
Chapter 5 Review
Page 239
O=plnto+C
since I sin x I:::; 1. Finally,
C=-plnto
Thus,
Ji
4 1
dx=ln4 -
<~
C(x) =
-
wrs=plnjt+tols=
pInto
SO. p(x) = R(x) P'(x) =
!rl~~ 11 +
= 1,
.fi
.j2; -
lx
<0
x -1/2
l
P"(~)
We also know that s = 1 when t which means so that to and then since s = 2 when t = 3,
p'(x) = 0 when x
= ~ and
..L= 1 wr In(.l + 1)
so a maximum occurs at this critical value. P(4) ~ 1.49509 and P(5) ~ 1.4956109, so hire 5 new people at an additional revenue of $1,495.61. 81.
a.
Q(t)
k
Qoel:t and! = e5•25l: or 5.25
~
_ In(I/2) _ -ln2
5.25 -
2- [ 1 3 + 1) - In(~ + 1) '- to we have
J IJ
Q(5) = Qoe -
5 In 2/5.25
0.516SQo
The percentage remaining after 5 years is 100~5)
h.
2In(~ + 1) = In(~ + 1)
(~ +lJ=(~ +1)
~ 51.7% Qoe tlln 2/5.25
Q(tl) Q(tl)
= =
and also
Solving, we find to = 1 (disregard negative value); it started snowing at about 11:00 A.M. You might be interested in some variations of this problem: Problem E275 of the Otto Dunkel Memorial Problem Book, American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 64 (1957); p. 54. Applied Mathematical Notes, January 1975; pp. 6-11. American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 59 (1952); p. 42 (Problem E963). 79.
a.
(1 - 0.9)Qo; thus,
O• lQ
t1
0-
Oe
t1ln 2/5.25
-5.25'
tl
In 2
= In 0.1
= -5'i! ~n 0.1 ~ 17.44
The time for 90% to disintegrate is about 17! years. 82. Let Q( t) be the amount of undissolved salt in the tank at time t. Q(O) 8; dQ/ dt = - kQ, so QI kt + C1;
Because
-I
1
I(x)
I:::; I(x) :::;1I(x)
~ we have
1
-f
b
1I
(x)
dx:::; I (x) dx:::; 1 I (x) a a
dx
In! = Q(t) = c«:» Qo = C= 8, so Q(t) = Se-kt.
82 = 8e -30k
With 2 lb dissolved in 30 minutes, In ~ = - 30k
Dominance
property of integrals
Thus,
b
b
d»
II(x)
< III(x)1
a
4
dx
k=
4
10 In i~ 0.009589
0.009589t1
h.
I
4 1
si~ x dx
< I si~ x dx:::;
1
II
Ii
1
The time to dissolve 1 lb of salt is 8- 1
dx
= 8e -
Page 240
Chapter 5, Integration
The time is about 14 minutes (or 13 min 56 sec). 83. k
Qo
and d on each side of this equation are identically equal. Thus, we must have (a terms) (herms) 0 = ~t13
= In
= 10 million;
1.02;
Q(1)
1.02)t 1.02
= 1.02Qo; 1.02 = el.: or
~
Q( t) = QoiIn
Q(10) = Qoe10 In
12.19 million
( c terms)
+ ~3) 3 = ~t12 + t22) 0 = !(tl + ~)
1= 1
(d terms)
For the population to double, 2 = ef1 In 1.02 t1 = 84.
It follows from !(t1
11~ ~ .~2
and then from
+ ~) = 0 that t1 = -~, 3 = !<~2 + 1./) that tl = y3
35 years
Let X = ~~ and Y = ~~;hen 2X t and
+ 5Y = t
86.
~ 1.73, and ~ = - 1.73. Since it is noon, the Spy rejects the negative time and makes plans to arrive at the bar in 1.73 h - that is, at 1:44 P.M. This is Putnam Problem 6 in the morning session of 1951. Choose coordinates so that the equation of the parabola is 4ay x2, a > O. The chord connecting the points p(2as, as2) to the point Q(2at, a?) has the equation
= =
X + 3 Y = 7 cos t. Solve this system to find X 35 cos t + 3t and Y 14 cos t - t Thus,
=-
(3t - 35 cos t) dt
= ~p -
35 sin t
C2
and (14 cos t - t) dt
= 14 sin t
!P + C1
1I=!(t+s)x
ast
85.
The Spy was puzzled until he remembered he had seen this problem before. It was Problem 2 of the afternoon session of 1970 Putnam examination. Let I(t) = af3 + b? + ct + d, where t measures time from noon. The average temperature from 9 A.M. (t = -3) to 3 P.M. (t 3) is
and the tangent line has slope t. Bence this line will be normal to the parabola at Q if and only if !t( t
s)
=-
1 or s
= -~-
We see, therefore, that sand t have opposite signs. Take s < 0 and t > O. Then the area cut off by the chord is
2at
=3
-l- f
3)
4
2
[¥t
+ s)x
ast -
(af3 3)4]
+ bt + ct + d)
2
dt
2a,
::J f<t dx =
s)3
-3
_ 1 {a[34
-6
- (-
b[33 -
The area will be minimal when t - sis minimal. But t- s
(-
3)3]
= 2t + ~ = 2( Vt -
j/
+ 4 2: 4
+ c[3
- ~-
3?]
+ 6d}
= 3b
Let t1 and ~ be two times such that A = MI(t1) Then we have 3b
+ l(t2)]
+ d = ![(at13 + bt12 + ct1 + d) + (a~3 + bt22 + ct2 + d)] = ![a(t13 + ~)3 + b(t12 + ~2) + c(t1 + ~) + 2dJ
Equality is attained only when 1 and hence t = 1. Thus, of all the normals to the parabola at points to the right of the axis the normal is (2a, a) cuts off the least area. The area cut off is 64a2/3. By symmetry, the normal at ( - 2a, a) cuts off the least area among normals at points to the left of the axis. The critical normals can be characterized as those which meet the axis at an angle of 45°.
Vt =
which will be satisfied for all choices of a, b, c, and d if and only if the coefficients of a, b, c,
Chapter 5 Review
Page 241
87.
This is Putnam Problem 1 from the morning session in 1958. If lIo + al x + a2x? + ... + anxn = 0, then
4.
f(x)
lIo dx = T
l + 2" + ... + n + 1 = 0
an
A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives (or differentials). The differential equation is separable if it can be rewritten 80 that all the terms containing the independent variable appear on one side of the equation and all terms involving the dependent variable appear on the other side. lim
~-+2
Hence, by the mean value theorem for integrals, there exists a number c between 0 and 1 such that
5.
3x? - 5x - 2 -lim (3x+ l)(x - 2) 3? - 7x+2 - x-+2(3x - l)(x - 2) 3x
f(c)
J
o
f(x)
dx =0 6.
=hm x-+2 3 xlim
~-+ +00
1=-5
Remark: this problem appears in G. H. Hardy, A Course in Pure Mathematics, 7th ed. Cambridge University Press, 1938, p. 243. It is stated that the problem appeared in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos for 1929.
3x?+7x+2 5x?-3x+3 (R+x (R+x x
=
- x) - x)(R+x+ .j;? + x + x
x = lim x-++oo
7.
~ -+ +00
lim =
lim x-++oo lim x-++oo
x)
1
Cumulative Review for Chapters Pages 353-354 1.
1-5,
='2
8. 9.
as x 10. 11. lim
.j) + x +
VI + ! +
x
Formally, the limit statement limf(x) =L x--+c means that for each e > 0, there corresponds a number 6 > 0 with the property that
~ -+ 1r/2
2 cos21[ cos;=~=O cos xos 1r
C
"4
sin
If(x)
whenever 0
<
LI < e I x - c I < C. The notation
lim
~ .....0
x sin x = lim x x + sin2x x.....o -.sin 3x = 3 lim
+ sin x
=0
x-+
lim!(x)
= L is read "the limit of f(x)
x.....o
lim
x.....o
sin 3x = 3
3x
approaches c is L" and means that the functional values f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by choosing x sufficiently close to c (but not equal to c). 2. The derivative
L= In L
x -++00 x-++oo
x--++OO
lim
(1 + x)2/~
2In(1
lim
+ x)
r:x )-
of
f at x
is given by
A
I'
.6.x--+0
1m
f(x
+ Llx)
.u.X
lim
1+2
- f(x)
Thus, 12. lim L
x =0
eO
= 1.
%_
provided this limit exists. This is the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point
(x, f(x»~
%-+0
=
tan -Ix
x3 -2x
lim
1 1 +?
3?
-2
3.
If lis defined on the closed interval say I is integrable on [a, b] if I=
[a, b] we
IIPlf-+o
lim
n * E f(xk)Llxk
lim ~ L In L
(1
+ ?? =
6x ~in~
lim ~
6(1
?)2
=1
13.
= =
exists. This limit is called the definite integral of ffrom a to b. The definite integral is denoted by
~+ ~+
lim
lim
(sin x) In x
1=
I(x)
dx
= ~+ J!tc ~ lim
0:
Page 242
Chapter 5, Integration
r-+O+ r-+O+
eO
lim
. =I im = lim Thus, L = 14. 15.
y
l/x - esc x cot x - sin2x x cos x (- s~n
24.
J 50(2x 1 -1
5)3 dx = 25
1
J (2x
1
-: 5)3 (2 dx)
r-+O+
4x
x)( ~~ %) = - 1 . 0 = 0
= 18:? - 4
= ¥<2x - 5)4 25.
= 1.
J~+
1
L = - 14,500 = ! (9 + :?) - 1/2 (2 x dx) J
1 0
-1
= 6x3
y'
+ 2;
y'
= 2(!)(9 26.
+ :?)1/21 ~ = y'iO -
y = (:?
1)3(3x - 4)2 1)3(2)(3x-4)(3)
= (:?+ = 6(:?
= 6(:?
J
=
esc 30 cot 30 dO
= i esc
30 cot 30 (3 dO)
+ 3(:? + 1)2(2x)(3x - 4)2 + 1)2(3x - 4)[:? + 1 + 3:? - 4x]
+ 1)2(3x
- 4)(2x - 1)2
27. 28.
16•
y-
- :? - 4 3x + 1 , (3x + 1)(2x) - (:? - 4)(3) y= (3x + 1)2 3:? + 2x + 12 = (3x + 1)2
,
J e~z;x2 = In! e + 21 + C = In( e + 2) + C J x3 + 2: - 5 dx = J (:? + 2 - 5x -1) dx
Z Z
-1 esc 30 + C
=
29.
1il + 2x
- 5 InI xl
+C
= 1.0000
17•
x Y-x+cosx x
y
x(1 - sin x) = (x + cos x)2 cos x + x sin x = (x + cos x)2
x-
+ cos
18.
+ 3xy + ~ = 0 2x + 3xy' + 3y + 2yy' = 0
:? (3x
Llx - 4 - 0 _ ~ 6 -3 Xo = 0.0000 Xl = 0.6667 x2 = 1.3333 ~ = 2.0000 x4 = 2.6667 x5 = 3.3333 x6 = 4.0000 A~
I(Xo) l(x1) l(x2) l(x3) l(x4) l(x5) l(x6)
= 0.8783 = 0.5447 = 0.3333 = 0.2238 = 0.1621 0.1240
1[1(1) + 4(0.8783) + 2(0.5447)
+ 4(0.3333) + 2(0.2238) + 4(0.1621)
+ 2y)y' = ,
y
19. y
= sec23x
(2x + 3y) 2x + 3y = -3x + 2y 30.
y
+ 1(0.124)](~)
~ l<8.1558)(~) ~ 1.812
y' = 2 sec 3x[sec 3x tan 3x(3)] = 6 sec23x tan 3x 20. 21.
y
y
= x3
y
5:?
y'
=
,
e5z-
4; y'
= 3:? -
5e5z- 2)
= 0 when
+ 2x + 8 lOx + 2 5±09
x
= In(5:?
y=
+ 3x
y"
= 6x - 10
y" = 0 when x =
lOx + 3 5x2 + 3x - 2
22.
y = tan -
1(x2 - 3)
2x
,
y
(0.214, 8.209) is a relative maximum; (3.120, - 4.061) is a relative minimum; (1.667, 2.053) is a point of inflection
= 1 + (x2 - 3)2 = (9 - 4) = 5
5 •
23.
I
9 4
dO
Chapter 5 Review
Page 243
31.
=4 _ ~ - 4 _ ~ - 1
4+~=
4+
~_
35. -lisa
:~
= 2(5 - y)
x-+±oo4
, y
lim
-lsoy=
I5 ~
-lnj5 16x
horizontal asymptote;
Y= YI=
I2dX
2x+ G 2 -
(4-~)2x
- (4 + (4 _ ~)2
~)( -2x)
= (4_~)2
Since Y = 3 when x = 0, G = -In
-lnj5
In
YI = 2x
= 2x
e2z _
In 2
y' = 0 when x = 0
,,_ {(4 -1
15 :. yl
~)2
(4 _ ~)4
x(2)(4
~)( -
2X)J
15 -
-15
2 -
YI
2z
_ 16(3~ + 4) 1-= 0 - (4 _ ~)3 (0, 1) is a relative minimum; vertical asymptotes when 4 x= ±2
I= 2 e-
Y = 5 ± 2e-2z ~ = 0 or when 36.
~!e'sin =
e -, -e-'= dy =
sin x dx xG
-cos
e-l/=cosx+G Since y = 5 when x = 0, G = e Thus, e-'=e-5 y
5-
1;
l+cosx x
= =
-Inlcos
7
+ e-
5-
11
32.
/'(x)
/'(x)
= ~ - 4x + 3 = (x = 0 when x= 1, 3 1(1) = 1(6)
1)(x 23 ; 6
3)
37. a.
F(7)
I1(t) dt
o
OF QUARTER CmCLE AREA OF TRIANGLE)
1(0) = - 10; 1(3)
-10
=8
= (AREA
-
The maximum value is 8 and the minimum value is - 10.
33. Iy-2dy
dy = ~i";4
dx
_ x3 - x )I/2dx
3
= !'Ir(3)2 = ~'Ir h.
- !.4.4 8
=
y=
I~(4
F(x) has a relative maximum at x = 3 because F'(x) = 1(x) changes from positive to negative at x = 3. F(7) = ~'Ir - 8 F'(7)
y4x
_y-I
= -~[(4 - x3)3/2
2(4 x3)3/2
GI]
c.
+G
d.
+ 1) + G
= 1(7) =
20 -
-4
(~'Ir - 8) = - 4(x - 7)
34.
(1 +~)
dy= (x+ l)y dx
d x
l+~ I y -Id y= IX+l
+y
~11"
=0
In y = tan -Ix + !In(~
F"(x) = 1'(x) changes from increasing to decreasing at x 0, and from decreasing to increasing at x = 7. Thus, the graph of F has points of inflection at x = 0 and
x= 7.
Page 244
Chapter 5, Integration
38.
GIven, E(x)
I
·Qox = (x- + R 23/2; )
2
11 - 0 E (x) = 0 when
I
= - 2( x
+ ?r
2 sin
- ~)
E (x) =
Qo( R2 - 2:r?) (x2
11= -2x
Co
+R
2 5/2 and
f'(z)
=-
= -j
j
5
x=
±fR
42. a.
sin x=
Thus, x ~ 0.690; mean value theorem h.
39.
Consider a triangle with legs 5,000 and y, where y is the altitude of the rocket. Use () for the angle of elevation, opposite the y leg.
y
A=
J~dx
2
= 1<x =
= 5,000 tan ()
2
2V3
2)3/21 ~
dy _
dt - 5,000 sec 0 dt
dO
j
lIt
dO _ 1 2 dy dt - 5,000cOS () dt
Given dy/ dt = 850; if y = 4,000, cos20 25/41:
~~= 5,Joo(~fX850)
40. a.
x=
= ll4
~
-
43. 0.1 rad/s
a.
/(x)
= x3
6:r?
f'(x) f'(x)
/"(x)
= 3:r? -
12X;
v(t) dt= 2tl - t2
= 0 when x = 0, 4 = 6x - 12;
relative maximum at x
4t+
C
so C
x(2) = 2 ·8 - 4 - 8 x(t) = 2tl h.
AVERAGE
+ C = 4 + C,
=2
/"(0) = -12,
P-
4t
+2 =
x(3J 3
_ 35 -
VELOCITY
=0 =4
:0)
/(0)
= k, so relative maximum
minimum
at (0, k); at x
2 - 11 -
6P 6t
2 -
2t - 4 2t -
= 11 15 = 0
t
= 12, relative /(4) = k- 32,
/"(4)
relative
minimum
at (4, k - 32)
=
~
J4 - 4(6)(
2(6)
h. / (x) has three distinct
- 15)
real roots when so 0
k
Co
>0
and k - 32
VALUE
< 0,
2
< k < 32.
C.
DISTANCE
JI
3
1.75657
AVERAGE
v( t) dt
J
o
= 2 _ 1(-1)
J (:i3 -1
6:r?
+ k)
dx= 2
16P - 2t - 41 dt
J16t
1
2t - 41 dt 44.
a.
1[3k -4'57]-2 ,SOIl;-4' L_27 3'
= 3 + 36 = 39
41. a.
m=--1(=
2-
0-'2
2
-1f
~~
a(t)
= 32
32 _d'O.08v = 0.08vl
dt
0.08v
y-
= -j.{x - 0)
- 0.~8Inl32
y= -jx+2 h.
= t + C1 32 - 0.08v = C2e - O.08t
f'(x) = - 2 sin x f'(f)
=-
2sinf
=-
When t
= 0, v =
v - _1_[32 - 0.08 5, so C2
C e2
O.08t!
= 31.6,
so
Chapter 5 Review
Page 245
v( t) =
h. c. lim
0.18 [32
395e -
- 31.6e O.08t
0.08~
= 400 - 395e t~+oo
(400 -
0.08~
= 400 ftls
Let 8(1) be the distance the object has fallen (from the airplane) at time 1. Then
~:= v(t) = 400 - 395e 8(1)
O.08t
(400 -
395e -
0.08~
dt
- 4001 -0.08 When 1 = 0, 8 = 0, so C3 8(1)=400t -
_1.!!Le-O•08t
+
-
= - 4,937.5, so
1)
4,937.5(e-0•08t
The "safe" velocity of 60 ftls is first reached when v(t)
= 400
395e -
O.08t
= 60
t ~ 1.874
Thus, the maximum safe height for dropping the object is found for t = 1.874 seconds or when s(1.874) = 400(1.874) ~ 1,437.01 4,937.5[e 0.08(1.874)
-1]
The maximum height of the plane is about 1,437 ft. 45.
y- 2dy =
lJ sin 3x (3dx) - ~ = -l cos 3x + C
y_
y'l =
dy
sin 3x dx
cos 3x
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