PROJECT REPORT

VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

Prepared By :MANVENDRA SINGH B.tech IIIrd year (ECE) IIT ROORKEE

Introduction:

A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of an

electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purposedesigned computer software at least at one operational base to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems, particularly in large cities. By using the latest GSM & GPS technology to protect and monitor our car, truck, boat (moveable asset) virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meter. So for the understanding the whole operation of VTS device, we can divide the whole working in the two parts Tracking the location of vehicle To provide protection of vehicle

Common Uses:

Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet management functions such as fleet tracking, routing, dispatch, on-board information and security. Along with commercial fleet operators, urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of purposes, including monitoring schedule adherence of buses in service, triggering changes of buses' destination sign displays at the end of the line (or other set location along a bus route), and triggering pre-recorded announcements for passengers. The American Public Transportation Association estimated that, at the beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and destination, primarily for the benefit of visually impaired customers, or to internal announcements (to passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or tram) approaches a stop, or both. Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route is often continuously fed into a computer program which compares the vehicle's actual location and time with its schedule, and in turn produces a frequently updating display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late he/she is at any given time, potentially making it easier to adhere more closely to the published schedule. Such programs are also used to provide customers with real-time information as to the waiting time until arrival of the next bus or tram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual progress at the time, rather than merely giving information as to the scheduled time of the next arrival. Transit systems providing this kind of information assign a unique number to each stop, and waiting passengers can obtain information by entering the stop number into an automated telephone system or an application on the transit system's website. Some transit agencies provide a virtual map on their website, with icons depicting the current locations of buses in service on each route, for customers' information, while others provide such information only to dispatchers or other employees. Other applications include monitoring driving behavior, such as an employer of an employee, or a parent with a teen driver. Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emitted by the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or replacement for a traditional car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of

emergency. The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce the insurance cost, because the loss-risk of the vehicle drops significantly. Vehicle tracking systems are an integrated part of the "layered approach" to vehicle protection, recommended by the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB) to prevent motor vehicle theft. This approach recommends four layers of security based on the risk factors pertaining to a specific vehicle. Vehicle Tracking Systems are one such layer, and are described by the NICB as very effective in helping police recover stolen vehicles. Some vehicle tracking systems integrate several security systems, for example by sending an automatic alert to a phone or email if an alarm is triggered or the vehicle is moved without authorization, or when it leaves or enters a geofence. Other scenarios in which this technology is employed include: Stolen vehicle recovery: Both consumer and commercial vehicles can be outfitted with RF or GPS units to allow police to do tracking and recovery. In the case of Lojack, the police can activate the tracking unit in the vehicle directly and follow tracking signals. Fleet management: When managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the realtime location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more efficiently. Whether it is delivery, service or other multi-vehicle enterprises, drivers now only need a mobile phone with telephony or Internet connection to be inexpensively tracked by and dispatched efficiently. Asset tracking: Companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance or other monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a map and closely monitor movement and operating status. Field service management: Companies with a field service workforce for services such as repair or maintenance, must be able to plan field workers time, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these departments efficiently. Vehicle tracking allows companies to quickly locate a field engineer and dispatch the closest one to meet a new customer request or provide site arrival information. Field sales: Mobile sales professionals can access real-time locations. For example, in unfamiliar areas, they can locate themselves as well as customers and prospects, get driving directions and add nearby last-minute appointments to itineraries. Benefits include increased productivity, reduced driving time and increased time spent with customers and prospects.

 Trailer tracking: Haulage and Logistics companies often operate lorries with detachable load carrying units. The part of the vehicle that drives the load is known as the cab and the load carrying unit is known as the trailer. There are different types of trailer used for different applications, e.g., flat bed, refrigerated, curtain sider, box container. Surveillance: A tracker may be placed on a vehicle to follow the vehicle's movements.[5] Transit tracking: This is the temporary tracking of assets or cargoes from one point to another. Users will ensure that the assets do not stop on route or do a U-Turn in order to ensure the security of the assets. Vehicle tracking systems are widely used worldwide. Components come in various shapes and forms but most utilize GPS technology and SMS services. While most will offer real-time tracking, Others record real time data and store it to be read, similar to data loggers. systems like these track and record and allow reports after certain points have been solved.

Global positioning system:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). Announcements from the Vice President and the White House in 1998

initiated these changes. In 2000, U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, referred to as GPS III. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System.

Basic concept of GPS:

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include the time the message was transmitted satellite position at time of message transmission The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light the speed at which satellite signals propagate results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for both the receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or

including information from the vehicle computer, to give a less degraded position when fewer than four satellites are visible.

Applications :
While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has significant military and civilian applications. GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching. GPS tracking device: The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS location information apart from other vehicle information at regular intervals to a central server. The other vehicle information can include fuel amount, engine temperature, altitude, reverse geocoding, door open/close, tire pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight, turn on taillight, battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number of GPS satellites in view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency button status, cumulative idling, computed odometer, engine RPM, throttle position, and a lot more. Capability of these devices actually decides the final capability of the whole tracking system.

Demodulation and decoding :

Because all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency, the signals must be separated after demodulation. This is done by assigning each satellite a unique binary sequence known as a Gold code. The signals are decoded after demodulation using addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver. If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks the satellites to listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32. If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites. To obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data. Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and the satellite position at this time.

System overview:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mixed Signal Microcontroller GSM Module GPS Module EEPROM MMC (Multi Media Card)

Mixed Signal Microcontroller :

The MSP430 family of ultralow power microcontrollers consists of several devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various applications. The architecture, combined with five low power modes is optimized to achieve extended battery life in portable measurement applications. The device features a powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit registers, and constant generators that contribute to maximum code efficiency. The digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) allows wake-up from low-power modes to active mode in less than 6 s. The MSP430F15x/16x/161x series are microcontroller configurations with two built-in 16-bit timers, a fast 12-bit.

The MSP430F15x/16x/161x series are microcontroller configurations with two built-in 16-bit timers, a fast 12-bitA/D converter, dual 12-bit D/A converter, one or two universal serial synchronous/asynchronous communication interfaces (USART), I2C, DMA, and 48 I/O pins. In addition, the MSP430F161x series offers extended RAM addressing for memory-intensive applications and large C-stack requirements. Typical applications include sensor systems, industrial control applications, hand-held meters, etc.

Pin designation, MSP430F157:

MSP430F155,

MSP430F156,

and

functional block diagram, MSP430F15x :

functional block diagram, MSP430F16x :

Bootstrap loader (BSL)

The MSP430 bootstrap loader (BSL) enables users to program the flash memory or RAM using a UART serial interface. Access to the MSP430 memory via the BSL is protected by user-defined password. For complete description of the features of the BSL and its implementation, see the Application report Features of the MSP430 Bootstrap Loader, Literature Number SLAA089.

flash memory
The flash memory can be programmed via the JTAG port, the bootstrap loader, or in-system by the CPU. The CPU can perform single-byte and single-word writes to the flash memory. Features of the flash memory include: 1. Flash memory has n segments of main memory and two segments of information memory (A and B) of 128 bytes each. Each segment in main memory is 512 bytes in size. 2. Segments 0 to n may be erased in one step, or each segment may be individually erased. 3. Segments A and B can be erased individually, or as a group with segments 0 to n .Segments A and B are also called information memory. 4. New devices may have some bytes programmed in the information memory (needed for test duringmanufacturing). The user should perform an erase of the information memory prior to the first use.

Peripherals :

Peripherals are connected to the CPU through data, address,

and control busses and can be handled using all instructions. For complete module descriptions, see the MSP430x1xx Family Users Guide, literature number SLAU049.

DMA controller : The DMA controller allows movement of data from one
memory address to another without CPU intervention .For example, the DMA controller can be used to move data from the ADC12 conversion memory to RAM. Using the DMA controller can increase the throughput of peripheral modules. The DMA controller reduces system power consumption by allowing the CPU to remain in sleep mode without having to awaken to move data to or from a peripheral. Oscillator and system clock.The clock system in the MSP430F15x and MSP430F16x(x) family of devices is supported by the basic clock module that includes support for a 32768-Hz watch crystal oscillator, an internal digitally-controlled oscillator(DCO) and a high frequency crystal oscillator. The basic clock module is designed to meet the requirements of both low system cost and low-power consumption. The internal DCO provides a fast turn-on clock source and stabilizes in less than 6 s. The basic clock module provides the following clock signals:

1. Auxiliary clock (ACLK), sourced from a 32768-Hz watch crystal or a high frequency crystal. 2. Main clock (MCLK), the system clock used by the CPU. 3. Sub-Main clock (SMCLK), the sub-system clock used by the peripheral modules.

Brownout, supply voltage supervisor (SVS) : The brownout circuit

is implemented to provide the proper internal reset signal to the device during power on and power off. The supply voltage supervisor (SVS) circuitry detects if the supply voltage drops below a user selectable level and supports both supply voltage supervision (the device is automatically reset) and supply voltage monitoring (SVM, the device is not automatically reset). The CPU begins code execution after the brownout circuit releases the device reset. However, VCC may not have ramped to VCC (min) at that time. The user must insure the default DCO settings are not changed until VCC reaches VCC (min). If desired, the SVS circuit can be used to determine when VCC reaches VCC (min).

Digital I/O : There are six 8-bit I/O ports implementedports P1 through P6:
1. All individual I/O bits are independently programmable. 2. Any combination of input, output, and interrupt conditions is possible. 3. Edge-selectable interrupt input capability for all the eight bits of ports P1 and P2. 4. Read/write access to port-control registers is supported by all instructions.

Watchdog timer:

The primary function of the watchdog timer (WDT) module is to perform a controlled system restart after a software problem occurs. If the selected time interval expires, a system reset is generated. If the watchdog function is not needed in an application, the module can be configured as an interval timer and can generate interrupts at selected time intervals.

Hardware multiplier (MSP430F16x/161x only):The multiplication

operation is supported by a dedicated peripheral module. The module is capable of supporting signed and unsigned multiplication as well as signed and

unsigned multiply and accumulates operations. The result of an operation can be accessed immediately after the operands have been loaded into the peripheral registers. No additional clock cycles are required.

ADC12:

The ADC12 module supports fast, 12-bit analog-to-digital conversions. The module implements a 12-bit SAR core, sample select control, reference generator and a 16 word conversion-and-control buffer. The conversion-and-control buffer allows up to 16 independent ADC samples to be converted and stored without any CPU intervention.

Comparator_A :The primary function of the comparator_A module is to

support precision slope analogtodigital conversions, Batteryvoltage supervision and monitoring of external analog signals.

DAC12:

The DAC12 module is a 12-bit, R-ladder, voltage output DAC. The DAC12 may be used in 8- or 12-bit mode, and may be used in conjunction with the DMA controller. When multiple DAC12 modules are present, they may be grouped together for synchronous operation.

Battery Charger:

The bq24070/1 powers the system while independently charging the battery. This feature reduces the charge and discharge cycles on the battery, allows for proper charge termination, and allows the system to run with an absent or defective battery pack. This feature also allows for the system to turn on instantaneously from an external power source even when using a deeply discharged battery pack. The IN pin can be programmed to perform like a USB input by pulling the MODE pin low or like an adapter input if the MODE pin is pulled high. An external resistor, RSET1, sets the magnitude of the charge current. If the charge current exceeds the available input current, the voltage on the OUT pin drops to the DPPM OUT threshold or the battery voltage, whichever is higher. The charging current is reduced to what current is available (I BAT = I IN I OUT ). The bq24070/1 charges the battery in three phases: conditioning, constant-current, and constant-voltage.Charge is terminated based on minimum current. A resistor-programmable charge timer provides a backup safety for charge termination. The bq24070/1 automatically restarts the charge if the battery voltage falls below an internal threshold. The bq24070/1 automatically enters sleep mode when both supplies are removed (a drop to the battery voltage). The bq24070 regulates the OUT pin at 4.4 VDC whereas the BQ24071 regulates the output at 6 VDC if the input is greater than 6 VDC + V DO (V DO = dropout voltabe between IN and OUT). For lower input voltages, the OUT pin is V IN V DO .

Bq 24070 EVM SEMETIC

High-Linearity Analog Optocouplers : The HCNR200/201 highlinearity analog optocoupler consists of a high-performance AlGaAs LED that illuminates two closely matched photodiodes. The input pho-todiode can be used to monitor, and therefore stabilize, the light output of the LED. As a result, the non-linearity and drift characteristics of the LED can be virtually elimi-nated. The output photodiode produces a photocur rent that is linearly related to the light output of the LED. The close matching of the photo-diodes and advanced de-sign of the package ensure the high linearity and stable gain characteristics of the opto coupler. The HCNR200/201 can be used to isolate analog signals in a wide variety of applications that require good stabil-ity, linearity, bandwidth and low cost. The HCNR200/201 is very l exible and, by appropriate design of the application circuit, is capable of operating in many dif errant modes, including unipolar/bipolar, ac/dc and inverting/Noninverting. The HCNR200/201 is an excellent solution for many analog isolation problems.

Applications:
1. Low cost analog isolation 2. Telecom: Modem, PBX 3. Industrial process control: Transducer isolator for thermo couples 4mA to 20mA loop isolation 4. SMPS feedback loop, SMPS feed forward 5. Medical 6. Monitor motor supply voltage

High-speed low-cost analog isolator

Theory of Operation: The basic optocoupler consists of an LED and two

photodiodes. The LED and one of the photodiodes (PD1) is on the input lead frame and the other photodiode (PD2) is on the output lead frame. The package of the optocoupler is constructed so that each photo diode receives approximately the same amount of light from the LED. An external feedback amplifier can be used with PD1 to monitor the light output of the LED and automatically adjust the LED current to compensate for any nonlinearities or

changes in light output of the LED. The feedback amplifier acts to stabilize and linearize the light output of the LED. The output photodiode then converts the stable, linear light output of the LED into a current, which can then be converted back into a voltage by another amplifier. The operation of the basic circuit may not be immediately obvious just from inspecting Figure 12a, particularly the input part of the circuit. Stated briel y, amplifier A1 adjusts the LED current (F), and therefore the current in PD1 (IPD1), to maintain its + input terminal at 0 V. For example, increasing the input voltage would tend to in-crease the voltage of the + input terminal of A1 above 0 V. A1 amplifies that increase, causing IF to increase, as well as IPD1. Because of the way that PD1 is connected , IPD1will pull the + terminal of the op-amp back toward ground. A1 will continue to increase IF until its + terminal is back at 0 V. Assuming that A1 is a perfect op-amp, no current l ows into the inputs of A1; therefore, all of the current l owing through R1 will l ow through PD1. Since the + input of A1 is at 0 V, the current through R1, and therefore IPD1 as well, is equal to VIN/R1.Essentially, amplifier A1 adjusts IF so that IPD1= VIN/R1.