FOXPRO

DBMS stand for Data Base Management System. In this system you can create files, reports, labels etc. The database is the collection of records related to person. The DBMS packages are Dbase III plus, Dbase IV, FoxBASE, FoxPro etc. FoxPro is a database management system. It means that using this software we can handle the data in different way. The activity include in DBMS system are 1] Create a database or format structure to store data. 2] Add records in database. 3] Modify records, Edit records. 4] Search particular records. 5] Arrange records in particular order (ascending or descending order). 6] Delete records 7] Delete Database or modify structure. 8] Prepare Reports and Labels. The three important terms are 1] Field :- It is the unit or information related to person. Or it is a heading of column in database. 2] Record :- It is the collection of fields or a complete row of table is called record. 3] Database :- The collection of records is called file. 1] Creating File in FoxPro Create: To create file in foxpro use command CREATE command window with file name. Syntax:- Create <filename> e.g. Create data A structure dialog box appear on screen Here enter field names, there datatype (datatype means type of data you allwoed for that field for e.g. number or character or date) enter width of field (space allowed) and if necessary enter decimal number. After this select OK button or press Ctrl+W to save and exit form structure box, a message display to "Input record now (y/n)" press y to add records in append window. Add some records in append window and to close and save data in file press Ctrl +W again. Data type available in FoxPro Data type Default width Character 10 Numeric 10 Float 10 Date 08 Logical 01 Memo 10 in dbf file General 10 in dbf file Maximum Width 254 20 20 08 01 unlimited bytes unlimited bytes

In FoxPro there are different data types are available. These are 1] Character :- Allowed alphabets (A to Z, a to z) number (0 to 9) and special character and space. 2] Numeric :- Allowed digits (0 to 9) and decimal point also contain + or - sign. 3] Float :- Same as Numeric. 4] Date:- the date data type use to define or enter date value. 5] Memo :- The memo data type is same as character data type having unlimited width. 6] General :- it is use for OLE object. Rules for naming field 1] Field name must start with character or underscore (_) character. 2] Field name can be up to 10 char. 3] Space is not allowed in field name. 4] Duplicate field name is not allowed. 2] Use Command: This command is use to open an existing file and also to close current file. Syntax :- Use [File name] e.g. to open data file Use Data

3] Append This command is use to add new records Syntax Append [blank] [from <filename>] [filed <field list>] [for <expL>] e.g. 1] to add records in append window use data Append 2] To add blank record without opening append window append blank 3] To add new records in a current file from file name "student" append from student 4] To add only though records having city "shegaon" of "student" file append from student for city = "shegaon" 4] Browse: This command is most popular or useful in FoxPro which let you to add new records, delete records or modify records in browse window. Syntax:Browse [Scope] [Fields <fieldlist>] [For <expL>] [While<expL>] [noappend] [nomodify] [nodelte] [noedit] e.g 1] To open browse window Browse 2] To browse only fields Title author and cost only browse fields Title,Author,Cost 3] To browse only records having cost greater than 300 browse all for cost >300 4] To browse records but not able to add, modify or delete records in browse window browse all noappend nodelete nomodify 5] List :- this command use to list reocrds on screen, file or to send out put to printer Syntax:- List [off] [scope] [field <field list>] [for<expL>] [While<expL>] e.g. 1] To list all records list 2] To list records without record number List off 3] To list record only 1 to 3 go top list next 3 4] To list only fields title and cost List fields title,cost 5] To list only record of author E. Balguruswami List all for author="E.balguruswami" 6] To list only title and author of title FoxPro List fields title, author for title = "FoxPro" 5] Display :- this command use to Display reocrds on screen, file or to send out put to printer Syntax:Display [off] [scope] [field <field list>] [for<expL>]

[While<expL>] e.g. Display: to display only current record To Display all records Display all To Display records without record number Display off To Display record only 1 to 3 go top Display next 3 To Display only fields title and cost Display fields title,cost To Display only record of author E. Balguruswami Display all for author="E.balguruswami" To Display only title and author of title FoxPro Display fields title, author for title = FoxPro 6] Delete : - This command is use to mark records for delete. Syntax:- Delete [scope] [field <field list>] [for<expL>] [While<expL>] e.g. To Delete all records Delete all To Delete record only 1 to 3 go top Delete next 3 To Delete only record of author E. Balguruswami Delete all for author="E.balguruswami" 7] Recall:- This command is use to recall records marked for delete. Syntax :- Recall [scope] [field <field list>] [for<expL>] [While<expL>] e.g. To Recall all records Use stud Delete for city=Shegaon Recall all To Recall record only 1 to 3 Use stud Delete all go top Recall next 3 To Recall only record of author E. Balguruswami Recall all for author = "E.balguruswami" 8] Pack:- This command is use to delete records permanently marked for delete. Syntax:- Pack e.g. delete all record.

use stud & pack 9] Zap:- This command is use to delete all record permanently of currently

open .dbf file.

e.g To delete all record of data file use data zap 10] Go to:- This command lets you to move record pointer in a dbf file. Syntax:e.g use stud goto 3 11] Locate :- This command is use to search the record sequentially that matches given expression. Locate sequentially search the current table for the first record that matches a logical expression. The table doesn't have to be indexed. If locate find the record it display it's Record no else place the record pointer to EOF. Syntax:Locate [scope] For <expL> [While<expL>] e.g To locate records having city shegaon use stud Locate all for city = "shegaon" To locate all record between 3000 to 6000 Locate all for salary > = 3000 .and. salary<=6000 12] Continue :- Continue command is used after LOCATE succeeds in finding a record, to continue the LOCATE operation. CONTINUE moves the record pointer to the next record for which the logical expression specified in the previous LOCATE evaluates to true <.T.> 13] SORT :- Sort command sort the current table and outputs the sorted data to a new table. Syntax:SORT TO <file> ON <field1> [/A | /D] , <field2> [/A | /D] [ascending] [descending] [scope] [for <expL>] [while<expL>] <file> when a table is sorted a new table is created <on> <field1> you must include a name of a field [/A | /D] for each field you include in the sort you can specify an ascending or descending sort order. ASCENDING | DESCENDING You can specify a sort order for all sort fields not followed by /A or /D <scope> The scope clauses are: All, NEXT <expN>, REOCRD <expN> and REST e.g. To sort the current table on field name and store it to temp table Use stud Sort to temp on name /a To sort the current table on field name and store it to temp table but in descending order Use stud Sort to temp on name desc To sort current table on Title and include only selected fields to it Use lib Sort to abc on title fields title, author, cost

14] Index:- This command is used to arrange the records in ascending or descending order. There are two types of indexing compound indexing (.cdx) containing multiple entries called tag and simple index (idx) containing single index entry. Syntax Index on <field exp> [to <idx file>]/[tag <tag name>] [for <expL>] [compact] [ascending | descending] <field exp> : include fields on which you want to index file (not allowed different data type fields if u want to use then first convert its data type using function.) e.g use lib index on name,dtoc(dofp) tag a additive for <expL> Only records that satisfy the filter expression <expL> are available for display and access. Compact create a compact .idx file. ASCENDING | DESCENDING .cdx files can be built in ascending or descending order. By default tag are created in ascending order. e.g to index file on name in ascending order use abc index on name tag a 15] FIND:- (index query for a single record) Search an index table. Find moves the record pointer to the first record in the table whose index key matches the character expressing <expC>. If the matching record if found RECNO() return it's record number, FOUND() return .T. and EOF() return .F. If SET NEAR is ON and find is unsuccessful, the record pointer is positioned immediately after the closest matching record. e.g use lib index on Title tag a additive find "FoxPro for Windows" 16] SEEK:- SEEK command is similar to FIND search record in index table. In

this expression is allowed.

e.g. use lib index on cost tag a c=234 seek c 17] SET COMMANDS a) SET STATUS ON | OFF : Display or remove Status bar. b) SET CLOCK ON | OFF : SET CLOCK TO [ <ROW> ,<COLUMN>] Determine weather or not FoxPro display the system date and specify it's location. On the screen. (total number on screen is 24 and column is 80 ] e.g. set clock on set clock to 12,30 c) SET CENTURY ON | OFF : Determine weather or not FoxPro displays the century portion of date expression in four digits or two digits. d) SET BELL ON | OFF Turn the computer bell on or off and set the bell attributes.

syntax SET BELL ON | OFF SET BELL [<frequency>,<duration>] Frequency is between 19 to 10000 hertz And duration is between 1 to 19 e.g. SET BELL ON SET BELL TO 12000 , 12 e) SET DELETED ON |OF Specify weather or not foxpro processes records marked for deletion Or available for use in other commands f) SET TALK ON | OFF Determine weather or not foxpro display command reasult g) SET ESCAPE ON | OFF Determine weather or not pressing the Escape key interrupts program and command execution. h) SET HEADING ON | OFF Set Heading specifies weather a field name is displayed as a column heading output of average, calculate, display, list and sum. i) SET NEAR ON | OFF Determine weather the record pointer is positioned after FIND or SEEK unsuccessfully search for a record. j) SET SAFETY ON | OFF Determines weather or not FoxPro display a warning before overwriting an existing file. k) SET EXACT ON | OFF Specifies rules used when comparing strings of different lengths. l) SET DATE [TO] AMERICAN |ANSI | BRITISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | ITALIAN | JAPAN | USA | MDY | DMY | YMD Use this command to set the format used to display date expressions. Here are the settings and the resulting date expressions. Resulting date format Setting Format American mm/dd/yy Ansi yy.mm.dd Italian dd-mm-yy German dd.mm.yy British / French dd/mm/yy Japan yy/mm/dd Usa mm-dd-yy Mdy mm-dd-yy Dmy dd-mm-yy Ymd yy/mm/dd SET DECIMAL TO <expN> Specify the decimal places display in numeric used to display the result of division, multiplication and trigonometric and financial function. e.g. set decimal to 2 m) SET CARRY ON/OFF Determine whether or not foxpro carry forword the entired record from current record created by APPEND command.

n) SET CARRY TO <field> Specifies the fields from which you want to carry forword the data to the new record. e.g. use stud set carry to city,course append o) SET CONFIRM ON/OFF Specifies whether or not enter or tab key pressed to exit an input field and move to the next field. By default confirm is OFF p) SET DEFAULT TO <path> Species the default drive & directory for working . e.g. set default to a:\main q) SET FILTER TO Specifies a condition for the current database file. This display only those records which satisfied the given condition. e.g. use stud set filter to course=ADCSSAA browse tip:- to remove the filter give command SET FILTER TO ALL r) SET INDEX TO Open one or more index files for use with current database file. You can open both .IDX or .CDX files with this command. e.g. use stud index on name to name index on rollno to roll set index to name s) SET ORDER TO Select a specified index file or tag as the controlling index file/tag for the current or specified file. e.g. use stud index on name tag name index on rollno tag roll set order to name t) SET MESSAGE TO <expN> Specifies the message to row location created by user. u) SET RELATION TO Create the relation with more than one file using this command. e.g. suppose the two files are created with name & fields as emp_c emp_v code code name post dob salary doj city tip:- you must remember that you must take one filed comman in both file. Here is code. Now set the relation as:select 1 use emp_c index on code to code select 2 use emp_v index on code to code1

select 1 set relation to code into emp_v browse fields code,name,emp_v.post,emp_v.salary v) SET UNIQUE ON/OFF Specifies weather or not the duplicat record are displayed or not in index file. w) SET PROCEDURE TO Opens the procedure file. Only one procedure file is opened at time. DATE FUNCTIONS

1) DATE():- Returns the current system date, which is controlled by the operating
system. Syntax & e.g. :?DATE( ) Returns date:02/14/01 tip:- if century is on then year displayed in yyyy format. 2) DAY() :- Returns the numeric day of the month for a given date expression. DAY( ) returns a number from 1 through 31. Syntax :DAY(<expD>) e.g. ?DAY({01/11/99}) Returns value :- 10

3) MONTH():- Return the numeric month of given date expression.

Syntax:Month(<expD>) e.g. ?MONTH({10/09/1999}) Return value :- 10

4) CMONTH():- Return the character month of given date expression.

Syntax:CMONTH(<expD>) e.g. ?CMONTH({09/03/79}) Return value:- September Tip :- you can also write the character text to this date as ?My birth day will come in the month of,cmonth({09/03/1979}) Return :- My birth day will come in the month of September

5) DOW():- Returns the numeric day of week from given date expression.
The value returned by DOW( ) ranges from 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday). Syntax:DOW(<expD>) e.g. ?DOW({date()) return value :- 1. e.g. ?Dow({02/14/2001}) Return value :- 4

6) CDOW():- Return the character day of week from given date expression.
Syntax:CDOW(<expD>) e.g. ?CDOW({02/14/2001}) Return :- Wednesday 7) YEAR():- Return the year from given date expression. SET CENTURY ON/OFF command will not affect this function it always displayed in YYYY format. Syntax:YEAR(<expD>) e.g. ?YEAR({01/01/99}) Return:- 1999 8) CTOD():- Return the a character expression to a date expression. Syntax:-

CTOD(<expC>) e.g.. ?CTOD(10/01/1999) Returns:- 10/01/1999 Tip:- CTOD( ), the character to date function, returns a date type value from a character expression. 9) DTOC():- Convert the date expression into character expression. Syntax:- DTOC(<expD>) e.g. ?DTOC({10/01/1999}) Return :- 10/01/1999 10) DTOS():- Returns a character-string date in the format YYYYMMDD from a specified date expression. Syntax:- DTOS(<expD>) e.g. ?DTOS({10/09/1999}) Returns:- 19991009 11) DMY():- Returns a specified date expression in Day Month Year format. Syntax:- DMY(<expD>) e.g. ?DMY({02/10/2001}) Returns:- 10 February 01 Tip:- if SET CENTURY OFF then year displayed in yy format otherwise in YYYY format. 12) MDY():- Returns the specified date expression in Month Day Year format. Syntax :- MDY(<expD>) e.g. ?MDY({02/14/2001}) Returns:- February 14, 2001 NUMERIC FUNCTIONS 1) MOD():- Returns the remainder obtained by dividing a numeric expression by another numeric expression. Syntax :- MOD(<expN1> , <expN2> e.g. ?MOD(10,3 Return :- 1 Tip:- MOD is identical to % 2) ABS():- Returns the absolute value of the specified numeric expression. Syntax :- ABS(<expN>) e.g. ?ABS(-129.90) Returns: 129.90 3) ACOS():- Returns the arc cosine of a specified numeric expression in radian. Syntax :- ACOS(<expN>) e.g. ?ACOS(0.10) Returns:- 1.47 Tip:- The value of <expN> can range from +1 through -1.The value returned by ACOS( ) ranges from 0 through pi ( 3.141592). 4) ASIN():- This trigonometric function returns in radians the arc sine of the numeric expression <expN>. Syntax :- ASIN(<expN>) e.g. ?ASIN(-1) Returns:- -1.57 Tip:-The value of <expN> can range from +1 through -1, and the value returned by ASIN( ) can range from -pi/2 through +pi/2 ( -1.57079 to 1.57079). 5) ATAN():- This trigonometric function returns in radians the arc tangent of a numeric expression. Syntax :- ATAN(<expN>) e.g. ?ATAN(1.3) Returns:- 0.92 Tip:- the value returned by ATAN( ) can range from -pi/2 through +pi/2 ( -1.57079 to 1.57079). The numeric value returned by ATAN( ) is in radians. 6) COS():- Returns the cosine of a numeric expression. Syntax:- COS(<expN>) e.g. ?cos(45) Returns.53

Tip:-the value returned by COS( ) ranges between -1 and 1. <expN> is given in radians. 7) DTOR():- Converts the value of a numeric expression given in degrees to an equivalent value in radians. Syntax :- DTOR(<expN>) e.g. ?DTOR(180) Returns:- 3.14 8) EXP() :- Returns the value of e^x where x is a specified numeric expression. The value of e, the base of natural logarithms, is approximately 2.71828. Syntax:- EXP(<expN>) e.g. ?EXP(2) Returns:- 7.39 9) FLOOR():- Returns the nearest integer that is less than or equal to the specified numeric expression. Syntax:- FLOOR(<expN>) e.g:- ?FLOOR(19,90) Returns:- 19 e.g. ?FLOOR(-19.99) Return:- -20 TIPS:- FLOOR( ) rounds a positive number with a fractional portion down to the integer portion of the number, and rounds a negative number with a fractional portion down to the next lowest integer.

10) INT():- Evaluates a numeric expression and returns the integer portion of the
expression. Syntax :- INT(<expN>) e.g. :- ?INT(20.99) Returns:- 19

11) MAX():- Returns the expression with the highest ASCII or numeric value or the
latest date from a list of character, numeric or date expressions. Syntax :- MAX(<expr1>, <expr2>[, <expr3> ... ]) e.g. ?max(12,22,10) Returns:- 22

12) MIN():- Returns the expression with the lowest ASCII or numeric value or the
earliest date in a list of character, numeric or date expressions. Syntax :- MIN(<expr1>, <expr2>[, <expr3> ...]) e.g. ?min(10,9,8) Returns:- 8

13) ROUND():- Return a numeric expression rounded to a specified number of decimal

places. Syntax:- ROUND(<expN1>, <expN2>) e.g. ?ROUND(19.9956,2) Return:- 20.00 Tip :- if the number is greater than 5, then 1 is added to the previous number.

14) RTOD():- Converts a numeric expression that represents radians to an equivalent

value in degrees. Syntax :- RTOD(<expN>) e.g. ?RTOD(3.1416) Returns:- 180.00 15) SQRT():- Returns the square root of the specified numeric expression. Syntax :- SQRT(<expN>) e.g. ?SQRT(121) Return :- 11 16) VAL():- Returns a numeric expression from a specified character expression composed of numbers. Syntax:- VAL(<expC>) e.g. a=12 ?VAL(a) Return:- 12.00 CHARACTER FUNCTIONS

1) ALLTRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with leading and trailing blanks removed. Syntax:- ALLTRIM(<expC>) e.g. ?HELLO FRIEND,ALLTRIM( THIS IS TEST , example Return:- HELLO FRIEND THIS IS TEST example. Tip:- ALLTRIM( ) removes leading and trailing blanks from the specified character expression and returns the trimmed expression as a character string. 2) ASC():- Returns the ASCII code for the leftmost character in a character expression. Syntax :- ASC(<expC>) e.g. ?ASC(a) Returns:- 97 Tip:-Every character has a unique ASCII value in the range from 0 to 255. 3) AT():- Returns the beginning numeric position of the first occurrence of a character expression or field within another character expression or field, counting from the leftmost character. Syntax:- AT(<expC1>, <expC2>[, <expN>]) Here ,<expC1> - is the character whose position you want to see. <expC2)- is the text in which you want to search. <expN>- is the number of occurrence. e.g.:- ?at(A,DATA POINT,2) Return:- 4 4) CHR():- Returns the character associated with the specified numeric ASCII code. Syntax :- CHR(<expN>) e.g. ?CHR(97) Return:- a 5) ISALPHA():- Returns true (.T.) if the leftmost character in the specified character expression is an alphabetic character; otherwise, false (.F.) is returned. Syntax :- ISALPHA(<expC>) e.g. ?ISALPHA(12data point) Returns:- .F. 7) ISDIGIT():- Returns true (.T.) if the leftmost character of the specified character expression is a digit (09); otherwise, false (.F.) is returned. Syntax:- ISDIGIT(<expC>) e.g. ?ISDIGIT(12 data ) Return:- .T. 8) ISLOWER():- Returns true (.T.) if the leftmost character in the specified character expression is a lower-case alphabetic character. Syntax :- ISLOWER(<expC>) e.g. ?ISLOWER(DATA POIN) Return:- .F. 9) ISUPPER():- Returns true (.T.) if the first character in a character expression is an upper-case alphabetic character. Syntax:- ISUPPER(<expC>) e.g. ?ISUPPER(DATA POINT) Return:- .T. 10) LEFT():- Returns a specified number of characters from a character expression, starting with the leftmost character. Syntax:- LEFT(<expC>, <expN>) e.g. ?LEFT( data point,3) Return:- dat 11) LEN():- Returns the number of characters in a character expression. Syntax :- LEN(<expC>) e.g. ?LEN(data point) Return:- 10 12) LOWER():- Returns a specified character expression in lower-case letters. Syntax :- LOWER(<expC>) e.g. ?LOWER(DATA POINT) Return:- data point

13) LTRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with leading blanks removed. Syntax :- LTRIM(<expC>) e.g. ?FoxPro programming is easy,LTRIM( friends) Return:- FoxPro programming is easy friends) 14) REPLICATE():- Repeat the character expression at given number. Syntax :- REPLICATE(<expC>, <expN>) e.g. ?REPLICATE(*,4) Return:- **** 15) RIGHT():- Returns the specified number of rightmost characters from a character string. Syntax :- RIGHT(<expC>, <expN>) e.g. ?RIGHT(data point,3) Return:- int 16) RTRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with all trailing blanks removed. Syntax:- RTRIM(<expC>) e.g. :- ?HELLO FRIENDS ,RTRIM(WEL-COME ), TO LEARN FOXPRO Return:- HELLO FRIEND WEL-COME TO LEARN 17) STUFF():- Returns a character string by replacing a specified number of characters in a character expression with another character expression. Syntax :- STUFF(<expC1>, <expN1>, <expN2>, <expC2>) e.g. ?STUFF(I have a bigger elephant,10,6,big) Return:- I have a big elephant Here, <expC1>:- Is the string in which you want to replace the character. <expN1>:- is the starting position of text. <expN2>:- is the number of character upto which you want to replace the character. <expC2>:- is the new text which you want to put in string. 18) SUBSTR():- Returns a specified number of characters from the given character expression or field. Syntax:- SUBSTR(<expC>, <expN1>[, <expN2>]) . e.g. ?SUBSTR(Foxpro is DBMS package,11,4) Return:- DBMS Here, <expC> :- The character expression from which characters are extracted is . <expN1> :- starting position of character , where character extraction be begins. <expN2>:- specifies the number of characters to be extract from the character expression. 19) TRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with all trailing blanks removed. TRIM( ) is identical to RTRIM( ). Syntax:- TRIM(<expC>) e.g. :- ?"HELLO FRIENDS" ,TRIM("WEL-COME ")," TO LEARN" Return:- HELLO FRIENDS WEL-COME TO LEARN 20) UPPER():- Returns the specified character expression in upper-case. Syntax:- UPPER(<expC>) e.g. :- ?UPPER(data point) Return:- DATA POINT FILE MANIPULATION COMMANDS

1) COPY TO :- Copies the contents of the current table/.DBF to a new file.

Syntax:COPY TO <file> [FIELDS <field list>] [<scope>] [FOR <expL1>] [WHILE <expL2>] [TYPE][ WK1 | WKS | WR1 | WRK | XLS | e.g.

Copy only those records which have city as SHEGAON and salary >3000
USE EMP

COPY TO XYZ FOR CITY=SHEGAON AND SALARY>=3000 Copy only fields name,city,dob,course USE STUD COPY TO XYZ FIELDS NAME,CITY,DOB,COURSE

2) COPY STRUCTURE :- Copies the structure of the current table/.DBF to a new

table/.DBF. Syntax:COPY STRUCTURE TO <file> [FIELDS <field list>] e.g. Copy entire structure to xyz USE STUD COPY STRUCTURE TO XYZ Copy only fields name,dob,course USE STUD COPY STRUCTURE TO XYZ FIELDS NAME,DOB,COURSE .

3) COPY FILE:- Create a duplicate file of any file.

Syntax:COPY FILE <file1> TO <file2> e.g.

Copy the Stud.Prg file into Student.Prg

COPY FILE STUD.PRG TO STUDENT.PRG Copy Xyz.Dbf into Xyz1.Dbf COPY FILE XYZ.DBF TO XYZ!.DBF Tip:- when DBF file will copy the file must be closed.

4) RENAME:- Change the name of original file into new name.

Syntax:RENAME <file1> TO <file2> e.g. Change the name Xyz.Dbf to Abc.Dbf RENAME XYZ.DBF TO ABC.DBF

5) CREATE REPORT:- Opens a report in a Report Design window.

Syntax:- CREATE REPORT <filename> e.g. CREATE REPORT XYZ tips:- The extension of report file is .FRX TO open report file MODIFY REPORT command is used. 6) CREATE LABEL:- Opens a Label Design window in FoxPro for MS-DOS. Or Opens the New Label dialog in FoxPro for Windows. Syntax:CREATE LABEL [<file>] e.g. CREATE LABEL STUDENT tip :- the extension of LABEL file is .LBX. To Open the label MODIFY LABEL command is used. 7) CREATE SCREEN:- Opens a Screen Design window. Syntax:CREATE SCREEN [<file>] e.g. CREATE SCREEN XYZ tip:- the extension of screen is .SCX. To opend screen file MODIFY SCREEN command is used. 8) DEFINE WINDOW:- Creates a window and specifies its attributes. Syntax:DEFINE WINDOW <window name1> FROM <row1, column1> TO <row2, column2> | AT <row3, column3> SIZE <row4, column4> [FONT <expC1>[, <expN1>]] [STYLE <expC2>] [FOOTER <expC3>] [TITLE <expC4>] [DOUBLE | PANEL ] [FILL <expC6> | FILL FILE <bmp file>]

e.g.

DEFINE WINDOW output FROM 2,1 TO 13,75 TITLE 'Output' ; CLOSE FLOAT GROW SHADOW ZOOM ACTIVATE WINDOW output WAIT WINDOW 'press any key to hide window output' HIDE WINDOW output WAIT WINDOW 'press any key to show window output' SHOW WINDOW output WAIT WINDOW 'press any key to release window output' RELEASE WINDOW output

9) ACTIVATE WINDOW:- Displays and activates one or more user-defined windows or FoxPro system windows. Syntax:- ACTIVATE WINDOW [<window name1>[, <window name2> ...]] | ALL 10) DEACTIVE WINDOW :- Deactivates specific user-defined windows or FoxPro system windows and removes them from the screen but not from memory. Syntax:DEACTIVATE WINDOW <window name1>[, <window name2> ...] | ALL] 11) DELETE FILE:- Delete any file from memory. Syntax:- DELETE FILE<filename> e.g.:- DELETE FILE XYZ.DBF tip:- When you delete the database/.dbf file the file must be closed. & you must specify the extension of file.

12) SCANENDSCAN:- Moves the record pointer through the current table/.DBF and
executes a block of commands for each record that meets the specified conditions. Syntax:SCAN [<scope>] [FOR <expL1>] [WHILE <expL2>] [<statements>] [LOOP] [EXIT] ENDSCAN 13) DO CASE. ENDCASE:- Executes the first statement block after DO CASE and before END CASE whose associated conditional statement evaluates to true (.T.). Syntax:DO CASE CASE <expL1> <statements> [CASE <expL2> <statements> ... CASE <expLN> <statements>] [OTHERWISE <statements>] ENDCASE 14) DO WHILEENDDO:- Executes a block of statements within a conditional loop. Syntax:DO WHILE <expL> <statements> [LOOP] [EXIT] ENDDO 15) EXIT:- Exits a DO WHILE, FOR or SCAN loop. Syntax:EXIT 16) FORENDFOR:- Executes the commands after FOR and before ENDFOR within a loop a specified number of times. Syntax:FOR <memvar> = <expN1> TO <expN2> [STEP <expN3>]

<statements> [EXIT] [LOOP] ENDFOR | NEXT e.g. FOR mcount = 1 TO 10 ? mcount ENDFOR 17) IFENDIF:- It is Conditional statement which executes a set of commands based on the logical expression. Syntax:IF <expL> <statements> [ELSE <statements>] ENDIF e.g. CLOSE DATABASES USE customer LOCATE FOR city=AKOLA IF FOUND( ) ? 'Company: ' + company ELSE ? 'Condition ' + temp + ' was not found ' ENDIF USE 18) FOUND():- Returns true if CONTINUE, FIND, LOCATE or SEEK is successful. Syntax:FOUND([<expN> | <expC>]) e.g. USE STUD STORE 0 TO mcount LOCATE FOR COURSE = 'ADCSSAA' DO WHILE FOUND( ) mcount = mcount + 1 CONTINUE ENDDO WAIT WINDOW 'Total student form ADCSSAA course: ' ; + LTRIM(STR(mcount)) NOWAIT 19) INPUT:- Inputs data from the keyboard into a system memory variable or an array element. Syntax:INPUT [<expC>] TO <memvar> e.g. Input Enter Number A To A ?A 20) ACCEPT:- Accepts character string data from the screen. Syntax:ACCEPT [<expC>] TO <memvar> e.g. Accept Enter the name:- to name 21) @ GET:- Creates an editing region. Syntax:@ <row, column> GET <memvar> | <field> [FUNCTION <expC1>] [PICTURE <expC2>] [FONT <expC3>[, <expN1>]] [STYLE <expC4>] e.g. @12,2 get name pictur @! font arial,16 style BI read 22) READ:- Activates objects created with @ ... GET and @ ... EDIT commands. 23) @ SAY:- Displays output at a specified row and column position. Syntax:@ <row, column> SAY <expr>

[FUNCTION <expC1>] [PICTURE <expC2>] [SIZE <expN1>, <expN2>] [FONT <expC3>[, <expN3]] [STYLE <expC4>] e.g. @12,2 say WEL-COME TO DATA POINT style BI 24) @GET (Check Box):- You can create the control buttons. To create check box you required the numeric variable Syntax:- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION *C <titleof button> e.g. STORE 0 TO CH @3,4 GET CH FUNCTION *C ADD Return:ADD Tip:- you can use PICTURE insteade of FUNCTION like @3,3 get ch PICTURE @*C ADD the value of check box is 1 when it is checked otherwise 0. to define hot key /< sign is used before the charcter. 25) @GET-(Radio button):- Radio button required numeric or character variable. Syntax:- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION *R<title>;<title>;.. e.g. STORE 0 TO CH @3,4 GET CH FUNCTION *R \<ADD;D\<ELETE Return:- ( ) ADD ( ) DELETE 26) @GET-(Push Butt.):- Same as radio button . Syntax:- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION *R<title>;<title>;.. e.g. STORE 0 TO CH @3,4 GET CH FUNCTION * OK;CANCEL Return:- <OK > <CANCEL> tip:- If the button wants to display horizontally the use H with * like @3,4 GET CH FUNCTION * H OK;CANCEL it display like <OK> <CANCEL> by default it is varitically placed. 27) @GET-(Popup):- To create the popup control you need numeric or character variable. You use ^ symbol as the function code or @^ as picture code. Syntax:- :- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION ^ <title>;<title>;.. e.g. STORE 0 TO CH @3,4 GET CH FUNCTION ^Graduate;MBA;BA tip:- to activate the check box,radio buttion,popup,push button READ or READ CYCLE command is used. 28) DEFINE MENU:- Create a menu bar. Syntax:- DEFINE MENU <menu name> [BAR [AT LINE <expN1>]] [IN [WINDOW] <window name>] 29) DEFINE PAD : create a pad on a user define bar . Syntax:- DEFINE PAD <pad name> OF <menu name> PROMPT <expC1> [AT <row>,<col>] [KEY <key label>] 30) ON PAD :- Specifies the menu popup or menu bar that is activated when you choose a specific menu pad. Syntax:- ON PAD <pad name> OF<menu name1> [ACTIVATE POPUP <popup name>| ACTIVATE MENU <menu name2>] 31) ON SELECTION PAD :- Specifies a command that execute when you choose a specific menu bar pad. Syntax:- ON SELECTION PAD <pad name> OF <menu name> 32) ACTIVATE MENU:- Display and activate the menu. Syntax:- ACTIVATE MENU <menu name>

What is memo field? How it works?

Memo field used to store the long textual information. Suppose we considered that you need to create a dbf having information as book_name, authour_name, & book_summary. Here we store

book_name,authour_name in character field, but we cant use the character field for summary, because character field cant be wider than 254 character. So you use the MEMO field for storing the summary. When a memo field used with in database file ,the actual information in memo field stored in auxiliary database file. Foxpro automatically create the auxiliary file (.fpt) when you create the memo field in dbf. For example if you create a database file like data.dbf having memo field foxpro create two files data.dbf & data.fpt which is auxiliary file.

ADVANTAGE of MEMO FIELD:A memo field occupies only 10 bytes of space in database record. You can store any amount of text for each record.

As actual data for the memo field stored in auxiliary file, the size of main dbf Reduced.
Entering Data In Memo Field
To entered data in memo field, ensure that the cursor is positioned in the memo field & press ^Home or ^Pgdn. If you have a mouse you can double-click on memo. This opens the window for entering the text for memo field for the record. After you entered the information press ^W to close the window. Or select File close from foxpro menu. Foxpro returns you to edit/append/browse window, now you see that memo will change to Memo . Memo indicate that it contain the data whereas memo indicate that it cant contain the data. In this way you can entered the data in memo field.

Listing Memo Field

When you give LIST command to display the content of field on screen, it cant display the content from Memo field. To display it you must type the name of that field e.g. list b_name,a_name,summary. By default width of memo field is 50 character. This default width can be changed through the SET MEMOWIDTH command. For e.g. SET MEMOWIDTH TO 25 LIST OFF B_NAME,A_NAME,SUMMARY

What Is Report & Labels In Foxpro.

Using LIST command you cant give the presentable output form also it dont have the facility to include page title,page number,date,headings etc. you cant also apply the format to the text. But foxpro gives the facility as REPORT to create the presentable output form.

Features Of Foxpro Reports:

A page title can be given to the report. Any field expression can be placed anywhere in detail line. Descriptive text can also include in the page. Report title can be print on every page. The report can have the page footer that print- text,field,variable,function to display the information. The data in the report can be grouped. Print style(bold,italic,underline,color) can be given to text. Calculation such as sum,average,maximum,minimum can be performed on numeric field. To create the report CREATE REPORT command is used.

How To Create The Report Tip:- before creating report open the data base file for which you want to create the report. Syntax:- CREATE REPORT <NAME> When you give the command CREATE REPORT command it open the window with the given name & extension .frx. for e.g. DATA.FRX The screen divided into three parts :Pghead:- used to display the report titled,column heading or description. Detail:- used to display the field information that will actually form the report. Pgfoot:- used to display the fooer information that will appear on each page. Creating Quick Report When you give the CREATE REPORT command you will see the REPORT menu is added to the foxpro menu. For quick report :1) Click on Report menu it display the menu options . 2) From this select Quick Report it display the report layout(Column,Form layout) select any one & click on OK. Now you will see the format on your window.

Previewing The Report Foxpro anable you to preview the report before printing. Click on REPORT menu then select PAGE PREVIEW. Saving The Report To save the report press ^W or select Save form File menu. Generating The Report Now you can generate the report using REPORT FORM command you can specify the report format file . e.g. USE STUD REPORT FORM STUDENT You can also see the report in page-by-page view. To use this mode add the clause PREVIEW to REPORT FORM command. For e.g. REPORT FORM STUDENT PREVIEW Printing The Report You can also print the report on printer by adding the clause TO PRINTER to REPORT FORM command. It display report on screen as well as printer. For e.g. REPORT FORM STUDENT TO PRINTER Now your printer print the report. If printer on then it print the report otherwise give the error message. If you dont want to see the report on screen give NOCONSOLE as e.g. REPORT FORM STUDENT TO PRINTER NOCONSOLE Printing Selected Report You can also print the selected report using FOR clause. As REPORT FORM STUDENT FOR CITY =KHAMGAON Saving The Report Into Text File The report generated with the REPORT FORM command can be save the record in other text file. For e.g. USE STUD REPORT FORM STUDENT TO FILE STUD.TXT Creating The Custom Report You can also create the custom report. Steps to create the report:1. Open the DBF file & give the command CREATE REPORT STUDENT 2. It display the window in PgHead give the title of report as Mark sheet of student. 3. Then move the cursor to next line & give the column name as NAME, COURSE CF,CP,FOXPRO,SAD,ORACAL TOTAL,PER,RESULT,GRADE. 4. Then move the cursor to the DETAIL line & press ^F to open the field expression box again press ENTER button. Now it display the Report Expr. box select the field name from field list at left side. & select OK. Again select OK. Tip:- you can press ^W instead of selecting OK button. 5. In this way you can select the other fields which you want. 6. Then move the cursor to PgFoot & type DATE:- to display current date press ^F to display the field expre. box & again press ENTER button. From this select the Date() from date function. & press ^W two times. 7. Now to see the report press ^I or select REPORT-PAGE PREVIEW. Shortcut Key In Report Key 1. ^I 2. ^F 3. ^O 4. ^N 5. ^B 6. ^G 7. ^J Meaning Page Preview Open field expression box. Remove the line Add New Line Create Box Bring to front Send to back]

Grouping Of Data In Report You can group the data in report. For exam. suppose you want to group the employees from same city to get the grouped the report ,you need to arrange the record of database in same order. STEPS:-

1. first open the database & index it as USE EMPL INDEX ON CITY TO CITY 2. Then give the command CREATE REPORT EMPC it opens the window. 3. Give the title CITYWISE EMPLOYEE INFORMATION & give the heading of columns as you want . (like NAME,DOB,DOJ,BASIC,NETPAY). 4. Then move the cursor to DETAIL BAND & press ^F to add field & again press ENTER it display the fields select one & press ^W two times. 5. In this way you can create the fields .Now select REPORT menu & select DATA GROUPING. It show the box select ADD push button it display another dialog box press here ENTER & select the field CITY which you index. &press ^W three times. Now you will see on Line is displayed above & below the detail band like 1-City. Type there CITY:- & press ^F & press ENTER. Select CITY & press ^W two times. 6. Now move cursor to pgfoot & give footer information & see the report preview by pressing ^I. You will see the grouped data by city wise. CREATING LABEL:Foxpro provid another facility for desiging & printing the mailing label. The extension of .LBX To create label format file CREATE LABEL command is used. When you create label you must open the dbf file for which you create the label. Steps:1. Open the database file as USE EMPLOYEE 2. Then give the command CREATE LABEL EMPL 3. It display the window here the default size is 3 X 15/16 X 2 you can also change it manually. 4. then move the cursor to the WIDTH & give the width . 5. move cursor to Number Across- it menas how many labels placed in one row . 6. move cursor to Space Between it indicate that how many space left between the labels. 7. move cursor the Lines Between- it indicate that the vertical distance between two label. 8. you can set the height of label. 9. to entered the field expression press ^F it display the box select the field & press ^W. 10. In this way you can add number of fields in label , if you add the self text/prompting then type the text in symbol.like "Name:-". 11. Then to see the preview press ^I. To save the label press ^W. Generating The Label Now you can generate the label using LABEL FORM command you can specify the report format file. e.g. USE STUD LABEL FORM STUDENT You can also see the report in page-by-page view. To use this mode add the clause PREVIEW to LABEL FORM command. For e.g. LABEL FORM STUDENT PREVIEW You can save the label to another text file as USE STUD LABEL FORM STUDENT TO FILE MYFILE.TXT You can also print the label to printer as USE STUD LABEL FORM STUDENT TO PRINTER You can print the selected records as USE STUD LABEL FORM STUDENT FOR RESULT =PASS Explain the difference between EXIT & LOOP command in do whileenddo The normal procedure to exit the DO WHILE ENDDO statement is when the specified condition becomes false. LOOP EXIT There is another way to terminate the loop using EXIT LOOP is another statement used command within DO WHILE ENDDO statement. in DO WHILE ..ENDDO When foxpro encountered the EXIT command ,no statement. LOOP is specified more commands from the loop is executed. It exit the within IF ENDIF. When foxpro

encountered the LOOP command,the control pass to the DO WHILE statement,the remaining commands( upto ENDDO ) cant executed. It again

loop & executed the statement next to the ENDDO statement. The EXIT command is normally used in IF ENDIF statement. For e.g. Store 0 to x,sum,y Do while x<=5 Input Enter No. to y If y<0 Exit Else Sum=sum+y Endif X=x+1 ?sum of no. is,sum For e.g. store 0 to x,y,sum Do while x<=5 Input Enter The No. to y If y<0 LOOP else sum=sum+y endif x=x+1 ?sum of no. is,sum

Difference between IIF() & IF statement IF is decision making statement. These are of two forms IF..ENDIF & IFELSE..ENDIF. The first statement check the condition & if it is true execute the command , otherwise jump out off loop. Where as second if condition is TRUE the true statement is executed otherwise FALSE statement is executed. The format is:If <condition> <command> endif for e.g. consider the following program INPUT ENTER YOUR SALARY TO SALARY IF SALARY>3000 ? YOUR SALARY IS MORE THAN 3000 ENDIF When you run this program foxpro prompts you if you entered the salary greater than 3000 otherwise it display no message. IIF() The IIF() function, that is also same as IF..ELSE..ENDIF. This function return one expression if the condition true, return the TRUE statement otherwise FALSE statement. Both these expression specified within IIF(). Syntax:- IIF(CONDITION,TRUE STATEMENT,FALSE STATEMENT) For e.g. ?IIF(salary>3000,salary more than 3000,salary less than 3000) if the condition is true then ,salary more than 3000 is executed otherwise salaryless than 3000 executed. Difference between FOR ENDFOR & SCAN ENDSCAN FOR...ENDFOR executes a set of statements within a loop a specified number of times. A memory variable or array is used as counter to specifiy how many times the statement executed inside the loop. Consider the following prog. STORE 0 TO NUM FOR NUM- 1 TO 10 ?SQRT(NUM) ENDFOR By default FOR...ENDFOR increments the variale by 1.however if you want to increase/decrease the variable +/- sign is used after STEP option like STEP 3 or STEP 3. SCAN ENDSCAN:-Moves the record pointerthrough the current DBF file & execute the block of commands for each record that meets the specified condition. Syntax:SCAN [SCOPE] [FOR <expL>] [LOOP] [EXIT] ENDSCAN

For e.g. USE address ACCEPT ENTER CITY:- TO MCITY SCAN FOR CITY=MCITY ?NAME ?CITY ?DIST ? ENDSCAN Difference between INDEX & SORT INDEX 1. It arrange the record in index file. 2. It required less memory as it arrange /store only the record number. 3. The extension of index file is .IDX (Simple index) & .CDX(Compound index) file. 4. The new data automatically update when added. Syntax:INDEX ON [field,field,] to [idx file] TAG [cdx file][ascending/descending] For e.g Use stud Index on rollno tag roll Explain how to generate screen.
You can also creat the screen using CREATE SCREEN command. Screen builder is most useful facility in foxpro. In this you just place the text,fields & variables on the screen at desired position. You can easily move the object on the screen. You can also format the screen. Once you satisfied the apperence you may generate the screen. STEPS: Open the data base for which you want to creat screen.

SORT 1. It sort the records in new DBF file. 2. It required same memory as the Original database. 3. The extension is .DBF 4. New data will not be update. Syntax:SORT TO [filename] ON [field,] [FOR <expL>] For e.g. use stud sort to stu on rollno

Give the command CREATE SCREE STUD. It open the window,for quick screen you select SCREENQUICK SCREEN or you can press ^F to add field. It display the field expr. box , to input the text select <Get..> or to display list select <Say..> then select the field & press ^W two times. In this way you can select the fields you want . To generate the code select PROGRAMGENERATE option from it display the screen generate box select the appropriate option & select GENERATE. After this press ^W & to execute the screen give the command DO STUD.SPR

It display the screen . What is RQBE? Explain it with example? RQBE means Relational Query By Example. Query means the process of extracting specified information from file/table. You can relate two different tables/files to create new file. To create query file CREATE QUERY <NAME> is used. The extension of query file is .QRY. You can order the data by using ORDER BY option. By using GROUP BY option you can create group of data. You can also create the specified condition using HAVING option. To run/execute the query DO <name.ext> command is used. For e.g. Do Stud.Qry. STEPS:1. Open the data base to which you want to create the query. USE STUD 2. Give the command CREATE QUERY STUD it opens the window. 3. Then select ORDER BY to order/index the record. It display the window select the fields which you want & select ascending/descending option & select ok. 4. Then select HAVING BY it display the window, under field name select the field (for e.g CITY) & move the cursor to next tab select here the option from drop down list(for e.g. LIKE),then move the cursor to next tab type here the condition(for e.g. SHEGAON).( If you want to extract the record for city shegaon or salary greater than 3000. then you use OR option & then move tab to field name

select salary field then move cursor to next tab select here more than option ,then move the cursor to next & type 3000. ) select OK. 5. To see the query select DO QUERY option from window. It display the list in browse form. Tip:- instead of OR you can use AND operator. You dont specify the operator you just select the next field. To save the query press ^W. To execute the query give command DO STUD.QRY in command window. What is TEXT-ENDTEXT? When you need to display the text use ?/?? instead of this you can use TEXT-ENDTEXT to display long message. You dont require to use quotations ,you can type several lines. You can also print the text on PRINTER. For e.g. @2,1 say Display The menu TEXT 1 Add Record 2 Modify Record 3 Delete Record 4 Exit ENDTEXT The above command display the matter on screen from text..endtext. Explain the CALCULATE command? Calculate is multipurpose command that you use to perform various mathematical function. The function include sum,average,min,max etc. Syntax:CALCULATE<exprlist> [<scope>] [FOR <expL>] [TO <memvar list>] e.g. USE SALES CALCULATE SUM(PROFIT) TO TPROFIT ?TPROFIT Calculate the total of profit field & stor it into TPROFIT field. What is structural compound index file? A compound index file can hold more than one index file in a single file. Each index file within a compound index file is called index tag. The compound index file given a extension .CDX It is also called Structural Compound index file. It has same name as the opened .DBF file with extension .CDX . You can also create separate compound index file which is called Independent Compound index file (with extension .CDX) but this file will not open automatically when DBF file open. The records can not reindex whenever you will not open the independent compound index file. For e.g. USE STUD INDEX ON NAME TAG NAME It create structural compound index file with name STUD.CDX.