Foxpro Programming: What Is Data?

Shiavm Computer Training Center 1
FoxPro Programming
What is Data? Data can be anything like a name of person rollno of student or name of
a city.
What is Information? When Data is in meaning full way or related with each other its called
Information.
What is Database? Database is an organized collection of related information.
What is DBMS? DBMS stands for Database Management System. The system which
collect data from user and manage that data properly, is called
Database Management system.
What is RDBMS? RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS
is advance feature of DBMS. RDBMS provide the facility to create a
relation between two tables.
What is FILE ?:- In FoxPro File is a collection of records and fields. Row represent
record and column represent field.
What is RECORD ?:- Data is stored in one horizontal line of database is called record. In
other words Record is a collection values in fields of table.
What is FIELD ?:- Field is a basic part of any database column is also called field but in a
perfect way Field is a collection of data of same type and nature.
What is Col. Width? The number of digit you specify with each fieldname is called column
width.
What is FoxPro? FoxPro is one of the leading DBMS(Database Management System)

software for pc. This is enhanced version of the FoxBASE+ Software
FoxPro is also called RDBMS software.
DBMS software:- 1.Dbase 2.Foxpro 3.Foxbase

RDBMS software:- 1.Oracle 2.Foxpro 3.MySQL server 4.MS Access
Extension of FoxPro:- 1) ‘.txt.’ 2) ‘.dbf’ 3) ‘.prg’ 4) ‘.scr’ 5) ‘.frx’
Rules to create a new file:-
1. Filename must start with an alphabets

2. Filename has maximum of eight characters.
3. Filename has only alphabets (A to Z, a to z, “_” underscore , 0 to 9 digit)
4. In Filename there must be no white space.
5. Filename must be unique. we can not type the same name as we type earlier.
Rules to create a New Field:-
1. Fieldname must start with an alphabets

2. Fieldname has maximum of ten character long
3. Fieldname has only alphabets (A tO Z, a to z, “_”underscore , 0 to 9 digit)
4. In Fieldname there must be no white space.
5. Fieldname must be unique.
Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS:-
DBMS RDBMS
1. DBMS stands for 1. RDBMS stands for
Database Management System. Relational Database Management System.
2. In DBMS we cannot create relation 2. RDBMS provide facility to create relation
between two tables. between two tables.
3. DBMS may satisfy less than 7 to 8 rules of 3. DBMS may satisfy more than 7 to 8 rules of
Dr.E.F.Codd. Dr.E.F.Codd.
4. In DBMS there is no security of data. 4. In RDBMS there are multilevel of security.
(1) Logging in at o/s Level (2) Command Level
(3) Object Level
5. Each table is given extension of DBMS 5. Many tables are grouped in one database in
RDBMS.
6. DBMS use a 3GL. 6. DBMS use a 4GL.
7. Ex. of DBMS are Dbase, FoxBASE, Foxpro 7. Ex. of RDBMS is Oracle, Access, SQL server.
Data types available in FoxPro

1. Numeric:-
Numeric datatype is use to store numeric data into a field. We can store 0 to 9 digit, decimal
point and plus or minus sign. A numeric field can hold upto 20 digit wide. A numeric fields can also
have a decimal part. The decimal part can be upto 0 to 18 digit. To store a field like Roll_no,
mobile_no, phone_no, salary, pincode etc numeric field type is used.
2. Float :-
Float datatype is similar to numeric. Difference between two is that for arithmetic calculation
numeric datatype is used while float is used for scientific calculation. It can also hold upto 20 digit
wide. We can store 0 to 9 digit, decimal point and plus or minus sign. To store the fields like Rate,
percentage, average float is commonly used.
3. Character :-
Character datatype is use to store string type information. It can store A to Z , a to z alphabets
0 to 9 digit and underscore with special symbols etc. To store the fields like name, address, result etc
character is used. Character is default datatype for all the fields. In Character data type we can store
upto 254 character. Default size of character is 10 fix.
4. Date :-
Date datatype is use to store date in any field. The default format of date is (mm/dd/yy). The
fix length of date is 8.To store the fields like Dob, doj, ex_date etc date field is used.
5. Logical :-
The length of logical field is 1. we can store ‘T’ or ‘F’ or ‘Y’ or ‘N’ in logical field. ’T’ or ‘Y’ for
true and ‘F’ and ‘N’ for False. To store the information like pass/fail, absent/present etc. logical field
type is used.
6. Memo :-
Memo field is special field of FoxPro in which you can store any amount of data. Memo field is
use to store long textual information. The name of memo file has ‘.fpt’ extension. FoxPro allocates a
ten bytes space in main dbf to store the location of memo data is in auxiliary memory.
7. General :-
General field is use only for FoxPro for window version. In general field we can store textual
data, picture, sound etc.
Note :- In FoxPro picture field type is not used.

Simple commands of FoxPro:-

1. Creat command:-
Create command is use to create a new database file in FoxPro. We have to specify the name
of file after the create keyword.
Syntax : creat <tablename>
Example : creat student
2. Clear command:-
Clear command is use to clear the screen.
Example : clear
3. Dir command:-
Dir command is use to see all the database file list of your current folder.
Example : Dir
4. Append command:-
Append command is use to append a new record in your table.
Syntax : append [blank]
Example : append
5. Display structure command:-
Display structure command is use to display a structure of your currently open table.
Example : disp stru
6. Modify structure command:-
Modify structure command is use to modify the structure of your currently open table.
Example : modi stru
7. Use command :-
Use command is use to open a your table in current work area. Use command is also use to
close currently open table is well.
Syntax : use <tablename>[in <expn>/<workareaname>]
Example : creat student
8. Insert command:-
Insert command is use to insert a new record in database file. We can insert blank record
through insert command. Before clause is use to insert a record before the current position.
Syntax : insert [Before][Blank]
Example : insert before
9. Display command:-
Displays the contents of records in the current table/.DBF and the results of expressions.
Syntax : Display[[FIELDS] <field list>]
[<scope>]
[FOR <expL1>]
[WHILE <expL2>]
[OFF]
[[FIELDS] <field list>] Clause:- All fields from the table/.DBF are displayed unless you include
FIELDS <field list>. Then, only the fields included in the field list are displayed.
[<scope>] clause:- The scope clauses are:
[1] ALL [2] NEXT <expN> [3]RECORD <expN> [4] REST
You can specify any scope of records to display. Only the record that fall with in the range of
records specified by the scope is displayed. The default scope for DISPLAY is the current record next
one.
[FOR<expL1>] clause :- Including the FOR clause lets you conditionally display records, filtering
out undesired records. If the FOR clause is included, only the records that satisfy the logical
condition <expL1> are displayed.

Functions of FoxPro
1. Numeric Function 2. String Function
3. Date & Time Function 4. Array Function
1. Numeric Function:-
(1) Abs():- This function returns the absolute value of the specified numeric expression.
Syntax : Abs(<expN>)
Function Returns : Numeric
Example : Abs(-25)
Output : 25
(2) Int():- This function returns the Ineger value from the specified numeric expression.
Syntax :- Int(<expN>)
Function Returns :- Numeric
Example :- Int(25.25)
Output :- 25
(3) Floor():- This function returns the nearest integer value that is less than or equal to the
specified numeric expression.
Syntax : Floor(<expN>)
Function Returns : Numeric
Example : Floor(51.85)
Output : 51
(4) Ceil():- This function returns the nearest integer value that is greater than or equal to the
specified expression.
Syntax:- Ceil(<expN>)
Function Returns:- Numeric
Example:- Ceil(27.35)
Output:- 28
(5) Mod():- This function returns the remainder value by moduling expression1 to expression2.
Syntax :- Mod(<expN1>,<expN2>)
Function Returns :- Numeric
Example :- Mod(5,2)
Output :- 1
(6) Round():- This function Return a numeric expression rounded to a specified number of decimal
places.
Syntax:- Round(<expN1>,<expN2>)
Example:- Round(25.49) Round(25.51)
Output:- 25 26
(7) Min():- This function Returns the expression with the lowest ASCII or numeric value or the
earliest date in a list of character, numeric or date expressions.
Syntax:- Min(<expN1>,<expN2>[<expN>……])
Function Returns:- Numeric,date,Character
Example:- Min(10,20,5,85,50)
Output:- 5
(8) Max():- Returns the expression with the highest ASCII or numeric value or the latest date from
a list of character, numeric or date expressions.
Syntax:- Max(<expN1>,<expN2>[<expN>……])
Function Returns:- Numeric,date,Character
Example:- Min(10,20,5,85,50)
Output:- 85

(9) Sqrt():- This function Return the square root of specified expression.
Syntax:- Sqrt(<expN1>)
Example:- Sqrt(25)
Output:- 5
(10) Log():- This function Return the simple natural loqarism value of specified numeric expression.
Syntax:- Log(<expN>)
Example:- Log(10)
Output:- 2.30
(11) Log10():- This function Return the simple natural log base10 value of specified numeric exp.
Syntax:- Log10(<expN>)
Example:- Log10(10)
Output:- 1.00
2.Array Function:-
(1) Asort():- This function is use to Sorts elements in an array in ascending or descending order.
Syntax:- ASORT(<array>[, <expN1>[, <expN2>[, <expN3>]]])
All elements included in the sort must be of the same data type (character, numeric, date or logical).
One-dimensional arrays are sorted by their elements; two-dimensional arrays are sorted by their
rows. When a two-dimensional array is sorted, the order of the rows in the array is changed so the
elements in a column of the array are in ascending or descending order.If the sort is successful, 1 is
returned; otherwise -1 is returned.<array> specify the name of array memory Vriable. <expn1>
specifies the starting element number from where to start sorting,<expn2>specifies the number of
array how many records are to be sorting,<expn3>specifies sorting order(0 for ascending order and 1
for descending).
Example : declare m1[4]={'c','b','d','a'}
?asort(m1,1,4,1)
Output : 1
(2) Alen():- This function Returns the number of elements, rows or columns in an array.
Syntax:- ALEN(<array>[, <expN>])
<array> If you include only the array name <array>, ALEN( ) returns the number of elements in the
array. <expN> can be 0, 1 or 2. If <expN> is 0 function returns the total no.of element if the <expN> is
1 function returns the total no.of rows in an array and if the <expN> is 2 returns the total no.of column
in an array.<expN>is use when array is two dimensional.
Example:- declare m1[4]={'c','b','d','a'}
?Alen(m1)
Output:- 4
Example:- declare m2[2,5] declare m2[2,5]
?Alen(m1,1) ?Alen(m1,2)
Output:- 2 5
(3) Aelement(): This function Returns the number of an array element from the element's
subscripts. This function is commenly used in two dimensional array.
Syntax:- AELEMENT(<array>, <expN1>[, <expN2>])
<array>Include the name of the array whose element number you want to return. <expN1> Specify
the row subscript with <expN1>. If the array is one-dimensional, AELEMENT() identically returns
<expN1>. <expN2> Specify the column subscript with <expN2>. If the array is two-dimensional,
include both <expN1> and <expN2>. If you include just <expN1>, the element number is returned

(5) Acopy(): This function is use to Copies elements from one array to another array.This function
returns the number of elements copied to the destination array.
Syntax:- ACOPY(<array1>, <array2>[, <expN1>[, <expN2>[,<expN3>]]])
3.Date and Time Function:-

(1) Date():- Date function returns the current date in mm/dd/yy format. This function is use to print
date on report. Foxpro display the date as set above in computer.
Syntax : Date()
Example : ? Date()
Output : 01/21/08
Function returns : Date
(2) Year():- Year function returns the numeric year from the date expression.This function is
always display the year with century. Foxpro display the as set above in computer.
Syntax:- Year(<exprDate>)
Example:- ? Year(date())
Output:- 2008
Function returns: Numeric
(3)Month():- Month function returns the numeric month from the date expression. Foxpro display
the month as set above in computer.
Syntax:- Month(<exprDate>)
Example:- ? Month(date())
Output:- 1
(4)Cmonth():- Cmonth function returns the name of month in character from the date expression.
Foxpro display the monthname as set above in computer.
Syntax:- Cmonth(<exprDate>)
Example:- ? Cmonth(date())
Function returns: Character
Output:- January
(5)Day():- Day function returns the numeric day value from the date expression. Foxpro display
the day as set above in computer.
Syntax:- Day(<exprDate>)
Example:- ? Day(date())
Output:- 21
(6)CDOW():- CDOW means character day of week.This function returns the character day from the
date expression. Foxpro display the day as set above in computer.
Syntax:- CDOW(<exprDate>)
Example:- ? CDOW(date())
Output:- Monday
Function returns: Character
(7)DOW():- DOW means Day of Week. This function returns the Numeric day value from the date
expression. Foxpro display the day as set above in computer.(0 for Sunday and 6 for
Saturday)
Syntax:- DOW(<exprDate>)
Example:- ? DOW(date())
Output:- 1

(8) Gomonth():- Gomonth function Returns the date that is a specified number of months before or
after a given date.Foxpro display the day as set above in computer.
Syntax:- Gomonth(<exprDate>,<expN>)
Example:- ? Gomonth(date(),3)
Output:- 04/21/08
Function returns: Date
(9)DtoC():- DtoC means Date to character. This function is use to change date to char format.
Syntax:- DtoC(<exprDate>)
Example:- d1=date()
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 date ‘01/21/08’)
D1=DtoC(d1)
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Character ‘01/21/08’)
Function returns:- Character
(10) CtoD():- CtoD means Character to Date. This function is use to change character type date in
date format.
Syntax:- CtoD(<expC>)
Example:- d1=’05/11/07’
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Charater ‘05/11/07’)
D1=CtoD(d1)
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Date ‘05/11/07’)
Function returns:- Date
(11) Time():- Time function always return the current time as set in computer. This function Returns
the current system time in 24-hour, eight-character string (HH:MM:SS) format. This
function is use to print the time of printout in reports.
Syntax:- Time()
Example:- ?Time()
Output:- 08:52:25
(12) Second():- Second function always return the seconds that were passed between 12pm to
current time as set in computer.This function returns the value in floating point.
Syntax:- Second()
Example:- ?Second()
Output:- 32128.830
Function returns:- Numeric
(13)Sys(2):- Sys function always return the seconds that were passed between 12pm to current
time as set in computer.This function returns the value in Integer format.
Syntax:- Second()
Example:- ?Second()
Output:- 32128
4. String Function:-
(1) Chr():- This function Returns the character associated with the specified numeric ASCII code.
Syntax:- Chr(<exp N>)
Example:- ?Second(65)
Output:- A

(2) Asc():- This function Returns the ASCII code for the leftmost character in a character express
Syntax:- Asc(<exp C>)
Example:- ?Second(‘a’)
Output:- 97
(3) Val():- This function Returns a numeric expression from a specified character expression
composed of numbers.
Syntax:- Val(<exp C>)
Example:- d1=”55”
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Character ‘55’)
D1=val(d1)
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Numeric 55 )
(4) Str():- This function Returns the character string equivalent to a specified numeric express.
Syntax:- Str(<exp N>)
Example:- d1=55
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Numeric 55 )
D1=Str(d1)
Disp memo like d1 (oputput:-d1 Character ‘55’)
(5) Left:- This function Returns a specified number of characters from a character expression,
starting with the leftmost character.
Syntax:- Left(<exp C>,<exp N>)
Example:- ?Left(‘computer’,4)
Output:- comp
(6) Right:- This function Returns the specified number of rightmost characters from a char string.
Syntax:- Right(<exp C>,<exp N>)
Example:- ?Right(‘computer’,4)
Output:- uter
(7) Upper :- This function is use to convert specified character string in UPPERCASE format.
Syntax:- Upper(<exp C>)
Example:- ?Upper(‘computer’)
Output:- COMPUTER
(8) Lower:- This function is use to convert specified character string in lowercase format.
Syntax:- Lower(<exp C>)
Example:- ?Lower(‘COMPUTER’)
Output:- computer
(9) Proper:- This function is use to convert specified character string in Proper case format.
Syntax:- Proper(<exp C>)
Example:- ?Proper(‘this is a computer’)
Output:- This Is A Computer

(17) Substr():- This function Returns a specified number of characters starting from specified
character to specified no.of character the given expressions.
Syntax:- Substr(<exp C>,<exp N1>[,<exp N2>])
Example:- ?Substr(‘computer’,1,5)
Output:- compu
(18) Space():- This function Returns a character string composed of a specified number of spaces.
Syntax:- Space(<exp N1>)
Example:- ?Space(10)
Output:- [Ten blank space]
(19) Version():- This function Returns a character string containing the FoxPro version number you
are using.
Syntax:- Version()
Example:- ?Version()
Output:- 2.6
(20) Set():- This function Returns the status of a SET command.

Syntax:- Set(<exp C>)
Example:- ?set(“talk”)
Output:- off
(21) Fsize():- This function Returns the size, in bytes, of a specified field.Before using this function
its necessary that the fieldsize that you want to know its database file must opened.
Syntax:- Fsize(<exp C>)
Example:- use student
?Fsize(“sname”)
Output:- 15
(22) Fullpath():- This function Returns the fullpath of specified database file in expression.
Syntax:- Fullpath()
Example:- ?Fullpath(“student”)
Output:- c:\fpw26\student
(23) Between():-This function checks if the expression1 is lies between two another expression of
same datatypes.This function returns true if it find else it return false.
Syntax:- Between(<exp R1>,<exp R2>,<exp R3>)
Example:- ?Between(5,2,10)
Output:- .t.
Function returns:- Logical
(24) Replicate():- This function Returns a character string that contains a specified character
expression repeated a specified number of times.
Syntax:- Replicate(<exp C>,<exp N>)
Example:- ?Replicate(‘*’,10)
Output:- **********

(25) Inlist():- This function checks whether or not an expression matches one in a series of
expressions of the same data type. INLIST( ) returns true if it finds the expression in the set of
expressions. If it doesn't find the expression in the set of expressions, INLIST( ) returns false.
Syntax:- Inlist<expr1>, <expr2>[, <expr3> ...])
Example:- ?Inlist(5,10,15,25,35,45,5)
Output:- .t.
Function returns:- Logical
(26) Difference():- This function Returns an integer, 0 through 4, representing the relative phonetic
difference between two character expressions.
Syntax:- Difference(<exp C1>,<exp C2>)
Example:- ?Difference(“rush”,”rooos”)
Output:- 4
(27) Padl():- This function Returns a character string from a character expression padded to a
specify length. This function insert padding in leftside.If you not specify padded character
computer padded by blank space.
Syntax:- Padl(<expr>, <expN>[, <expC>])
Example:- ?Padl(“Jay”,20,”_”)
Output:- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jay
(28) Padr():- This function Returns a character string from a character expression padded to a
specify length. This function insert padding in right side. If you not specify padded
character computer padded by blank space.
Syntax:- Padr(<expr>, <expN>[, <expC>])
Example:- ?Padr(“Jay”,20,”_”)
Output:- jay_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(29) Padc():- This function Returns a character string from a character expression padded to a
specify length in center. This function insert padding in bothsize .If you not specify padded
character computer padded by blank space.
Syntax:- Padc(<expr>, <expN>[, <expC>])
Example:- ?Padl(“Jay”,20,”_”)
Output:- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jay_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Set Commands of FoxPro

Set command are one type of command which is defiantly set by the FoxPro when can
change them means set them when we needed.
(1) Set alternate command:-

Set alternate command is use to save your printer output created with ?, ??, DISPLAY or
LIST to a text file.
Syntax:- SET ALTERNATE ON | OFF or SET ALTERNATE TO [<file> [ADDITIVE]]
Default clause:- Off
Set alternate to <filename> will create a new text file and stores the data into it.
Example :- Set alternate on
Set alternate to myfile
Use student
list
set alternate off

Above example will create a new textfile name as my file and stores all the records of student
database file
(2) Set carry command:-

This function Determines whether or not FoxPro carries data forward from the current record
to the new record created with APPEND or INSERT. This function is also helpful to carry forward only
specific field.
Syntax :- SET CARRY ON | OFF
SET CARRY to <Fieldlist>
Default clause:- Off
Example:- Set carry on
Set carry to class,city
(3) Set century command :-

By default the date format of year is in two digit. If we want to display year format as ‘yyyy’ we
can set the century command to ON mode.
Syntax:- Set century ON|OFF
Example:- Set century ON
Default clause:- OFF
(4)Set color command :-

This set command is useful to set Background color and text color in FoxPro. By default white
is background color and black is text color is set. We must have to specified picture code of FoxPro
which are following.
B---blue N---Black G---Green W---White I --- Inverce
BG---Cray GR---Brown N+---Gray RB ---magenta GRT---yellow
Syntax:- Set color to<text color code>/<Back Color Code>

Example:- Set color r/G
clear
Default clause:- Default black textcolor is selected and white is background color.
Above example will set Red as textcolor and Green as background color. We must
have to type cleat command to see the output.
(5)Set Deleted command :-

Set deleted command is use to specify whether or not FoxPro process on the records which
are marked for deletion when set delete is on. FoxPro does process on marked records when
commands like List, Display, Report.
Syntax:- Set Deleted ON | OFF

Example:- Set Deleted ON
Default clause:- OFF
(6)Set Device to command :-

This set command is useful to set the output of @...say command to the specified device that
is file, screen or printer. To screen option is use to set output in screen. File <filename> clause is use
to save output in another textfile.<filename> specifies the name of file.
Syntax:- SET DEVICE TO SCREEN | TO PRINTER |
TO FILE <file>
Example:- Set device to screen
Set device to myfile
Default clause:- By default set default to screen is set.

(7) Set Function command :-

This set command is useful to assign a new value to a function keys. Besides the
programming function you can also program combination of function keys other keys such as
shift,ctrl,alt.
Syntax:- SET FUNCTION <expN> | <key label> TO [<expr>]
Example:- Set function f9 to list
Set function “alt+f9” to append
<Exp N> specifies the function key number.
<Exp R> specifies the commandname.
Here first example will set list command in F9 function key while second function will set
append command in ‘Alt+F8’
(8) Set Default to command :-

This set command is useful to set the default drive and Directory for various file read and to
write operation.
Syntax:- SET DEFAULT TO <exp C>
Example:- Set default to e:\pgdca\roll038
Default clause:- By default c:\fpw26 path is set in your foxpro
<Exp C> specifies the URL (path of your folder where you want to work)
(9) Set Exact command :-

Set Exact command Specifies the rules used when comparing strings of
different lengths. If SET EXACT is ON, expressions must match character for character including
blank spaces for the expressions to be equivalent.
Syntax:- SET EXACT ON | OFF
Example:- Set Exact on
Default clause:- Default Clause Is in OFF mode.
(10) Set Exact command :-

Set Exact command Specifies the rules used when comparing strings of different lengths. If
SET EXACT is ON, expressions must match character for character including blank spaces for the
expressions to be equivalent.
Syntax:- SET EXACT ON | OFF
Example:- Set Exact on
Default clause:- Default Clause Is in OFF mode.
(11) Set Safety command:-

Set Safety command determines whether or not FoxPro displays a warning before overwriting
an existing file. If SET SAFETY is ON and you execute a command that overwrites a file, a dialog is
first displayed asking if you want to overwrite the file.
Syntax:- SET SAFETY ON | OFF
Example:- Set Safety off
Default clause:- Default Clause Is in ON mode.
(12) Set Date command:-

Set Date command is use to set date format to display date expression. By default the date is
display in American format that is ‘MM/DD/YY’.
Syntax:- SET DATE TO <Date format>
DATE FORMATS:-
American--- ‘MM/DD/YY’ British--- ‘DD/YY/YY’
Japan--- ‘YY/MM/DD’ German--- ‘DD.MM.YY’
Ansi ---- ‘YY.MM.DD’ DMY ---- ‘DD/MM/YY’
MDY--- ‘MM/DD/YY’ YMD ---- ‘YY/MM/DD’

Index on name to nm2

Set order to 1
Set relation to nm2 into 2
Go 5
Disp
Select 2
Disp
Go 10
Disp
Select 1
disp
Memory Variable
⇒ Memory variable is also know as a public variable.
Method of Creating Memory Variable:-
We can create memory variable by following three method.
Store:-
Syntax:- Store <expR> to <variablename>
Example:- Store 0 to m1,m2
Store {24/01/08} to tdate
Space:-
Syntax:- <variablename>=space(<expN>
Example:- name=space(15)
=
Syntax:- <variablename>=<expR>
Example:- name=”Rushabh”
Ch=.t. (For logical value storage)
Explain ?, ?? and ??? command :-

? Command:-
This command is known as a print command. Single question marks is use to print any value
of memory variable on the screen. Each print command always starts with new line.
?? Command
This command is also known as a print command. Two question marks display the expression
results on the current line at the current position of the desktop
Syntax:- ? || ?? [PICTURE <expC1>] | [FUNCTION <expC2>]
[AT <expN1>]
[FONT <expC3>[, <expN2>] [STYLE <expC4> | <expr2>]]
Example:- ? ”name is ”+name
Example:- ?? i
??? Command :-
Three question marks command is use to send the output direct to the printer.
Clauses of ? || ?? Command:-
PICTURE <expC1>:= If the PICTURE clause is present, the result of <expr1> is displayed according
to the format specified by <expC1>. <expC1> can consist of function codes, picture codes or a
combination of both.
AT <expN1> :- AT clause is used to specify the column number <expN1> where the output is
displayed. The numeric expression <expN1> can be a UDF that returns a numeric value.

(2) If ..else….endif :-
The if..else.. statement is a another powerful decision making statement and it is used to
control the flow of execution of statement. It is a two way decision statement and it used in
conjunction with an expression.
Syntax:- if (condition)
Statements
Endif
Example:- per=45
If(per>34)
? ”Pass”
Else
? “Fail”
endif
Do case…..Endcase
The Do case structure allows you to select one set of command from many alternatives.In
If..endif you can specify only two alternative while Do case structure allows you to specify as many
alternatives as you like.
Syntax:- Do case
Case <expL1>
<statements>
<break>
Case <expL2>
<statements>
<break>
……….
……….
Case <expL n>
<statements>
<break>
otherwise
<statements>
Endcase
When foxpro enters in Do case..endcase structure it will check the case statements in sequence
when it find true condition ,it execute the corresponding command set. If foxpro does not find any
case statements as true and structure include the otherwise statements it execute the command
given between otherwise and endcase.
Example :- Write a program to check whether the input character is vowel or not.
Ch=space(1)
Input “Enter only one charater” to ch
Do case
Case ch=’a’ or ch=’A’
?”Enter character is vowel”
Case ch=’i’ or ch=’I’
Case ch=’e’ or ch=’E’
Case ch=’o’ or ch=’O’
Case ch=’u’ or ch=’U’
otherwise
?”Enter character is not vowel”
Endcase

Looping Constructs
Foxpro provide various types of looping constructs as shown below.
(1) For……endfor
(2) Do while ……enddo
(3) Scan………endscan
(1) For……endfor :
The For…..Endfor executes a set of statements within a loop specified number of times .A
memory variable or an array element is used as a counter to specify how many times the statements
inside the loop are execute.
Syntax:- FOR <memvar> = <expN1> TO <expN2> [STEP <expN3>]

<statements>
[EXIT]
[LOOP]
ENDFOR | NEXT
<exp N1> specifies the starting position of loop.
<exp N2> specifies the ending position of loop.
<exp N3> specifies the value of stem to loop continue.
<Loop> Loop can be placed anywhere between For…endfor. Loop Returns the control direct to For.
<Exit> Exit can be placed anywhere between For…..endfor. Exit sends the control to out of the
For loop and first statement after the Endfor.
Example:- For i=1 to 100 For i=100 to 1 step -1

?i ?i
endfor endfor
For i=100 to 1 step -5

if i%2==0
?i
else
loop
endif
endfor
The First example will print 1 to 100 on the screen. The second example will print 100 to 1 on
the screen. while third example will print 100,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10 on the screen.
(2) Do while……enddo:-
Do while command is very powerful and flexible set of command and it is used to execute the
command repeatedly. Do while command executes a block of statements within a conditional loop.
Syntex:- DO WHILE <expL>
<statements>
[LOOP]
[EXIT]
ENDDO
A set of statements is placed between Do while and enddo are execute as long as the logical
expression <expL> remains true. Do while statement must have a corresponding enddo statement.
<exp L> specifies the logical expression. The statement placed between do while and enddo
are execute as long as this <exp L> evaluates to true.
<Loop> Loop can be placed anywhere between Do while…..enddo. Loop Returns the control
directly back to Do while.
<Exit> Exit can be placed anywhere between Do while…..enddo. Exit sends the control to out
of the Do while loop and first statement after the enddo.

Arrays
An array is a set of related data item.
An array is a group of variable having same name but with different index value.
There are three types of array
1. One dimensional Array
2. Two dimensional Array
3. Multi dimensional Array
Note:- In Foxpro you have to learn only one and two dimensional arrays. And the simple concept of
multidimensional array.
⇒ You can create any Array variable using ‘Declare’ keyword or using ‘Dimension’ keyword.
⇒ In foxpro the index value of array is start with 1 not with 0.
⇒ In foxpro you not have to declare the Data type of array variable.
⇒ Datatype of array variable is depends on its value.
⇒ We can use ‘[ ]’ bracket of ‘()’brackets to declare the size of array variable.
⇒ The default datatype of array variable is logical
⇒ We can change the size of array at any time like increment after declaration.
Another Database Related functions

(1) BOF() :- This function checks whether the cursor is at the beginning of database file or not. If it
found the cursor at the beginning of file it return true (.T.) as answer else it return False(.F.) as
answer.
?BOF()
Output:- .f.
Return:- Logical
(2) EOF():- This function checks whether the cursor is at the end of database file or not. If it found
the cursor at the end of file it return true (.T.) as answer else it return False(.F.) as answer.
?EOF()
Output:- .t.
Return:- Logical
(3) Found():- This function returns true (.T.) if continue, find, locate or seek is successful otherwise it
return false.
Syntax:- Found([<expN> | <expC>])
Return:- Logical
(4) Afield() :- This function is use to store table structure information into an array variable.
AFIELDS( ) places information about the structure of the current table into an array and
returns the number of fields in the table. AFIELDS( ) stores each field name, type, length, and
the number of decimal places in numeric fields.
Syntax:- AFIELDS(<array>)
Returns:- Numeric
(5) Fcount():- This function returns the number of fields in the current or specified table/.DBF.
Syntax:- FCOUNT([<expN> | <expC>])

Returns :- Numeric

(2) Accept command :-

Accept command is input any data from user and to store in y particular variable memory
variable or in array variable.The difference between input and accept command is that input
command is use to input any numeric data only while accept is use to input string type of data. We
can enter string type data using input command by entering string in double quotation marks.
Syntax:- Accept <exp C> to <memory variable>
Example:- Accept “Enter name:- “ to name
(3)@ ….Say…. command:-

This command is use to display any output at specified column.It can also be
used to format output for a printer.
Syntax :- @ <row, column> SAY <expr>
[FUNCTION <expC1>]
[PICTURE <expC2>]
[SIZE <expN1>, <expN2>]
[FONT <expC3>[, <expN3]]
[STYLE <expC4>]
[COLOR SCHEME<expN4>|COLOR<colorpair list>]
We can use combine @..say .. command and @ ..Get command into a single command. If
both the SAY and GET clauses are included, specify a single set of coordinates <row, column>
where @ ... SAY output begins. A space is automatically inserted between the @ ... SAY output and
the @ ... GET text editing region.
<row, column> clause:-

Rows and column are numeric expression with values 0 and greater, that determine where the
output of @ …Say .. is appear. The first row is 0 number. Rows are numbered from top to bottom.
The first column is number is 0 on the desktop. Columns are numbered from left to right.(In foxpro
there are about 1 to 40 rows and 1 to 100 columns are available in general pc.)
@ <row, column> SAY <expr>:-

<expR> is evaluated and display or printing at <row,column> position.<expR> can be string,
name of memory variable.
FUNCTION <expC1> | PICTURE <expC2> clauses:-
You can include the FUNCTION clause, the PICTURE clause or both to control how <expr> is
displayed or printed.
FUNCTION Code Purpose
B----- Left-justifies numeric data within the display region.
C----- CR is displayed after a positive number to indicate a credit. Can be used with numeric data only.
D----- Uses the current SET DATE format.
E----- Edits date type data as a BRITISH date.
T----- Trim leading and trailing blanks from <expr>.
X----- DB is displayed after negative numbers to indicate a debit. Use only with numeric data.
Z------ <expr> is displayed as all blanks if its numeric value is 0. Use only with numeric data.(Encloses
negative numbers in parentheses. Use only with numeric data.
!------ Converts alphabetic characters to upper-case. Use with character data only.
^ ------ Displays numeric data using scientific notation. Use with numeric data only.
$------ Displays data in currency format. The currency symbol appears before or after the field value
depending on the current setting of SET CURRENCY. Use with numeric data only.
A PICTURE expression can include any characters, but only the characters listed below actively
participate in display and printing.

(4) @ ….get… command:-

This command is use to input any value of the user at t at specified column.@ …get
command is work when read statement is written after the get command.
Syntax :- @ <row, column> GET <memvar> | <field>
[FUNCTION <expC1>]
[PICTURE <expC2>]
[FONT <expC3>[, <expN1>]]
[STYLE <expC4>]
[DEFAULT <expr1>]
[ENABLE | DISABLE]
[RANGE [<expr2>] [, <expr3>]]
[SIZE <expN2>, <expN3>]
[VALID <expL1> | <expN4> [ERROR <expC6>]]
[WHEN <expL2>]
[COLOR SCHEME<expN5>|COLOR<colorpair list>]
Note:- Here many clause of @ ..get ..command works same as work in @ … say .. command. so I
am nor repeating those clause please refers from @ ..say…command.
DEFAULT <expr1>
If you specify a memory variable for the @ ... GET editing region that doesn't exist, it is automatically
created and initialized if you include DEFAULT .However,an array element isn't created if you specify
an array element in a DEFAULT clause. The DEFAULT clause is ignored if the memory variable
already exists or you specify a field.
Note:- If the DEFAULT clause isn't included and the memory variable <memvar> doesn't exist, the
error message "Variable not found" is displayed.
The DEFAULT expression <expr1> determines the type of memory variable created and its
initial value.
ENABLE | DISABLE clause:-

Including DISABLE prevents access to an @ ... GET editing region. The editing region is
displayed in the disabled colors and cannot be selected. By default, @ ... GET editing regions are
enabled. You can include ENABLE as a reminder in a program that a GET editing region can be
accessed.
RANGE [<expr2>] [, <expr3>]

Use the RANGE clause with character, date and numeric data to specify a range of
acceptable values. If the value you enter in the @ ... GET editing region isn't within the specified
range, a message showing the correct range is displayed. The lower boundary of the range is
specified with <expr2>, the upper boundary with <expr3>. <expr2> and <expr3> must be character,
numeric or date expressions that correspond to the data in the memory variable, array element or
field. Either <expr2> or <expr3> can be omitted, but not both. If one boundary is omitted, the data
you enter is checked against the specified boundary only.
VALID <expL1> | <expN4>

Use VALID to validate input. When you attempt to exit the GET editing region, the VALID
expression is evaluated. A VALID clause greatly simplifies data validation when used with a user-
defined function (UDF). If a UDF is called within a VALID clause in @ ... GET, the UDF should return
a logical or numeric value.
<expL1> If<expL1>evaluates to a logical true the input is considered correct and the editing
region is exited.If <expL1> evaluates to false the value you entered is considered incorrect and a
message is displayed directing you to reenter the data after pressing the Spacebar.
If a UDF validation routine performs a replacement on a field and the validation routine then
returns false, the field replacement occurs but the previous field value is restored when you return
from the UDF to the GET editing region.
<expN4> A VALID clause that includes a numeric expression is used to specify which object is
activated after you exit the GET editing region.

Diplay List
1. Default scope of Display command is current 1. Default scope of List command is all
record. record.
2. Display command displays the record pagewise. 2. List command does not displays the record
page wise.
3. Display command displays the field headings 3. List command does not displays the field
when there are more than one page record. headings when there are more than one page
record.
4. Display command displays the records which 4. List command displays the records which
are marked for deletion when set deleted is on. are marked for deletion when set deleted is
on.
Edit Browse
1. Edit command will display the output in the 1. Browse command will display the output in
format of Row wise that is like a append screen. the format of Row and column wise that is
like a table.
2. The edit command does not have width option. 2. The browse command have width option.
3. Edit command is little bit difficult because for 3. As you can show all the record at a time, it
each and every modification you need to reach is easy process for modification.
to a particular record. So it is time consuming.
4.Edit command does not support toggle delete or 4. Browse command allows you to delete
to insert a new record. record as well as to append record.
Sorting Indexing
1. Sorting a database file create a new database 1. Indexing a database file creates an index
file. file.
2. Sorting help us to search the desired information 2.The indexfile helps us to search information
quickly. where a particular record is available.
3. Sort command is automatically attached with 3. Index command is depand on type to
‘.dbf’ extension. attached with ‘.ecx’ or ‘.idx’ extension,
4. The sort file is bigger in size than the index file. 4.The index file is smaller in size than the
sorted file.
5. Sorting is a slow process. 5. Indexing is a faster process.

Foxpro Programming: What Is Data?

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Shiavm Computer Training Center 1

What is Database? Database is an organized collection of related information.

What is FoxPro? FoxPro is one of the leading DBMS(Database Management System)

DBMS software:- 1.Dbase 2.Foxpro 3.Foxbase

1. Filename must start with an alphabets

 Rules to create a New Field:-

1. Fieldname must start with an alphabets

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS:-

Data types available in FoxPro

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Simple commands of FoxPro:-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

3.Date and Time Function:-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

(20) Set():- This function Returns the status of a SET command.

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Set Commands of FoxPro

(1) Set alternate command:-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

(2) Set carry command:-

(3) Set century command :-

(4)Set color command :-

Syntax:- Set color to<text color code>/<Back Color Code>

(5)Set Deleted command :-

Syntax:- Set Deleted ON | OFF

(6)Set Device to command :-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

(7) Set Function command :-

(8) Set Default to command :-

(9) Set Exact command :-

(10) Set Exact command :-

(11) Set Safety command:-

(12) Set Date command:-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Index on name to nm2

Explain ?, ?? and ??? command :-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Syntax:- FOR <memvar> = <expN1> TO <expN2> [STEP <expN3>]

Example:- For i=1 to 100 For i=100 to 1 step -1

For i=100 to 1 step -5

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

Another Database Related functions

Syntax:- FCOUNT([<expN> | <expC>])

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

(2) Accept command :-

(3)@ ….Say…. command:-

<row, column> clause:-

@ <row, column> SAY <expr>:-

Prepared By: Rushabh P Madhu & P. C. Solanki

(4) @ ….get… command:-

ENABLE | DISABLE clause:-

RANGE [<expr2>] [, <expr3>]

VALID <expL1> | <expN4>

Rules to create a New Field:-