Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to: Create tables Insert rows into tables Delete tables Create user-defined datatype List various types of data integrity Add the following constraints to tables: PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT
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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

5.D.1 Creating a Table
The details about a newspaper that publishes advertisements for Tebisco, Inc. have to be stored in the Recruitment database.

Attributes Newspaper Code Newspaper Name Region Type of Newspaper Contact Person HO Address City State Zip Country Code Fax Phone

Data 0001 Texas Times Texas General Jackson Demello 4723 West Alabama Houston Texas 77015-4568 001 (713)451-6797 (713)451-6850 SQL/Lesson 5/Slide 2 of 52

Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Task List
Draft the statement to create a table Create the table in the database Check whether the table has been created Insert a row into the table

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Draft the statement to create a table
Tables: A table is a database object used to store data Data in a table is organized in rows and columns Each row in a table represents a unique record and each column represents an attribute of the record The CREATE TABLE Statement: Is used to create a table Syntax CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name datatype [NULL | NOT NULL] [IDENTITY (SEED,INCREMENT)], column_name datatype ) [ON {filegroup} | DEFAULT] Result: The name of the table to be created is Newspaper
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Create the table in the database
Action In the Query Analyzer window, type the given CREATE TABLE statement CREATE TABLE NewsPaper

(cNewsPaperCode char(4) NOT NULL,

cNewsPaperName char(20) NOT NULL, vRegion varchar(20),

vTypeOfNewsPaper varchar(20),
vContactPerson varchar(35), vHOAddress varchar(35),
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Create the table in the database (Contd.)
cCity char(20), cState char(20), cZip char(10), cCountryCode char(3), cFax char(15), cPhone char(15)) Press F5 to execute the statement

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Check whether the table has been created
You can use the sp_help command to view the structure of the table Syntax sp_help table_name Action:

In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_help Newspaper

Press F5 to execute

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Insert a row into the table
The INSERT Statement After the table structure has been created, data can be inserted into the table. You can insert data into the table by using the INSERT command

Syntax
INSERT [INTO] table_name [column_list] VALUES (values_list)

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Insert a row into the table (Contd.)
Action: In the Query Analyzer, type the INSERT statement given below: INSERT Newspaper VALUES('0001', 'Texas Times', 'Texas', 'General', 'Jackson Demello', '4723 West Alabama', 'Houston', 'Texas', '77015-4568', '001', '(713)451-6797', '(713)451-6850') Press F5 to execute
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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

5.P.1 Creating a Table
You want to store the details about the colleges that Tebisco, Inc. visits for recruitment. A sample row is given below:
Attribute College Code College Name College Address City State Zip Phone Data 0002 Cromwell College 4010 Gartner Ave Abilene Texas 79605-4123 (915)692-6628

The college code and name cannot be left blank.

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5.D.2 Deleting a Table
Remove the Newspaper table from the database.

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Task List
Draft the statement to remove a table from the database Remove the Newspaper table from the database Verify that the table has been removed from the database

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Draft the statement to remove a table from the database
The DROP TABLE Statement Used to remove the table from the database Syntax DROP TABLE table_name Result: The statement to remove the Newspaper table is: DROP TABLE Newspaper

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Remove the Newspaper table from the database
Action In the Query Analyzer window, type: DROP TABLE Newspaper Press F5 to execute

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Verify that the table has been removed from the database
Type the following command to view the table structure: sp_help Newspaper Action In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_help Newspaper Press F5 to execute

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Just a Minute
Draft the statement to remove the College table from the database.

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

User-Defined Datatypes
Creating a User-Defined Datatype
A user-defined datatype is created using the sp_addtype system stored procedure

Syntax
sp_addtype name, [system_data_type] [, 'null_type']

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User-Defined Datatypes (Contd.)
Dropping a User-Defined Datatype A user-defined datatype can be dropped using the sp_droptype system stored procedure Syntax

sp_droptype type

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

5.D.3 Creating User-defined Datatypes
The NewsAd and the Newspaper tables do not have the same datatype for the cNewspaperCode attribute. Create a user-defined datatype called typNewspaperCode that can be used to create the NewsAd and the Newspaper table. Create the NewsAd table in which the newspaper code is of typNewspaperCode datatype.

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Task List
Identify the inconsistency in the table structures Identify the system-defined datatype that can be converted to a user-defined datatype Identify the name for the user-defined datatype Create a user-defined datatype Verify that the datatype has been created Create the NewsAd table with the new datatype

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Identify the inconsistency in the table structures
User-defined datatypes Can be used to remove the inconsistency in table structures which arises when two attributes that should have the same system datatype use different system datatypes. Result: The cNewspaperCode attribute in the Newspaper table is of datatype char(4). The cNewspaperCode attribute in the NewsAd table is of datatype varchar(2). The datatype and the length of both these attributes are different. This gives rise to inconsistency in the table structure.
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Identify the system-defined datatype that can be converted to a user-defined datatype
Result: The system-defined datatype of both attributes should be char(4)

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Identify the name for the user-defined datatype
The name of the datatype can be prefixed with the letters 'typ' for identifying the user-defined datatype Result: Name for the user-defined datatype is typNewspaperCode

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Create a user-defined datatype
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_addtype typNewspaperCode, 'char(4)' Execute the query by clicking the Execute Query button

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Verify that the datatype has been created
The sp_help system stored procedure gives specific information about the object specified Syntax sp_help datatype_name

Action:
In the Query Analyzer window, type: sp_help typNewspaperCode Press F5 to execute

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Create the table NewsAd with the new datatype
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type: CREATE TABLE NewsAd ( cNewsAdNo char(4) NOT NULL, cNewspaperCode typNewspaperCode NOT NULL, dAdStartDate datetime, dDeadline datetime ) Press F5 to execute

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Data Integrity
Data integrity ensures the consistency and correctness of data stored in a database. It is broadly classified into the following four categories: Entity integrity Domain integrity Referential integrity User-defined integrity Entity Integrity Ensures that each row can be uniquely identified by an attribute called the primary key

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Data Integrity (Contd.)
Domain Integrity Ensures that only a valid range of values is allowed to be stored in a column Referential Integrity

Ensures that the values of the foreign key match with the value of the corresponding primary key
User-Defined Integrity

Refers to a set of rules specified by a user, which do not belong to the entity, domain, and referential integrity categories
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Just a Minute...
Which integrity ensures that the values in the foreign key match with the value of the corresponding primary key?

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Creating Constraints
Constraints are created to ensure data integrity Constraints define rules that must be followed to maintain consistency and correctness of data A constraint can either be created at the time of creating a table or can be added later Constraints can be enforced at two levels: Column level

Table level

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Creating Constraints (Contd.)
A constraint can be created using either of the following statements: CREATE TABLE statement CREATE TABLE table_name column_name CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type [,CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type] ALTER TABLE statement ALTER TABLE table_name [WITH CHECK | WITH NOCHECK] ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type
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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Creating Constraints (Contd.)
Dropping Constraints A constraint can be dropped using the ALTER TABLE statement in the Query Analyzer Syntax

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Creating Constraints (Contd.)
Types of Constraints The PRIMARY KEY Constraint

Is defined on a column or a set of columns whose values uniquely identify rows in a table

Ensures entity integrity

Syntax
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY [CLUSTERED|NONCLUSTERED](col_name [, col_name [, col_name [, ]]])]

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Creating Constraints (Contd.)
The UNIQUE Constraint Is used to enforce uniqueness on non-primary key columns Multiple UNIQUE constraints can be created on a table Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE [CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED](col_name [, col_name [, col_name [, ]]])

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Creating Constraints (Contd.)
The FOREIGN KEY Constraint Is used to remove the inconsistency in two tables when data in one table depends on data in another table Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (col_name [, col_name [, ]]) REFERENCES table_name (column_name [, column_name [, ]])]

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Creating Constraints (Contd.)
The CHECK Constraint Enforces domain integrity by restricting the values to be inserted in a column Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint name] CHECK (expression)

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Creating Constraints (Contd.)
The DEFAULT Constraint

It is used to assign a constant value to a column Only one DEFAULT constraint can be created for a column The column cannot be an IDENTITY column

Syntax [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] DEFAULT (constant_expression | NULL)

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Just a Minute
Which constraint enforces domain integrity by restricting the value to be inserted in a column?

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

5.D.4 Using Constraints
The Newspaper and NewsAd tables have been finalized. Create the Newspaper table with the following data integrity rules: The cNewspaperCode attribute should be the primary key The cPhone attribute should be of the format ([0-9][0-9] [0-9])[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]) The cCountryCode attribute should be 001 by default Modify the NewsAd table as specified below: cNewsAdNo should be the primary key cNewspaperCode should be the foreign key
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Task List
Identify how to enforce data integrity Draft the statement to create a table Create the table with constraints Verify constraints by inserting data

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Identify how to enforce data integrity
You can enforce data integrity by using constraints Result: For the Newspaper table:

The phone number format can be given using the CHECK constraint The country code can be given using the DEFAULT constraint

The newspaper code can be made the primary key using the PRIMARY KEY constraint

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Identify how to enforce data integrity (Contd.)
For the NewsAd table:

The cNewsAdNo column can be made the primary key using the PRIMARY KEY constraint The cNewspaperCode attribute can be made the foreign key using the FOREIGN KEY constraint

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Draft the statement to create a table
Result: The command to create the Newspaper table would be as follows:
CREATE TABLE Newspaper (cNewspaperCode typNewspaperCode CONSTRAINT

pkNewspaperCode PRIMARY KEY,

cNewspaperName char(20) NOT NULL, vRegion varchar(20),

vTypeOfNewspaper varchar(20),
vContactPerson varchar(35), vHOAddress varchar(35),
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Draft the statement to create a table (Contd.)
cCity char(20), cState char(20), cZip char(10), cCountryCode char(3) CONSTRAINT defCountryCode

DEFAULT(001),
cFax char(15), cPhone char(15) CONSTRAINT chkPhone CHECK(cPhone LIKE('([0-9][0-9][0-9])[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][09][0-9][0-9]')))

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Draft the statement to create a table(Contd.)
The commands to modify the NewsAd table would be as follows: ALTER TABLE NewsAd ADD CONSTRAINT pkNewsAdNo PRIMARY KEY (cNewsAdNo) ALTER TABLE NewsAd ADD CONSTRAINT fkNewspaperCode

FOREIGN KEY (cNewspaperCode)

REFERENCES Newspaper(cNewspaperCode)
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Create the table with the constraints
Action: In the Query Analyzer window, type the query Execute the commands by clicking the Execute Query button

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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Verify the constraints by inserting data
Verify the constraint by inserting data (into the Newspaper table)
Action Test case 1 Attribute Value in the INSERT statement. 3445AB323 Result

cPhone

The row would not be inserted, as the telephone number contains character data The row would be inserted, as this is a valid format for a telephone number The row would be inserted with 005 in the cCountryCode attribute The row when inserted would give an error, since 0001 already exists for cNewspaperCode in the Newspaper table The row would be inserted, as 0090 for cNewspaperCode does not exist in the Newspaper table

cPhone

(212)345-2467

cCountrycode

005

cNewspaperCode

0001 (Already present in Newspaper table) 0090 (not present in the Newspaper table)

cNewspaperCode

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Verify the constraints by inserting data (Contd.)
Verify the constraint by inserting data (into the NewsAd table)
Action Test case 1 Attribute Value in the INSERT statement. 0001 (Already present in the NewsAd table) 0035 (Not present in the NewsAd table) 0045 (Not present in Newspaper table) Result

cNewsAdNo

The row when inserted would give an error since 0001 is already present for the cNewsAdNo attribute in the NewsAd table The row would be inserted, since 0035 does not exist in the NewsAd table The row,when inserted would give an error, as 0045 does not exist for cNewspaperCode in the Newspaper table The row would be inserted, since 0001 for cNewspaperCode does not exist in the Newspaper table

cNewsAdNo

cNewspaperCode

cNewspaperCode

0001(Present in the Newspaper table)

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5.P.2 Using Constraints
Create the College table with the following data integrity rules : cCollegeCode should be the primary key The phone number should be of the format ([0-9][0-9][09])[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9] cCity should be New Orleans by default Create the CampusRecruitment table so that it satisfies the following data integrity rules:

The cCampusRecruitmentCode column should be the primary key

The cCollegeCode column should be the foreign key
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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Summary
In this lesson, you learned that: A table is a database object used to store data A table can be created using the CREATE TABLE statement The INSERT statement is used to insert data into the table The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete the table A user-defined datatype is created by a user and is based on a system datatype A user-defined datatype is created using the sp_addtype system stored procedure

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Summary (Contd.)
A user-defined datatype can be dropped using the sp_droptype system stored procedure
sp_help provides information about a database object or a userdefined datatype Data integrity ensures the completeness, accuracy, and reliability of data contained in the database Data integrity can be classified as entity integrity, domain integrity, referential integrity, and user-defined integrity Data integrity can be enforced through constraints Constraints are rules that can be specified at either the tablelevel or the column-level
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Creating Tables and Enforcing Data Integrity

Summary (Contd.)
A constraint can be created using either the CREATE TABLE or the ALTER TABLE statements
A constraint can be dropped with the ALTER TABLE statement or by dropping the table Constraints are classified as PRIMARY, FOREIGN, UNIQUE, CHECK, and DEFAULT

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