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PIEAS

Working of I.C Engines

[Type the document subtitle]
Hammad Hassan Hasham Mehmood Hammad Aslam
G-2; 2011-15

2012

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

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ABSTRACT:
We have discussed 3 types of Gasoline Engines namely, The 4 Stroke Petrol Engine, The 4 Stroke Diesel Engine and The 2 Stroke Petrol Engine.

INTRODUCTION:
A petrol engine, also known as gasoline engine, is an internal combustion engine with ignition spark Fuel used to operate the Petrol engine is petrol mixed with some other volatile compounds. Diesel engine, also I.C Engine, differ from the petrol engine as it has the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in fact it uses no spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. Air is compressed to high temperature and then air fuel mixture is injected.

4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE:

A four-stroke engine is a four-cycle internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokesintake, compression, power, and exhaustduring two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle. A model of the 4 Stroke Petrol Engine is shown in Figure below.

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The main components of a 4 Stroke Petrol Engine are:

1) Piston: It has linear motion. It transmits combustion power. It is

also used for compression and expansion purposes.

2) Connecting Rod: It converts the linear motion of the piston into

rotational motion.

3) Gudgeon Pin: It connects the piston and the connecting rod. 4) Crank Shaft: It provides rotational motion.

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5) Cylinder: It is actually the main body of the engine in which the

piston moves linearly. It also contains or holds the gases or fuels which are to be burned.

6) Piston Cuts: These are the thread-like cuts on the outer surface of
piston in which rings are present to prevent the leakage of fuel or gases from upper to lower surface of piston.

7) Compression Rings: These are the rings which are present on the
upper cuts of the piston. They prevent the air-fuel mixture from leaking.

8) Lubricating Rings: These are present on the lower cuts of the

piston. They bring engine oil from the crank case and lubricate the sides of the cylinder.

9) Crank Case: It is the part in which oil is present which acts as

lubricant for the smooth motion of piston.

10) Fly Wheel: It is the dead weight which absorbs energy during the
power stroke and utilizes it in the remaining three strokes.

11) Carburetor: It makes the air-fuel mixture. 12) Inlet Valve: It is the valve through which the air-fuel mixture
enters into the cylinder.

13) Exhaust Valve: It is the valve through which exhaust or burned

gases go out from the cylinder.

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14) Timing Gears: These are the gears which control the timing of
opening and closing of valves. The larger gear is attached to the CAM shaft which rotates only once during the 4 strokes of the piston. The smaller gear is attached to the crank shaft which rotates twice during the 4 strokes.

15) CAM Shaft: On the shaft are mounted CAMs which control the
opening and closing of the Inlet and Outlet valves.

16) Tappets: These are present at the lower end of the rod that
connects the cam shaft with the rocker arm.

17) Rocker Arm: It connects the rods to the springs attached to inlet
and outlet valves.

18) Spark Plug: It is the plug which gets power from the supply and
produces spark during the ignition stroke.

19) Water Jackets: They surround the cylinder and water in them
rotates and keeps the engine cool to avoid the damage due to overheating.

With the main parts discussed, we now move on to the mode of operation. A Stroke is defined as the distance between Upper and Lower Dead Center. The Upper Dead Centre is the highest position that the piston

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can reach in the cylinder while the Lower Dead Centre is the lowest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder. The ratio between Upper Dead Center and Lower Dead Center is called Compression Ratio. In the 4 Stroke Petrol Engine there are 4 strokes which are given below: The Stroke starts with the Piston at the Upper Dead Centre.

Working of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine:

1) Intake Stroke: The inlet valve is opened and the fuel/air mixture is
drawn in as the piston travels down.

2) Compression Stroke: The inlet valve is closed and the piston

travels back up the cylinder compressing the fuel/air mixture. Just before piston reaches the top of its compression stroke a spark plug emits a spark to combust the fuel/air mixture.

3) Combustion Stroke: The piston is now forced down by the power

produced by the combustion of the fuel air mixture. The engines power is derived from this stroke.

4) Exhaust Stroke:

The exhaust valve is opened and the piston

travels back up expelling the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve. At the top of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed. This process is then repeated.

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The above is the cycle of operation of one cylinder of a 4-stroke engine. Generally engines have 2 or more cylinders acting in concert with each other to produce the engine power. It is interesting to note that one complete engine cycle takes two revolutions but that individual valves and spark plugs only operate once in this time. Hence their timing needs to be taken from a half engine speed signal, which is the camshafts speed.

4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:

A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber. This is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which uses a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture

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The main components explained in the 4 Stroke Diesel Engines

1) Fuel injection system: It has a fuel injection system instead of

spark plug.

2) Connecting Rod: It converts the linear motion of the piston into

rotational motion.

3) Gudgeon Pin: It connects the piston and the connecting rod. 4) Crank Shaft: It provides rotational motion.

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5) Cylinder: It is actually the main body of the engine in which the

piston moves linearly. It also contains or holds the gases or fuels which are to be burned.

6) Piston Cuts: These are the thread-like cuts on the outer surface of
piston in which rings are present to prevent the leakage of fuel or gases from upper to lower surface of piston.

7) Compression Rings: These are the rings which are present on the
upper cuts of the piston. They prevent the air-fuel mixture from leaking.

8) Lubricating Rings: These are present on the lower cuts of the

piston. They bring engine oil from the crank case and lubricate the sides of the cylinder.

9) Crank Case: It is the part in which oil is present which acts as

lubricant for the smooth motion of piston.

10) Fly Wheel: It is the dead weight which absorbs energy during the
power stroke and utilizes it in the remaining three strokes.

11) Piston: It has linear motion. It transmits combustion power. It is

also used for compression and expansion purposes.

12) Inlet Valve: It is the valve through which the air-fuel mixture
enters into the cylinder.

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13) Exhaust Valve: It is the valve through which exhaust or burned

gases go out from the cylinder.

14) Timing Gears: These are the gears which control the timing of
opening and closing of valves. The larger gear is attached to the CAM shaft which rotates only once during the 4 strokes of the piston. The smaller gear is attached to the crank shaft which rotates twice during the 4 strokes.

15) CAM Shaft: On the shaft are mounted CAMs which control the
opening and closing of the Inlet and Outlet valves.

16) Tappets: These are present at the lower end of the rod that
connects the cam shaft with the rocker arm.

17) Rocker Arm: It connects the rods to the springs attached to inlet
and outlet valves.

18) Water Jackets: They surround the cylinder and water in them
rotates and keeps the engine cool to avoid the damage due to overheating.

Working:
A 4 Stroke Diesel Engine is very similar in analogy to a 4 Stroke Petrol Engine but with a few exceptions i.e.in a 4 Stroke Diesel Engine Instead of the Carburetor and the Spark Plugs, there is a Fuel

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Injection System and a Fuel Injector. Air enters through the inlet valve. The Fuel is injected into the cylinder by the Fuel Injector. The mode of operation of a 4 Stroke Diesel Engine is as follows. The names of the 4 strokes of a Diesel Engine are the same as that of a Petrol Engine but what happens in them is slightly different.

1) INTAKE Stroke: Only pure air gets sucked in by the piston sliding
downward.

2) COMPRESSION Stroke: The piston compresses the air above and

uses thereby work, performed by the crankshaft.

3) POWER Stroke: At the Upper Dead Center, the air is compressed

to a maximum; Pressure and Temperature are very high. Now the Injection valve injects heavy fuel in the hot air. By the high temperature the fuel gets ignited immediately (auto-ignition).The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives the piston back down towards bottom dead center with tremendous force. The piston then performs work to the crankshaft.

4) EXHAUST Stroke: The burned exhaust gases are ejected out of the
cylinder through a second valve by the piston sliding upward again.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STROKES OF DIESEL AND PETROL ENGINES:

In theory, there is no difference between the working of diesel and petrol engines. Both are four stroke engines and both use combustion to convert the chemical energy stored inside the fuels to mechanical energy. In reality, the only difference between these two engines is of air and fuel mixing method. A petrol engine mixes the fuel with air and compresses it inside the piston tube for combustion while a diesel engine compresses the air inside the piston tube and then adds fuel to it for combustion. In petrol engines, the chemical reaction occurs when the mixture of air and fuel is compressed while in case of a diesel engine, the air is compressed first which heats it up and when fuel is added to it, the combustion initiates due to the heated and compressed air.

2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE:

A 2 Stroke Petrol Engine is very different from the 4 Stroke Diesel and Petrol Engines. A model of the 2 Stroke Engine is given below:

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The major components of a 2 Stroke Spark Ignition Engine are:

1) Cylinder: It is a cylindrical vessel in which a piston makes an up

and down motion. It also holds the air-fuel mixture.

2) Piston: It is a cylindrical component making an up and down

movement in the cylinder.

3) Crank Chamber: It is the portion of the cylinder below the piston

in which the air-fuel mixture enters through the inlet valve.

3) Combustion Chamber: It is the portion of the cylinder above the

piston in which the combustion of the fuel-air mixture takes place.

4) Inlet and Exhaust Valves: The inlet valve allows the fresh air-fuel
mixture to enter the combustion chamber and the exhaust valve discharges the products of combustion.

5) Transfer Port: Provides a path for the air-fuel mixture to move

from the lower part of the piston/cylinder to the upper part.

6) Crank Shaft: A shaft which converts the reciprocating/linear

motion of piston into the rotary motion.

7) Connecting Rod: Connects the piston with the crankshaft.

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8) Cam Shaft: The cam shaft (mounted with CAMs) controls the
opening and closing of inlet and Exhaust valves.

9) Spark Plug: Located at the cylinder head. It is used to initiate the

combustion process.

Working:
In a 2 Stroke Petrol Engine, the 2 Strokes are as follows: The Stroke starts with the piston at the Lower Dead Centre.

1st stroke: The piston is at the bottom of the cylinder. A pipe at the
left side is opened and lets the fuel mixture, which is already compressed a bit, flow from the lower to the upper part of the cylinder. The fresh gases expulse now the exhaust through an ejection pipe, which is not closed by the piston at this moment.

2nd stroke: After being hurried upward, the piston now covers the
pipe on the left side and the ejection pipe. Because there is no way out any more, the upper, fresh gas mixture gets compressed now. At the same time in the part below fresh gas is taken in by the piston driving upward through the open suction pipe. At the upper deadcenter, the compressed fuel mixture is ignited by the sparking plug, the piston is pressed downward while it compresses at the same time the fresh gas below. The process begins again as soon as the piston arrives at its lowest point.