PCOG - Carbohydrates
PCOG - Carbohydrates
PCOG - Carbohydrates
Origin) Part Used(Origin) Important Markings Major Constituents Uses Pharmaceutical aid (syrup), demulcent, nutrient, bacteriostatic, preservative, mask disagreeable taste and retards oxidation Of iron prep. monosaccharides - glucose and fructose
a. Medicinal: Relieve pain in infants b. Pharmaceutical: Sweetening agent and as pharmaceutical aid c. Commercial: Used in food as a preservative, additive and sweetener
Sucrose
Asukal, Tubo
Stem of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum) Family: Poaceae Roots of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) Family: Chenopodiaceae
Bark dark gray and smooth Manna Ash or South European Flowering Ash Tubangamericano Leaf - opposite pairs, pinnate, 20-30 cm long, with 5-9 leaflets; the leaflets are broad ovoid, 5-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a finely serrated and wavy margin, and short but distinct petiolules 515 mm long Rhizome is hollow except at the nodes, strongly furrowed longitudinally. Where the nodes occur, traces of rootlets may be found on the under surfaces and the fibrous remains of sheathing leafbases on the upper surfaces. mannose, mannitol (from mannose reduction),Glucose (seed),Saponin (leaves) Osmotic diuretic, laxative, diabetic food, bacteriological culture media, diagnostic aid
Manna
Fraxinus ornus
(Oleaceae)
Triticum
Agropyron repens
(Poaceae)
Medicinally: for irritable bladder and cystitis, a stimulant, refrigerant, diuretic Pharmaceutically: sweetener antioxidant, antiinflammatory, astringent, diuretic, sedative, antitussive
Cherry
Prunus cerasus
(Rosaceae)
Fruit
malic acid, anthocyanins, flavonols, citric acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol
a. Medicinal: cough (whooping) and cold remedy, asthma, used for treatment of indigestion, worms, burns, labor pains,
diarrhea, headache, bronchitis and tuberculosis, cystitis, oedema. Blood tonic. Antioxidant. b. Pharmaceutical: Antitussive; Astringent; Diuretic;Tonic; Antispasmodic; Inhalant c. Commercial: Flavorant; preservative; Dye; Furniture (Bark); turnery; instruments; gum
ingredient in prep og cherry syrup; flavored vehicle to disguise pharmaceutical mixtures Suppresant, Diuretic, Blood purifier, Aphrodisiac agent Leaf: deciduous leaves are palmate, deeply divided into 3 to 7 main lobes, and irregularly toothed on the margins. The blade is up to 10 inches in length and width, fairly thick, rough on the upper surface, softly hairy on the underside. Igos, Higo, Higos Demulcent, laxative, nutrient
Medicinal >colds, soothing the mucous membranes of our respiratory tract. > boils and small (maturating) tumors. > White, milky juice extracted from the stems and leaves is used for removal of warts. >treatment of gumboils, dental abscesses > Figs increase the mobility of male sperm and increase the numbers of Sperm as well to overcome male sterility. Pharmaceutical: >It is usually employed in preparations of laxative syrups, combined with
Fig
Ficus carica
(Moraceae)
Flower: small and inconspicuous Trunk/bark/branches: droop as the tree grows Breakage: susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break
Senna and carminatives. > laxative > expectorant and analgesic > Demulcent, >Emollient >Poultice Commercial: (Mostly used when dried) >Jam >Fig-roll or Fig-Newton (biscuit filling) >Alcohol is obtained from fermented Figs
Cassia fistula
Golden Shower Tree, Caa fistula, Pudding Pipe Tree, Indian Laburnum, Purging Cassia
Pods finely striated transversely, the striations appearing as fine fissures. The rounded distal ends bear a small point marking the position of the style. It is divided by thin, buff coloured, transverse dissepiments at intervals of about 0.5cm. Each compartment contains one seed which is flat, oval, reddish brown with a well-marked raphe. edible, pod-like fruit contains 5 seed cavities with generally 2 seeds each
laxative or purgative; to treat skin infections; cathartic; sometimes added to tobacco and smoked;Suppresant, Diuretic; Blood purifier; Aphrodisiac agent
Tamarind Apple
Sampalok Mansanas
Tamarindus indica
(Fabaceae)
Astringent, Tonic refrigerant, laxative, purgative reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, antioxidant
Malus domestica
(Rosaceae)
Polysaccharides Starches Specimen English Name Vernacular Name Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin) Part Used (Origin) Important Markings Major Constituents Uses Thickening agent, Diuretic, Poultice
a. Medicinal Considered anodyne, antilithic, antiseptic, cholaggogue, demulcent, diuretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, lithotriptic, tonic, vasodilator b. Pharmaceutical Its starch is used as thickening agent Source of corn syrup
Corn Starch
Corn, Maize
Mais
(Gramineae)
Zea mays
The grains are about the size of peas, and adhere in regular rows round a white, pithy substance, which forms the ear
Anthocyanin, Tannin
Rice Starch
Galapong
Oryza sativa
(Poaceae)
Grains
Wheat Starch
Wheat
Trigo
Triticumaestivum L.
(Poaceae)
Caryopsis, grains
Antidiarrheal, Sweetener
Arrowroot Starch
Arrowroot
Araro
Marantaarundinaceae L.
(Marantaceae)
Rhizome (rootstock)
It is a low perennial herbaceous plant with thick, fleshy and creeping roots and long white fibers
Uses: a. Medicinal Remedy for diarrhea, dietary aid in gastrointestinal disorders, and applied on the skin to soothe painful, irritated, or inflamed mucous membranes. b. Pharmaceutical - thickeners, starches, gels, stabilizers and emulsifiers
c. Commercial - used in making puddings, cakes, biscuits, hot sauces and noodles, used in making carbonless copy paper
Potato Starch
Potato
Patatas
Solanumtuberosum
(Solanaceae)
Tuber
Tannin, Sugars
Cassava Starch
Kamotengkahoy
Manihotesculenta
(Euphibiaceae)
Tuber, leaves
The cassava root is long and tapered, with a firm, homogeneous flesh encased in a detachable rind, about 1mm thick, rough and brown on the outside. typical grains elongated, pyriform-, sack-, sausage-, cigar-, or sickle-shaped, some with protuberances. Up to 85 microns in length. ling stalked herbaceous plant with tuberous, enlarged and storage roots. The leaves are large, petiolated, ovate, glaucous, margins entire, and a broad triangular base with petiole attached to a third or half of the leaf. Green and purple petioles are observed. The inflorescence observed is a spadix which is smaller than the spathe and is usually green to yellow. The pods are up to 15 cm long.
Banana Starch
Banana, Plantain
Saging
Musa sapentum
(Musaceae)
Rich in vitamins A, B, and C; a fair source of iron. Plant fibers used in the manufacture of paper and clothes. Laxative, used for internal hemorrhages, otalgia and adenitis. Tubers are used for rheumatic joints, for Alopecia
a. Medicinal - used to arrest arterial hemorrhage. It is sometimes used in earache and otorrhoea and also an external stimulant and rubefacient. The juice of the corm of this species is used in cases of alopecia. Internally it acts as a laxative, and is used in cases of piles and congestion of the portal system, and also an antidote to the stings of wasps and other insects. c. Commercial used in cooking
Gabi Starch
Taro
Colocasiaesculenta Linn.
(Araceae)
Tuber
Lima Bean
Lima bean,
Patani
Phaseoluslunatus
Seed
Hypolipidemic
Starch
Butter bean
(Fabaceae)
The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm long and oval to kidney shaped. In most varieties the seeds are quite flat, but in the "potato" varieties the shape approaches spherical. White seeds are common, but black, red, orange and variously mottled seeds are also known. The immature seeds are uniformly green.
Lunatusin / Antimicrobial / Antimicrobial / Antiproliferative Estrogen-like Activity Trypsin Inhibitors / Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition
Teas, stimulant, carminative, GIT-related illnesses, treatment for the common cold
a. medicinal: It is used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting from motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy, for the treatment of colds. It is also used as a digestive aid for mild stomach upset, to reduce pain of osteoarthritis (anti-inflammatory), and may even be used in heart disease or cancer. b. pharmaceutical: binder c. commercial: cooking spice
Ginger Starch
Ginger
Luya
Zingiberofficinale
(Zingiberaceae)
rhizome
terpenoids
refrigerant, appetizer, fattening, laxative, alleviative of bile, phlegm and burning of the skin. fiber, protein, vitamins (folate and vitamin C), minerals (iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc), and lutein. starch, albuminoids, an oil, galactolipids, alkaloids, trigonelline and piplartine, essential oil, soluble carbohydrates, D-alanine. Flour from the seeds is considered emollient and resolvent and it is applied as cataplasm
a. Medicinal: "Seeds are thought to cause dysentery when eaten raw. In Spain, flour is considered emollient and resolvent, applied as a cataplasm. It has been reported that seeds contain trypsin and chymotrypsin which could be used for contraceptive, ecbolic. fungistatic and spermicide"(Duke, 1981). Smart (1990) reported that there are no significant amounts of toxicity or anti-metabolites in peas. b. Pharmaceutical: c. Commercial: production of bioplastic
citzaro, chicaro
Pisumsativum
(Fabaceae)
The small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit. Each pod contains several peas.
A long, weak annual herb with hollow stems, 1-2 m long. Leaves abruptly pinnate with auricled stipules, in two or three pairs of broad oval leaflets; Flowers white, blue or purple (pink). Pods straight or curved, 5-10 cm long; seeds 6-9
Sago Starch
Sago
Metroxylonsagu
(Arecaceae)
out. The starch pith is taken from the stems and ground to powder.
a. Medicinal: used as a source of carbohydrate b. Pharmaceutical: dusting powder c. Commercial: Paper production Textile production Commercially used in making noodles and flour Thickener in dishes
Good source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, calcium and phosphorus The edible tuberous root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between yellow, orange, red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh ranges from beige through white, red, pink, violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet potato varieties with white or pale yellow flesh are less sweet and moist than those with red, pink or orange flesh. High in complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber; deficient in protein.
a. Medicinal: Plant pacifies vitiated vata, pitta, burning sensations, constipation, general weakness, renal calculi, and sexual stimulant. b. Pharmaceutical: Antibiotic, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, Upper Respiratory Treatment, Skin Relief, Gastrointestinal Relief, Fever Reducer, Diabetes Treatment, Immune Booster, Powerful Antioxidant, Mineral Salts c. Commercial: Starch and industrial alcohol production, dyes, stains, inks, tattoos and mordants
Camote Starch
Sweet Potato
Kamote, Camote
(Convulvulaceae)
Tuber
Polysaccharides Cellulose Filament of Cotton in water Filament of Cotton in Schweitzers Reagent Vernacular Name Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin)
Specimen
English Name
Important Markings
Major Constituents
Uses made into surgical cotton, made into gun cotton for explosives, mechanical protectant, avoid microbial growth made into pulp for papermaking
a. Medicinal - Used to treat nasal polyps, asthma, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, dysentery, uterine fibroids and certain cancers, antifertility, antitumor, antiparasite, and anti-HIV b. Pharmaceutical Diuretic widely used in China as a male contraceptive c. Commercial Ornamental, insecticide, textile industry (string and fabric), raw cottonseed oil as cooking oil, shortening, soaps, cosmetics
Cotton
Cotton
Bulak
(Malvaveae)
Gossypium hirsutum
soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants
cellulose
Carbohydrate Derivatives Gums &Mucilages Specimen English Name Vernacular Name Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin) Part Used (Origin) Important Markings Major Constituents Uses Emulsifier, stabilizer, nutritive, demulcent and thickener Suspending agent, emollient, adhesive, binder
a. Medicinal: cure for rabies (folk medicine) b. Pharmaceutical: Gum Arabic: A substance used in adhesives, some medicines, and as a thickening agent in frozen desserts, astringent medicine,Tannin: Found in the bark of the tree, tannin is used to dye ink. c. Commercial: ornaments(leaves, flowers, tree itself, timber); paints; blossoms or flowers (added as a flavoring to desserts and liqueur); the flower's essential oils are also used in perfumes; pulpwood; land reclamation; wood (used to make flooring, furniture, jewelry, weapons and toy); and seeds (some can be eaten raw or ground and added to sauces).
roundish tears of various sizes, or broken into angular fragments, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture, opaque from numerous fissures, but transparent and nearly colorless in thin pieces;spheroidal tears of varying size with a matte surface texture
polysaccharides and their calcium, magnesium, and potassium salts, which on hydrolysis yield arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid. arabin
Tragacanth
Goats thorn Gum dragon, Syrian tragacanth Gum tragacanth Agar-Agar, Agar Weed, Japanese/Chinese Isinglass, Red
Gummy, mucilaginous sap This perennial seaweed grows up to three feet long, comprising of reddish-brown, translucent, multibranched ribbons and fronds,
Tragacanthin, Bassorin
Agar
Gulaman
Entire Plant
Agarose Agaropectin
conferviodes (Sphaerococcaceae)
called thalli (singular thallus), that sprout from a permanent base every year. The thallus is cylindrical or flattened, subdivided, and tough
stabilizer, bulking agent, suspending agent, emulsifier, surgical lubricant, tab excipient, disintegrant Other uses thickening agent, clarifying agent, vegetarian gelatin substitute
a. Medicinal: treatment of constipation, hemorrhoids, obesity b. Pharmaceutical: Laxative c. Commercial: stabilizer, thickening, gelling, bulking agent and food additive, gulaman
Animal Gelatin
Animal sources:
Bos taurus
(Bovidae)
Althea Root
Marshmallow root, Sweet Weed, Althea, march mallow, white mallow root, Mallards, Mortification Root Marshmallow
Halamanngmasmelow, HalamangMarsmalo
Althaea officinalis
(Malvaceae)
Roots
small scars in the roots parallel to each other and projections of roots. brown corky layer and small roots
altheahexacosanyl lactone, 2-hydroxycalamene (altheacalamene) and altheacoumaringlucoside, along with the known phytoconstituentslauric acid, -sitosterol and lanosterol
Gels, in the manufacture of capsule shells, cosmetics, in weight loss, in the manufacture of paper, culture media base, food, suppository vehicle, emulsifying agent, coat pills expectorant, soothes and softens tissues while controlling bacterial infections, confection, forms protective layer of mucilage on the mucous linings of the body, treat inflammation and ulceration of digestive system, used also externally for localized inflammation, aphrodisiac, antacid gargle for sore throat, demulcent, excipient
a. Medicinal: treatment of sore throats, bronchitis, and for dry hacking coughs, b. Pharmaceutical:, expectorant, laxative
Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory The plants are tall, usually annual herbs, reaching a height of 2-4 m, unbranched or with only a few side branches. The leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, with an acuminate tip and a finely serrated or lobed margin. The flowers are small (2-3 cm diameter) and yellow, with five petals; the fruit is a many-seeded capsule. It thrives almost anywhere, and can be grown year-round. Excipient, demulcent
a. Medicinal: Indicated for: Coughs and bronchitis; inflammations of the mouth and throat b. Pharmaceutical: plant is largely used as an emollient fruit: demulcent and emollient; leaves: emollient c. Commercial: Decoration, Food, Natural yellow dye
Mallow Leaf
Corchorusolitorius
(Malvaceae)
Leaves
Industrial-can be spun into thread, twine, or rope Pharmacological- demulcent, tea, nutritional supplement, abordifacient Slippery Elm, Red Elm
Elm Bark
Ulmus fulva
(Ulmaceae)
Bark
Medicinal-Sore throat, Cough, Gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrom (IBS), Diarrhea, Wounds, burns, boils, psoriasis, and other skin conditions (external) Demulcent, emollient
Chondrus crispus
Gulaman
Chondrus crispus
(Gigartinaceae)
Gigartina
Gigartina mamilosa
this protist is soft and cartilaginous, varying in color from a greenishyellow, through red, to a dark purple or purplish-brown. It grows from a discoid holdfast and branches four or five times in a dichotomous, fan-like manner Marine plant
Carrageenan, mucilage,
mamillosa
(Gigartinaceae)