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L 15
The Weiss molecular field made it possible to explain a wide range of phenomenon observed in ferromagnetism. At first, it was supposed to be due to a simple nearest neighbour dipole interaction. Such an interaction would give rise to a field of the order of 103 Gauss. B 3 10 Gauss 3 a where a is the interatomic distance in a ferromagnetic crystal. On the other hand, for a Curie temperature Tc=1000K, the exchange field is approximately found to be
H ex = 10 7 Gauss
This discrepancy shows that a simple model based on dipole-dipole interaction cannot account for ferromagnetism. Actually a much stronger type of interaction is needed.
and the total exchange energy of spin I with its nearest neighbours may be written as
E = 2 J Si .S j
ij ex j =1
where J is called the exchange integral and is a measure of the strength of interaction.
Hence the necessary and sufficient conditions for ferromagnetism are the existence of incomplete internal atomic shells and the positive exchange integral.
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FERROMAGNETIC DOMAINS
FERROMAGNETIC DOMAINS
2. THE MAGNETIC FIELD ENERGY The magnetic energy arises because the magnetized specimen has free poles at the ends and thus produce external field H. Magnitude of this energy is
(1 / 8 ) H 2 d
Value of this energy is very high and can be reduced if the volume in which external field exists is reduced and can be eliminated if the free poles at the ends of the specimen are absent.
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3. THE ANISOTROPY ENERGY The magnetic field required to magnetize a single crystal ferromagnetic material depends on direction.
The difference in magnetic energy to produce saturation in an easy and a hard direction is called the crystal anisotropy energy
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The effect of this energy on the wall is to reduce its thickness, because the thicker the wall, the more dipoles point in the hard direction.
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