Hvac

Proposed Mandatory Building Energy Codes Do they Go Far Enough?
Best Practice ASHRAE 90.1
Philip C.H. YU PhD RPE CEng

Trane Environmental & Applications Engg Chair, TWG Energy, ASHRAE HK Chapter
Acknowledgement
ENERGY ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter TWG-Energy
Philip Yu (Chair) Vincent Chu TW Fung Jacob Yiu David Fan JH Wang
References
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 GB 50189
Standard Rating Conditions

Lack of equipment rating standard, e.g. ARI 550/590 for chiller performance Water-side Fouling Factor:
0.0001 hft2F/Btu or 0.000018m2C/W for the evaporator 0.00025 hft2F/Btu or 0.000044 m2C/W for water-cooled condenser
Standard Rating Conditions

To catch up with current technology:
change chilled water temp - IN to chilled water flow rate, e.g. 2.4 gpm/ton or 0.043 L/s per kW change condenser water temp OUT to condenser water flow rate, e.g. 3.0 gpm/ton or 0.054 L/s per kW Ref. Standard: ARI 550/590, GB/T 18430.1
4
Minimum Energy Efficiency

Compressor technology: recip being phased out by scroll for small equipment, by screw for large equipment - air-cooled centrifugal is no longer existing due to the efficiency improvement of screw - Open-type compressor: extra energy for motor cooling shall be estimated and included in calculating the equipment COP
5
Minimum Energy Efficiency

Compressor Type Water-cooled scroll Air-cooled Cooling Capacity (kW) 527 5271163 1163 50 50 527 Water-cooled screw Air-cooled 5271163 1163 50 50 527 centrifugal Water-cooled 5271163 1163 PRC 3.80 4.00 4.20 2.40 2.60 4.10 4.30 4.60 2.60 2.80 4.40 4.70 5.10 USA 4.20 4.20 4.20 2.80 2.80 4.45 4.90 5.50 2.80 2.80 5.00 5.55 6.10 HK 4.00 4.50 5.20 2.70 2.70 4.60 4.60 5.50 2.90 2.90 4.00 4.50
6 5.70
Variable-Speed Technology
VSD for VAV fan control, motor size >15 HP 3 N2 Variable flow pump system P2 = P 1 N power >10 HP 1 VSD-chiller not energy-saving unless
cooling load varies significantly with long operating hours at low-load; or cooling water temperature reduces significantly at part-load (<19C) Source: ASHRAE 90.1-2004
7
Variable-Speed Technology
VSD chiller application is NOT the same
Historical reason: for using with singlestage centrifugal chiller to reduce the working pressure and avoid chiller surging at low load conditions
Part-Load Performance
VSD-chiller improves IPLV but not part-load performance, ARI-550/590: 1 IPLV = .01 + .42 + .45 + .12 A B C D
A= kW/Ton @ 100% Load, 85F (29.4C) ECWT B= kW/Ton @ 75% Load, 75F (23.9C) ECWT C= kW/Ton @ 50% Load, 65F (18.3C) ECWT D= kW/Ton @ 25% Load, 65F (18.3C) ECWT
more
Valid only for single-chiller system

9
Over 80% chillers are installed in multi-chiller plant with staging controls; that is, turned on/off one by one. Therefore, under normal operation, most chillers should be loaded heavily or close to full-load.
System load 100% 90% 80%
Unit chillers load Chiller A-30% 100% 100% 88.8% Chiller B-30% 100% 100% 88.8% Chiller C-30% 100% 100% 88.8% Chiller D-10% 100% 0%
e l p m a Ex
70% 60%
50% 40% 30%
20% 10%
100% 100% 83.3% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 100% 83.3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0% 66.6% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100%
10
More chillers more different system load profile is from single chiller Part-load performance is determined by also cooling tower, pump and other accessories ARI recommend energy simulation software to better evaluate part-load performance
11
Advanced System Controls

Optimum start for large air systems
[e.g. 5 m3/s]
Fresh air intake control in high occupancy spaces

[e.g. design occupancy > 100 people per 1000 ft or fresh air intake > 3,000 cfm] Shut-off when when unoccupied Occupancy sensor CO2 demand control
12
Advanced System Controls

Chiller-tower energy optimization Variable-primary-flow (re: ARTI 2004)
Total annual plant energy 3~8% First cost 4~8% Life cycle cost 3~5%
more
13
Lighting Power Density

Interior LPD, W/m Space type Library Hotel Office Retail School PRC 9 13 9 10 9 USA 13 10 10 15 12 HK 17 17 17 20 17
14
Lighting Power Density

Tradable exterior surface Parking lots and drives Building m ain entries Canopies Outdoor sales open areas Maxim um LPD 0.15 W /ft 30 W /lin ft of door w idth 1.25 W /ft 0.5 W /ft
Source: ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004

15
BEC vs. Green Building

Building Market
0.12
Proportion of Market Attaining
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
Typical Practice The Majority 75%

Certified
Green Buildings 25%

Silver Gold Platinum
Law Breakers
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.02
Innovators/ Risk-takers
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Green Standards
16
Go far enough?
30% 90.1 AEDG
50% AEDG
Net Zero Energy Building
17
Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do. THANK YOU
Dr. Philip Yu, yupc@trane.com, 2594-9741
18
Variable Frequency Drive

Centrifugal Chiller IPLV comparison
0.55 Lowest-std Highest-std Highest-VFD 0.5 Lowest-VFD
Energy Efficiency, kW/ton
0.45
Standard Chillers
0.4
0.35
Chillers w/VFD
0.3 0 500 1000 Nominal Cooling, tons 1500 2000 2500
VFD=Efficiency?
0.8 0.7
Standard Unit
kW/ton
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Std. Unit with VFD
Load
Performance at ARI conditions
VFD=Efficiency?
1.100 0.900 kW/ton 0.700 0.500 0.300
15% 25% 35% 45% 55% 65% 75% 85% 95%
- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD - Std. Eff Unit
% Load
Performance at Constant water temperature
Performance vs ECWT
85F (29.4C) ECWT
350 300 250
- High Eff. Unit - Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD
kW
200 150 100 50 0
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load
ECWT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature
350 300 250
80F (26.7C) ECWT

- High Eff. Unit - Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD
kW
200 150 100 50 0
20 %
40 %
50 %
70 %
30 %
60 %
80 %
90 %
Load
10 0%
70F (21.1C) ECWT

300 250 200 - High Eff. Unit - Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD
kW
150 100 50 0
20 %
30 %
80 %
40 %
50 %
60 %
70 %
90 %
Load
10 0%
60F (15.5C) ECWT

250 200 - High Efficiency Unit - Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD
kW
150 100 50 0
80 %
50 %
60 %
Load
10 0%
40 %
20 %
30 %
70 %
90 %
Chiller-Tower Optimization
Optimum Temp. Total Chiller only
Cooling Tower only
How do chiller reacts to variable flow?

1 30 1 ,500 .00 1 20
C a p a c ity C o n tro l w /o W a te r F lo w C o m p e n s a tio n
1 ,300 .00
1 10
1 ,100 .00
1 00
E va po ra tor W ate r F lo w
9 00.0 0
Water Temp [degF]
80
70
Change Too Fast can be a problem

E va p E nte ring W a te r T e m p
5 00.0 0
3 00.0 0
60
1 00.0 0
50
-1 00.0 0
40
C hille r o n
E va p L e avin g W a ter T em p
-3 00.0 0
C h iller off C hille r off
30 0 :00:00
0:10 :00
0:2 0:00
0:3 0:00
0:4 0:00
-5 00.0 0 0 :50:0 0
T im e (h o u r:m in :s e c )
Water Flow [gpm]
90
7 00.0 0
Newer Technology Can Eliminate all Concerns

130 1,500.00 120
C apacity C ontrol w ith W ater Flow C om pensation
1,300.00
110
1,100.00
100 Water Temp [degF]
900.00
90
E vaporator W ater F low
700.00
80
70
No Problem!
E vap E ntering W ater T em p
500.00
300.00
60
100.00
50
-100.00
40
E vap Leaving W ater T em p
-300.00
30 0:00:00
0:10:00
0:20:00 0:30:00 Tim e (h o u r:m in :sec)
0:40:00
-500.00 0:50:00
Water Flow [gpm]

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Proposed Mandatory Building Energy Codes Do they Go Far Enough?

Best Practice ASHRAE 90.1

Philip C.H. YU PhD RPE CEng

Standard Rating Conditions

Standard Rating Conditions

Minimum Energy Efficiency

Minimum Energy Efficiency

Valid only for single-chiller system

50% 40% 30%

Advanced System Controls

Fresh air intake control in high occupancy spaces

Advanced System Controls

Lighting Power Density

Lighting Power Density

Source: ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004

BEC vs. Green Building

Proportion of Market Attaining

Typical Practice The Majority 75%

Green Buildings 25%

30% 90.1 AEDG

Net Zero Energy Building

Dr. Philip Yu, yupc@trane.com, 2594-9741

Variable Frequency Drive

Energy Efficiency, kW/ton

Performance at ARI conditions

- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD - Std. Eff Unit

Performance at Constant water temperature

200 150 100 50 0

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ECWT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature

350 300 250

80F (26.7C) ECWT

200 150 100 50 0

ECWT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature

70F (21.1C) ECWT

60F (15.5C) ECWT

ECWT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature

Cooling Tower only

How do chiller reacts to variable flow?

C a p a c ity C o n tro l w /o W a te r F lo w C o m p e n s a tio n

Water Temp [degF]

Change Too Fast can be a problem

Water Flow [gpm]

Newer Technology Can Eliminate all Concerns

C apacity C ontrol w ith W ater Flow C om pensation

100 Water Temp [degF]

E vaporator W ater F low

0:20:00 0:30:00 Tim e (h o u r:m in :sec)

Water Flow [gpm]

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