LISCAD Training Index LCT-501

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Content Index Configuring Units Configuring Precisions and Roundings Creating a new Project on a Plane Creating a new Project on a Projection Coding Concepts Processing a Total Station/Data Recorder Survey Traverse Adjustment Field File Reduction Line Editing Text Annotation Creating New Objects in Computations Digital Terrain Modelling Calculating a Volume Between two Surfaces Importing GPS Data Import CAD File and File Maintenance Plotting from SEE Creating a CAD File

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Topic # 1; Configuring Units

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to configure the units used in SEE to suit your particular needs. You will learn how to: Configure the System units that are used when all new projects are created. Configure the Default data folder used when you create or open a project. Change the units in a particular project without affecting the System units for new projects. Examine co-ordinates in static and dynamic mode. Before you begin Select this button to install the required data files.

If you currently have a file open, select Task/Utilities followed by File/Close to close it down. Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Set the Default Unit Values Run SEE and select Configure/Units to display the Units Configuration dialog.

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For the purpose of the SEE tutorials, ensure that the settings are as shown above. Then select the System button to display the following message.

Select OK and these attributes will be used for all new projects. Then close the Units Configuration dialog. (When you have completed all the SEE tutorials, and are using the system on your own projects, you should repeat the above steps choosing the units that suit your particular needs.) 2. Open the Example Data File and Review the Units for this Project Select File/Open. Navigate to the "Tutorial" folder, which will have been created off your current Data folder and open "Configure Units.see" Select Configure/Units and make selections as shown below. Then press OK.

Note the changes in the bearing and distance shown.

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The bearing is now in N Bearing E notation and an Azimuth value. The distance is now in SI Feet on the Ground value. 3. Examine the Points in the Data Set Select Task/Computations. Select Examine/Co-ordinates, and with the Static radio button selected, snap to the Buninyong point.

Note the co-ordinates are now Latitude and Longitude Also select the Dynamic radio button, and move the cursor about the window. Note the dynamic updating of the co-ordinates. Then close the dialog. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to configure units and also change the configuration of units for a particular project at any time. You have also learnt how to: Set a default data folder. Examine co-ordinates in static and dynamic mode. Note: When you open a project, it retains the same unit settings that it was closed with. The system settings are used only for new projects.

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Topic # 2; Configuring Precision & Rounding

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to configure the precision and rounding for displaying dimensions to user required accuracy. You will learn how to: Set precision and rounding values for co-ordinates, angles, distances, areas and volumes. Change the display of rounding for various elements of the project. Typically, you will only need to configure the precision and rounding settings once to cater for your particular needs. You should do this (to meet your particular needs) after completing the tutorial. Also, it should not generally be necessary to edit the rounding attributes as we do in this tutorial, provided you have appropriate rounding attributes set for each code you use. Proper setting up of codes and their attributes in a code table, and use of appropriate codes for different types of objects will ensure that the precision and rounding is always what you desire without the need to edit. Typical Scenario It is a requirement that your plan must show dimensions to particular statutory precisions or rounded values. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data files.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Open the Example Data File From the Utilities Task select File/Open and open the file called "Configure Precision.see" in the Tutorial folder. Select Display/Features, then the Features tab and check the Apply Rounding box. This will ensure that all rounding is displayed. Use the display commands to zoom into the allotment shown below.

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During this tutorial you may need to pan and zoom in closer than this image depicts so you can clearly see the changes that are made to the various dimensions. It is probably a good idea at this point to make yourself familiar with the various Display menu commands that are available. 2. Set the Co-ordinate Rounding Select Configure/Co-ordinates and set the values as shown taking note of the values for:
o o o o

XY Precision Z Precision XY Rounding 1 Z Rounding 1

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Press OK. Select Display/Features then the Points tab and check the Elevation and Identifier boxes. Press OK. Select Task/Computations then Attributes/Point. In the Point Attributes dialog change the XY: and Z: Rounding field to show a value of 1 and press OK.

Note: A rounding attribute of 0 uses the Configuration values set for the Precision, whereas a rounding attribute of 1, 2 or 3 uses the corresponding Configuration values set for rounding. Select Edit/Attributes/Point, make the following settings.

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Click on point 125, which defines the top right-hand corner of the allotment and press Apply. The XY and Z Rounding values have now been set for point 125. To check that you have set the co-ordinate rounding correctly for point 125 select Examine/Attributes/Point and click on point 125. You will see that XY Rounding and Z Rounding equals 1, as set in step 5.

You will also notice that the elevation changed to 2 decimal places therefore indicating the rounding was correctly applied. Press Close and edit the attributes in the same way for points 113, 114 and 126 that define the other 3 corners of the allotment. 3. Set the Angle / Direction Rounding You will now set and display the rounding for angles. Note: The same settings for angle rounding apply to both line bearings and polygon angles. In this example we will set the rounding for the allotment bearings. To do this first select Task/Utilities then Configure/Angles. In the Configure Angle dialog make the settings as shown below and then press Rounding 2.

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In the Rounding #2 dialog make settings as shown.

Press OK to close this dialog and press OK again to close the Angle Configuration dialog. The following explains what the above rounding settings are. This will give you a better understanding of the results when we apply these rounding values. Distances Below are distance ranges for which the corresponding rounding settings are to be applied. Round To is the rounding used for the corresponding distance range. The default rounding entered will be used for any ranges not specified and also for polygon angles. Zero Minutes is set for rounded bearings which are a whole number of degrees and should have the minutes displayed. For example 25 would display as 25 00'. Zero Seconds is set for rounded bearings which are a whole number of minutes and should have the seconds displayed. For example 25 15' would display as 25 15' 00". Select Task/Computations then Attributes/Line. In the Line Attributes dialog change the Bearing Rounding: field to show a value of 2 and press OK.

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Select Edit/Attributes/Line, make the settings shown below. Click on line 1 that defines the boundary of the allotment. All 4 sides of the allotment will be highlighted and Line No 1 will appear in the dialog

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Press Apply. The Bearing Rounding values have now been set for line 71 and the changes are shown below. This image shows the point identifiers and point elevations turned off. This has only been done for clarity and does not need to be done as part of the tutorial.

As a further exercise apply angle rounding to the polygon angles of the allotment. Hint: You will need to set the polygon attributes for angle rounding. 4. Setting Other Rounding Values The rounding for distances, areas and volumes are set in the same way that we have set the angle rounding. You should take some time and familiarise yourself with these other rounding types. As a final exercise select Display/Features then the Features tab. Turn off the Apply Rounding option and press OK. The rounding that has been set in this tutorial has been turned off. You should now use the appropriate Configure commands to set precision and rounding to suit your particular needs. Press the System button in each dialog to save the settings and have them automatically used for any new project. Also ensure you set up a code table to match your needs and make sure each code has appropriate rounding attributes set.

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This will minimise the need to edit data as it will be created with the required attributes to start with. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of precision and rounding in LISCAD. You have learnt how to: Configure the precision and rounding settings. Apply the appropriate precision and rounding to objects via the objects rounding attributes. Toggle rounding display on or off.

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Topic # 3; Creating a New SEE Project on a Plane

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to create a new SEE project based on a flat plane, utilising a combined scale factor to control the relationship between ground distance and grid distance on the plane. You will also be exposed to: Creating points by co-ordinates. Controlling what features are displayed. Controlling the distance configuration. Examining bearing and distance between points. Typical Scenario A typical scenario for using a plane project with a combined scale factor would be: "The region covered by the survey is fairly flat, hence a single combined scale factor for the whole survey is appropriate. There are two control points with known co-ordinates that are the datum for the survey, but they are not on a known projection. The computed grid distance between these points is shorter than the measured ground distance (corrected for slope) by a factor of 0.99990001. Hence all ground distances are to be corrected by this factor to ensure that computed co-ordinates are on the same datum as the control." 1. Open the New File Dialog Box Run SEE and select File/New to display the New File dialog.

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Use the Save In field to navigate to the Data folder. Click in the File name field and type "Plane Tutorial" Ensure that the Projection Type: field is "Plane". This ensures that all calculations will be based on a flat grid and not on a projection. 2. Set-up the Earth Constants Select the Earth Constants button and ensure the dialog fields are as shown below.

Ensure that the Use Combined Scale Factor check box is ticked, and set the Combined Scale Factor to 0.99990001. Any ground distances entered in this project will be automatically multiplied by this factor to obtain grid distance or calculate co-ordinates. Select OK to return to the New File dialog. 3. Enter the Project Details and Create the Project. Click the Details button, enter any details you wish in the available fields, then press OK to return to the New File dialog. Click OK to create the new project. The new project is now automatically opened.

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4. Create Two Points by Entering Co-ordinates Select Task/Computations Then select Create/Point followed by Method/Co-ordinates.

Complete the fields as shown above left and select OK to create point 1. Complete the fields as shown above right and select OK to create point 2. Then close the Create dialog. 5. Set-up the Point Display Select the Display/Features command and then the Points tab. Check Identifier and Crosses. Then select OK to close the dialog and see the point identifiers and crosses. Tip: You can quickly show the Display Features dialog by right clicking anywhere on the screen and selecting it from the floating menu.

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6. Examine the Plane Distance Between the Two Points Select the Examine/Bearing & Distance command.

With the focus on the Ref. Pts: field, snap and accept point 1, then snap and accept point 2 to display the results. Note that the plane (i.e. grid) distance is 100.000. 7. Examine the Ground Distance Between the Two Points. Select Task/Utilities. Select the Configure/Units command. Select Distances/Ground instead of Distances/Grid. Select OK to close the dialog and change the distance units to Ground.

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Select Task/Computations. Then select the Examine/Bearing & Distance command.

With the focus on the Ref. Pts: field, snap and accept point 1, then snap and accept point 2 to display the results. Note the ground distance is 100.010. Note also that the ratio of grid to ground distance in this practical example calculates to be 0.99990001, which was the combined scale factor set when the project was created. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to create a plane project, and utilise a combined scale factor to control the relationship between grid (plane) and ground distances. You have also learnt how to: Create points by co-ordinates. Control what features are displayed. Toggle the system between configuration for grid and ground distances. Examine bearing and distance between points.

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Topic # 4; Creating a New SEE Project on a Projection

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to create a new SEE project based on a projection. You will also be exposed to: Controlling what features are displayed. Selecting code tables and codes to control attributes of new objects being created. Creating points and lines. Controlling the precision of display for bearings. Controlling which type of bearing and distance is displayed. Typical Scenario A typical scenario for using a projection project would be: "The survey is in the region covered by the Australian Map Grid (AMG) Zone 55. There are control points with known AMG Zone 55 co-ordinates that are the datum for the survey." Before you begin Select this button to install the required codetable.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Install the Required Projection First we will check if the Australian Map Grid (AMG) Zone 55 co-ordinate system is installed on your system. Run SEE and select Configure / Projections / Install/Remove to display the Install/Remove Projections dialog box. Set the Projection Type to "Transverse Mercator". Look in the Installed Projections list to see if the "Australian Map Grid Zone 55" projection is installed. If it is not installed, locate it in the Available Projections list, click on it and press the Install button. (While you are here it is probably a good time to identify any projections you use on a regular basis and install them now.)

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Press OK to accept your changes and close the dialog. 2. Open the New File Dialog Box Select File/New to display the New File dialog.

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Use the Save In field to navigate to your Data folder. Click in the File name: field and type "Projection Tutorial". Use the Projection Type: drop down list to select "Transverse Mercator". From the Projection: drop down list select "Australian Map Grid Zone 55". 3. Set-up the Earth Constants Select the Earth Constants button and ensure the dialog fields are as shown below.

Ensure that the Average Elevation is set to 550. This value is used to calculate sea level correction for points that do not have an elevation. Ensure that the Geoidal Separation is set to 0, by which we are assuming that the geoid and ellipsoid are coincident in the area of the survey. As the project is to be on a projection, the corrections between ground and grid distances are applied automatically. (Sea level correction is based on the point elevations; scale is based on the point positions.) Select OK to return to the New File dialog. 4. Enter the Project Details and Create the Project Click the Details button, enter any details you wish in the available fields, then press OK to return to the New File dialog. Click OK to create the new project. The new project is now automatically opened. 20 | P a g e

5. Set the Display Attributes for the Points and Lines Select the Display/Features command and then the Points tab. Select Identifier and Symbol. This ensures that you will see the Symbols and Identifiers for any points created.

Now select the Lines tab. Select Bearing, Distance and Line Styles. This ensures that you will see the Bearings, Distances and line styles for any lines created with those attributes. Tip: You can quickly show the Display Features dialog by right clicking anywhere on the screen and selecting it from the floating menu.

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6. Select the Code Table and the Required Points and Lines Codes The code table that we wish to use is the "Tutorials" code table. Select Tables/Code Table/Open to display the Open Code Table dialog.

Select "Tutorials" from the available list of code tables, then OK to display the Code Table Editor dialog shown below.

Select Close and the currently active code table will become the "Tutorials" code table. The code that we wish to use is "PM" which is already available in the selected "Tutorials" code table, and is set with appropriate attributes. Use the code lists as shown below to select "PM" for the current point code (left in picture) and the current line code (right in picture).

7. Create Two Points by Entering Co-ordinates Select Task/Computations Then select Create/Point followed by Method/Co-ordinates

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Complete the fields as shown above left and select OK to create point "Buninyong". Complete the fields as shown above right and select OK to create point "Flinders Peak". Then close the Create dialog. 8. Create a Line Between the Two Points Select Create/Line and then select Method/Existing Points.

With focus in the Points: field, first snap and accept point "Buninyong", then snap and accept point "Flinders Peak". Then press the End button. A line between the points is created with bearing and distance attributes as per the line code attributes. 9. Set the Bearing Precision Select Task/Utilities. Then select Configure/Angles to display the Angle Configuration dialog.

Set the Angle Precision: field as shown to 0.01" and then press OK to close the dialog.

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The bearing of the line will now be displayed to the nearest 0.01". The dimensions shown are Plane Bearing and Grid Distance as these are the current units configuration settings. 10. Change the Display to Grid Bearings and Ground Distances Select Configure/Units and change the units settings to Grid Bearing and Ground distance as shown below. Then press OK to close the dialog.

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The dimensions now shown are Grid Bearing (from Buninyong to Flinders Peak) Ground Distance. 11. Change the Display to Azimuths and Ellipsoidal Distances Select Configure/Units again and change the units settings to Azimuth and Ellipsoidal distance. Then press OK to close the dialog.

The dimensions now shown are Azimuth and Ellipsoidal Distance. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to create a projection project. You have also learnt how to: Control what features are displayed using Display/Features. Select the code table and code you wish to use for the creation of new objects. Create points by co-ordinates. Create lines by existing points. Configure the precision of angle/bearing display. Configure units for display of different bearing and distance types. You should also have an appreciation of the rigorous support of projections provided in SEE, and the extreme flexibility to view or enter dimensions in grid, ellipsoid or ground distance; and in plane, grid or azimuth bearings.

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Topic # 5; Coding Concepts Feature Coding

The objective is to define the object in the field as quickly and as accurately as possible. By assigning a Code we can completely define the Point, Line or Polygon Objects. The Feature Codes and their attributes are defined in a Code Table. The Feature Codes and their attributes are user definable. The Feature Code Structure is also user definable.

Exercise: - Help/Index and type in Feature Code then Press Code Table

Operation Coding
Operation Codes are used by the System to automatically carry out certain functions in the reduction process. Saving time in the Field by minimizing/reducing the required observations Saving time in the Office by automatically creating desired objects and complex geometric structures. Supported Systems Leica/Wild, Trimble/Geodimeter, Topcon, Sokkia, Nikon, TDS, Carlson SurvCE , Plus more. Can perform: Field Measurements Extended String & Point Functions Dimension Codes Field Template operations String extension operations
Control Line/Building operations Parallel and Secant Operations

Exercise: - Go to the Help and in Index type Operation Codes then select the Leica/Wild Operation Codes

Extended Operation Coding

Functions, by allowing users to hardwire specific Operation Codes to specific Point Codes. Eliminates both keystrokes and time in the field. Automates multiple object creation in the office.

Example: Hardwire an Operation Code 14 (Description) to an Object Code TREE. Every time a TREE is coded in the field, Operation Code 14 would be run, allowing additional information to be recorded Species Height Condition Etc. Exercise - Go to Help and type in Index Extended Operation Coding 26 | P a g e

File Structures (RAW) Raw File:

Is a file which is created when data is transferred to LISCAD from an electronic field data collector. It contains the raw survey information as transferred as well as a header record identifying the type of data recorder used. Created by the various vendors Leica (Prior to 2006) GSI now DBX Data Base Trimble JOB Sokkia SDR

As such file structures and formats will vary. Exercise Using Task/Field Transfer/Resolve/Edit Raw File and select Leica.raw

(FLD) Field File:

A file which is created from the RAW file, or generated via keyboard entry, containing field observations, and which may be used to generate new objects in the data base. The file is created based on LISCADs Standard Field File Structure and is in an easy to read and understand form. Exercises - Go to Help/Index and type Field File Structure - Using Task/Field Transfer/Resolve/Edit Field File and select Leica.fld

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Topic # 6; processing a Total Station/Data Recorder survey

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to install your relevant data recorder and process a raw data file into a LISCAD Field File. You will learn how to: Install the data recorder Select the correct code definition to match your field coding Download from the data recorder to the computer Create a LISCAD field file Note that a Field File is a standard format into which all raw field data must be converted before reduction or further processing in LISCAD. Typical Scenario A field survey has been completed and the raw data recorded on board a total station or data recorder in the manufacturer's particular format. You now wish to process this survey in LISCAD. Before you begin Select this button to install the required data files.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. How to Download Data From a Total Station or Data Recorder Select File/Open and open the file called "Data Recorder.see" in the Tutorial folder. You will see some points and a line on the screen that were created previously by importing GPS data. In order to download from the total station/data recorder, you would go through these steps. Select Task/Field Transfer and then select Input/Data Recorder to display the dialog below.

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Use the Save In field to navigate to the Tutorial folder. Type "Leica.raw" in the File name field, as this is the name we wish to give the downloaded raw file. Use the Devices field to select "Leica TPS-1000 Series", as this was the total station used to carry out the survey. (If it does not appear in the list, then you must use Install and add it to the list of installed devices.) Use Configure to ensure that the communications are set the same as on your total station/data recorder. (For the TPS-1000 Series, you need only select the drive that you have the PCMCIA card in). Important: Do not press OK. You would now normally select OK in the Data Recorder Input dialog, to download the raw data to "Leica.raw" which would be created in the Tutorial folder. However, this has already been done for you, so please select the Cancel button.

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2. Create a Field File From the Raw Field Data Before creating a field file from the raw file, you must first ensure that LISCAD is set to interpret the feature codes contained in the raw file correctly. To do this, select Settings/Code Definition.

The feature coding system used in the field was 3 digit numeric codes with 2 digit string identifiers at the end (CCCSS). Hence make the settings as shown. Under String Identifier, select:
o o o

2 characters String At End Non Stringing Char 0

Under Code, select:

o o

Size 3 Treat Codes Numeric

Select OK You are now ready to create the field file. Select Resolve/Create Field File.

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Use the Look In field to navigate to the Tutorial folder. Click in the File name field and then select "Leica.raw" from the file list to place it in the File name field. This is the raw file that will be used to create the field file. The Field File field will automatically change to "Leica.fld", which is the name given to the Field File to be created. Select OK and the field file is created in the Tutorial folder. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to download field data and generate a LISCAD field file. You have also learnt how to: Install the correct data recorder driver Set the required code definition You have not yet reduced the data or created the resulting objects in the LISCAD project. You will do this in the tutorials "Traverse Adjustment" and "Field File Reduction".

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Topic # 7; Traverse Adjustment

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to perform a traverse adjustment. You will learn how to: Extract traverse observations from a field file into the traverse editor. Adjust the traverse. Transfer the adjusted results to a LISCAD project. Typical Scenario A traverse and detail survey has been carried out using a total station and data recorder. The raw data has been downloaded and a LISCAD field file created. You now wish to extract the traverse observations from the field file, adjust the traverse and save the adjusted co-ordinates of the traverse stations in a LISCAD project. This will enable you to use the adjusted co-ordinates as control when the detail observations are later reduced. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data file.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Extract Observations From a Field File into the Traverse File Editor Select File/Open and open the file called "Traverse Adjustment.see" in the Tutorial folder. You will see some points and line on the screen that was created previously by importing GPS data. Select Task/Field Transfer and then select Resolve/Traverses to display the Traverse File Editor. Select File/Extract and make the selections shown below.

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Select OK to produce a report window of the traverse (part of the report near the end is shown below).

Use File/Print Setup to change the printer settings to Landscape. Use File/Print to print the report.

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Use File/Save As to save the report to a text file. Then close the report window to see the traverse editor. To verify that you can see all the relevant columns in the table select View from the menu and ensure that the Angles, Elevations, Co-ordinates, Code, Description and Auto Number menu items are all checked. If any of the columns in the table contain a series of # symbols (########), click on the vertical dividing line between the column headings and increase the width of the column until the values can be read clearly.

After closing the report window, you will see that the mean angles, mean distances (reduced for slope, earth curvature and refraction only) and mean elevation differences are now shown in the traverse file editor. You will also see the co-ordinates of point 7 (the first setup point in the traverse) and point 3 (the last setup point in the traverse). Note that these points also provide the orientation control for the starting and closing angles. You may change the width of the columns by first clicking anywhere in the spreadsheet, and then holding the cursor in the heading row near the column border to be moved. When the cursor changes to an arrow, drag the column border while holding down the Accept mouse button. You may need to do this to see the East and North values which are quite large. There were actually no co-ordinates entered in the field, so these controlling co-ordinates have not come from the field file. They have been automatically obtained from the "Traverse Adjustment.see" project which has these points with co-ordinates imported from a GPS survey. Note: Control co-ordinates will be placed into the Traverse Editor in the following order of preference: 1. Controlling co-ordinates will always be automatically extracted from the currently open project if the controlling points exist in the project.

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2. If the controlling points are not in the project, then the co-ordinates will be extracted from the field file if they are in the field file. 3. If they are not in the project or in the field file, you may enter them directly to the traverse file editor. 2. Adjust the Traverse Select Compute/Traverse and set the options as shown below.

These settings mean that we are going to do a Bowditch traverse adjustment after first adjusting any Angular Misclose, and that we are also going to adjust the Elevations. Note that we have already set the appropriate Corrections earlier. (We will use the default Report and Settings values, but you may like to explore these options at your leisure later.) Before proceeding, it is necessary to check that the required corrections and earth constants are set. Select the Corrections button to display the Traverse Corrections dialog.

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Ensure that Distance/Ground is selected. This ensures that the appropriate distance corrections will be applied when the traverse is adjusted. Select the Earth Constants button and ensure the settings are as shown below.

These particular Ground scale settings mean that: Sea level correction can be applied to the observed distances using the actual elevations of the end points. Any distance that does not have an elevation will be assumed to be at elevation 10 for calculation of sea level correction. The geoid and ellipsoid are assumed to be coincident The resulting grid distances will be on a plane at elevation zero. Select OK to close the Earth Constants dialog saving the settings. Select OK to close the Corrections dialog saving the settings. Press OK on the Compute Traverse dialog to start the adjustment. The Elevation Difference Misclose will display as shown. Click Yes.

The Angular Misclose will display as shown. Click Yes.

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A report window will then display containing a comprehensive report on the adjustment according to the settings made in Compute/Traverse/Report. You may print and/or save the report to a text file, as per the extraction report earlier. Close the report window. You can now see the traverse file editor with the adjusted coordinates. Update the Adjusted Co-ordinates into the Data Base You are now ready to transfer the adjusted co-ordinates to the "Traverse Adjustment.see" project. Select Update to display the dialog below showing the co-ordinates and elevations in the project (Existing) against the co-ordinates and elevations in the Traverse Editor (New).

We wish to replace the project values with the adjusted traverse values for only points 20 and 30. To do this, highlight the rows as shown by clicking them with the Ctrl key held down, then press OK. Select File/Exit to close the traverse File Editor, and if desired save the traverse file when asked. 37 | P a g e

Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to perform a traverse adjustment. You have also learnt how to: Extract traverse observations from a field file to the traverse editor. Set the appropriate corrections and earth constants for use in the traverse adjustment. Perform linear and elevation traverse adjustments. Update the currently open project with adjusted co-ordinates and elevations.

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Topic # 8; Field File Reduction

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to reduce a field file, creating points and lines in a currently open project. You will learn how to: Set the required code definition to match the feature code structure used in the field. Set the appropriate corrections, earth constants and reduction options to ensure the required corrections are applied in the reduction process. Use an appropriate code table and look up table to ensure that the feature codes used in the field are interpreted as desired and required point and line attributes are automatically allocated. Use display commands to control the graphics display of the reduced objects. Typical Scenario A traverse and detail survey has been carried out using a total station and data recorder. The raw data has been downloaded and a LISCAD field file created. The control points for the detail survey have already been extracted, adjusted and transferred to the appropriate project. You now wish to reduce the detail observations into that project creating the appropriate points and lines. Before you begin Select this button to install the required data file.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Set-up the Code Definitions Select File/Open and open the file called "Field File.see" in the Tutorial folder. You will see some points and lines on the screen that were created previously, by importing GPS data, and by transferring adjusted traverse points in from the traverse file editor. Hence the project already contains the setup and orientation points used to collect the detail observations in the field. Before reducing a field file, you must first ensure that LISCAD is set to interpret the feature codes contained in the field file correctly. To do this, select Task/Field Transfer and then select Settings/Code Definition.

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The feature coding system used in the field was 3 digit numeric codes with 2 digit string identifiers at the end (CCCSS). Hence make the settings as shown. Under String Identifier, select:
o o o

2 characters String At End Non Stringing Char 0

Under Code, select:

o o

Size 3 Treat Codes Numeric

Select OK 2. Reduce the Field File Select Resolve/Reduce Field File to display the Reduce Field File dialog. Before proceeding with the reduction, it is necessary to check that the required corrections and earth constants are set. Select the Corrections button to display the Corrections dialog.

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Ensure that Distance/Ground is selected. This ensures that the appropriate distance corrections will be applied when the field file is reduced. Select the Earth Constants button and ensure the settings are as shown below.

These particular Ground scale settings mean that: Sea level correction can be applied to the observed distances using the actual elevations of the end points. Any distance that does not have an elevation will be assumed to be at elevation 10 for calculation of sea level correction. The geoid and ellipsoid are assumed to be coincident The resulting grid distances will be on a plane at elevation zero. Select OK to close the Earth Constants dialog saving the settings. 41 | P a g e

Select OK to close the Corrections dialog saving the settings.

From the Reduce Field File dialog, select the Options button to display the Reductions Options dialog and make the selections shown. These settings mean that any multiple vertical observations will be meaned for reduction and that C&R correction will be applied. Select OK to save the settings and close the Options dialog. This will return control to the Reduce Field File dialog. Make the selections in the Reduce Field File dialog as shown below.

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"Leica.fld" is the field file containing the detail observations. The Code table "Tutorials" contains the codes that we wish to use in the LISCAD project. Note that the codes used in the field file were different to those in the "Tutorials" code table. To overcome this, the "Tutorial" look up table is also selected as this lookup table matches the codes used in the field to appropriate codes defined in the tutorial Code Table. Select OK to reduce the field file. The reduction is performed and a report window displayed. Note in particular the duplicates part of the report, which is providing the co-ordinate differences between multiple calculations of the same point position. As Utilities/Configure/Point Identifiers is set to Unique, only the first occurrence of a particular point is stored. If a point is already in the project, its co-ordinates remain unchanged, otherwise the first calculation of the co-ordinates from the field file is used. You may print or save this report to a text file. Then close the report. You can now see the reduced data on the screen. Reduce a Second Field File Repeat step 2, but this time reduce "Leica 2.fld". This is a field file resulting from additional fieldwork done later. This process demonstrates how you can process multiple field files into the same project, allowing you to build the project day by day until the fieldwork is completed. In the reduction report, note the blunder in the observation to Point 4. This highlights the benefit in always inspecting the reduction report. In this particular case, do not be concerned, as we have deliberately introduced the faulty observation to highlight this duplicate-reporting feature. The co-ordinates of point 4 were already correctly in the database and the bad observation is therefore being ignored by the system. Set-up the Display Features Select Display / Features and then select the Points tab. Turn off the Identifier check box and the Description check box. Select the Features tab and turn on the Use Colour Number check box. Select OK to close the dialog. Select Display/Fit (or the fit tool) to fit the data to the graphics window and redraw the data without the point identifiers and descriptions, and in the object pen colours, as per below.

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Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to reduce field files. You have also learnt: There is a strong relationship between the feature code, entered on the total station, and the code stored within the LISCAD code table. If the feature code used in the field is different to the coding that you want to use in LISCAD, then a Lookup Table can be used at the time of reduction to translate the field code into the required code. In the tutorial we have used a lookup table to translate a numeric field code to an alpha code for use in the office. Lookup tables can also be used to translate codes when exporting to other systems.

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Topic # 9; Line Editing

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to perform basic Computations tasks involved in editing lines picked up in the field. You will learn how to: Break lines Create lines Join line strings Create splines Join existing points with lines Typical Scenario You have a project but not all of the capabilities of the LISCAD field coding and operation coding were used in the field. As such, the objects created in the project need some editing to obtain the desired result. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data file.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Locate a Specific Point in the Data Set Select File/Open and open the file called "Line Edit.see" in the Tutorial folder. Select Task/Computations and then select Examine/Find/Point.

Select the Point ID radio button. Click in the Point ID field and type 3. Then click the First button. You will notice that the system locates and rubber bands to point 3. 45 | P a g e

Close the dialog, and then use Display/Window (or the Window tool) to obtain a closer view the area around point 3. 2. Delete Unnecessary Line Segments We now want to delete segments out of lines that have been inadvertently joined in the field survey. Select Edit/Break Line.

Use right mouse button to snap to point 155, and the line passing through this point will highlight. Select the Break button, to divide this line string into two components contiguous at point 155. Repeat this process to also break the lines at points 154 and 100. Select Close. Select Edit/Delete/Lines

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Snap to the line segment between points 154 & 155. If correct line is highlighted, select Delete. Ensure that you DO NOT delete the associated points. Use above process to also delete the line between 4 & 100. Select Close. 3. Connect and Join Broken Lines You now need to create some new connecting lines, but first you should set the required attributes that the new objects are to be created with. Select Attributes/Adopt/Line & Point

Snap & accept point 155 to set the correct line and point attributes for the line to be created. (EB) Close the dialog box.

Note the change of codes in the code lists to those of the point and line adopted. Select Create/Line and then select Method/Existing Points.

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Snap and accept point 154, followed by point 3, then select End to create a line between these points. Snap and accept point 155, followed by point 100, then select End to create a line between these points. Select Examine/Find/Point as in step 2, but this time find point 2. Repeat step 6, but this time create lines between 163 & 116, and then 143 & 12. Note: Points 2 and 12 are very close together. Ensure you snap and accept point 12, not point 2 when creating the line from 143 to 12. Select Edit/Join Line

Snap and accept point 163, noting that the major string is highlighted. Snap to point 163 again and accept if the small line segment between points 163 & 116 is highlighted, if not snap again until it is, and then accept. This will join the two lines meeting at point 163 into a single line object. Repeat this process to join the lines at each of the following points.
o o o o o

116 143 12 154 155

Close the Join Lines dialog. Select Display/Features and then the Points tab. Turn off Identifiers and then select OK. Tip: You can quickly show the Display Features dialog by right clicking anywhere on the screen and selecting it from the floating menu. Select Display/Fit (or the Fit tool) Tip: If the job you are working with has a large number of points, this may cause the job to take a while to redraw. You can stop a job redrawing at any time by right clicking anywhere on the screen. 48 | P a g e

4. Convert Some of the Line Types Select Edit/Objects/Line to Spline

Snap and accept the string on the outside of the track to change it to a spline. Snap and accept the string on the inside of the track to change it to a spline. Close the dialog. Parts of this spline are not appropriate to be curved. These are going to be cut out of the spline and converted back to a straight line object. Select Examine/Find/Point to find point 103. Select Display/Window (or the Window tool) to window in around this area. Select Display/Features and the Points tab. Turn on Identifiers and select OK. Select Edit/Break Line. Snap and accept point 102 to break the spline at that point. Snap and accept point 105 to break the spline at that point.

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The picture shows how the data should look after these actions.

Close the dialog Select Edit/Objects/Spline to Line. Snap and accept the spline defining the edge of the pit near point 103, to change this spline back into a line. The picture shows how the data should look after this action.

Close the dialog Select Display/Fit (or the Fit tool). 5. Import Further GPS Field Data There is still some further data to be imported from a GPS survey of some of the points for the side of the sports ground. Select Task/Data Conversions and then Import/SKI-GPS. Note: If SKI-GPS does not appear on the Import menu, select Import / Add/Remove and select SKI-GPS from the Available list by double clicking on it to add it to the Installed list. Close the Add/Remove dialog box and SKI-GPS will now appear on the Import menu. 50 | P a g e

Make the selections shown below and select OK. Make sure you enter 2000 in the Offset field to avoid clashes with point identifiers already in the project.

6. Clean up the New Field Data Select Task/Computations and then Attributes/Adopt/Line & Point.

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Snap and accept any point defining the edge of the sports field, as shown above, setting the point and line codes to SPORT. Close the dialog. Select Create/Line, by Method/Existing Points. Snap and Accept the points (or key in the point numbers followed by OK), then press End, to create the additional lines between the following points. 2019, OK, 782, OK, 780, OK, 783, OK, 800, OK, 801, OK, 730, OK, End 2026, OK, 2022, OK, End 721, OK, 718, OK, 720, OK, End Close the Create dialog. The project should now appear as shown below.

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Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of Line editing in the Computations module. You have also learnt how to: Find points. Use the Window tool Break lines, so that segments can be deleted Delete lines Adopt attributes of existing points and lines Create new lines Join lines to make a single line object Display different features Use the Fit tool Edit lines to become splines Edit splines to become lines Import additional data into an existing project.

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Topic # 10; Text Annotation

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to place text objects within the SEE module. You will learn how to: Select a code to define the required text attributes. Enter and place text. Edit the attributes of an existing text object. Move an existing text object. Typical Scenario Some text objects are needed to annotate a project before producing a plot. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data file.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Set the Text Attributes Select File/Open and open the file called "Text.see" in the Tutorial folder. Select Task/Computations and then select Attributes/Text.

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Use the Code field to select SCALE, which is a code set up with the required text attributes. Select OK 2. Place Some Text Select Create/Text. Type in the following: "Scale 1:1000" Move the cursor (which will be attached to a box showing the text size) to the required text position, and click the left-hand mouse button to place the text.

Close the dialog. 3. Edit the Text Attributes To change the size of the text select Edit/View Edit/Text. Snap and accept the text previously placed to display its attributes in the dialog. Change Height and Width to 5 in the dialog.

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Select Apply to change the attributes of the selected text to the changed values. 4. Move the Text to a New Position To move the text select Edit/Move/Text.

Snap and accept the text previously placed to see it displayed in the dialog. Move the cursor to the required screen position and press the left-hand mouse button to move the text. Close the dialog. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to create, edit and move text objects. Refer also to Edit/Delete/Text to delete unwanted text objects.

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Topic # 11; Creating New Objects in Computations

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to create new objects using the Computations task. In particular, you will learn how to: Create a point by co-ordinates Generate a line by traverse input Create Arcs by Tangent and IP's Typical Scenario An engineering plan has been provided to you showing a design centreline. This information is to be input into the project. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data file.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Open the Example File and Turn Off the Display of Contours Select File/Open and open the file called "Create.see" in the Tutorial folder. This file contains natural surface data that has been processed from various sources and modelled. Select Display/Features and then the Model tab. Turn OFF Contours and select OK. 2. Set-up the Codes Prior to Creating any Points and Lines Use the code lists as shown below to select "CL" for the current point code (left in picture) and the current line code (right in picture).

3. Create a Starting Point by Entering Co-ordinates Select Task/Computations Select Create. If the Line Segment menu item is ticked, select it to turn it OFF, otherwise leave it un ticked. This ensures that multi-segment lines will NOT be divided into separate line objects. Select Create/Point and then Method/Co-ordinates.

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Complete the fields as shown and select OK to create point "A". This is the start of the design centre line. 4. Create a Line by Entering Traverse Directions and Distances Select Create/Line and then Method/Traversing.

Complete the fields as shown and select OK to create point "B". You will now see the line from A to B and a rubber band will be attached to point B.

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Complete the fields as shown and select OK to create point "C".

Complete the fields as shown and select OK to create point "D". Then select End to conclude the line creation. 5. Display Only the Groups you are Currently Interested in. Select Display/Groups. Select None. Then select C/L and ROAD while holding down the Ctrl key. Only those groups should now be highlighted. Select OK and only objects on the selected groups will be displayed. Tip: You can quickly show the Display Groups dialog by right clicking anywhere on the screen and selecting it from the floating menu. 6. Display the Attributes of the Lines. Select Display/Features and then the Line tab. Turn on Bearing and Distance and select OK. You now see the bearing and distance attributes of the line segments on the screen. 7. Create Arcs by Tangent Lines and Intersection Points Select Create/Arc Select Method/Tangents & IP Under Tangent Line 1, snap and accept the line between A to B. Note: Depending where you snap on the line segment the Reference Points may say A--B or B--A. Either case is acceptable as direction is not important in this context.

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Under Tangent Line 2, snap and accept the line between B to C. Under Radius, enter 75.0 Select Fillet Lines. Select Compute and the proposed new arc is drawn. Select Accept to create the arc.

Using a similar process, create an arc for the tangent lines intersecting at C using radius 50. Then close the dialog. The design centre line that you created should look like this.

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Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of creating objects in the Computations task. You have also learnt how to: Control model display. Control whether lines are created as individual line objects or continuous line strings. Select appropriate point and line codes before creating objects. Create points by co-ordinates. Create lines by traverse entry. Control the display by groups. Create arcs from tangents and automatically fillet tangent lines.

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Topic # 12; Digital Terrain Modelling

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to generate digital terrain models. You will learn how to: Segment breaklines Validate and correct errors Form the terrain model Display contour labels Typical Scenario You have a project that you wish to form a digital terrain model of. The model may then be used to show contours, extract long or cross sections, or compute volumes. Breakline segmentation is typically used prior to forming the model. It automatically adds additional points into curved breaklines, so that the model and resulting contours smoothly follow the splines and arcs. By placing these additional points on a unique group, they can be easily turned off once the modelling process is complete. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data file.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Object Colour Representation Select File/Open and open the file called "DTM.see" in the Tutorial folder.

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If Display / Features has "Use Colour Number" switched off and your system colour configuration is set to the default the colours displayed represent the following: Points in Black are DTM points and will be used in the model formation Points in Blue are Planimetric points and will not be used in the model formation Lines in Green are Breaklines and will define the edges of triangles Lines in Purple are Planimetric lines and will be ignored in the model formation 2. Segment the Curved Breaklines Select Task/Terrain Modelling and Edit/Breakline Segmentation.

Set Arc/Chord Offset to 0.05. Set Spline to 5. Set Group for inserted elements to BLINE. Select OK. Any breakline arcs are segmented such that the arc to chord offset for any segment is not greater than 0.05 metres. Any breakline splines are segmented such that spline points are no more than 5 metres apart. The new points are placed on a new group called BLINE. 3. Validate the Data for Potential Model Errors Select Modelling/Validation Set Region size to 500.

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Select OK. View or print the errors that relate to crossing breaklines. 4. Correct the Modelling Errors To find the validation errors select Task/Computations and then select Examine/Find/Errors. The first error is attached to the rubber band. Use Display/Window (or the Window tool) to view the relevant area. Use Display/Features and the Point tab to turn on Identifiers. The problem is that 746 should be in both the lines and therefore needs to be inserted into the line between 148 and C1038. Select Edit/Insert Point.

Snap and accept point 746 Snap and accept the line segment that runs from C1038 to 148. Click Insert Click Close

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The data will now appear as shown here. Select Examine/Find/Errors. Then click the Next button. Use Display/Window (or the Window tool) to view the relevant area, getting very close in on point 120. You will then see that Point 120 and Point 9 are very close together and are in fact both observations to the same point. Use Examine / Bearing and Distance to verify that they are only 13mm apart.

To fix this move Point 120 on to Point 9. Select Edit/Move/Points, click in the Point(s) field and snap to point 120. Do the same in the Ref Points field.

Click in the Dest. Point field and snap to point 9. Select Move and the points will now be coincident. Select Close

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As these two points have slightly different elevations we will now filter the point data. Select Display/Features/Points and turn Point Identifiers off. Select the Fit tool to again see the whole project. Go to Utilities/Maintenance/Filter Points. Set the X tolerance to 0.001 and the Y tolerance to 0.01.

Press OK. This will remove point 120, but the line that was originally attached to point 120 is now attached to point 9. Select Task/Terrain Modelling/Modelling/Validation Select OK to validate the data that should now happen without errors. Select OK when validation is complete. 5. Form and Display the Digital Terrain Model Select Modelling/Form Model

Set Region Size to 500 and Search Distance as 50. Keeping the search distance to a value that is a bit larger than the largest anticipated triangle side will prevent long thin triangles from being formed around the edges, without the need to create a boundary. Enter Model description (Optional) Select OK 66 | P a g e

When modelling is complete select OK to clear the Report dialog. Select Display/Features/Model Make the settings as shown below, then select OK to see the contours and labels as specified. Tip: If the job you are modelling has a large number of points, this may cause the job to take a while to redraw. You can stop a job redrawing at any time by right clicking anywhere on the screen.

6. Create Contour Label Lines Additional contour labels can be placed in any position as required by the user. Select Edit/Add Label Line Using the left mouse button, place label lines as required. When all lines are placed, select the Redraw tool. To delete label lines select Edit / Delete Label Line To move contour labels select Edit / Modify Label Line

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Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of generating digital terrain models. You have also learnt how to: Segment curved breaklines. Validate data prior to modelling Find and fix reported validation errors. Insert points into lines. Move points by co-ordinates. Create a digital terrain model Control the display of model features, contours and labels. Place, and edit additional contour label lines.

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Topic # 13; Calculating a Volume Between Two Surfaces

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to calculate the volume between a natural surface and a design surface (Two Surfaces) and output grid points for field set-out. Typical Scenario A surveyor has been contracted to determine the excavation quantities to fulfil the design of a development on a disused quarry site. The project design has been supplied and the surveyor has completed a survey of the existing surface of the construction site. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data files.

This project involves two data sets (From & To Surfaces) from which a third data set of height differences and no cut / no fill lines will be generated. The tutorial will also cover how to construct a grid over the output surface, interpolate heights onto the grid points and output the data for field set out. The height difference data set forms a new database and consists of every point and line in the common area of the From and To models, as well as the points and lines computed at the intersection of the models and the common boundary. The computed elevation of each point in the new database is the height difference between the From and To models at that point. The "From" surface, which is the natural surface, is in a file called "Surface 1.see". Note: The "From" model is considered to be the original surface which will be (or has been) cut and/or filled to achieve the "To" surface. 1. Compute a Volume Between Two Surfaces and Create a Height Difference Data Set Select File/Open and open the file called "Surface 1.see" in the Tutorial folder.

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Click on Utilities / Configure / Point Identifier. Set the Starting ID to 1, Construction Starting ID to C1000, with a Code of CONST. Click Unique Point Identifiers ON. Save System settings and Close. Select Task / Volumes / Volumes / Surface to Surface

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Check that the "From" Surface is "Surface 1" and "Model No =1 Natural surface." At the "To" Surface select the Browse button to open the dialog box to select the 'To' database to be used in the comparison. This may be the currently open database or any other database. Scroll down the File List and select the file "Surface 2.see". Next check that "Model No= 1 Design surface". Note: The 'To' model is considered to be the finished surface after cut and/or fill has been (or will be) applied to the 'From' surface. Click on the Code Table Down Arrow and select "Tutorials". This is the code table to be used for setting the attributes of the common data. To create a new data set with the height differences between the two models: Select the check box "Create Height Difference Data Set" Click on Define. This allows the user to name the new Height Difference database, and assign feature codes to the points and lines included in this database Type in File name for the Volume output file, "Final Volume". 71 | P a g e

Next select the Details & Codes button. It is here that database details and codes are set for any additional points and lines that are created when the height difference database is created. Click on Point and Line Codes Down Arrows and set required Codes as shown below.

Type in any User Information as required. Click on OK to return to the Create Height Difference Data Base dialog and then press Save. In the Surface to Surface Volumes dialog box under the "Output results": click on the Screen radio button. The computed volumes can either be output to the computer screen, to a printer or a text file. Click on Compute to compute the Volume.

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After viewing the Volume results click on Close. Now we will open the Height Difference File: 2. Model the Height Difference Data Set Select Task / Utilities / File / Open. Select the required File, i.e. "Final Volume.see"

The first process is to check the Data set: Click on Task / Terrain Modelling / Modelling / Validation. Select all the validation options to ensure that all errors are identified. Select OK Carry out the Validation process and report any error conditions found. Note: After the validation is completed, and if errors exist, the Validation Report dialog box enables you to view or print the errors by clicking the appropriate buttons. These errors should then be rectified using the appropriate menu commands in the Computations Task. The most common error encountered as a result of creating a height difference data set is the possibility of duplicate points. If this occurs select Utilities / Maintenance / Filter Points. Ensure the Filter X & Y Tolerance and Z Tolerance boxes are both crossed, enter a Tolerance of 0.001 for both, and select OK. 73 | P a g e

You may use the Form Model command without having validated the data base or corrected any errors but the model formed may then be incorrect. Click on Modelling / Form Model. Search Distance of 100, followed by OK. Click on Display / Groups, click on None and then click on "Cutfill", followed by OK. Click on Display / Features / Model and click on Contours and set the minor contour interval to 1.0 and the major interval to 5.0, followed by OK. This will display contours of height differences between the two models.

3. Compute Volume Check Using the Height Difference Data Set To get an independent check on the volumes switch to the Volumes Task and select Volumes/Base Plane. Enter a Datum Elevation of 0.0 and this will compute the volumes above and below the No Cut No Fill line.

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The volumes will not be exactly the same as that achieved from the previous Surface to Surface volume computation as the model formed in this data set is not the same as the previous two models. However the differences should not be large. In this case the difference between the cut and fill volumes using the two techniques is about 0.1%. 4. Create a Point Grid Over the Height Difference Data Set To facilitate the pegging of cut / fill stakes in the field, a grid can be imposed over the data set and heights interpolated for each point. The points to be created will be given the attributes currently defined via the Attributes/Point command. Therefore we will set the required attributes before creating any points. Click on the command Attributes/Point and select Code Table "Tutorials" and Code GRID. To create the Grid Points click on Task / Computations / Create / Point and Method / Plane Grid In the Create Points by Plane Grid Wizard key in an X direction of the Grid value of 0. This means that the X axes of the grid will be vertically up the screen. Alternatively, you can snap to and accept existing points to define the x direction. Type in the following coordinates for the Grid Origin - East = 825 & North = 1750 and select the Next button.

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Please note that the Grid Origin can be anywhere on the grid area and that a point will not necessarily be created at these coordinates, it is a reference point only. The Size X/Y item refers to X or Y distance that you wish to create grid points relative to the origin point of the grid. Also, key in the interval the grid points will be placed at in the X & Y direction for the distance specified.

Set the required Grid Size and Interval Fields as shown and select the Next button when completed. Specify that the point numbers will be generated automatically from what is currently in the system or from what is entered in the Point ID edit field by selecting the Auto-number radio button. Enter the starting Point ID as G3500. Next select X precedes Y check box which means that the direction of the Point Numbers are going to run along the X axis.

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Select the Next button when completed. Select the No Elevation radio button and accept the Finish button to create the plane grid of points. Select Display/Features/Point tab, select Symbols and press OK to see the grid points created more clearly. Select Display / Groups and, holding down the Control key [Ctrl], click on the GRID group only.

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5. Interpolation of Heights on to the Grid Points To interpolate heights onto the grid points for set out: Click on Block/Freehand and select All. Select Task / Terrain Modelling / Elevations / Interpolate. The Interpolate Elevation command interpolates the elevation of an existing point or points from the model, and stores the elevation against the point in the data base. Check the Noncontourable box. Check the Without elevations box.

Select OK to interpolate an elevation onto each grid point. Note: After the interpolation option is finished, window in on an area of the data set and turn on Elevations Display / Features / Points / Elevations The positive / negative elevations shown are heights above or below design. The required data can be sent either directly to a data recorder for automatic set-out in the field.

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6. Clean-up Grid Points Outside the Model We will now remove the grid points created that were outside the model and did not get an elevation. Select Display / Groups and, holding down the Control key [Ctrl], select the GRID, BOUNDARY and DEFAULT groups only. Make sure that the polygon code is set to DEFAULT.

We will now create a polygon from the boundary string. Select Task/Computations/Create/Polygon, then Method/Element Selection. Now snap to and accept the boundary string and press End. This has created a polygon over the entire extents of the model. We can now use this polygon to construct a precise Block. Select Block/Polygon and set the Region to Outside and the Condition to Enclosed. Turn OFF Include coincident points. Press OK.

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Note: It is important to have Outside set as we want to delete all points outside of the model.

Now select Edit / Delete / Points.

You will now be left with only the required grid points.

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Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to calculate the volume between a natural surface and a design surface (Two Surfaces) and output grid points for field set-out. You have also learnt how to: Create a height difference data set. Compute an independent volume check. Create points by plane grid method. Interpolate height of points without elevations. Create a polygon block. Clean up redundant data outside of the area of interest.

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Topic # 14; Importing GPS Data

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to import data from various systems into LISCAD. You will learn how to: Import the data using the correct Code Table Display the relevant information for the points imported Edit various point attributes Typical Scenario GPS data has been collected with a Leica GPS System and processed by SKI or SKI-Pro, from which a SKI ASCII format co-ordinate file "Leica.asc" has been produced. This file is to be imported into LISCAD and used as control for further data collected by a total station. Note: Leica GPS System 300, when used in real time, can produce a LISCAD raw file (*.raw) containing coordinates, which can be converted to a LISCAD field file via Field Transfer/Resolve/Create Field File and then brought into the LISCAD project using Field Transfer/Resolve/Reduce Field File. Leica GPS System 500, when used in real time, can produce a LISCAD field file (*.fld) containing coordinates, which can then be brought into a LISCAD project using Field Transfer/Resolve/Reduce Field File. Before you begin Select this button to install the required data files.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Import GPS Data Select File/Open and open the file called "Importing GPS.see" in the Tutorial folder. Select Task / Data Conversions Select Import/SKI-GPS. Note: If SKI-GPS does not appear on the Import menu, select Import / Add/Remove and select SKI-GPS from the Available list by double clicking on it to add it to the Installed list. Close the Add/Remove dialog box and SKI-GPS will now appear on the Import menu.

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Use the Code Table field to select the "Tutorials" code table, as this code table contains the codes that were used when the GPS data was collected. Click on the file "Leica.asc" in the Tutorial folder, to place it in the File name field. This is the file that contains Leica GPS data. Click OK to import the GPS data that you will see on the screen. 2. Set-up the Display Select Display / Features and then the Points tab. Ensure that you have the Identifier, Description, and Symbol check boxes selected as shown below. Then select OK. Note that you will now see these attributes in the graphics window. Tip: You can quickly show the Display Features dialog by right clicking anywhere on the screen, provided that no other function is active, and selecting it from the floating menu.

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3. Edit Point Attributes When the survey was undertaken an incorrect code was used on a couple of points. We will now correct this mistake. Select Task/Computations. Then select the Edit/View/Edit/Points command to display the dialog below and change the attributes of points 7 as described.

Click in the Point ID field and then snap to point 7 in the graphics window. Note that all of that point's attributes are then shown in the dialog.

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This point was collected with the wrong code, so use the Code field to select the code STN thereby correcting this. Also to give the point a more meaningful description, edit the Description field to be "Station 7". Select Apply to save the attribute changes for point 7. In a similar manner, also change the code and description for point 3, and the description only for points 1 and 2. Then close the dialog.

Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to import data, and control the attributes of the incoming data by using an appropriate code table. Your data should appear as shown here. You have also learnt how to: Control the display of point attributes. View/Edit the attributes.

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Topic # 15; Import CAD File and File Maintenance

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to import a DGN file and then perform recommended file maintenance procedures to facilitate improved file manipulation in the LISCAD Surveying & Engineering Environment. Before you begin Select this button to install the required data files.

1. Install the Required Import Functionality Select File/Open and open the file called "File Maintenance.SEE". The first step is to import the MicroStation DGN file into LISCAD. Select Task/Data Conversions/Import. If MicroStation is on the Import menu then select it. If it is not on the menu select Import / Add/Remove. This will open the Add / Remove Imports dialog. Locate MicroStation in the Available list and click on it.

Press the Add-> key to move it into the installed list. (Alternatively you can double click on MicroStation in the Available list to move it into the Installed list.) Click on MicroStation in the Installed list and use the Up and Down buttons to place it in the list in your required order. Press Close. Now go to Data Conversions/Import and the menu will include MicroStation in the menu at the position you selected.

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2. Import a MicroStation Data File Select MicroStation to open the Import dialog.

MicroStation cell names are treated as feature codes. Therefore the symbol associated with a feature code in the code table will be used if that feature code is matched to a cell name either directly or via a look up table. Note that if the Alternate Coding check box is not selected, the MicroStation Level number will be treated as the group name. If the Alternate Coding check box is selected, the code of an element will be extracted from the MicroStation Design file as a reflection of the elements level number, colour, line weight, and line style. Each of these MicroStation numeric element attributes are zero filled in the resulting feature code. For example, in a MicroStation Design file, an element has a level number of 2, a colour of 4, a line weight of 6, and a line style of 7. The resulting feature code will be generated as 02004067 and this code will be used in the code/look up table to associate attributes with the element. Press the Lookup button and make sure that all the lookups are set to [None] and press OK to return to the Import dialog.

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Make sure that the Code Table is set to "Tutorials", then select the file "MicroStn.dgn" and press OK.

3. Filter the Points Select Utilities/Report/Statistics to produce a statistics report for the currently open data base.

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The Statistics dialog box displays the number of existing and deleted objects of different types. It also reports on the number of disabled objects in the data base. Note that a line string which may consist of numerous line segments only counts as a single line object in this report. A common problem when importing CAD drawing files such as DWG, DXF or DGN files is that points are duplicated at each common end point between objects. This results in a data set containing large amounts of redundant data and very little topology. Therefore it is highly recommended that after importing these files it is always a good idea to to filter and remove the excess data from the LISCAD project. Select OK to exit the Statistics report dialog. Select the Utilities/Maintenance/Filter Points command. The Filter Points dialog permits the user to remove points from the database within specified tolerances.

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This region size will be used in the filtering process to index the data into a number of regions. By selecting an appropriate region size the speed of the filtering process will be maximised. Typically, a region size between 500 and 1500 points will give the fastest results, but this will depend on the hardware being used and the amount of available memory. In the Filter X & Y Tolerance field key in an East and North difference tolerance of "0.001". Points which are within the specified distance of each other in both the East and North directions will be filtered. Select the Filter Z checkbox and key in an elevation difference tolerance of "0.001". This will ensure that only points that are within 0.001 in the x, y and z directions will be considered to be the same points and will be filtered out. Select OK to perform the filtering operation. The filtering operation may take a reasonable period of time to complete, particularly for large data sets, depending on your computer processor. This is because apart from filtering points out of the data set it is also making the correct topological associations between points and lines as well as indexing them into a relational geographic data base. Note: During the filtering process, each point in the data base is compared to all other points and those within the tolerances specified are deleted. Lines associated with points deleted during the filtering process are automatically amended to the position of the appropriate point remaining in the data base. The attributes of a point remaining in the data base may be automatically amended during the filtering process to assume certain attributes of deleted points. The elevation of a deleted point will be transferred to the appropriate remaining point if the remaining point did not initially have an elevation. If a deleted point is contourable, then the appropriate remaining point also becomes contourable, even though it may initially have been non contourable. Now Select Utilities/Report/Statistics which will produce a statistics report for the currently open data base.

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Notice that the statistics report is now showing that 49,112 points have been deleted from the LISCAD SEE project. All of these points were duplicates. Select OK to exit the Statistics report dialog. Next click on Block/All. Select Task/Computations/Edit/Segment Line

4. Filter the Lines Segment Line breaks line strings into individual two point lines and arcs, containing points on the arc, into individual arc objects. Select OK to segment the selected line(s) or arc(s). Note: For straight lines the line will be broken at every point in the line, so for a line consisting of n points, n-1 lines will result. For arcs containing n points on the arc between the tangent points n+1 arcs will result. Select Utilities/Report/Statistics again to see how many line objects are now in the data set.

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Notice that the statistics report is now showing that the project has approximately 3 times the number of line objects in the file as a result of segmenting the lines. This clearly displays that the Segment Lines command has successfully broken line strings into individual two point lines. Select OK to exit the Statistics report dialog. Next we need to Filter Lines. But first click on Block/All. Select Task/Utilities/Maintenance/Filter Lines command.

The Filter Lines dialog permits the user to remove from the data base lines which are wholly duplicated by other lines. This feature is particularly useful if duplicate lines have been collected or imported into the system. This function is Block sensitive and only filters line and spline objects. Select Matching Codes and Matching Groups. This will only filter out lines that not only consist of the same points but also have the same codes and are on the same groups. Select OK to perform the filtering operation. 92 | P a g e

Select Report/Statistics again to determine how many lines have now been deleted out of the data set.

Notice that the Filter Lines command has deleted 21,204 duplicate lines. Select OK to exit the Statistics report dialog. Now select File/Close to close the LISCAD project altogether. 5. Clean the Data Base Next select the command Maintenance/Clean Data Base

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The Clean Database command removes deleted objects from the data base. Note: This command is only available if there are no data bases currently open. Select the folder in which the data base is located and accept the name of the existing data base to be cleaned - "File Maintenance.see". Select the Clean button and then select Yes to permanently remove deleted objects. Once the Clean command is used, previously deleted objects can no longer be undeleted. 6. Check the Integrity of the LISCAD Data File Now we wish to use the LISCAD Integrity Check command which checks for and resolves any anomalies in a data base. Click on the Maintenance/Integrity Check command.

Select the folder in which the data base is located and accept the name of the existing data base to be checked - "File Maintenance.see". Check the Compress String & Polygon No's option to compress any gaps in string and polygon numbers. Note: These objects will only be renumbered if any deleted objects have been removed from the job using Clean Database previously. Select the Check button to carry out the integrity check, resolve any anomalies and report the findings. 94 | P a g e

When an integrity check is carried out on a data base, a copy of the original file is created in the current data folder and given the file extension ".bak". 7. Optimise the Data Base Now select File/Open and open the file called "File Maintenance.see". Select Maintenance/Optimise Data Base command.

The Optimise Database command improves data base response times. Using this function can substantially improve the time taken to display the objects in the data base. This function will have the most noticeable effect on large data bases. Upon selecting this function the optimise process starts immediately and displays a completion message when the process is finished. Select Report/Statistics to review the current status of the data base.

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Notice that the Statistics report no longer reports on any Deleted Points or Lines. This is because the Clean command has permanently removed these deleted objects from the LISCAD database. Select OK to exit the Statistics report dialog. 8. Renumber the Point Identifiers Now select Maintenance/Change Identifiers command which allows the point identifiers in the currently open data base to be changed.

Select the Renumber radio button and enter 1 in the Start field. If the Range field is left empty the entire data base will be renumbered. This nominates that you wish to renumber the numeric part of the identifiers of the entire file commencing at 1. Note: The Compress option is always checked for this option.

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By selecting Change with the Compress option active any gaps in the numbering system will be removed from the range. Accept the Change button to alter the point identifiers according to the options selected. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to import a CAD file. You have also learnt how to: Check the object statistics of the currently open LISCAD database Filter duplicate Points Segment lines and arcs Filter duplicate Lines Clean the LISCAD database of deleted objects Perform an integrity check and optimisation of the LISCAD database Renumber Point Identifiers

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Topic # 16; Plotting from SEE

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to show you how output a simple plot to the printer. You will learn how to: Set the correct scale Output to the printer Typical Scenario A quick plot of a project is needed for field verification. Before you begin Select this button to obtain the required data file.

1. Set the Print/Plot Parameters Select File/Open and open the file called "Plotting.see" in the Tutorial folder. Select File/Print-Plot

Use the Scale 1: field to key in 1000. Select OK to send the plot of the whole project at a scale of 1:1000 to the current printer. Note: Some printers require the Correct Text for Printer Rotation check box to be selected, for rotated text to be plotted at the correct angle. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to output a plot from SEE. Note: To prepare a final quality plot, refer to the tutorial on "Creating a CAD file". 98 | P a g e

Topic # 17; Creating a CAD File

Aim The aim of this tutorial is to output a project to a CAD file. Typical Scenario A project has been completed in SEE and we now want to output this data to a CAD file for final plan preparation. In this case we will create a LISCAD CAD file (*.lcd). Before you begin Select this button to install the required data files.

Now proceed with the steps below. 1. Loading and Editing the CAD Output Parameter File Select File/Open and open the file called "Plan CAD Output.see" in the Tutorial folder. You will first need to open a CAD parameter file in which all parameter settings made for the output to CAD are stored. To do this select Task/CAD Output.

Select Settings/Parameter File/Open, highlight "PlanTut" and press OK. The CAD parameter file (PlanTut.cpf) used has been previously created and set up using the CAD Output/Settings options to suit the particular type of project and the drawing required. The CAD parameter file settings govern the data and attributes passed to the CAD file. After you complete this tutorial view and experiment with the various settings to understand their relationship with the created CAD file contents. Carefully setting up one or more CAD parameter files to suit various types of projects will ensure that the created CAD file requires only a minimum of editing to produce the final plan. Important Note: The CAD parameter settings for all 3 CAD Systems i.e. LISCAD CAD, AutoCAD DXF and MicroStation are held in a CAD parameter file and need to be set for each CAD system that is output to.

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This tutorial provides an overview of what can be set in the CAD Output parameter file. Select the Settings command to view the settings that are available and then close the dialogs. Select Settings/Codes. This opens the CAD Parameter Settings dialog. It is here that CAD parameters are set for codes. In the example below any symbols that have the code "STN" will be output onto the LISCAD CAD layer "SYMBOLS" with a Line Weight of 0.00.

Select Settings/Tables/Co-ordinate... This command opens the Co-ordinate Table dialog that is used to set the CAD output parameters for a co-ordinate table. Note: CAD parameters can also be set for Radiation, Arc and Short Line tables.

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Select Settings/Legend This command opens the Legend dialog that is used to set the CAD output parameters for a legend that contains one occurrence of every type of symbol, line style and polygon hatching that may be output to the CAD file.

Select Settings/Grid This command opens the Grid dialog that is used to set the CAD output parameters for a grid that may be output to a CAD file.

Select Settings/Model This command opens the Model dialog that is used to set the CAD output parameters for a model that may be output to a CAD file.

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Select Settings/Alignment This command opens the Alignment Settings dialog that is used to set the CAD output parameters for alignment objects that may be output to a CAD file.

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2. Create the CAD File Select Output. In the LISCAD CAD for Windows dialog select Options..., set the options as shown below and press OK.

In the LISCAD CAD for Windows dialog enter the File name as "Plan CAD Output.lcd" and set the Format settings as shown below. If you have LISCAD CAD for Windows installed you can check the box labelled Open CAD File. This will automatically open the CAD application and open the file after it is created.

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Press OK. The file "Plan CAD Output.lcd" has now been created in the Tutorial folder. If you have the Open CAD File check box ticked and you have the LISCAD CAD application installed the resultant CAD file will be opened automatically in the CAD application. Conclusion You have now completed this tutorial and should have a good understanding of how to output a project to a CAD file. You have also learnt how to: Open a CAD parameter file (cpf). Set parameters for Codes. Set parameters for various tables. Set parameters for a legend, grid, model, and alignment objects. You may later want to take "Plan CAD Output.lcd" and compare it with "Cadtut.lcd" that is installed with the LISCAD CAD for Windows tutorial.

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