Pipp12 CehanA ColibabaS Engleza

CONF. DR. ANCA CEHAN CONF. DR.
TEFAN COLIBABA
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CUPRINS
I. READING DIGEST 1: WORDS AND FEELINGS Grammar Digest 1: Direct and Indirect Objects; Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns II. READING DIGEST 2: MYSTERIES OF MEMORY Grammar Digest 2: Can, Know How to, Be Able to, And/But/So/Or III. READING DIGEST 3: SECRET MESSAGES TO OURSELVES Grammar Digest 3: Present Progressive Tense IV. READING DIGEST 4: A DOLPHIN AND AN ASTRONOMER Grammar Digest 4: Adjective Phrases; Another, The Other, Other(s), The Other(s), Intensifiers; Past Tense of Be V. READING DIGEST 5: ROMANIES Grammar Digest 5: Past Tense VI. READING DIGEST 6: SINK OR SWIM Grammar Digest 6: Reflexive Pronouns, Reciprocal Pronoun: Each Other; Phrasal Verbs VII. READING DIGEST 7: EUROPES TREES IN DANGER Grammar Digest 7: Future Time: Will and Be Going To; May and Might; Questions with How ANSWER KEY
Autorii mulumesc Nadinei Cehan pentru ajutorul primit la editarea acestui curs.
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READING DIGEST 1
WORDS AND FEELINGS
Exercise 1.1 words? Describe some of the gestures you often see people making. Can you express their meaning in Exercise 1.2 Read the text, then answer the questions that follow. Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe their feelings to you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and gestures can be interpreted in different ways. It is true that a smile means the same thing in any language. So does laughter or crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the same feeling. Dogs, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably because such behaviour patterns are inherited rather than learned. Fear is another emotion that is shown in much the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English fiction, a phrase like 'he went pale and began to tremble' suggests that the man is either very afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However, 'he opened his eyes wide' is used to suggest anger in Chinese whereas in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese, surprise can be described in a phrase like 'they stretched out their tongues'. Sticking out your tongue in English is an insulting gesture or expresses disgust. Even in the same culture, people differ in their ability to interpret and express feelings. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness in people's faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to be the most difficult emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to express. Other studies have shown that older people usually find it easier to interpret body language (the way people stand or move, etc.) than younger people do. And psychologists such as E.G. Beier have also shown that some people frequently give completely the wrong impression of how they feel. For instance, they try to show affection but in fact actually communicate dislike. Or when they want to show interest, they give the impression that they don't care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family. In other words, what we think we are communicating through language, voice, face and body movements may be the exact opposite of what other people understand. 1. According to the text, which of the following emotions should be easiest to recognize even in a different culture? a) surprise b) happiness c) anger d) fear e) disgust f) contempt 2. Which of the emotions a-f above are expressed in different ways in different cultures? 3. Give an example from the text of the way an emotion is described very differently in two different cultures. From your own experience can you think of any other differences like this? 4. Can you think of any possible reasons why some people are better than other people at recognizing certain emotions? 5. Give an example of how some people express the opposite of the emotion they are trying to communicate. Think of other examples from your own experience.
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6. The text mentions that we can communicate our feelings through 'voice'. What do you think this means? Can you think of any examples? VOCABULARY Exercise 1.3 Choose the best answer. Each .......... of the family had to take it in turns to do the washing up. A. individual B. character C. member D. person 2. I .......... rather go to Ireland than Scotland for my holiday. A. had B. would C. did D. could 3. We live in a friendly community and everyone .......... each other very well. A. gets up to B. gets out of C. gets on with D. gets down to 4. A few days after hitting his arm, he had a large black........... A. break B. cut C. swelling D. bruise 5. .......... his flu, he got up and went to work. A. Despite B. Although C. In spite D. Even though 6. He pretended that he agreed with me to avoid .......... my feelings. A. hurting B. to hurt C. hurt D. having hurt 7. She is very important to him. He wouldn't get .......... without her. A. over B. by C. down D. round 8. You .......... to eat if you don't feel like it. A. needn B. mustn't C. don't have D. haven't 9. The police .......... the kidnapper from escaping by blocking all exits. A. prevented B. encouraged C. allowed D. avoided 10. As I have been ill, I have had no .......... to discuss the plan. A. possibility B. suitability C. opportunit D. ability 11. It takes most people three or four days to .......... from flu. A. cure B. prevent C. recover D. get over 12. My brother is much better than I am .......... football. A. to play B. in playing C. for playing D. at playing 13. Doctors usually have to study for at least seven years before becoming fully .......... . A. tested B. qualified C. examined D. proved 14. The vet decided that he had to operate .......... the cat to save its life. A. on B. with C. to D. at 15. He's a very .......... person, but he has absolutely no sense of humour. A. amusing B. entertaining C. enjoyable D. pleasant 16. When are you going to give back that money you .......... me? A. lend B. owe C. borrow D. debt 17. When she heard that her son had crossed the road without looking, she told him he . do it again. A. needn't B. didn't need to C. mustn't D. didn't have to 18. Research scientists are still looking for a cure .......... heart disease. A. for B. to C. against D. on 19. I do play squash, but I .......... tennis. A. like B. would rather C. choose D. prefer 20. Your husband is very rude. If I were you, I wouldn't stand .......... it. A. by B. to C. at D. for 1.
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Exercise 1.4 A. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. It is a great ......................... to meet you. The child smiled with ......................... Do you ever suffer from .........................? She spoke with great ......................... What has caused all the .........................? The doctor asked me a lot of ......................... questions. He looked very ......................... It was a ......................... experience. We had a very ......................... holiday. The weather was very ......................... B. Complete each sentence with the correct preposition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Are you afraid .......... dogs? I was delighted .......... the present you gave me. The boss is very angry .......... you! I'm worried .......... my health. She looked at me .......... surprise. The patient was .......... great pain. I was amazed .......... the news. Were you offended .......... what I said? .......... my astonishment, my son has finally found a job! C. Which word or phrase in each group does not belong? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. astonished frighten frighten angry surprising funny funny disgusting delight surprise amazed delight amuse irritated astonishing bad amusing filthy doubt fear ashamed depress entertain annoyed boring immoral entertaining horrible joy anxiety surprised upset please bored strange wrong disgusting humorous fun terror
PLEASE HAPPY BORE
BITTER
EXCITE EMBARRASS SURPRISE PAIN ENJOY PLEASE
Give, cause, make or bring? D. Complete each sentence with give, cause, make or bring. Use each word once only. 1. 2. 3. 4. I don't want to .......... you angry. It didn't .......... me any pleasure to do it. I hope this will .......... a lot of happiness into your life. I don't want to .......... you any pain or unhappiness.
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Phrasal verbs Exercise 1.5 A. Study these examples. What is the phrasal verb in each one? a) b) c) d) e) f) Sometimes life really gets Betty down. She hasn't got a lot of money but she is usually able to get by. She gets on with most people fairly well, but not with her husband. Whenever there's something he should do for her, he gets out of it. He'd never get over it if she left him. He says he'll do things but never gets round to it. Which phrasal verb above means 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. escape or avoid work, a meeting, etc; find the time to do something; depress / make unhappy; have a good relationship / be friendly with; survive / manage somehow; recover from an illness, surprise, etc?
GRAMMAR DIGEST 1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
FOCUS 1 DIRECT OBJECTS examples Subject My friend He He He explanations Verb sings. loves buys loves Exercise 1.1 Underline the direct object in each sentence below. Example:
My friend loves sports.
Direct Object music. compact discs. the Beatles. Some sentences have only a subject and a verb. Some sentences have a subject, a verb and an object. A direct object answers the question What?. Compact discs is the direct object. A direct object also can answer the question Who(m)?. The Beatles is the direct object.
1. My grandmother loves flowers. She always has fresh flowers on the dining room table. 2. Andrea and Bob have a new home.
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3. My mother adores jewelry. 4. My friends daughter has a doll collection. She owns ten different dolls. 5. Ann takes beautiful pictures. 6. My friend enjoys classical music. She prefers Mozart. 7. In my family, we always celebrate our birthdays together. FOCUS 2 DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS examples Subject Verb Direct Object My mother loves my father. My mother loves him. My mother loves my father. She thinks about him all the time. My father loves my mother. He thinks about her all the time. subject I You He She It We You They verb am are is is is are are are object pronoun explanations The direct object can also be a pronoun. Object pronouns refer to a noun that comes before. In the first example, him refers to my father. In the second example her refers to my mother. subject verb object pronoun me. you. him. her. it. us. you. them.
a good person.
She
loves
Exercise 1.2 Fill in the correct subject or object pronoun. 1. My grandmother is a very special person. (a) __________ has a vegetable garden in her backyard. (b) __________ plants tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplant, leeks and carrots. She picks (c) __________ fresh every day. We love her fresh vegetables. (d) __________ taste delicious. We eat (e) __________ in salads and soup. Her vegetable garden gives (f) _________ great pleasure. 2. Maria and Juan are newlyweds. (a) __________ have a new home, and (b) __________ really love (c) __________ Their appliances are on order, but they dont have (d) __________ yet, so Maria and Juan have a lot of work to do. He helps (e) __________ with the cooking. She helps (f) __________ with the laundry. 3. Sally: Billy, do you like heavy metal music? Billy: (a) __________ love (b) __________! Sally: Really? I hate heavy metal. (c) __________ bothers (d) __________ I hate all that noise.
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Exercise 1.3 This is a story about three people in a love triangle. Maggie has a steady boyfriend, Ted. She also has a male friend, Jim. Read the text below. Cross out the incorrect pronouns and write the correct pronouns above them.
her
Maggie loves her boyfriend, Ted. She also likes Jim. (1) Jim works with she. (2) She sees he every day. (3) She sometimes invites he to dinner. (4) She likes to talk with he. (5) Maggie doesnt love Jim, but Jim loves she. (6) Jim thinks about she all the time. Jim knows about Ted, but Ted doesnt know about Jim. Ted is very jealous. (7) So, Maggie cant tell he about Jim. (8) Maggie doesnt want to leave he. But she cares for both Ted and Jim. She doesnt know what to do. (9) She doesnt want to hurt they. She says to herself, Whats wrong with me? (10) Ted loves I and I love he. (11) Jim is my friend and I like he. So what can I do? FOCUS 3 INDIRECT OBJECTS examples Subject Verb I I I I want to give buy want to give want to give Direct Object the toaster flowers the toaster the toaster Indirect object to the newlyweds. for my grandmother. to the newlyweds. to them. For and to For tells us one person does the action to help or please another person. To tells us about direction of the action. The earrings go from you to your mother. explanations Some sentences have two objects: a direct object and an indirect object. The toaster is the direct object. It tells what I want to give. The newlyweds is the indirect object. It tells to whom I give the toaster. My grandmother is the indirect object. It tells for whom I buy flowers. The indirect object can be a noun or a pronoun.
I fix the car for my grandmother. I give earrings to my mother. Exercise 1.4
New Years Resolutions. Every January 1st, North Americans decide to change their lives and do things differently. Read the resolutions below. Change each underlined noun to a pronoun. Then add the information in parentheses. Example: Every year, I give my father a tie. (golf clubs)
This year, I want to give him golf clubs.
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1.
Used car salesman: I always sell my customers bad cars. (good cars) This year, I want to Child away at college: I always write to my parents once a month. (once a week) This year, I want to Boyfriend: I usually buy my girlfriend flowers for her birthday. (a diamond ring) This year, I want to Teenager: Sometimes I lie to my mother. (tell the truth) This year, I want to Mother: I never have time to read to my children at night. (every night) This year, I want to Student: I always give my homework to the teacher late. (on time) This semester, I want to Friend: Every year, I lend money to you and your brother. (lend money). This year, I dont want to Now, write three things you want to do differently beginning New Years Eve.
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FOCUS 4 POSITION OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT All verbs that take indirect objects can follow Pattern A Pattern A subject verb I give I give I give We have We have We have
direct object presents presents them a party a party it
indirect object to my mother on her birthday. to her. to her. for our twin daughters on their birthday. for them. for them.
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Some of these verbs also follow Pattern B. In pattern B, put the indirect object before the direct object. Do not use to or for. Pattern B subject verb People send People send I make I make
NOTE:
indirect object their friends them my friends them
direct object birthday cards. birthday cards. birthday cakes. birthday cakes.
NOT:
Do not put an indirect object pronoun before a direct object pronoun. I make my friend a cake. I make her a cake. *I make her it. send bring hand sell Verbs that follow both Pattern A and B pass mail make read offer buy lend pay bake teach throw cook do (a favor) find get
give write show tell
Exercise 1.5 Make sentences about North American customs with the words below.
BIRTH: When a baby is born
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
mother/flowers/the/to/give/friends
Friends give flowers to the mother.
cigars/gives/friends/father/his/the ____________________________________ send/and/parents/friends/family/to/birth/announcements/their/the ____________________________________ baby/family/friends/gifts/the/buy/and _____________________________________ make/for/grandmothers/sweaters/new/the/baby _____________________________________ grandfathers/for/toys/make/baby/the _____________________________________ child/the/the/parents/everything/give _____________________________________
ENGAGEMENT/MARRIAGE: When a couple gets engaged or married
8. 9. 10. 11.
diamond/man/a/woman/the/gives/ring/the/to/sometimes _____________________________________________ friends/couple/an/party/the/for/have/engagement _____________________________________________ gifts/woman/give/friends/at/a/party/the _____________________________________________ at/the/wedding/to/couple/gifts/give/guests/the _____________________________________________
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DEATH: When someone dies:
12. 13. 14. 15.
send/family/some/flowers/people/the ______________________________________________ people/special/cards/the/send/family/to ______________________________________________ some/to/give/people/money/charities ______________________________________________ some/food/for/family/bring/people/the ______________________________________________
FOCUS 5 POSITION OF NEW INFORMATION New information in a sentence comes at the end. You can write a sentence in two different ways. Both are correct, but the emphasis is different. examples explanations Whom do you give earrings to? The emphasis is on who(m). My mother is the new I usually give earrings to my mother. information. What do you usually give your mother? The emphasis is on what. Earrings is the new I usually give my mother earrings. information. Exercise 1.6 Answer the following question. The new information is in parentheses ( ). Examples: Who(m) do you usually give presents to at Christmas? (my family)
I usually give presents to my family. I usually give him a good book.
What do you usually give your father? (a good book)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Who(m) do you want to give a present to at work? (three of my co-workers) ___________________________________________________________ What do you usually give your parents for their anniversary? (tickets to a play) ___________________________________________________________ Who(m) do you tell jokes to? (my friend) ________________________________ What do you sometimes send your sister? (some new recipes) __________________________________________________ Does she teach English to your brother or sister? (my brother) __________________________________________________ Which story do you usually read to your little sister? Cinderella or Snow White? (Cinderella) _______________________________________________________________ Who(m) do you need to mail the application to? (the admissions office) ________________________________________________________ What do you usually buy for your son on his birthday? (compact discs) ________________________________________________________
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Exercise 1.7 Choose the best sentence. You are waiting for a friend in front of a restaurant. You do not have your watch. You want to know the time. You see someone coming. You ask him: (a) Could you please tell me the time? (b) Could you please tell the time to me? You are alone at a restaurant. You finish your meal. You see the waiter. You ask him: (a) Could you please give the check to me? (b) Could you please give me the check? You are celebrating someones birthday with a group of friends. You finish your meal. You want to be sure you pay the check. You tell the waiter: (a) Please give the check to me. (b) Please give me the check. What do children usually do for their mothers on Mothers day? (a) They usually give flowers to them. (b) They usually give them flowers. You are at a friends house for dinner. The food needs salt. You say: (a) Please pass me the salt. (b) Please pass the salt to me. You realize you dont have any money on you for the bus. You ask a friend: (a) Could you lend a dollar to me? (b) Could you lend me a dollar? You are in class. It is very noisy. You say to a classmate: (a) Do me a favor. Please close the door. (b) Do a favor to me. Please close the door. Why does your class look so sad on Mondays? (a) Because our teacher gives us a lot of homework. (b) Because our teacher gives a lot of homework to us. You are speaking to the director f the English Language Institute. You want to apply to the City University. You have the application form in your hand: Director: (a) Please send the application form to the City University. (b) Please send the City University the application form. You come home from the supermarket. Your car is full of groceries. You need help. You say to your roommate: (a) Can you please give a hand to me? (b) Can you please give me a hand? There are three children at a table. They are finishing a box of cookies. A fourth child sees them and runs toward them. The child says: (a) Wait! Save me one! (b) Wait! Save one for me! Example:
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FOCUS 6 VERBS THAT DO NOT OMIT TO WITH INDIRECT OBJECTS examples S + My mother S + My mother DO + stories IO + us DO + IO The teacher explains the grammar to us. NOT: The teacher explains us the grammar. explain describe repeat introduce report say solve open carry clean do prepare fix repair spell Exercise 1.8 Read the following pairs of sentences or questions aloud. Check any sentence that is not possible. In some pairs, both patterns are possible. Example 1: Pattern A: Pattern B: Example 2: Pattern A:
NOT:
V + reads V + reads
IO to us. DO stories.
explanations Many verbs follow both Pattern A and B.
Some verbs only follow Pattern A. Verbs tat follow Pattern A ONLY. Do not omit to/for.
My husband sends flowers to me every Valentines Day. My husband sends me flowers every Valentines Day. (Both patterns are possible.) The teacher always repeats the question to the class. *The teacher always repeats the class the question. PATTERN A PATTERN B Tell me the truth. Please explain me the problem. Spell me that word, please. I need to report the insurance company the accident. My father usually reads my little brother a story every night. He always opens me the door. Let me introduce you to my friend. Cynthia gives a charity her old clothes. The students write their parents letters every week. Please repeat the class the instructions. Can you describe me your hometown? Can you carry me that bag?
Pattern B:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Tell the truth to me. Please explain the problem to me. Spell that word for me, please. I need to report the accident to the insurance company. My father usually reads a story to my little brother every night. He always opens the door for me. Let me introduce my friend to you. Cynthia gives her old clothes to a charity. The students write letters to their parents every week. Please repeat the instructions to the class. Can you describe your hometown to me? Can you carry that bag for me?
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Exercise 1.9 Choose the correct pronoun to complete the story. The first one has been done for you as an example. My dad wakes up in a bad mood. __He___ (He, Him) gets a cut while (1) __________ (he, him) is shaving. (2) __________ (He, Him) is grumpy. When my mom gives (3) __________ (he, him) breakfast, (4) __________ (he, him) gets mad at (5) __________ (she, her). This makes my mom angry. (6) __________ (She, Her) yells at my big brother. (7) __________ (She, Her) gets mad at (8) __________ (he, him). My brother shouts at (9) __________ (I, me). (10) __________ (I, me) feel bad. (11) __________ (I, me) yell at Ruff, my dog. Ruff just looks at (12) __________ (I, me). Ruff barks at (13) __________ (I, me) and gives (14) __________ (I, me) a big kiss. The kiss tickles (15) __________ (I, me). Exercise 1.10 Look at the underlined object pronouns. Draw an arrow from each object pronoun to the noun phrase it refers to and circle the noun phrase. The first one has been done for you as an example. I dont feel mad at my family any more. I want them to feel happy. I have to do something for them. I go outside and pick some beautiful flowers. I give them to my brother, mother, and father. My brother smiles at me. My mother gives me a kiss. I give her a hug. My father smiles at me too. I give him a hug also. My family is laughing. I really like them when they are happy. Ruff is happy too; my brother is petting him. He finds some milk on the floor and licks it up. When you are happy, everyone is happy with you. Exercise 1.11 At Christmas time Practical Pete gives at least a small present to everyone. Here are the things he gave this year. Use the list to answer the questions below. Example: Who(m) did Pete give socks to?
Pete gave socks to Brad.
Christmas gift list Mom: dish towels Dad: flashlight Angela and Bob (Petes sister and brother-in-law): car wax Brad (Petes nephew): socks Secretary: dictionary Cecilia (Petes girlfriend): hair brush Mail carrier: dog repellant The neighbors: screwdriver set 1. 2. 3. 4. What did Pete give the neighbors? ________________________________________________________________ Who(m) did Pete give the hair brush to? __________________________________________________________________ What did Pete give the mail carrier? __________________________________________________________________ What did Pete give his girlfriend? __________________________________________________________________
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Who(m) give the dictionary to? __________________________________________________________________ What did Pete give his dad? __________________________________________________________________ Who(m) did Pete give the dish towels to? __________________________________________________________________ Who(m) did Pete give the car wax to? __________________________________________________________________ What did Pete give to his secretary? __________________________________________________________________ Who(m)did Pete give the screwdriver set to? __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1.12
Pete always gives practical gifts, but they arent always the best gifts. What gifts do you think would be more appropriate? Write four sentences emphasizing what they will receive and four sentences emphasizing who will receive it. Example: Who 1. 2. 3. 4. What 1. 2. 3. 4.
Pete will give his mother perfume. (emphasis is on what)
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 1.13 Underline the indirect object. Then change the underlined words to pronouns. Example: I sent my letter of application to the admissions officers.
I sent them my letter of application.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Kim handed Lea his calculator. __________________________________________________________________ Lea introduced Kim to her mother and father. __________________________________________________________________ Lea showed Mr. Dickens her essay. __________________________________________________________________ Kim taught it to Lea. __________________________________________________________________
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Aunt Cain offered Kim help. __________________________________________________________________ Kim sent a thank you note to the counselor and me. __________________________________________________________________ I repeated what Kims mom said to Kim. __________________________________________________________________ She explained the problem to Kim. __________________________________________________________________ I read my sons the book. __________________________________________________________________
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READING DIGEST 2 MYSTERIES OF MEMORY

Exercise 2.1 What are your earliest memories as a child? Do you have a family photograph album showing some of these memories? Exercise 2.2 Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer to questions 1-4. One day more than fifty years ago, a young man had an accident on his motor bike in which he suffered a few apparently minor injuries. There was a bruise on the left side of his forehead and some slight bleeding from his left ear. He was taken to hospital for examination but X-rays did not reveal any other injuries. Nevertheless, the doctor who was treating him decided to keep him in hospital for further observations because the young man was having difficulty in speaking and seemed very confused. At the time of the accident, the young man was 22 years old, and the date was August, 1933. A week later he was able to carry on what seemed a perfectly normal conversation. However, he told the doctor that he was only 11 years old and that the date was February, 1922. What is more, he could not remember anything that had happened since 1922. For example, he could not recall having spent five years in Australia, or coming back to England and working for two years on a golf course. As time went by, part of his memory of the eleven missing years came back. A few weeks later, he even remembered his years in Australia. But the two years of his life just before the accident were still a complete blank. Three weeks after his injury, he went back to the village where he had been living for those two years. Everything looked unfamiliar and he did not recall ever having been there before. Despite this, he was able to take up his old job again in the village and to do it satisfactorily. But he often got lost when walking around the village and found it difficult to remember what he had done during the day. Slowly, however, his memory continued to return so that, about ten weeks after the accident, he could even remember most of the previous two years. There remained only one complete gap in his memory: he could remember absolutely nothing about what he had done a few minutes immediately before the accident or the accident itself. This part of his memory never came back. 1. The accident happened A. in February 1922. B. a few years ago. C. when the young man was in Australia. D. over half a century ago. Immediately after the young man's accident on his motor bike, he A. was able to hold a perfectly normal conversation. B. was taken to hospital with severe injuries. C. was found to have only minor injuries. D. was too badly injured to be taken to hospital. A few weeks after the accident he was unable to remember A. the previous eleven years of his life. B. anything about the village he had been living in. C. the five years he had spent in Australia. D. the two years before he came to live in the village.
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3.
The only thing he was never able to remember again was A. what happened immediately before or during his accident. B. what he had done for ten weeks after the accident. C. all of the previous two years before the accident. D. his way round the village itself.
VOCABULARY Words connected with memory Study the definitions and the examples. memory recall remember remind power of keeping facts in the conscious mind and of being able to call them back at will: He has a bad ~ for dates. bring back to the mind; recollect: I don't ~ his name/face/meeting him/where I met him. have or keep in the memory; call back to mind the memory of: I can't ~ his name. I ~ posting your letters. ( = have the memory of that act in my mind). ~ sb (to do sth, that ...): ~ sb of sth/sb, cause (sb) to remember (to do sth, etc); cause (sb) to think (of sth): Please ~ me to answer that letter. He ~s me of his brother.
Exercise 2.3 Now complete the following sentences with the correct word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Despite his age, he still has a very good ......... I don't think I know you; I mean I don't ......... seeing you before. You look just like my brother. You really ......... me of him. I haven't any soap. I must ......... to buy some on the way home. I haven't any soap. Please ......... me to buy some on the way home. The old woman has had an interesting life and has a lot of good ......... to talk about. Exercise 2.4 A. Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Accidents often happen ......... this road. My daughter was badly hurt ......... an accident. I learned about this purely ......... accident. The patient was taken ......... hospital. He was kept ......... observation for several days. The injuries ......... his head weren't serious. The woman had a slight loss ......... memory. There are several gaps ......... it. However, ......... any luck, she will be completely all right soon. ......... other words, her memory should return ......... normal. B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS. 1. 2.
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There was ......... some ice on the road that day. She still has no ......... of the accident.
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The doctor examined her to see if she was suffering from any serious INJURE Her ......... isn't as good as it used to be. CONCENTRATE At times she is very ......... FORGET ......... most of the scars have disappeared. LUCK Most patients make a complete ......... within a few years. RECOVER Barbara's condition is now quite ......... SATISFY The doctor she saw is a ......... in cases like these. SPECIAL She is ......... to be alive after the accident. THANK C. Complete the sentences below with one of the following words. Use each word once only. injure damage harm hurt spoil ruin
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
I hope I didn't ......... your feelings when I said that. Be careful with that tool or you will ......... the car. This food will ......... unless it is kept cool. Every year thousands of people ......... themselves by using tools carelessly at work. The storm was terrible but the ship came to no .......... If you put too much salt in the soup, you will completely ......... the flavour. Word combinations Exercise 2.5 A. Explain what the following word combinations mean. Example: short-term memory memory that lasts only for a very short time
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
short-term parking long-term parking a short-sighted person a long-distance runner a long-winded speech a middle-of-the-road politician B. What are the word combinations in English which express the following ideas? Example: a runner who runs short distances a short-distance runner
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
a person who cannot see things that are very close a loan you have to pay back after a very short time the opposite of this kind of loan a person who does not come from the upper or the lower classes a man or woman whose age is somewhere between 45 and about 60 a shirt with short sleeves a dog with three legs a house that is of medium size Exercise 2.6
1.
Choose the best answer. Is there somewhere I can ......... this jumper? A. look out B. try out C. try on D. look over
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
The young man ......... case was described in the article never fully recovered his memory. A. whose B. what C. whom D. that You should always keep receipts from shops as proof ......... purchase. A. to B. of C. by D. for Will you please ......... what you just said. It was very rude. A. take up B. take back C. take off D. take down He spoke so fast I couldn't understand ......... he was talking about. A. what B. which C. that D. how Children who go up escalators should always be accompanied ......... an adult. A. with B. beside C. from D. by The customer, who was shouting at the top of his voice ......... his money back. A. appealed B. asked C. requested D. demanded Try to remember ......... bring your umbrella. A. yourself to B. me to C. to yourself to D. to The sign in the cinema asks people ......... smoke. A. to not B. not to C. don't D. to stop Could you ......... me to take back those library books tomorrow? A. memorize B. remember C. remind D. recall Our guests didn't leave until 2 a.m., so they ......... have enjoyed themselves. A. must B. can't C. may D. might She was angry with me for breaking the plate, but it happened quite ......... accident. A. in B. by C. with D. on Luckily, he remembered ......... up with petrol, so he didn't run out. A. to fill B. filling C. filled D. having filled You really ......... have come to the party, because all our old friends were there. A must. B. ought C. may D. should Her parents give her anything she asks for, and as a result, she's very ......... A. ruined B. damaged C. harmed D. spoilt His car was ......... in the accident. A. harmed B. injured C. damaged D. hurt The goalkeeper's arm was so ......... injured that he couldn't play in the final. A. deeply B. badly C. heavily D. hardly It took Western economies many years to ......... from the oil crisis of the mid-70s. A. recover B. regain C. retain D. get over My brother is always late for appointments. He seems to be ...... of leaving the house on time. A. unable B. impossible C. incapable D. unaware I hadn't seen George for years, but when I saw him in the street, I ......... him at once. A. reminded B. realized C. remarked D. remembered Exercise 2.7
Make all the changes and additions necessary to complete the letter that Barbara never finished. Dear Anne, 1. It be/very nice/you/send me/that lovely book/my birthday. 2. I/not have time/read much but/it seem/very interesting. 3. Since/ accident /I have/some problems/my memory but now/begin to feel/almost normal again. 4. I/still have/some scars/face/but they be/not as bad/before. 5. My daughter/Sarah/do very well/school and hope/go/university next year. 6. How be you/your family? 7. I hope/hear from you/soon. Give my love/everybody.
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Exercise 2.8 Read the following passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about. What is memory? Memory is the ability ......... (1) store and recall information. Without it, we ......... (2) be unable to see, hear or think, and would have no language or ......... (3) of who we are. In ......... (4), we would be vegetables, without intellect, mentally ......... (5). This may ......... (6) strange since one hears of people ......... (7) their memory who despite this are ......... (8) of perceiving, thinking and talking. Why is this ......... (9) if they have lost their memory? The ......... (10) is simple. Human memory is not a ......... (11) function, like the heart or liver. It ....... (12) of a number of complex, interconnected systems which serve different ....... (13) and behave in very different ......... (14). The systems interact with each other and can be ......... (15) into three major systems called long-term, short-term and sensory; ......... (16) other words, you do not have a memory. You have several memories. Consequently, someone who is said to ......... (17) lost their memory is someone who has something ......... (18) with one or ......... (19) of these systems. If all of them ......... (20) been lost, the person would be unconscious and probably dead. A. What are the missing words? Fill each of the numbered blanks with one word. B. Now do the following questionnaire. How Good Is Your Memory? We all forget things from time to time. Here are some fairly common examples. How often do they happen to you? Write one of these numbers in each box. 1 Not at all. 2 Very rarely let's say once every six months. 3 Only now and then let's say more than once every six months but less than once a month. 4 Sometimes say once a month. 5 Fairly often say once a week. 6 Very often almost every day. 1. Forgetting where you have put something. Losing things around the house. 2. Not recognizing places; that is, you don't remember having been somewhere before but you have. 3. Forgetting to pay bills or do something that someone has asked you to do. 4. Not remembering when something has happened even though it happened to you recently. 5. Forgetting someone's name soon after you have been told that person's name. 6. Forgetting a new word you have recently learned. 7. Forgetting important details of something you have done very recently; for example how much you've paid for a very expensive purchase. 8. Forgetting the name of someone you used to know very well but haven't seen for some time.
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9. Forgetting important details about yourself; let's say your birthdate or where you live. 10. Getting lost or turning in the wrong direction in a place you have often been before. 11. Getting lost or turning in the wrong direction in a place you have been only once or twice. 12. Not remembering details of something someone has just told you; for instance a date or a phone number. 13. Forgetting what you have just said; for instance you suddenly stop and say, 'What have I just been talking about?' 14. Forgetting to keep an appointment or date with someone. 15. Disagreeing with or getting confused about what someone promised or told you; for example a friend said you promised to meet at 5 and you are sure you said 6 o'clock. Look at the answer key in the box below. Which things would you be most worried about? Why? SCORE 85-90 very bad; perhaps you ought to see a doctor. 70-85 it could be serious but perhaps youve just been working too hard; it might be a good idea to take a long holiday. 50-70 below average but no cause for serious worry. 40-50 pretty average. 25-40 above average. 15-25 congratulations! They should call you supermemory.
GRAMMAR DIGEST 2 CAN, KNOW HOW TO, BE ABLE TO, AND/BUT/SO/OR

FOCUS 1
Can
Can expresses ability. affirmative I You He can speak She English. We You They She can DANCE. He can SING. He CANT DANCE. She CANT SING.
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negative
negative contraction
I I You You He He cannot speak She She cant speak French. Chinese. We We You You They They In the affirmative, we pronounce can as /kn/ and stress the base form of the verb. In the negative, we stress both cant and the base form of the verb.
LIMBA ENGLEZ
Exercise 2.1 What can you do in English? Check Yes or No. Yes 1. I can introduce someone. 2. I can ask about prices. 3. I can describe people and places. 4. I can make a polite request. 5. I can give directions. 6. I can give advice. 7. I can ask for information about English. FOCUS 2 QUESTIONS WITH CAN Can you use a computer? Yes, I can. No, I cant. Can he cook? Yes, he can. No, he cant What can he cook? He can boil water! Who can cook in your family? My mother can. My father cant. Exercise 2.2 Write yes/no questions with can. Then check Yes or No in the table to give your opinion about each question. Finally, give reasons for you answers in the last section provided for you. Yes 1. a woman/work as a fire fighter
Can a woman work as a fire fighter?
No
No
2. women/be good soldiers 3. a man/be a good nurse 4. me/raise children
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
5. women/be police officers
________________________________________________________________________________
6. a woman/be a construction worker 7. a man/work as a housekeeper
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
8. a woman/be President of a country 9. a man/work as a baby sitter
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
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Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Women ca be police officers.
They can help people in trouble. They can use guns when necessary.
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.3 Write questions with can using the given cues. Example: a. Who/type? b. How fast/type?
Who can type? How fast can you/he/she/they type?
1.
a. Who/cook? __________________________________________________________________ b. What/cook? __________________________________________________________________ a. Who/speak three languages? __________________________________________________________________ b. What/say in your third language? __________________________________________________________________ a. Who/play a musical instrument? __________________________________________________________________ b. What/play? __________________________________________________________________ a. Who/sew? __________________________________________________________________ b. What/sew? __________________________________________________________________ a. Who/fix a car? __________________________________________________________________ b. What/fix? __________________________________________________________________ a. Who/draw? __________________________________________________________________ b. What/draw? __________________________________________________________________ a. Who/run a marathon? __________________________________________________________________ b. How fast/run a marathon? __________________________________________________________________
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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FOCUS 3 ASKING FOR HELP WITH ENGLISH examples explanations Can I say, She can to swim in When you are not sure your English is correct, use the English? expression: Can I say in English? How can I say, in English? When you dont know how to say something in English, ask the question: How can I say in English? FOCUS 4 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN, KNOW HOW TO, AND BE ABLE TO examples She can cook. She knows how to cook. She is able to cook. A blind person cant see. A blind person isnt able to see. NOT: A blind person doesnt know how to see. Exercise 2.4 Read the following list. Check each activity which is a learned ability. laughing speaking English riding a bike hearing flying an airplane smelling Exercise 2.5 Make affirmative or negative statements with the words below. To express learned ability, make one statement with can and one statement with know how to. To express natural ability, make only one statement with can. Example: fix/a flat tire
I can fix a flat tire. I know how to fix a flat tire. I can see without glasses.
explanations To express learned ability, use can, know how to, or be able to. To express natural ability, use can or be able to only. Be able to is more formal than can. Use be able to in all tenses, not can.
reading seeing crying tasting swimming writing
see/without glasses 1. 2.
A blind person/see __________________________________________________________________ A dog/live for twenty-five years __________________________________________________________________
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Infants/walk __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ A deaf person/hear __________________________________________________________________ Fish/breathe on land __________________________________________________________________ Mechanics/fix cars __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Men/take care of babies __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ A man/have a baby __________________________________________________________________ Doctors/cure some diseases. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.6 Fill in the blanks with the affirmative or negative form of can or be able to.
Fran: Hello, Vanna. How are you today? Vanna: Im sorry to say Im still no well, Fran. My back still hurts. I (1) can sit up now, but I (2) am not able to walk very well. Fran: What? You mean you (3) ______________________ come to work today? Vanna, I (4) ______________________ do my work without you. I (5) ______________________ use my computer. I (6) ______________________ find any of my papers. I (7) ______________________ remember any of my appointments. This office is a mess. I (8) ______________________ all this work myself. Vanna: What about your temporary secretary? What (9) ______________________ he do? Fran: This temporary secretary is terrible. He (10) ______________________ do anything. He (11) ______________________ even make a good cup of coffee! I need you here, Vanna. Only you (12) ______________________ do everything in this office. Vanna: Well, Fran, Do you remember our conversation about my pay raise? Fran: O.K.O.K., Vanna. You can have your raise. But please come in today! Vanna: O.K., calm down, Fran, and listen to me. I (13) ______________________ come in to the office this morning, but I (14) ______________________ come in this afternoon. Vanna: Oh thank you, Vanna See you later. Exercise 2.7 Make Yes/No questions. 1. people/live without food for six months.
Can people live without food for six months? Are people able to live without food for six months?
2.
a computer/think _____________________________________________________________________
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
smoking/cause cancer _____________________________________________________________________ an airplane/fly from New York to Paris in four hours _____________________________________________________________________ a person/run twenty-five miles an hour _____________________________________________________________________ a river/flow uphill _____________________________________________________________________ we/communicate with people from other planets. _____________________________________________________________________ a person/learn a language in one week _____________________________________________________________________ modern medicine/cure AIDS _____________________________________________________________________ a two-year old child/read _____________________________________________________________________ the United Nations/stop wars _____________________________________________________________________ you/think of any more questions _____________________________________________________________________
FOCUS 5 SENTENCE CONNECTORS: AND/BUT/SO/OR And, but, so, and or are sentence connectors. We use them to connect two complete sentences. examples explanations I can roller-skate and I can ski. And adds information. I can dance, but I cant sing. But shows contrast. He can swim, but his brother cant. I cant cook, so I often go out to eat. So gives a result. You can go or you can stay. Or gives a choice. I can speak English, but I cant speak Spanish. When you connect two complete sentences, I can speak Spanish, and my sister can speak use a comma (,) before the connector. Japanese. I can say it in English, or I can say it in French. When the subject is the same for the two I can say it in English or French. verbs, it is not necessary to repeat the subject or can. Do not use a comma. Exercise 2.8 What can you do? Write sentences about yourself with can or know how to with and or but. Example: 1. use a typewriter/use a computer.
I can use a typewriter, but I cant use a computer. I can use a typewriter and a computer.
2.
roller-skate/roller-blade __________________________________________________________________
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
ride a bicycle/drive a car __________________________________________________________________ use a camera/use a video camera __________________________________________________________________ use a telephone/use a fax machine __________________________________________________________________ cook rice/cook Chinese food __________________________________________________________________ sew a button/sew a dress __________________________________________________________________ walk fast/run fast __________________________________________________________________ Now make three statement of your own. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.9 Fill in the blanks with and, but, or so.
9. 10. 11.
1. Bob and Andrea love movies. (a) but they are often too busy to go to the movies on Saturdays. They usually go to the first show on Sundays. On Sunday afternoon, the tickets are half-price, (b) ________ the theater is very crowded. There is one woman in the audience who is always a problem. Today, Bob and Andrea are behind her. The woman has very bushy hair. (c) ________ Bob and Andrea cant see the movie screen. She loves popcorn (d) ________ eats it non-stop during the movie. Popcorn is delicious. (e) ________ it is also very noisy. (f) ________ Bob and Andrea cant hear the movie. Sometimes they think its better to stay home and rent a movie! 2. Larry is in the hospital. He has a high fever (a) ________ he is very sick. The doctor wants him to stay in the hospital. (b) ________ Larry wants to go home. The doctor says he needs to rest. (c) ________ Larry wants to go back to work. He is bored in the hospital (d) ________ misses his family. He is unhappy. (e) ________ he decides to leave. 3. Tommy loves to listen to loud music. (a) ________ his mom hates his music. Tommys mom had a headache, (b) ________ she asks Tommy to use his walkman. Tommy has a walkman, (c) ________ its broken. Exercise 2.10 Answer the following questions. What is something you know how to do? __________________________________________________________________ What is something you dont know how to do? __________________________________________________________________ What is something you can do? __________________________________________________________________ What is something you cannot do? __________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 2.11 This is a list of things Andy can and cant do. Write sentences about Andy using and or but as connectors. The first one has been done for you as an example. Can swim float paint draw ice skate ride a sled drive a car fix a flat tire wash clothes iron 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Andy can swim, but he cant dive.
Cant dive make jewelry ski repair the engine sew
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.12 Which of the following statements is correct in English?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
My mother can cooks the best chicken and rice. I know how to breathe. You can speak English very well. You can fishing from this bridge? Do you know how to play a card game? I can no finish in time.
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READING DIGEST 3 SECRET MESSAGES TO OURSELVES

Exercise 3.1 Do you dream: often? never? in colour? Can you remember your dreams afterwards? Can you describe a dream you have had? Exercise 3.2 Read the text and choose the best answer to the questions that follow. Early one morning, more than a hundred years ago, an American inventor called Elias Howe finally fell asleep. He had been working all night on the design of a sewing-machine but he had run into a very difficult problem: it seemed impossible to get the thread to run smoothly around the needle. Despite his exhaustion, Howe slept badly. He tossed and turned. Then he had a nightmare. He dreamt that he had been captured by a tribe of terrible savages whose king threatened to kill and eat him unless he could build a perfect sewing-machine. When he tried to do so, Howe ran into the same problem as before. The thread kept getting caught around the needle. The king flew into a rage and ordered his soldiers to kill Howe. They advanced towards him with their spears raised. But suddenly the inventor noticed something. There was a hole in the tip of each spear. The inventor awoke from the nightmare with a start, realizing that he had just found the solution to the problem. Instead of trying to get the thread to run around the needle, he should make it run through a small hole in the centre of the needle. This was the simple idea that finally enabled Howe to design and build the first really practical sewing-machine. Elias Howe was far from being unique in finding the answer to his problem in this way. Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric light bulb, said that his best ideas came to him in dreams. So did the great physicist, Albert Einstein. Charlotte Bronte also drew on her dreams in writing Jane Eyre. The composer, Igor Stravinsky, once said the only way he could solve his problems in musical composition was 'to sleep on them'. To appreciate the value of dreams, you have to understand what happens when you are asleep. Even then, a part of your mind is still working. This unconscious, but still active, part digests your experiences and goes to work on the problems you have had during the day. It stores all sorts of information and details which you may have forgotten or never have really noticed. It is only when you fall asleep that this part of the brain can send messages to the part you use when you are awake. However, the unconscious part expresses itself through its own logic and its own language. It uses strange images which the conscious part may not understand at first. This is why dreams are sometimes called 'secret messages to ourselves'. 1. According to the passage, Elias Howe was A. the first person we know of who solved problems in his sleep. B. much more hard-working than other inventors. C. the first person to design a sewing-machine that really worked. D. the only person at the time who appreciated the value of dreams. The problem Howe was trying to solve was A. what kind of thread to use. B. how to design a needle which would not break. C. where to put the needle. D. how to stop the thread from getting caught around the needle.
2.
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3.
The solution to the problem came from something A. the king said to Howe. B. Howe remembered about another sewing-machine. C. Howe noticed about the soldiers' weapons. D. one of the soldiers was wearing. Thomas Edison is mentioned because A. he also tried to invent a sewing-machine. B. he got some of his ideas from dreams. C. he was one of Howe's friends. D. he also had difficulty in falling asleep. Dreams are sometimes called 'secret messages to ourselves' because A. strange images are used to communicate ideas. B. we can never understand the real meaning. C. images are used which have no meaning. D. only specially trained people can understand them.
4.
5.
VOCABULARY Exercise 3.3 A. Which is the word or phrase in each group that does not belong? Example: steep success deny deny find out exhausted sleep nap wake dream tall failure reveal hide cover up sleepy wake flat power admit admit discover tired high wealth confess cover up learn awake
B. Complete the following sentence with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The sewing-machine was a very important ..... INVENT I am reading a book called 'The ..... of Dreams'. INTERPRET Elias Howe is not the only person who had found the ..... to his problems while he SOLVE was asleep. Charlotte Bronte is not the only writer who used dreams as well as her ..... Many artists as well as psychologists give a great deal of ..... to dreams. The opera singer's dream symbolized her desire to give a perfect ..... PERFORM Sometimes, of course, there is a great deal of ..... about what a dream means. To be able to interpret dreams, some ..... of the dreamer is essential. Phrasal verbs Exercise 3.4 A. Look at the following examples of phrasal verbs based on take. In pairs or groups, match the examples with the meanings below (1-6).
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DISAGREE KNOW IMPORTANT IMAGINE
a) b) c) d) e) f)
The planes take off every few minutes. This table takes up a lot of space. I just can't take in all this information. That girl really takes after her mother. She looks just like her. A big American corporation is trying to take over our company. If I were you, I wouldn't take on so much responsibility. 2. accept 5. gain control of 3. absorb, understand 6. occupy
1. resemble 4. leave the ground
B. Use along, over, out of, into or through to complete the following sentences with run. Example: He spends and spends and has run out of money.
1. Elias Howe ran . a lot of problems when he tried to design the first practical sewing-machine. 2. The plane ran . of petrol when it was over the mountains. 3. Youve already explained these instructions to me but could we run . them again? 4. Run . now, children! Go and play outside. 5. A drunken driver ran . the cat and killed it. C. Which phrasal verb based on run means: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. hit and knock down? encounter, meet? read or examine quickly? have no more, become short of something? go away, leave? Exercise 3.5 Choose the best answer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. He was so tired that he ....... asleep in the chair. A. dropped B. fell C. went D. became Our company is a small organization with only a few ....... A. employees B. employments C. employers D. employs I'm not going to help you with your homework and neither ....... John. A. is going to B. isn't going to C. is D. isn't Before we start the lesson, I'd like to ....... what we did yesterday. A. run up B. run through C. run along D. run into ....... experience of working in an office environment is essential for this job. A. Earlier B. First C. Initial D. Previous The witness told the court that he ....... the accused before. A. had never seen B hasn't seen C. had ever seen D. didn't see The company has had a bad year, and will therefore not be ....... any new workers. A. taking up B. taking off C. taking on D. taking after The estate agent spent a ....... deal of time trying to persuade me to buy the house. A. large B. big C. great D. wide A professor recently came ....... an unknown poem by Shakespeare while he was looking through an old book. A. round B. off C. up against D. across The children were ....... by the television programme. A. fascinated B. fascinate C. fascination D. fascinating
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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
He has had a bad day - in addition ....... being late for school, he forgot his homework. A. with B. to C. by D. for The child woke up crying because she had ....... a nightmare. A. had B. seen C. dreamt D. felt Psychiatrists spend a lot of time studying the mind. So ....... psychologists. A. does B. do C. did D. spend Do you know anyone who's interested ....... having a kitten? A. at B. to C. in D. for The shirt I was wearing today was torn, but I don't think anyone ....... A. watched B. remarked C. mentioned D. noticed Oh, I forgot to tell you. I am having a party on Friday ....... ? A. will you come B. do you come C. don't you come D. shall you come The organizers decided to go ahead with the match ....... the bad weather. A. in spite B. although C. unless D. despite When I learned to ski, I practised on a slope that was not too ....... A. high B. steep C. rising D. tall The policeman who stopped him asked him if ....... been drinking. A. had he B. has he C. he had D. he has I don't know what to do this weekend. Perhaps I ....... at home and do some work. A. will stay B. am staying C. stay D. would stay
GRAMMAR DIGEST 3 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
FOCUS 1 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS examples The food is burning. The baby is crying. The dog and the baby are fighting. now right now at the moment subject I You He She It We You They be am are is are explanations Use the present progressive to talk about an action that is happening right now: an action in progress. Use these time expressions with the present progressive. base form of the verb + -ing
working.
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Affirmative Contractions subject + be contraction Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Youre Theyre Exercise 3.1 Underline all the present progressive verbs in the text. Example: Regis isnt having a good day. base form of the verb + -ing
working.
Today is not a normal day at the Harrisons. Usually, Robins babysitter comes at 3:00 when Robin leaves for work. But today, Robin is attending an all-day meeting at the college, and her babysitter cant come. So Regis is spending the day at home. Hes taking care of the children and the house. Hes trying very hard, but everything is going wrong. Regis isnt having a good day. Actually, poor Regis is going crazy. Hes thinking about Robin. Hes learning something today. Its not easy to stay home with the children. Hes beginning to understand this. FOCUS 2 SPELLING
OF
VERBS ENDING IN ING
verb end 1 consonant + e 2 vowel + consonant (one syllable) Exception: verbs that end in w, -x, and y.
rule examples Drop the e, add ing. write writing Double the consonant, add sit sitting ing. Do not double w, x, and y. show showing fix fixing play playing 3 consonant + vowel + Double the consonant, add beGIN beginning consonant. There is more ing. forGET forgetting than one syllable, and the stress is on the last syllable. If the stress is not on the last Do not double the LISten listening syllable consonant. HAPpen happening 4 -ie Change ie to y, add ing. lie lying die dying 5 All other verbs Add ing to the base form talk talking of the verb. study studying do doing agree agreeing
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Exercise 3.2 Fill in the blanks with the present progressive. Todays a normal day at the Harrisons. It is 4:00. Robin (1) _________________ (prepare) dinner in the kitchen. She (2) _________________ (slice) onions and (3) _________________ (wipe) the tears from her eyes. The house is quiet, so she (4) _________________ (listen) to some music. She (5) _________________ (think) about her class tonight. She (6) _________________ (wait) for her babysitter to arrive. The baby (7) _________________ (sleep). The dog (8) _________________ (chew) on a bone. Jimmy (9) _________________ (play) with his toys. Suzy (10) _________________ (clean) her room. Everything is under control. Exercise 3.3 Fill in the blanks with the present progressive of the verb. Example: Youre driving me crazy. Turn off the TV!
1. That crazy dog _________________ (bite) me! 2. I _________________ (walk) into a zoo! 3. Quiet! You _________________ (make) a lot of noise. I cant hear the TV. 4. Stop that, Jimmy. You _________________ (hurt) me. 5. Oh no! The food _________________ (burn)! 6. I _________________ (die) to take off my shoes. My feet _________________ (kill) me. FOCUS 3 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS subject + be + not I am You are He is not She working. It We are You They negative contraction * You arent He isnt She working. It We arent You They be contraction + not Im Youre Hes Shes not working. Its Were Youre Theyre
NOTE*: There is no standard English contraction with I am not.
Exercise 3.4 Make sentences with negative contractions. Example: 1. 2. Robin/take care of the children today.
Robin isnt taking care of the children today.
Robin/wear comfortable shoes today. ______________________________ Robins babysitter/come today. ______________________________

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The baby and the dog/get along. ______________________________ Regis/relax. ______________________________ The children/listen to Regis. ______________________________ Suzy/do her homework. ______________________________ Suzy/help Regis. ______________________________ Regis/pay attention to the dinner in the oven. ______________________________ Regis/laugh. ______________________________ Regis/enjoy his children today. ______________________________ FOCUS 4 CHOOSING SIMPLE PRESENT OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE The simple present and the present progressive have different uses.
use the simple present for: habits and repeated actions Suzy usually does her homework in the afternoon. things that are true in general Women usually take care of children.
use the present progressive for: actions in progress now Suzys watching TV right now. actions that are temporary, not habitual Regis is taking are of the children today. situations that are changing These days, men are spending more time with their children. time expressions right now now today at the moment this week this evening this year this month these days
time expressions always rarely often never usually every day sometimes once a week seldom on the weekends Exercise 3.5
Read the story. If the underlined verb describes an action in progress write a P on the line in front of the sentence. If the underlined verb describes a temporary action or a changing situation write T/C in front of the sentence. Example: 1. 2.
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T/C
Dad is under a lot of stress. But, this year hes taking better care of himself.
____ ____
These days, he is jogging more often. He is jogging right now.
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
He is also trying to eat better. Nowadays, he is eating more fruits and vegetables and less junk food. These days he is also spending more time with his family. But that isnt helping his stress. The kids are jogging with him. They are driving him crazy.
Exercise 3.6 Complete each of the following sentences to tell about an action that is temporary or a situation that is changing in your life. 1. This week 2. Today 3. These days 4. This month 5. Nowadays 6. This year Exercise 3.7 Read each statement. If the statement is in the simple present, make a second statement in the present progressive. If the statement is in the present progressive, make a second statement in the simple present. Simple Present Present Progressive 1. Suzy usually does her homework in the a. Tonight she is watching cartoons on TV. evening. 2. _____________________________ b. Tonight, Robin isnt cooking dinner _____________________________ 3. Robin usually takes care of the children. c. _____________________________ _____________________________ 4. _____________________________ d. Today, Regis is spending the day at _____________________________ home. 5. The baby sitter usually takes car of the e. _____________________________ children when Robin goes to work. _____________________________ 6. _____________________________ f. Right now, the baby and the dog are _____________________________ fighting. 7. The babysitter usually doesnt go crazy. g. _____________________________ _____________________________ Exercise 3.8 Make sentences with these days or today to show changing situations. Example: 1. 2. 3. women/get more education
These days, women are getting more education.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
Women/get good jobs ______________________________________________ Fifty percent of American women/work outside the home _______________________________________________ Women/earn money _______________________________________________
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Women/become more independent ________________________________________________ Me/share the work in the home ________________________________________________ Husbands/help their wives ________________________________________________ Fathers/spend more time with their children ________________________________________________ The roles of men and women/change ________________________________________________ Add two sentences of your own.
9. 10.
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ FOCUS 5 VERBS NOT USUALLY USED IN THE PROGRESSIVE
There are some verbs we usually do not use in the present progressive. These verbs are not action verbs. They are called nonprogressive (or stative) verbs. examples Robin loves her job. NOT: Robin is loving her job. The children need help. NOT: The children are needing help. Regis understands his wife. Regis hears the telephone ringing. Robin and Regis own a house. nonprogressive (stative) verbs
FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
(like, love, hate, prefer, want, need)
MENTAL STATES
(think, believe, understand, seem, forget, remember, know, mean) SENSES (hear, see, smell, taste, feel, sound) POSSESSION (belong, own, have)
There are some stative verbs you can use in the present progressive, but they have a different meaning. Simple Present Present Progressive I think youre a good student. I am thinking about you now. (Think means believe.) I have two cars. Im having a good time. (Have means possess.) (Have describes the experience.) This soup tastes delicious. Im tasting the soup. (Taste means how the food is.) (Taste here means the person is putting the soup in his or her mouth.) Exercise 3.9 Fill in the blanks with the present progressive or simple present form of the verb. Read the dialogues aloud. Use contractions. Example: Regis: Im going (go) crazy in this house. Robin: I think (think) you need a vacation!
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Regis: Suzy:
Suzy, I need your help here. But, Dad, you (a) _______________ (need) my help every five minutes! I (b) _______________ (watch) TV right now!
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3.
It is 3:00. The telephone is ringing. Regis: Hello. Laura: Hello, Regis. What are you (a) _______________ (do) home in the middle of the afternoon? Regis: Oh, hi, Laura. I know I (b) _______________ (be) never home in the afternoon, but today I (c) _______________ (try) to be a house husband! Laura: Oh, really? Wheres Robin? Regis: Robin (d) _______________ (attend) a meeting at the college, so I (e) _______________ (take care of) the kids. Jimmy interrupts Regiss telephone conversation: Regis: Hold on a minute, Laura Jimmy (a) _______________ (pull) on my leg! Jimmy, I (b) _______________ (talk) to Mommys friend Laura right now. You (c) _______________ (know) Laura. She (d) _______________ (come) to see Mommy every week. Now, just wait a minute, please. Laura: Is everything O.K., Regis? Regis: Oh, yes, Laura, dont worry. We (e) _______________ (do) just fine. Talk to you later. Bye! It is 5:30. The telephone rings. Regis: Hello. Robin: Hi, honey! The meeting (a) _______________ (be) over. I (b) _______________ (be) on my way home. What (c) _______________ (happen)? I hope the children (d) _______________ (behave). Regis: They (e) _______________ (act) like wild animal, Robin. I (f) _______________ (yell) at them ell the time, but they dont listen to me. I (g) _______________ (not/have) a very good day. Please come home soon. Robin: You (h) _______________ (sound) terrible. Can I bring anything home dear? Regis: Yes, a bottle of aspirin! FOCUS 6 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS yes/no questions Am I Are you Is he she working? it Are you we they short answers are. No, am. No, No, is. No, are.
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Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes,
you I he she it we you they
you Im he she it we you they
arent. not. isnt arent.
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FOCUS 7 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: WH-QUESTIONS wh-word What When Where Why How Who(m) Who* be am are subject I you is is she verb + -ing doing? going? answers (Youre) getting ready for the beach. (Im going) at 2:00. (Were going) to the beach. (Were going) because we can. (Were going) by car. (Shes meeting) her friends. Clara (is having a nice day).
meeting? having a nice day? *Who is asking about the subject. Exercise 3.10
Write the question that asks for the underlined information. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A: Q: A:
Who is watching television?
Suzy is watching television.

Who(m) is Regis taking care of tonight?
Regis is taking care of the children. ____________________________________________________________ Frankie and the dog are fighting because they both want the toy. ____________________________________________________________ Robin is meeting her colleagues at the college. ____________________________________________________________ Robins thinking that shes so lucky to be at work! ____________________________________________________________ Theyre eating sandwiches for dinner because Regiss dinner tastes terrible. ____________________________________________________________ Regis is watching the children today. ____________________________________________________________ Regis is taking two aspirin because he has a terrible headache. ____________________________________________________________ Robins meeting is taking place at the college. ____________________________________________________________ Robin is coming home right now. ____________________________________________________________ Regis is feeling very tired right now. ____________________________________________________________ The children are making a lot of noise.
Exercise 3.11 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Example: Is the pizza tasting good? Does the pizza taste good?
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Frankie and the dog are fight. ______________________________________ Hes having a new TV. ______________________________________ Why are you working today? ______________________________________ Are you needing my help? ______________________________________ What Robin is thinking? ______________________________________ Is she believing him? ______________________________________ Right now, he plays cowboy on his fathers back. _______________________________________ The soup is smelling bad. _______________________________________ Where you are going? _______________________________________ People no are saving money nowadays. _______________________________________ You working hard these days. _______________________________________ How you doing today? _______________________________________ Exercise 3.12
I am Jose. This is my family. I have three sisters. Jennifer is my older sister. My two younger sisters, Carmen and Margarita, are twins. I also have a younger brother Tito and a baby brother, Ricky. We are on vacation. Right now we are having fun at the Wild Water amusement park. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present progressive tense. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Jennifer is looking (look) at the lifeguard. Tito _______________ (eat) a hot dog. The lifeguard _______________ (watch) the swimmers and blowing his whistle. Carmen and Margarita _______________ (bury) Dad in the sand. The man _______________ (jump) into the water. Mom _______________ (buy) the ho dogs and hamburgers. Dad _______________ (sleep) on the sand. Ricky _______________ (wade). I _______________ (slide) down the water slide. The hot dogs _______________ (burn). The drinks _______________ (spill).
Write a sentence describing each activity using the words in parentheses as cues. Be sure to spell the verb correctly and use the correct form. Example: 1. (Ricky/wade)
Ricky is wading.
(Dad/get/sunburn) __________________________________________________________________
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
(Carmen/dig) __________________________________________________________________ (swimmers/splash) __________________________________________________________________ (the girls/bury/Dad) __________________________________________________________________ (hot dogs/burn) __________________________________________________________________ (I/slide) __________________________________________________________________ (lifeguard/blow/whistle) __________________________________________________________________ (Dad/lie in sand) __________________________________________________________________ (Mom/buy/food) __________________________________________________________________ (Jennifer/flirt) __________________________________________________________________ (Tito/eat) __________________________________________________________________
Now were on our way home from the park. Everyone is hot and tired. We arent having fun anymore. Using the negative form, complete the sentences using the given cues. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Tito/feel well
Tito isnt feeling well.
The family/have fun __________________________________________________________________ Dad/drive carefully __________________________________________________________________ Carmen and Margarita/sit still __________________________________________________________________ Mom/agree with dad __________________________________________________________________ The air conditioning/work __________________________________________________________________ I/talk to my family __________________________________________________________________ Traffic/move __________________________________________________________________ Jennifer/smile __________________________________________________________________ Ricky/sleep __________________________________________________________________ Dad/watch the road __________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 3.13 At Christmas time things are different around my house. We arent doing the things that we usually do. Complete each complex sentence below by adding a phrase in the simple present or the present progressive. Use but to connect the two phrases. Be sure to use the correct time expression in your answer. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I usually go to school, but today Im shoveling snow.
Im usually in my math class right now, _________________________________. _______________________________ today hes putting up the Christmas lights. Mom rarely makes cookies, __________________________________________. __________________________________ now she isnt at her boyfriends house. Ricky usually takes a nap, ____________________________________________. _____________________________________ at the moment hes eating cookies. _____________________________ at present they are arguing over a decoration. Mom usually takes care of Ricky during the day, _________________________. Dad usually helps me shovel the snow, _________________________________. Tito usually eats good food, __________________________________________. Exercise 3.14
Now we are getting ready for a big family reunion. There are so may people that Mom made a list f who is coming, what food they are bringing, when they are coming, how they are coming, and where they are sleeping. I hope they bring enough food for Tito. Look at the lists, and write 15 questions about the people coming to the family reunion. Use as many different question words as possible. Then answer the questions you write. There are many correct answers to this exercise. Example: Who Grandma & Grandpa Uncle Manuel Cousin Carla & her husband Aunt Luz Uncle Raul 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
When are Grandma and Grandpa arriving? They are arriving Friday morning.
What Potato Salad Drinks Fresh Fruit Cake Chips
When Friday Morning Friday 7:00 am Friday Noon Friday Evening Friday Morning
How Car Train Plane Car Bus
Where Twins room Living room Joses room Guest room Garage
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
TUTOR-ASSESSED TASK
WRITING Retell in writing a dream you, or someone you know, can remember. Use between 120 and 180 words. In retelling this dream, try to answer the following questions: What was the scene (when, where, why)? What happened (why)? How did it end? If possible, try to offer an interpretation of this dream. GRAMMAR Choose the one word or phrase that best complete the sentence. 1. Kim likes ice cream, but _____________ makes her cold. (A) she (B) it (C) he (D) you Artie and Gilberto go _____________ London every year. (A) in (B) on (C) to (D) at
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3.
Monica flies _____________ San Antonio every week. (A) out of (B) out on (C) out off (D) out at Please, _____________ find my keys. (A) me help (B) you help me (C) help me (D) help you The teacher walked _____________ the classroom. (A) on (B) through (C) off (D) over Drink water instead of cole. It is more healthy for _____________. (A) me (B) him (C) you (D) them Betty has a problem with her daughter. She is always thinking about _____________. (A) him (B) she (C) them (D) her Ricardo plays the guitar and practices _____________ every day. (A) it (B) onto it (C) on them (D) to it _____________! That car is out of control! (A) Watch out (B) Please, turn right (C) Put on your blinker (D) Please, try my new car when you turn The marathon race goes _____________ the center of the city and _____________ the bridge. (A) throughup (B) pastthrough (C) throughacroos (C) overdown The rice is always overcooked. Please, _____________ more carefully. (A) watch it (B) watch them (C) you watch them (D) watch you it A hurricane can blow a roof _____________ a house. (A) out of (B) off of (C) at (D) down _____________ First Street. (A) Turn left on (C) Turn left into (B) You turn (D) Turn you on
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There are many fast-food restaurants _____________ the highway. (A) to (B) along (C) into (D) out of When the cat and the dog need food I give _____________ some. (A) it (B) they (C) them (D) him
15.
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Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 16. 17. 18. Enrique has many new books; he can read it during the winter break. A B C D How often do you call your parents? I call him all the time. A B C D Excuse me, how do I get to the park? Go straight. Walk one block. Then turn in the corner of A B C D Central Ave. Please, has some more juice. Thanks, its delicious. Where did you buy it? At the fruit stand. A B C D How do I get there? Walk at the corner and turn left. A B C D Who likes action movies? Mona likes they; she watches them often. A B C D After they climb up the mountain, the explorers climb off of the mountain. A B C D This is my best advice about learning a new language. Dont afraid to use it even if you make A B C D a mistake. The helicopter always flies up the city. The pilot looks for traffic accidents. He tells the drivers A B on the ground how to get away from traffic jams. C D The dog likes to play with the cat, but when the dog comes into the house the cat runs away it. A B C D You will send these tasks to your tutor for assessment.
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READING DIGEST 4 A DOLPHIN AND AN ASTRONOMER
Exercise 4.1 A. Read through the following list of animals and divide them into two categories: animals which are useful or friendly to humans, and animals which are dangerous or a nuisance to humans. spiders tigers mosquitoes dogs horses sheep whales wolves rats cats elephants mice
B. Do you think we should train animals to entertain us, for example, in circuses? Why? Why not? Exercise 4.2 Read the text and choose the best answer to the questions that follow. One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word 'More!' The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident. 'Oh, yes. That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all. Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a 'language', in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this. A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions 'Who loves Mary?' and 'Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question 'Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning. 1. The dolphin leapt into the air because A. Sagan had turned his back. B. it was part of the game they were playing. C. he wanted Sagan to scratch him again. D. Sagan wanted him to do this. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done, the director A. didn't seem to think it was unusual. B. thought Sagan was joking. C. told Sagan about other words the dolphin knew. D. asked him if he knew other words.
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2.
3.
Dolphins' brains are particularly well developed to A. help them to travel fast in water. B. arrange sounds indifferent structures. C. respond to different kinds of sound. D. communicate with humans through sound. The sounds we call words can be called a language only if A. each sound has a different meaning. B. each sound is different from the other. C. there is a system of writing. D. they have a structure or grammar.
4.
VOCABULARY say, tell, talk or speak? Exercise 4.3 Complete the following sentences with say, tell, talk or speak. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. How many languages can you ..... ? What is the first word most children learn to ..... ? Stop it! Don't ..... nonsense! Please ..... us another joke. When do children usually learn to ..... ? Please ..... me when to get off this bus. Actions ..... louder than words. Sorry, I wasn't listening. What did you ..... ? Exercise 4.4
CAPITALS.
A. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate word formed from the word in Example: Notice the similarity of these words.
SIMILAR COMMUNICATE APPEAR INTELLIGENT ASTONISH DEVELOP CORRECT REFUSE ANGRY
1. Language is a means of ...................... 2. Dolphins are ...................... very intelligent. 3. How do they show their ...................... ? 4. Sagan looked at Elvar in ...................... 5. He wanted to learn more about the ...................... of a dolphin's brain. 6. The chimp's trainer made several ...................... 7. His ...................... to stop annoyed the chimp. 8. The chimp looked at Tim ...................... Which is the phrasal verb?
B. Study these examples. The same pair of words is used twice. But is the meaning the same in both examples? Which of the two is the phrasal verb? a) b) c) d)
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Have you ever looked into a microscope? Carl Sagan has looked into the way dolphins communicate with each other. When the chimps hear a certain cry, they look up. Look up the words you don't understand in the dictionary.
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e) f) g) h) i)
When I was very young, I wanted to go on the stage as an actor. If you give him a chance, he will go on talking forever. Go up the stairs and turn left. Prices go up but never come down. Come down here!
LANGUAGE STUDY Structure changes meaning Exercise 4.5 A. What is the difference in meaning in the following three pairs of sentences? What is it that causes this change of meaning? a) b) c) d) e) f) Sound travels through water very fast. The sound travels through the water very fast. Who loves Mary? Who does Mary love? Stop to think about it! Stop thinking about it! Which sentence could be rephrased as follows? 1. 2. 3. 4. Stop for a moment and think about it. Don't think about it. Mary loves someone. Who? Someone loves Mary. Who? Can you rephrase the other two sentences? Two types of question with who B. Study each sentence carefully. Then answer the two questions about each sentence. 1. 2. Tom loves Mary but Mary loves Dick. a) Who loves Mary? b) Who(m) does Mary love? Lee Oswald killed Kennedy and Jack Ruby killed Oswald. a) Who killed Oswald? b) Who(m) did Oswald kill? C. What questions would you ask in these situations? Someone broke the window. (You want to know who.) Someone always leaves the door open. (Ask who.) Cleopatra loved someone. (Ask who.) The teacher works for someone. (Find out who.) Only a very few people like doing exercises like these. (Find out who.) When do you have to use the? Exercise 4.6 Use the words and phrases below to make complete sentences. Example: sound/travel/very fast/water. Sound travels very fast in water.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
sound/your television set/very loud. you enjoy/listen/classical music? you like/music/Beethoven and Mozart? love/money/be/often/strongest feeling/all. I be/very interested/science. I be/particularly interested/science of marine biology. I/not like/food/this restaurant. Everybody need/food/in order/live. How words change from verb to noun
Exercise 4.7 A. Look at the word in CAPITALS. What form of the word do you need to complete the sentences? Does the word always change? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Scientists don't ............... about this. Let's sign this ............... What does this word ...............? What's the ............... of this? Where do you ............... ? It's a hard ............... When will we ............... in London? Pan Am announces the ............... of flight 704 from New York. This news will ............... you. Sagan looked at Elvar in ............... I ............... stamps. Would you like to see my ............... ?
AGREE AGREE MEAN MEAN LIVE LIVE ARRIVE ARRIVE ASTONISH ASTONISH COLLECT COLLECT
B. When a verb changes to a noun, the form can change in a number of ways. Can you think of other examples of each of the following (a-e)? a) A special ending (a suffix) is added: amuse - amusement appear - appearance refuse - refusal A vowel and/or consonant changes: sell - sale act - action refer - reference tend - tendency believe - belief
b) c)
Sometimes the spelling is the same but the pronunciation changes: I don't use (/z/) soap. I have no use (/s/) for soap. In a few cases, the stress changes: We import (imPORT) cars. This is an import (IMport). But with many verbs, the noun form is exactly the same: I love you. Love is a dangerous thing. I hate you. Hate is a strong feeling.
d)
e)
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C. How do these forms change? Give the missing form of the words below.
VERB suggest ............................... satisfy ............................... interfere ............................... encourage ............................... see ............................... give ............................... prove ............................... advise NOUN ............................... explanation ............................... permission ............................... appearance ............................... delivery ............................... breath ............................... export ............................... practice ...............................
1. From the completed table above and from any other words you know; make a list of endings like -ion which show you a word is a noun. 2. Pronounce the words in the table. Do you notice any other changes from verb to noun? Pronunciation changes with ion D. Pronounce the words below. What do you notice about the sound of the final consonant (d, s, t) as the verb changes to a noun? decide - decision confuse - confusion express - expression direct - direction
Give the noun forms (-ion) of these verbs. Pronounce them. add divide persuade Exercise 4.8 Read the following passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about. Dolphins are not the only animals .............. (1) humans that use sounds in an apparently intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system of sounds .............. (2) is similar in many ways to a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs can .............. (3) on for as long as three or four hours. What is more, they can be heard under water at .............. (4) of more than 300 kilometres. After analysing one of these songs with the aid of a computer, Carl Sagan said it .............. (5) at least a million 'bits' of information. This is approximately the same .............. (6) of 'bits' as in a long poem like the Odyssey. Chimpanzees also use a system of different sounds to communicate with each .............. (7). One type of cry .............. (8) to mean something like 'danger in the air' or 'big bird' and another apparently means 'danger on the ground' or 'snake'. When they .............. (9) the first cry, they hide under trees or in holes and look up at the sky. The second cry causes them to hide in the upper .............. (10) of trees and to stare nervously at the grass.
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confess impress possess
inflate suspect pollute
Chimpanzees are also .............. (11) of learning sign language. So are gorillas. One chimp called Washoe learned to .............. (12) about 160 separate signs meaning .............. (13) things as 'Give me a drink' and 'banana'. Washoe even .............. (14) to swear. She had a teacher called Jack .............. (15) once refused to give her a drink. Washoe .............. (16) angrier and angrier and used several signs which .............. (17) 'dirty Jack'! A group of chimps at a research institute in Atlanta, Georgia, have recently .............. (18) taught to type sentences, using a kind of computer. The chimps' trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting the .............. (19) one of the chimps made. The chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop .............. (20) him and typed out the following request: Tim, please leave room!' Here are the missing words. Fill each of the numbered blanks with one word. Notice that sometimes more than one alternative is possible. got correcting been who such contained besides mistakes learned distances branches capable other make/use seems/appears number/amount hear go meant which/that
GRAMMAR DIGEST 4 ADJECTIVE PHRASES Another, The Other, Other(s), The Other(s), Intensifiers Past Tense of Be
FOCUS 1 ADJECTIVE PHRASES examples noun adjective phrase verb The man in the suit is the school principal. The food on the table is delicious. The woman is in a white coat. The woman is the school nurse. The woman in the white coat is the school nurse. The man with the books is the science teacher. Exercise 4.1 Put parentheses around the adjective phrases. Underline the subject and the verb in each sentence. Example:
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explanations Adjective phrases are groups of words that describe nouns. Adjective phrases can combine two sentences. The verb agrees with the subject, not with the noun in the adjective phrase.
The man (in the suit) works in an office.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The man in the suit and tie is the school principal. The man with the books and microscope is the science teacher. The woman in the white coat is the school nurse. The woman with the whistle is the girls basketball coach. The man with the white hat works in the school cafeteria. The woman with the easel and paints is the art teacher. Exercise 4.2 Circle the adjective phrases in each of the sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
The men in the ambulance are paramedics. The boy on the skateboard is going to crash. The man at the stoplight is in a hurry. The minivan on the highway is full of children. The car with the red light on top is a police car. The tricycle with the squeaky wheel belongs to the little girl. The truck parked at the grocery store is full of bread. The fire engine with the ladder is blocking the intersection. The bulldozer with the woman driver is new. The car with a dent is a sports car. The elegant lady with the chauffeur owns a limousine. Exercise 4.3 Combine each of the sentence pairs into one sentence with an adjective phrase.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The girl has pigtails. She is kicking her partner. The boy has a striped shirt and black pants. He is throwing a paper airplane across the room. __________________________________________________________________ The girls are near the window. They are waving to their friends outside. __________________________________________________________________ The boy is in a baseball uniform. He is standing on the teachers desk. __________________________________________________________________ The boys are in the back of the room. They are fighting. __________________________________________________________________ The boy is in the corner. He is reading. __________________________________________________________________ The girl is in the closet. She is crying. __________________________________________________________________ The girl has a walkman. She is singing. __________________________________________________________________ The man has a rope around him. He is the new teacher. __________________________________________________________________ The man is in a suit and tie. He is the school principal. __________________________________________________________________
The girl with pigtails is kicking her partner.
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FOCUS 2 QUESTIONS WITH WHICH examples Which woman is wearing a white coat? The school nurse. Which teachers are women? The coach and the art teacher. Which coat do you like, Mom? I like the black one. Which shoes do you like, Dad? The brown ones. Which shoes do you want? The ones in the window. Exercise 4.4 Cheryl and her daughter Rachel are going shopping for school clothes. They each have different ideas about what kind of clothes to buy. Complete the following by writing which questions for each answer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. __________________________________________________________________ Cheryl wants to get the long skirt. __________________________________________________________________ Rachel likes the high heel shoes. __________________________________________________________________ Rachel prefers long, dangling earrings. __________________________________________________________________ Cheryl wants to buy the pullover sweater. __________________________________________________________________ Rachel likes the skirt with holes. __________________________________________________________________ Cheryl prefers the small earrings. __________________________________________________________________ Rachel likes the tight blouse. __________________________________________________________________ Rachel wants to buy the hooded sweater. __________________________________________________________________ Cheryl wants to buy the flat shoes. explanations Use which when there is a choice between two or more people or things. Substitute the words one or ones for nouns so you do not repeat the noun. You can also use adjective phrases after one and ones.
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FOCUS 3 ANOTHER, THE OTHER, OTHER(S), THE OTHER(S) A: Im hungry. B: Here. Have a chocolate. A: Im still hungry. Can I have another cookie? / (Can I have another?) B: There are no more cookies in the box. A: There are two other boxes in the closet. / (There are two others in the closet.) B: I found one box. Where is the other box? / (Where is the other?) A: The other box is behind it. A: How many more cookies can I have? B: You can have one more. The other cookies are for me! (The others are for me!) Exercise 4.5 Thor is visiting Earth from another planet. Ed Toppil interviews Thor on television. Fill in the blanks with another, the other, other(s), or the other(s). We on Earth are really excited to know there is (1) _____________ planet out there, Thor. Many of us know there are (2) _____________ but we are not able to find them. Do you know of any (3) _____________ planets? Thor: Yes, we do. We know two (4) _____________ Limbix and Cardiax. I have photos of the people from both of (5) _____________ planets. The Limbix are the ones on the left. The Cardiax are (6) _____________ ones. We also now know the planet Earth. We are sure there are (7) _____________ out there, but (8) _____________ are very far away. Ed: I am surprised that you speak English so well, Thor. Do the Thoraxes have (9) _____________ language too? Thor: Yes, of course. We speak Thoracic, but English is a universal language, you know, so we all learn it in school. People on (10) _____________ two planets speak English too! Ed: So what brings you to Earth? Thor: Well, Ed, we are looking for (11) _____________ intelligent beings in the universe. Ed: On Earth?!! I dont know if you can find many intelligent being on Earth, Thor! But we can discuss that at (12) _____________ time. Right now, lets stop for a station break. Exercise 4.6 1. Thor tours America. Fill in another, other(s), or the other(s). George: You only have one tie, Thor. You need to buy (a) _____________ one. Thor: Why? George: Because Americans are consumers. They like to buy things. Thor: But I dont like (b) _____________ ties here. George: O.K. Look at (c) _____________ over there. Maybe you can find (d) _____________ one.
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adjective another cookie other boxes the other box
pronoun another
meaning one more cookie, one more from a group more than one more the one you spoke about; the last one in a group the ones you spoke about; the last ones in a group
others the other
the other cookies
the others
Ed:
2.
Thor is in a candy store with a child. Thor: Which candy is good here? Child: This one is good, but first taste (a) _____________ one in the brown and green paper. Its out of this word! Thor: Hmmmm, excellent. Is it O.K. to take (b) _____________ one? Soaprah: Thor: Soaprah: Thor: Soaprah: Thor: Soaprah: Thor: Soaprah: Thor: Soaprah: So, Thor, tell us about your family. Are you married? Yes, I am, and I have two children. One is a specialist in interplanetary communication and (a) _____________ owns a spaceship factory. And what does your wife do? My wife is a spaceship pilot. What about (b) _____________ people one Thorax? What do they do? (c) _____________ do different jobs. We have doctors, teachers, artists, and so on. We dont have any tax collectors. Are there any (d) _____________ professions you dont have? We dont have any lawyers, Im happy to say. That sounds great to me! Do you have (e) _____________ questions? I have a million (f) _____________ questions! But our time is up. I was nice meeting you, Thor. Thanks so much for coming.
3.
FOCUS 4 INTENSIFIERS Intensifiers are words that make adjectives more or less strong. subject Earth The people on Thorax The people on Earth Thorax be is are are isnt intensifier very quite rather / pretty* / fairly very** adjective beautiful. similar. different. beautiful. noun place. planet. place.
subject be article intensifier Earth is a very Thorax is a rather / pretty / fairly Thorax isnt a very *Pretty has the same meaning as rather, but is very informal. **Very is the only intensifier we use in negative sentences. subject Thorax be is intensifier quite article a
adjective special small attractive
adjective small
noun planet.
Exercise 4.7 Test Thors knowledge. How many of the objects can Thor (and you) guess? 1. This is fairly long and thin. People eat it. It is very popular in Italy. What is it? ___________________________
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2.
This is a liquid. People usually drink it hot. They like its rather strong smell. It is brown. What is it? ___________________________ This is an electrical appliance. It is quite common in peoples homes. Sometimes it is very hot. You put bread into it. What is it? ___________________________ This is very cold. Its also pretty hard. People put it in drinks on hot days. Its quite slippery. What is it? ___________________________ This is quite a big metal box. Its electrical and pretty practical. Its very useful in tall buildings. People go inside the box. The box goes up and down. What is it? ___________________________ This is a very popular piece of plastic. It isnt very big. With it, we can buy rather expensive things without money. What is it? ___________________________ There are different kinds of candy. All of them are good. But this one is very special. It comes in brown or white. Its pretty fattening. Its quite delicious. What is it? ___________________________ This thing is quite colorful. It isnt very common. It sometimes follows rainstorms. It is quite a beautiful sight. What is it? ___________________________ Exercise 4.8
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ed Toppil continues his interview with Thor. Write an intensifier in each blank. There is more than one possible answer. Ed: So tell me, Thor, what do you think of our planet? Thor: Well, Earth is a beautiful planet, but its (1) quite a strange place. Many of your leader are not doing a (2) _____________ good job. Some people on Earth are (3) _____________ rich. Others are (4) _____________ poor. There can be a (5) _____________ big difference among
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Ed:
people. On Thorax, we are all equal. Money isnt (6) _____________ important. Learning is (7) _____________ important. Thats why were visiting Earth. Your knowledge can be (8) _____________ useful to us. Also, your art and music (9) _____________ beautiful. Thats (10) _____________ interesting. Im sure we can learn many (11) _____________ useful and exciting things from you, too, Thor. Exercise 4.9
How necessary or important is each thing? Make statements about Thors opinion and give your opinion. Use intensifiers. Explain your answers. 1. a spaceship
For me, a spaceship is not necessary. I travel by car. For Thor, a spaceship is very important. Thor travels by spaceship.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a credit card ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ music ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ knowledge ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ money ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ a good leader for the country ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ a computer ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ teachers ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ a beautiful planet ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ friends ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Exercise 4.10
Fill in a verb (affirmative or negative) and an intensifier in each blank. There are many possible answers. 1. 2. 3. 4.
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A walkman is fairly useful. A cordless telephone ____________________ practical. Big cars ____________________ economical. A microwave oven ____________________ necessary.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A drivers license ____________________ important. A credit card ____________________ dangerous. Fast food ____________________ popular in my country. American movies ____________________ violent. Airplanes ____________________ safe. A university degree ____________________ important. FOCUS 5 PAST TENSE OF BE
subject I You He She It We You They There There
verb was were was were was were a famous actress in that film. many political leaders at the meeting. famous.
Exercise 4.11 Use the past tense of be to make correct statements about the following famous people. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The Beatles _________ a famous British rock group in the 1960s. Indira Gandhi _________ the Prime Minister of India. Marie and Pierre Curie _________ French scientists. Mao Tse Toung _________ a revolutionary and political leader in the Peoples Republic of China. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt _________ presidents of the United States. Matin Luther King Jr. _________ an American civil rights leader. Marilyn Monroe _________ an American movie star. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis _________ the wife of president John F. Kennedy and of Aristotle Onassis, a Greek millionaire. Fill in the blanks in the postcard. Use be in the simple past. Dear Grandma and Grandpa, Here we are in Florida. What a place! Yesterday we (1) _________ at Disneyworld all day. The sun (2) _________ really strong and it (3) _________ very hot. The lines (4) _________ long, but the rides and the shows (5) _________ fun. Disneyworld (6) _________ crowded, but all the people (7) _________ friendly and polite. our favorite place (8) _________ Cinderellas palace! The fireworks at night (9) _________ beautiful! It (10) _________ great for us, but Dad (11) _________ really hot and tired at the end of the day! We miss you! See you soon. Love, Melanie and Michele
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Exercise 4.13 This story is a story similar to the story of Cinderella, but it is from Canadian Indians who live on the Atlantic coast of North America. Complete the story using was or were. The first one has been done for you as an example. The Indian Cinderella Once there was an Indian maiden. Her mother _________ dead, so her sisters took care of her. The maiden _________ very beautiful, and her sisters _________ jealous. They _________ mean to her. They made her do all the work. The older sisters _________ rich, but the maidens clothes _________ old rags. In the same village, there _________ a great warrior named Strong Wind, the Invisible. He _________ very powerful. He _________ different from all the other warriors because he could make himself invisible. Many girls in the village wanted to be Strong Winds wife. When Strong Wind _________ ready to marry, he made an announcement he would marry whoever could see him when he was invisible. The three sisters all wanted to marry Strong Wind. The first sister said, I see Strong wind. He is there, but she was lying. She couldnt see him at all. The second sister said, Yes, I see him, hes there. But she _________ not truthful either. The Indian maiden looked and looked, then said, No, I cannot see him. She _________ honest. Strong Wind liked her honesty, so he made himself visible only to her. Then the maiden shouted I see Strong Wind. Strong Wind became visible to all the people of the village and they saw she was telling the truth. The two sisters _________ angry and tried to hurt the maiden. But Strong Wind turned them into aspen trees. That is why the aspen trees shake when Strong Wind passes. Strong Wind and the maiden _________ married and they _________ very happy together. FOCUS 6 PAST TENSE OF BE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS subject I You He She It We You They There There be + not was not were not was not were not was were no time to eat. no dates in the task. famous. negative contractions I wasnt You werent He She wasnt famous. It We You werent They There wasnt any time to eat. There werent any dates in the task.
Exercise 4.14 How do Michael and Carol remember their trip to Disneyworld? Fill in the blanks with the affirmative or negative of be in the simple past.
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Alice: Carol: Michael: Carol: Michael: Carol: Michael: Carol: Michael: Carol: Michael: Carol:
Oh, hi, Michael. Hi, Carol. how (1) was your trip to Disneyworld last week? Hi, Alice. Oh, it (2) _________ fun. Fun! That vacation (3) _________ (not) fun, it (4) _________ terrible! But Michael, how can you say that? I think the children and I (5) _________ very satisfied with our vacation. Carol, the weather (6) _________ boiling hot. It (7) _________ (not) boiling hot, it (8) _________ very comfortable. The food (9) _________ (not) very good. The food (10) _________ fine, Michael. The people (11) _________ (not) friendly. Of course, they (12) _________ friendly. The kids (13) _________ very difficult. The kids (14) _________ (not) difficult, Michael. Come on, they (15) _________ great.
Exercise 4.15 Make sentences about last weekend with the adjectives in the box. cheap cold rainy polite sunny interesting friendly windy comfortable terrible warm small wet nice delicious good charming wonderful Last weekend, you were in the country with your friends 1. 2. 3. The weather? How was the weather?
It was cold.
rude slow crowded
In the evening, you were at an expensive restaurant. How was the restaurant? The food and service? After the restaurant, you were at a party. How were the people? Exercise 4.16
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Using the list of characters and descriptions, write five negative statements about the characters in The Indian Cinderella. Then make a true affirmative statement. There are many correct answers to this exercise. Example:
Strong Wind was not weak. He was powerful.
Characters Strong Wind Sisters Maiden
honest beautiful powerful weak angry rich
Descriptions a great warrior nice jealous happy dishonest poor
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 4.17 Make the following statements true by changing them into negative statements. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There was a mother in the story.
There was not a mother in the story.
The story was about two good sisters. __________________________________________________________________ The maidens clothes were new. __________________________________________________________________ There was a princess in the story. __________________________________________________________________ The maiden was unhappy at the end of the story. __________________________________________________________________ The story was sad at the end. __________________________________________________________________ FOCUS 7 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS WITH BE IN THE SIMPLE PAST yes/no questions verb subject Was I Were you Yes, short answers affirmative you I he she it you we they Yes, there was. Yes, there were. negative you you I I No, he/she/it he/she/it you/we/they were. you/we/they No, there was not. No, there wasnt. No, there were not. No, there werent.
were. was. was.
were not. werent. was not. wasnt. was not. wasnt. were not. werent.
he right? she Was it we Were you they Was there any good food at Disneyland? Were there long lines at Disneyworld? Exercise 4.18
Read the answers. Write the yes/no questions about the Indian Cinderella story. Example: 1. 2. 3. Were the sisters nice to the maiden?
No, they were not nice to the maiden.
__________________________________________________________________ Yes, there were three sisters. __________________________________________________________________ Yes, her sisters were rich. __________________________________________________________________ Yes, the sisters were jealous and mean.
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
__________________________________________________________________ No, her clothes werent new. __________________________________________________________________ Yes, he was a powerful warrior. __________________________________________________________________ No, they werent honest. __________________________________________________________________ Yes, she was honest. __________________________________________________________________ No, the sisters were not married. __________________________________________________________________ Yes, the ending was happy. Exercise 4.19
Detective Furlock questions a police officer about a crime. Fill in the blanks with there + be in the simple past. Example: Police Officer: Furlock: Police Officer: Furlock: Police Officer: Furlock: Police Officer: Furlock: Police Officer: Furlock: Was there a crime last night? There were several police officers at the house.
The body was here, Detective Furlock. (1) _________________ a weapon? Yes, (2) _________________ a gun next to the body. (3) _________________ any fingerprints on the gun? No, sir. (4) _________________. (5) _________________ any motive for this crime? We dont know, sir. How about witnesses? (6) _________________ any witnesses to the crime? Yes, sir. (7) _________________ one witness a neighbor. She said (8) _________________ loud noises in the apartment at midnight. Where is she? Bring her to me
FOCUS 8 WH-QUESTIONS WITH BE wh-questions What Where How Who When Why Whose gun be subject November 22, 1963? the assassination? the day? the assassin? the assassination? people sad? it? answers It was the day of President Kennedys assassination. It was in Dallas, Texas. Very sad. Lee Harvey Oswald, we think. November 22, 1963. Because Kennedy was a popular president. Lee Harvey Oswalds.
was
were was
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Exercise 4.20 Fill in the wh-question word and the correct form of be to complete each sentence. Andrea: (1) _________________ you on the day of Kennedys assassination? Helene: I was in school. There was an announcement over the loud speaker. Andrea: (2) _________________ you with at the time? Helene: I was with my friend Patty. Andrea: (3) _________________ it in school that day? Helene: It was terrible. We were all very upset and silent. Andrea: (4) _________________ you all silent? Helene: Because it was hard to believe he was dead. Andrea: And at home? (5) _________________ things at home? Helene: At home, things were very bad. My parents were in shock too. Andrea: (6) _________________ their feelings after the assassination? Helene: They were angry, sad, confused, and afraid. Exercise 4.21 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Do was Indira Gandhi and Golda Meir Prime Minister? The Beatles wasnt fashion designers.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Was hot the weather at Disneyworld last week? Where the earthquake was in Japan in 1996? Why the people were on Mount Everest? Was good the service at the restaurant? No was any dates in the document. How it was the trip to Disneyworld? Exercise 4.22
Create 10 sentences that contrast past and present meaning using but. Each sentence should contain on word or phrase from each box. There are many correct answers. Examples:
yesterday last night yesterday morning last year before
Last year English was difficult for me, but this year it is easy. English is easy this year, but it was difficult last year.
I my parents my teacher my classmates my car my friend my clothes my house (apartment) you we my family English today this year tonight this morning now this time excited clean neat broken fixed pretty old new busy lazy hard happy unhappy sad angry homesick beautiful ugly easy difficult soft noisy
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 4.23
Imagine that you were a newspaper reporter who attended the wedding of Strong Wind and the Indian maiden. You interviewed one of the wedding guests to find out how the bride and groom met. Write the questions you asked. Be sure to use be in the simple past. Example: What was she like before they met?
1. What _________________________________________________________________ 2. When ________________________________________________________________ 3. Where ________________________________________________________________ 4. Why _________________________________________________________________ 5. How _________________________________________________________________ 6. Whose sisters __________________________________________________________ 7. Who _________________________________________________________________
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READING DIGEST 5 ROMANIES

Exercise 5.1 How are Romany people (Gypsies) treated in this country? Do you know anything about their lifestyle? Exercise 5.2 You are going to read a magazine article about the Romany people. Choose from the list (A-H) the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). A. The Gypsy people originally came from India. B. The Gypsy culture and lifestyle will continue unchanged into the future. C. In Medieval England, the people mistakenly believed the Gypsies came from Egypt. D. The fair has a long history. E. Many millions of Gypsies live in Britain. F. Gypsies in England have an annual fair where horses are bought and sold. G. Some Gypsies may hide their identity to escape persecution. H. Throughout the year Gypsies travel around Britain, working and taking part in fairs. Romanies: 1,000 years on the road F Every June, the larger part of Britain's 75,000-strong Gypsy population gather together at the town of Appleby for the famous horse fair. All week long silver caravans and trailers arrive at the site one of the world's very few remaining displays of Gypsy culture. 1. The main attraction of the fair is horse dealing. Travellers have been coming to Appleby for hundreds of years. References to the fair itself are found as early as 1176 and it's believed that Gypsies started to attend it in the 13th century. 2. From Appleby the gypsies move on to another town, St Boswell's in the borders then on to Cambridgeshire for strawberry picking followed by the Stow-on-the-Wold fair and Barnet fair. That's it until the next season, which begins in June with a week of horse racing at Epsom, where the Epsom Derby race is the main horse racing event of the Gypsy calendar. As the saying goes, "You're not a proper Gypsy if you don't go to Epsom." 3. What makes a Gypsy? This has proven a very difficult question to answer. It seems that the Gypsy people left Northern India in the 10th century, gradually working their way westwards and picking up parts of different languages and various cultures along the way. 4. The use of the word "Gypsy" as a description for Romany people actually came about by mistake. When these mysterious dark-haired people began arriving in England in the Middle Ages, people assumed they came from Egypt. Gypsy is a modification of the word Egyptian. Gypsies actually claim to be specific people, a nation among nations, and describe themselves using the word "Rom" which includes all descendants of the people who left India a thousand years ago.
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0.
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5. There are thought to be around 15 million Romanies in the world, with the largest number (around 2 million) living in Romania. Many hide their Gypsy roots to avoid the trouble it can bring them. They have concealed their language too. In England in the 16th century the punishment for speaking Romany was death. 6. Gypsies and non-Gypsies often look at each other with suspicion. Gypsy customs are rarely revealed and this is because of a distrust of outsiders. However, the Gypsy lifestyle of travelling and working, along with their customs and religion, have been maintained through the centuries, whatever the attitude of outsiders, and will undoubtedly continue for centuries into the future. VOCABULARY Exercise 5.3 Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below. distrust of maintain reference to modifications persecution conceal reveal descendant
1. The Indians try to ........................ their ancient customs in the modern world. (keep) 2. He has made some ........................ to his car. He has repainted it and changed the engine. (changes) 3. The ........................ of witches was widespread in the Middle Ages. (cruel and unfair treatment) 4. She is a(n) ........................ of Winston Churchill - he was her great-great-grandfather. (relative) 5. Peter was afraid of being arrested, so he tried to ........................ his identity from the police. (hide) 6. His mother's ........................ him was such that he wasn't allowed to go out alone. (lack of faith in) 7. The spy was instructed never to ........................ her true identity. (make known) 8. The lawyer made no ........................ the burglar's criminal past. (mention of) Exercise 5.4 Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use the word only once. gypsy the saying racing horse ............... event ............... history ............... a fair Exercise 5.5 Complete the following text with the correct word derived from the words in brackets. The Masai people of 1) ................... (centre) Africa are one of the few ancient tribes that remain almost untouched by 2) ................... (civilise) as we know it today. They are a very close-knit people and live in clans, with the eldest members of the tribe acting as 3) ................... (lead). The food that they eat consists 4) ................... (sole) of produce that they have grown and meat that their warriors have caught while hunting. Only Masai men are allowed to hunt while the women are responsible for the 5) ................... (cultivate) of grains and vegetables. to move on long customs to work to attend to pick up ............... to another town ............... a language ............... roots
............... their way westwards ............... are maintained as ............... goes
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Exercise 5.6 Find the odd word out. 1. 2. 3. 4. reveal gather recommend trailers Exercise 5.7 Choose the correct item. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sam was so tired that he caught the wrong train by ......... . A. error B. fault C. mistake D. oversight Are there any ......... reasons why you don't like him? A. specific B. chief C. main D. characteristic Her ......... towards her mother was rude and unacceptable. A. handling B. treatment C. behaviour D. position There was a huge fireworks ......... to celebrate the royal wedding. A. display B. exhibition C. show D. performance She ......... the identity of the murderer to the police. A. demonstrated B. uncovered C. revealed D. exposed People have an endless ......... with Hollywood film stars. A. attraction B. appeal C. charm D. fascination Exercise 5.8 Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4.
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conceal pick attend inhabitants
uncover deal suggest residents
expose collect propose population
a) culture, custom, tradition, civilisation The Incas were an ancient South American ..................... . Music is an important part of American ..................... . The Japanese have a ..................... of bowing to each other when they meet. It is a Christmas ..................... to hang out a stocking on Christmas Eve. b) race, match, game, contest The runners were extremely tired after the ..................... . The football ..................... was called off because of the rain. The children played a ..................... of football. My sister entered a beauty ..................... and came second. c) occasion, incident, episode, event In the ..................... of fire, raise the alarm. A nasty ..................... took place outside that bar last night; two men were stabbed. On that ....................., she was lost for words. This is the second ..................... of the TV series. d) fair, festival, bazaar, gala The children enjoyed the rides at the fun ..................... . A ..................... performance took place to mark the Queen's birthday. The Cannes film ....................., is a big event for the film industry. I bought a jar of home-made jam at the" church ..................... .
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Exercise 5.9 Fill in the appropriate particles. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The party didn't quite come ..................... as well as I'd hoped as hardly anyone turned up. (succeed) "Why don't you come ..................... more often? We all miss you," she said. (visit casually) If you come ..................... that new book, will you buy it for me? (find by chance) Tickets for tomorrow's performance will be very hard to come ..................... . (obtain) I wanted to go sailing last week but I came ..................... ..................... a bad cold and couldn't go. (became ill with) John came ..................... a fortune when his uncle died. (inherited) The teenager could not come ..................... ..................... a good excuse for coming home so late. (find) When Helen's new novel came ....................., it caused a sensation. (was published) Exercise 5.10 Fill in as or like 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. He wasn't ............. surprised ............. I expected him to be, which isn't ............. him. John looks so much ............. Sarah; it's ............. if they were brother and sister. The professor is seen ............. an expert in the field of archaeology but ............. far ............. I know he's never been to Egypt. It looks ............. though it's going to rain. It didn't rain ............. much ............. this last spring, did it? He treats me ............. a child. It's ............. if I was still ten years old. I feel ............. I'm still at school. ............. I mentioned, we must try to behave more ............. adults if we want to be treated ............. them. If you do ............. I say, you will soon feel ............. a new person, ............. if you've started a new life. She's ............. pretty ............. a picture, just ............. her mother was at that age.
GRAMMAR DIGEST 5 PAST TENSE

FOCUS 1 OPENING TASK Exercise 5.1 Read the mystery. For most students, Ms. Ditto was the best English teacher in the English Language Center. Three years ago, she began to use VCR in her classes. She brought in interesting videotapes for her students to watch every week. The students enjoyed her classes and really liked her.
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Only one student, Harry, didnt like Ms. Ditto. Harrys writing wasnt very good, so he failed Ms. Dittos class twice. Last summer he got a job in the language lab to pay tuition for her class again this semester. Yes, Harry felt angry with Ms. Ditto. Just before the new semester started, the Director of the English Language Center heard the university didnt have money to pay the teachers. They were not able to give Ms. Ditto a job this semester. Everyone was sad. Harry just laughed! On the first day of class, Professor Brown wanted to use the VCR. He asked Harry to open the language lab. But when Harry opened the door to the lab, the VCR was not there. In its place, there was a typed note with a signature on it. The note said: Today, I very sad. I no can work in English Language Center because there no have money to pay me. What I can do now? How can I live? I take this VCR because I have angry. Please understand my, I sorry C. Ditto Exercise 5.2 Read the sentences and check True or False. True 1. Ms. Dittos students didnt like her. 2. Harry needed money. 3. Harry worked in the language lab. 4. Ms. Ditto didnt have a job this semester. 5. Harry disliked Ms. Ditto. 6. Harry did well in Ms. Dittos class. FOCUS 2 SPELLING OF REGULAR PAST-TENSE VERBS subject I You He She It We You They base form + -ed False
started three years ago.
Regular verbs can change spelling in the simple past tense. if the verb ends in: a consonant want need a vowel + y enjoy play
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spelling rule Add ed wanted needed Add ed enjoyed played
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a consonant -e like smile a consonant + y study worry consonant + vowel + consonant (one syllable verbs) stop drop -x, -w (one syllable verbs) show fix two-syllable verbs stress on the last syllable oCCUR preFER two-sylable verbs stress on the first syllable LISten VISit Exercise 5.3
Add d liked smiled Change y to i, add ed studied worried Double the consonant, add ed stopped dropped Do not double the consonant, add ed showed fixed Double the consonant, add ed occurred preferred Do not double the consonant, add ed listened visited
Go back to the Opening Task and underline all the regular past-tense verbs in the text. Example: Exercise 5.4 Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the verbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Ms. Ditto enjoyed (enjoy) her classes. Ms. Ditto ____________________ (use) interesting videotapes in her classes. She ____________________ (help) her students to understand the tapes. The students ____________________ (study) new vocabulary. They ____________________ (learn) about American life. They ____________________ (discuss) the tapes in class. The students ____________________ (play) language learning games in class. Many students ____________________ (register) for her class every semester. All the students really ____________________ (love) her. Ms. Ditto ____________________ (stop) teaching because the university didnt have money to pay her. Ms. Dittos students ____________________ (cry). One day, a robbery ____________________ (occur) at the English Language Center. A VCR ____________________ (disappear) from the language lab.
They enjoyed her classes and really liked her.
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FOCUS 3 PRONUNCIATION OF THE ED ENDING verb end examples Group I /t/ After voiceless sounds*, the final ed is asked pronounced /t/. kisses stopped Group II /d/ After voiced sounds**, the final ed is robbed pronounced /d/. killed played Group III /id/ After /t/ and /d/, the final ed is pronounced pointed /id/. wanted waited * Voiceless sounds: s, k, p, f, sh, ch, x. ** Voiced sounds: b, g, l, m, n, r, v, z, or a vowel. Exercise 5.5 Put each verb in the simple past. Check the column that shows the pronunciation of each verb. Benny was an excellent student. /t/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Teachers always liked (like) Benny. He __________________ (work) hard in school. He always __________________ (finish) his work first. The teacher always __________________ (call) on him. He always __________________ (answer) questions correctly. He __________________ (remember) all his lessons. he never __________________ (talk) out of turn. The other students __________________ (hate) Benny. One day, they __________________ (decide) to get him into trouble. They __________________ (roll) a piece of paper into a ball. They __________________ (wait) for the teacher to turn his back. They threw the paper ball at the teacher. It _________________ (land) on the teachers head. The teacher was really angry. He ______________ (yell) at the class. Who did that? he __________________ (ask). All the students __________________ (point) to Benny. But the teacher __________________ (trust) Benny. The teacher __________________ (punish) the other students. Exercise 5.6 The solution to the Ms. Ditto story is in this exercise. Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the verbs in the box. discuss look remember fire notice learn type confess believe lock ask sign
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/d/
/id/
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When the Director of the English Language Center (1) learned about the robbery, she was sad. She (2) ________________ Ms. Ditto was an honest person. To solve the mystery, the Director (3) ________________ herself in her office alone. She (4) ________________ the problems between Harry and Ms. Ditto. Then, the Director (5) ________________ at the note again. She (6) ________________ all the grammar mistakes! And the signature on the not was not Ms. Dittos signature. The Director (7) ________________ Harry to come to her office. She (8) ________________ the problem with him. Finally, Harry (9) ________________ to the crime. Harry said, I (10) ________________ the note and (11) ________________ Ms. Dittos name. In the end, the Director (12) ________________ Harry.
FOCUS 4 IRREGULAR PAST-TENSE VERBS: AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Many verbs in the past tense are irregular. They do not have the ed form. subject verb I You He She went to New York last year. It We You They You can learn irregular past-tense forms in groups: base form simple past base form /ae/ sound /i/ sound began buy begin drank bring drink rang catch ring sang fight sing sank teach sink swam think swim Base form and past-tense forms are the same cost cut hit hurt put quit shut let cost cut hit hurt put quit shut let -ow blow grow know throw /ly/ sound feed feel keep lead leave meet read sleep simple past -ought/-aught bought brought caught fought taught thought -ew blew grew knew threw /e/ sound fed felt kept led left met read slept
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-d lend send spend bend build
-t lent sent spent bent built
Change of vowel become come dig draw fall forget get give hold hang run sit win
became came dug drew fell forgot got gave held hung ran sat won
break choose sell tell speak steal drive ride wake write Other be bite do eat find fly go have hear hide lose make pay say see shake shoot stand take tear understand wear
/o/ sound broke chose sold told spoke stole drove rode woke wrote was bit did ate found flew went had heard hid lost made paid said saw shook shot stood took tore understood wore
Exercise 5.7 Go back to The Opening Task. Circle the irregular past-tense verbs. Example: For most students, Ms. Ditto was the best English teacher in the English Language Center.
Exercise 5.8 Lisa and Kate are from Finland. They had a dream vacation in London last autumn. Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. 2. 3.
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Lisa and Kate flew (fly) to London on Sunday, November 4. They ________________ (find) many interesting things to do in the city. They ________________ (eat) great food every day.
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4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
They ________________ (go) to the British Museum. They ________________ (take) a boat to the Maritime Museum at Greenwich. They ________________ (spend) an evening at a jazz club. Lisa ________________ (buy) gifts for her friends in Finland. They ________________ (see) an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art. They ________________ (meet) a nice woman at the museum. They ________________ (speak) English with her all afternoon. They ________________ (think) London was a beautiful, friendly city. Exercise 5.9
Monique and Daniel are from France. Their vacation in London was a nightmare. Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. On Sunday, November 4, Monique and Daniels flight to London was late, so they sat (sit) in the airport for four hours. The airline company ________________ (lose) all their luggage, so on Monday they ________________ (go) shopping for new clothes. On Tuesday, they ________________ (get) stuck in the underground when their train ________________ (break) down. On Wednesday, they ________________ (pay) fifty pounds to rent a car, and ________________ (drive) to Brighton. They ________________ (leave) the car on the street and ________________ (get) a tenpound parking ticket! A thief ________________ (throw) a rock through the car window and ________________ (steal) Moniques camera. On Thursday, they ________________ (buy) a new camera downtown. On Friday, they ________________ (go) ice skating. Monique had the new camera around her neck. Monique ________________ (fall) on the ice ________________ (hurt) her knee. She ________________ (break) her new camera. Monique was wet and frozen, so she ________________ (catch) a cold. On Saturday night, they ________________ (eat) some unusual food on a restaurant. On Sunday morning, they each ________________ (wake) up with stomach problems. Later that Sunday, they ________________ (take) a taxi to the airport and finally ________________ (leave) for home.
FOCUS 5 TIME EXPRESSIONS Time expressions tell us when the action occurred in the past. morning afternoon evening year night summer month week an hour two days six months a year in 1988 on Sunday at 6:00 the day before yesterday
yesterday
[
last
ago
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examples On Sunday, they flew to London. Lisa and Kate went to Spain two years ago. Yesterday morning, a VCR disappeared from the English Language Center. Exercise 5.10
explanations Time expressions can come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Use a comma after the time expression if it is at the beginning of the sentence.
Think back to Monique and Daniels nightmare vacation in London. Use time expression to complete the sentences. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Last Sunday, Monique and Daniel left Paris for London. Monique and Daniel left London ______________ Sunday. Their plane took off ______________ 8 oclock ______________ the evening. It is now Tuesday, November 13. Monique and Daniel are back in Paris. Monique and Daniel returned to Paris ______________. They left London ______________. ______________ week, they had bad luck every day. I was exactly a week ______________ that they got stuck on the underground in London. Exercise 5.11 Make true statements about yourself. Use each of the time expressions below. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Six months ago, I took a trip to Sighioara. Two months ago, ____________________________________________________ In 1988, ___________________________________________________________ Last year, __________________________________________________________ Last summer, _______________________________________________________ Two days ago, ______________________________________________________ On Sunday, ________________________________________________________ The day before yesterday, _____________________________________________ Yesterday morning, __________________________________________________ At six oclock this morning, ___________________________________________ An hour ago, _______________________________________________________ FOCUS 6 PAST TENSE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS subject I You He She It We You They did + not / didnt base form of verb
did not didnt
work.
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Exercise 5.12 Make affirmative or negative statements about these people who appeared in this unit. Example: the teacher/like Benny The teacher liked Benny. the teacher/get angry at Benny. The teacher didnt get angry at Benny.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
The other students/like Benny The teacher/trust Benny The students/try to get Benny into trouble The students plan for Benny/succeed Lisa and Kate/lose their luggage Lisas camera/break Lisa and Kate/get stuck on the underground. Lisa and Kate/enjoy their vacation in London. Harry/notice the grammar mistakes in his note. Ms. Ditto/sign the note Harry/steal the VCR The Director/believe Harry Monique and Daniel/ spend an evening at a jazz club Monique and Daniel/visit Trafalgar Square. Monique and Daniel/enjoy their vacation in London.
FOCUS 7 PAST TENSE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS Yes/No Questions did subject I you he she we you they Short Answers affirmative I you he she we you they negative I you he she we you they base form of the verb
Did
visit
London last year?
Yes,
did.
No,
did not. didnt.
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FOCUS 7 PAST TENSE: WH-QUESTIONS wh-word What When Where Why How How long How long ago Who(m) did subject I you he the ship she they you Lisa and Kate base form of verb do last summer? make plans go last summer? sink? get to Paris? stay in New York? visit Alaska? meet in New York? answers You went to Paris. (I made plans) last week. (He went) to England. (It sank) because there was a storm. (She got there) by plane. (They stayed there for) two weeks. (I visited Alaska) ten years ago. (They met) a nice woman. answers It sank. Monique and Daniel.
did
wh-word as subject What Who Exercise 5.13
past tense verb happened to Jerrys ship? had a terrible vacation?
Write Wh-questions using the given cues. Jerry/eat on the island? What did Jerry eat on the island? Jerry/go on vacation Where ____________________________________________________________ Jerry/go on vacation When _____________________________________________________________ Jerry/leave home How long ago ______________________________________________________ Jerrys ship/sink Why ______________________________________________________________ Jerry/do after the ship sank What _____________________________________________________________ Jerry/meet on the island Who(m) ___________________________________________________________ Jerry/build the boat How ______________________________________________________________ Jerry/put on the boat What _____________________________________________________________ Jerry/feel when he finished the boat How ______________________________________________________________ the story end How ______________________________________________________________ Exercise 5.14 Make questions that ask for the underlined information. Use who, whom, or what. Example: Q: What did the students enjoy? A: The students enjoyed Ms. Dittos classes. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: The students loved Ms. Ditto. Example:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1.
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: Ms. Ditto used a VCR in her classes. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: Harry wanted to hurt Ms. Ditto. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: Harry got hurt in the end. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: Professor Brown found the note. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: The Director fired Harry. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: Harry stole the VCR. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: The Director fired Harry. Q: ______________________________________________________________? A: The moral story was crime doesnt pay. Exercise 5.15 Correct the mistakes in he following sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
This morning, I waked up early. __________________________ I saw him yesterday night. _____________________ Harry didnt felt sad. _________________ They dont met the Lord Mayor last week. ________________________________________ What Harry wanted? _________________ Harry didnt noticed his mistakes. ___________________________ Who did signed the note? ____________________ What did the Director? ___________________ What did happen to Harry? ______________________ Where Lisa and Kate went on vacation? ________________________________ Who did go with Lisa to London? ___________________________ How Jerry built a boat? ___________________ They no had dinner in a Greek restaurant. __________________________________ Whom did trust the teacher in the Benny story? ______________________________________ The ship sank before a long time. ___________________________
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Exercise 5.16 Think of the following words in the past tense. Write each word in the correct column depending on its end sound. at school: learn study listen remember print discuss answer name correct ask at work: walk fix work file deliver lock start point talk type cleaning the house: vacuum iron clean wash brush polish change bake dust scrub Group II: /d/ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ at the playground: play jump enjoy skate hop bounce trip climb skip kiss Group III: /id/ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
Group I: /t/ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Exercise 5.17
Today is October 31. David Johnson is the gardener at Pine Cone College. He has a busy schedule. The calendar shows what he did in the last month. Write a sentence about the calendar for each of the time expressions below. Sunday 29 Monday 30 Tuesday 1 rake leaves Wednesday 2 mow grass Thursday 3 trim hedges Friday 4 fertilize trees Saturday 5
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7 thin trees
8 rake leaves 15 rake leaves 22 rake leaves
9 mow grass 16 mow grass 23 mow grass 30 rake leaves
10 repair sprinklers 17 trim hedges 24 plant flowers
11 spray for insects 18
12
13
14 repair equipment
19
20
21
25 repair sprinklers 1
26
27
28 check tools
29
morni 31 ng trim hedges afternoon mow grass night set-up presidents party
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
(yesterday) (last week) (two days ago) (on Monday) (yesterday morning) (last night) (the day before yesterday) (two weeks ago) (last Friday) (yesterday afternoon) Exercise 5.18
__________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
Write a sentence telling what you did at each time given. Example: (yesterday afternoon) Yesterday afternoon, I went out for lunch. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
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1. (yesterday afternoon) 2. (last night) 3. (last week) 4. (six months ago) 5. (last year) 6. (the day before yesterday) 7. (an hour ago) 8. (last month)
READING DIGEST 6 SINK OR SWIM
Exercise 6.1 A. Can you swim? If so, when did you learn to swim? How? Do you think it is important to be able to swim? B. Think of as many words as possible related to the theme "Swimming". Exercise 6.2 You are going to read an article about learning to swim. For questions (1-7) choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. As the water reached her waist Helen felt herself starting to panic. It was ridiculous, she told herself. Here she was a fully grown woman wearing armbands and a buoyancy aid around her waist and grasping a float. But she was still terrified of water. At 43, and married with two children, Helen was deeply ashamed of the fact she couldn't swim. She hadn't had swimming lessons at school as there had been no facilities. As she'd got older, her natural distrust of water turned into a phobia. "I was okay as long as my feet were touching the bottom, but the moment I floated free, I'd panic. My heart began racing, my stomach would tighten and I couldn't bear anybody near me." In 1975 when she enrolled for lessons at her local swimming pool it was a disaster. The instructor did get her to do a few strokes but she remained absolutely terrified. When her two children - Daniel, now 19 and Laura, 17 - were young, Helen tried again but her progress was slow and she soon gave in, thinking there was no point carrying on. And that was exactly how things would have stayed if it hadn't been for the Splash school of swimming in Leeds, near Helen's home. When one of the school's leaflets dropped through her letterbox one day last March, Helen was inspired to give swimming one more go. "In the past, whenever I said I was starting lessons the whole family would say "Oh no, not again" so this time I didn't tell anybody. I just phoned up Splash and booked a course." At first Helen was as scared as ever but gradually, with the teacher's help, she began to make progress. The school taught Helen as part of a small group and the instructors stayed in the water with her. They were very patient and that was what she needed. Other instructors at other schools had bullied her and so she'd become discouraged. At Splash, however, they were very understanding. After a few months, Helen was able to take off the armbands and started going to another class at her local sports centre. Soon she could swim a whole length of the swimming pool. Then, just when things were looking up and Helen was able to swim half a dozen lengths, she suddenly lost her nerve again. One day, out of the blue, she had a panic attack and started shaking and shivering with fear. Determined not to let this defeat her after she'd come so far, Helen went to a hypnotherapist who gave her subconscious suggestions to help her overcome her fears. She was soon back in the water with renewed assurance. And now Helen can swim 64 lengths of her local swimming pool, which is much more than a mile. To celebrate her success she hired the pool at her local sports centre for a birthday celebration. Helen shows the rest of us anything can be achieved if you want to do it badly enough.
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1.
Helen knew that her fear was A. logical. B. unreasonable. C. based on past experiences. D. quite common. Why hadn't Helen learnt to swim? A. She had always been terrified of water. B. She hadn't had the opportunity. C. She had distrusted her instructor at school. D. The school pool had been too deep. What happened the first time Helen had lessons? A. She didn't get over her fears. B. She was afraid of the teachers. C. She managed to swim a reasonable distance. D. She nearly drowned. How did Helen's family react to her repeated efforts to learn to swim? A. They criticised her. B. They supported her. C. They were patient with her. D. They made fun of her. At the Splash school the instructors A. made her learn at the group's pace. B. bullied her. C. didn't rush her. D. explained her fears to her. Why did Helen go to a hypnotherapist? A. She realised she would never be able to swim. B. She suddenly lost her courage. C. She suddenly forgot how to swim. D. She wanted to forget her past fears. Which of these phrases best sums up the article? A. Fear can be useful. B. Not everyone can do everything. C. You should never give up. D. Everyone is different.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
VOCABULARY Exercise 6.3 Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below: defeated float 1. armbands bullied drowned inspired leaflet instructor subconscious achieved
Children usually wear .................... to help them stay afloat in the water. (inflatable floats)
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
As John was very small, he was always .................... by the older boys. (harassed) "Swimming and Safety" is an information .................... that everyone should read. (pamphlet) When the Titanic sank, most people on board .................... . (died from being unable to breathe underwater) Freud thought that dreams were .................... wishes and desires. (not of the conscious mind) In swimming lessons people often have to swim holding onto a (n) .................... . (light object that doesn't sink) The dance .................... showed the students how to do the steps. (teacher) The Chicago Bulls .................... the LA Lakers 56-48 in yesterday's basketball match. (beat) By the age of 30 Jane had .................... all her ambitions. (fulfilled) Helen's striving for perfection has .................... others to do the same. (encouraged) Exercise 6.4 Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use each word only once.
to shake my heart
out of panic
to book birthday
deeply to overcome
fully grown to enrol
to want to give
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
a(n) ..................... woman ..................... ashamed ..................... for lessons a(n) ..................... celebration ..................... began racing ..................... it one more go Exercise 6.5 Fill in the correct particle(s).
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
..................... a course ..................... something badly a(n) ..................... attack ..................... with fear ..................... my fears ..................... the blue
1. He was taken ...................... when he learnt the truth about her past. (was strongly surprised) 2. She takes ...................... her mother, with her dark curly hair and blue eyes. (looks like) 3. The dress was too big for her so she took it ...................... . (made it smaller) 4. When she wore sunglasses she was often taken ...................... Madonna. (was identified wrongly) 5. The plane took ...................... at 7.00 am this morning. (left the airport) 6. When he became headmaster he took ...................... extra work. (undertook) 7. The company was taken ...................... by a big French conglomerate. (taken control of) 8. After his retirement he took ...................... golf to keep fit. (began to do sth as a hobby) Exercise 6.6 Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets. Learning to swim can be a 1) ...................... (frighten) experience, and the older you are, the more 2) ...................... (courage) you need to be. The first step is to actually get into the water without panicking, which many people have 3) ...................... (difficult) doing. Once you are in the water you should try to relax which can be done with the help of your 4) ...................... (instruct who will be 5) ...................... (know) about relaxation techniques. If you can overcome your anxiety and start to feel at home in the water learning to swim will come 6) ...................... (nature), and will 7) ...................... (doubt) be one of the most 8) ...................... (reward) experiences of your life.
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Exercise 6.7 Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. a) trainer, instructor, teacher, professor, coach 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The ......................... who taught me at university was very knowledgeable. She hired a professional ......................... to teach her how to swim. His ......................... says that he is improving in all his subjects at school. A new ......................... was hired to school the race horses. The school hired a new ......................... for the swimming team. b) registered, recruited, subscribed, recorded, enrolled, enlisted 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. She ......................... in evening classes to learn English. He only ......................... for the autumn semester. She's trying to improve her Spanish so she has ......................... to a Spanish magazine. After finishing high school, he was ......................... in the army. The boss ......................... five new employees last Monday. All important information was ......................... for reference purposes. Exercise 6.8 Fill in the blanks with the correct idiom from the list: out of the blue 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. black and blue once in a blue moon the blues scream blue murder
After the bicycle accident my arms and legs were ........................................... (bruised). I hardly ever see Mark; he drops by to see me ........................................... (not very often). I was standing at the bus stop when a man came up ........................................... and snatched my purse. (unexpectedly) If you make me angry, I'll ........................................... she threatened. (become hysterical) Susan has got ..........................................., let's go and cheer her up! (depression) Exercise 6.9 Fill in the words from the list: swimming pool diving goggles diving board lifeguard breast-stroke relax back-stroke splashing swim flippers float
Children at a very young age are taught to 1) .................... because it is easy for babies to learn to 2) .................... in the water. Mothers join their babies in the 3) .................... .................... and gently 4) .................... them around in the water. Some babies enjoy 5) .................... around and it has been shown that these babies will usually become very good swimmers. Toddlers are taught the 6) .................... first, in which the arms are extended in front of the head and then pulled sideways. At a later stage the 7) .................... is easily learnt, the main difference being that one is floating on one's back. Toddlers also enjoy using extra equipment like 8) .................... so they can see underwater and 9) .................... that provide extra speed. In addition, children can practise 10) .................... into the pool from a 11) .................... under the supervision of a 12) .....................
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Exercise 6.10 Fill in if or when and put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. John is coming to visit us .................... he .................... (finish) his homework. I'll pick you up at the station .................... I .................... (have) time. She doesn't know .................... Rick .................... (phone) her tomorrow. .................... you come home, .................... (you/help) me cook dinner? .................... Jane finishes her work early today, she .................... (meet) us at the pub.
GRAMMAR DIGEST 6 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS, RECIPROCAL PRONOUN: EACH OTHER PHRASAL VERBS
FOCUS 1 OPENING TASK Exercise 6.1: Advice Columns Read the letters to Dear Darcy in Part A. Match each one to a Letter of Advice in Part B. Fill in the name of the person who wrote each letter in the blanks in part B. Part A Dear Darcy, My wife and I never go out anymore. We have a new baby, and my wife doesnt want to get a baby sitter. Im starting to talk to myself! Can Dear Darcy, you help me? Im married and have two children. Im trying Bored in Brighton to be a super-woman. I do all of the housework, shopping, and the cleaning. I help Dear Darcy, My mom and dad got divorced last month. They my children with their school work. I never have time for myself. I am tired and unhappy. fought with each other a lot, and finally, my dad moved out. Maybe I wasnt a good daughter to Please help! them. Maybe the break-up was my fault. What Supermom in Sheffield do you think? Guilty in Granville Part B A. B. C. Dear _______________________________, Dont blame yourself. You did not cause the problems. This is your parents problem. Dear _______________________________, You need to explain how you feel to her. Tell her you want to go out once a week. Life is short. Go out and enjoy yourselves! Dear _______________________________, You need to make time for yourself. Go out with your friends. Do yourself a favor and join a gym. Take care of yourself too. Buy yourself something special.
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Exercise 6.2 Read the last letter from Lonely in Limerick. Circle the correct pronouns in Darcys answer. Dear Darcy, Im a rather shy and lonely high school student. Im doing well in school, but I dont have many friends. The girls in my class always call each other, but they never call me. I dont go out. I dont enjoy myself. I dont even like myself very much anymore. Lonely in Limerick Dear Lonely in Limerick, Remember, the teenage years are difficult. At 16, many girls dont like (they/them/themselves). Youre doing well in school. Be proud of (you/yourself). Try to like (you/yourself) first. Then others will like (you/yourself). Teenage girls need (each other/themselves). Force (you/yourself) to open up to other girls. Relax and try to enjoy (you/yourself). Darcy FOCUS 2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object are the same. Example:
NOT:
Sara bought herself a new car. *Sara bought Sara a new car. reflexive pronouns myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
examples I bought myself a new car. Look at yourself in the mirror. He doesnt take care of himself. She blames herself for the accident. A cat licks itself to keep clean. We enjoyed ourselves at the theatre. Help yourselves to some food. Babies cant feed themselves. Exercise 6.3
Go back to the Opening Task. Underline all the reflexive pronouns and the subjects. Example: Exercise 6.4 Fill in each blank with a reflexive pronoun. Example: 1. I lost my wallet yesterday, and I wanted to kick myself. I never have time for myself.
Mary: Do you sometimes talk to ______________________? Bill: Well, sometimes, when Im alone.
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2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Monica: Thanks for such a lovely evening. We really enjoyed (a) ______________________. Gloria: Well, thanks for coming. And the children were just wonderful. They really behaved (b) ______________________ all evening. I hope you can come back soon. Jane: I cant believe my bird flew out the window! Its my fault. I forgot to close the birdcage. Margaret: Dont blame ______________________. Hes probably happier now. Hes free. Cynthia: Whats the matter with Bobbys leg? Enrique: He hurt ______________________ at the soccer game last night. Jason: My girlfriend Judy really knows how to take care of ______________________. She eats well, exercises regularly, and gets plenty of sleep. Sylvia: Hello, Carol, hello, Eugene. Come on in. Make (a) ______________________ at home. Help (b) ______________________ to some drinks. Mother: Be careful! That pot on the stove is very hot. Dont burn ______________________.
FOCUS 3 VERBS COMMONLY USED WITH REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN examples explanations These verbs are commonly used with reflexive pronouns: hurt cut I fell and hurt myself. tell burn He taught himself to play the guitar. blame enjoy Be careful! Dont cut yourself with that knife. teach introduce Did you enjoy yourself at the party? behave take care of The verbs wash, dress, and shave do not usually He got up, washed, and shaved. take reflexive pronouns. In this sentence it is clear he washed and shaved himself and not another person. Hes only two, but he wants to get dressed by Use by + a reflexive pronoun to show that himself. someone is doing something alone (without I sometimes go to the movies by myself. company or help). FOCUS 4 RECIPROCAL PRONOUN: EACH OTHER The reciprocal pronoun each other is different in meaning form a relative pronoun. J: Its my fault. J: Its your fault. A: Its my fault. A: Its your fault. John and Ann blamed themselves for the John and Ann blamed each other for the accident. accident.
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Exercise 6.5 Choose a reflexive pronoun or each other to complete the statements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
An egotistical person loves himself/herself.
Divorced people can be friends if they forgive ______________________. Good friends protect ______________________. Close friends tell ______________________ their secrets. A self-confident person believes in ______________________. In a good relationship, the two people trust ______________________. A realistic person doesnt lie to ______________________. Independent people take care of ______________________. Caring people help ______________________. Angry people say things to hurt ______________________. Young children cant always control ______________________. An insecure person doesnt have confidence in ______________________. Exercise 6.6 Circle the correct word in the Dear Darcy letters below. Example: (He, Him, Himself) cares about (I, me, myself).
Dear Darcy, (1) (I, My, Mine) boyfriend loves himself. (2) (He, His, Him) is very pleased with (3) (he, him, himself). He always looks at (4) (he, him, himself) in shop windows when he passes by. (5) (Himself, He, Him) only thinks about (6) (his, himself, him). He never brings (7) (me, my, myself) flowers. The last time he told (8) (my, me, myself) that he loved me was two years ago. Hes also very selfish with (9) (he, his, him) things. For example, he never lends me (10) (him, himself, his) car. He says that the car is (11) (himself, him, his), and he doesnt want me to use it. Do (12) (yourself, your, you) have any advice for me? Unhappy Dear Unhappy, (13) (You, Your, Yourself) boyfriend is very selfish. (14) (You, Your, Yourself) cant really change (15) (he, himself, him). Get rid of (16) (he, himself, him)! Find (17) (you, yourself, yours) a new guy! Darcy Exercise 6.7 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. 1. I hurt me. 2. Theyre looking at themselves in the mirror. 3. I shave myself every morning. 4. I have a friend in Poland. We write to ourselves every month. 5. We enjoyed at the circus. 6. Larry blamed Harry for the accident. Harry blamed Larry for the accident. They blamed themselves for the accident. 7. He did it hisself.
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Exercise 6.8 Write the correct reflexive pronoun in the spaces provided in the dialogue. The first one has been done for you as an example. Paul and Charlotte are having a Halloween party. For the first time, they are putting on a party all by themselves. They are a little nervous. Charlotte: Paul: Charlotte: Paul: Charlotte: Paul: Charlotte: Paul: Charlotte: Paul: Charlotte: Paul: Charlotte: Are you OK? What happened? Im fine. I just cut (1) _______________ a little when I was carving the jack-o-lantern. You should wash that cut and get (2) _______________ a bandage. OK. Should I put the jack-o-lantern by the ghost decoration? No, put it over there alone, by (3) _______________. It will look more scary. How do you like my spider web decorations? I made them all by (4) _______________. Great! They look frightening. This is going to be a fun party. I hope the guests enjoy (5) _______________. Im sure everyone will have fun. By the way, whos Brad bringing? He couldnt find a date. I guess hes coming by (6) _______________. Well, make sure you pay attention to the other guests too. Sometimes you and Brad go off by (7) _______________. Dont worry. Ill spend time with the guests. Do you think I should pour the drinks now or let the guests help (8) _______________? Just let them help (9) _______________. I hope the guests arrive soon. I dont want us to have to eat all this food by (10) _______________. They will be here soon. Oh, we arent in our costumes yet. We have to get (11) _______________ ready. Will you help me with my costume? I cant zip it up by (12) _______________.
Exercise 6.9 Decide if the following spaces require a reflexive pronoun. If they do, write the correct pronoun in the space. If they do not, put an X in the space. The first one has been done for you as an example. The story continues: Charlotte: Im all dirty from making those spider webs. First I think Ill shower X and after I dry _______________ you can help me with the zipper. Paul: OK. While youre doing that Ill shave _______________. Charlotte: What if the guests arrive early? Paul: We can blame _______________ if they arrive early. Im sure they can introduce _______________. It wont take us long to dress. Paul: See, I told you the guests would enjoy _______________. Everyone is dancing and laughing. It looks like Brad has even found _______________ a date. I knew he wouldnt have to be all by _______________. Charlotte: Youre right, they are all amusing _______________. This is a great costume party. Look at Cindys costume. Paul: What is she? She looks like she killed _______________. Charlotte: Shes the bride of Frankenstein.
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FOCUS 5 PHRASAL VERBS examples Turn on the slide projector. explanations A phrasal verb is: a verb + a particle turn + on sit + down stand + up The verb + particle together have a specific meaning.
Plants grow. (grow = to increase in size) Children grow up. (grow up = to become an adult) Exercise 6.10 Circle all the phrasal verbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Take a deep breath and calm down. Stand up and introduce myself. Put on my glasses. Take out my notes. Turn out the lights. Turn on the slide projector and show the slides. Dont talk too fast. Slow down. Turn off the slide projector. Turn on the lights. Ask for questions. Sit down and relax. Call up all my friends and tell them its over!
FOCUS 6 PHRASAL VERBS examples I hung up the picture. I ran into Joe on the street the other day. explanations Sometimes the meaning of a phrasal verb is clear from the verb + particle combination. Sometimes it is difficult to guess the meaning of the phrasal verb. The meaning of ran into is not the combination of ran and into. Run into means to meet someone b chance. In informal English, phrasal verbs are more frequent than one-word verbs with the same meaning. In the first example, you are talking to a friend. In the second, a flight attendant is speaking to passengers on an airplane.
Please put out your cigarette, Jake. Please extinguish your cigarettes, ladies and gentlemen.
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Exercise 6.11 Circle the phrasal verbs. Then match each phrasal verb with a one-word verb. Sentences with phrasal verbs 1 I called 911 Emergency. the firefighters will be here soon to put out the fire. 2 Dont just stand at the door. Come in. 3 Fill out the application. 4 Were going to practice some phrasal verbs. Henry, can you please hand out this exercise? 5 I left my book at school. I dont remember the homework for tonight. Ill call up Manny and ask him. 6 I cant talk now. Come back in fifteen minutes. 7 I cant concentrate! Would you please turn down the music! 8 I am freezing in this house. Please turn u the heat. 9 Please take off your wet shoes. 10 Hold on a minute. Im not ready yet. Exercise 6.12 Fill in the blanks with the phrasal verbs below. put away turn on pick up throw away turn off One-word verb with same meaning raise remove telephone extinguish distribute complete wait lower enter return
DIRECTIONS FOR LANGUAGE LAB ASSISTANTS
When you leave the language lab, there are several things you must do. First, (1) _____________________ all the trash from the floor. Then (2) _____________________ all the equipment tape recorders, VCRs, etc. (3) _____________________ all the cassettes students used. (4) _____________________ any coffee cups or trash students left in the room. Finally, (5) _____________________ the alarm system before you lock the doors.
FOCUS 7 SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS Separable Phrasal Verbs examples explanations When the direct object is a noun, it can go:
Verb Particle The teacher handed out the exercise. after the particle (out) Verb Direct object Particle The teacher handed the exercise Out. between the verb (handed) and the particle (out) The teacher handed it out. When the direct object is a pronoun, it always goes between the verb and the particle. NOT: *The teacher handed out it.
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Inseparable Phrasal Verbs examples I ran into an old friend on the street. I ran into her on the street. NOT: *I ran an old friend into on the street. NOT: *I ran her into on the street. Exercise 6.13 Sergeant Smith is giving orders to his new soldiers. Repeat Sergeants orders in a different way each time. 1. (a) Take off your civilian clothes. (b) I said, take your civilian clothes off. (c) Come on, take them off! (a) Hand out these uniforms. (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? (a) Put on your new Army clothes. (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? (a) Turn down that radio. (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? (a) Put away your old clothes. (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? (a) Throw out that junk food from home. (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? (a) Clean up this mess. (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? (a) Turn off the lights! (b) I said, _______________________________________________________. (c) Come on, ____________________________________________________? explanations The direct object noun or pronoun goes after the particle.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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FOCUS 8 COMMON SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS Separable Phrasal Verbs separable phrasal verbs calm down call up cheer up clean up figure out fill out fill up hand out hang up look up pick up put away put on put out take off take out throw out/ away turn down turn off turn on turn up wake up
meaning relax telephone become happy, make someone happy clean solve, understand complete fill distribute place on a hanger or a hook search for in a reference book collect, fit put in its usual place dress yourself extinguish remove put something outside put in the garbage lower the volume stop the power start the power increase the volume to open your eyes, to finish sleeping, to interrupt someones sleep
examples She is very upset about the accident. We cant calm her down. I called my friend up the other night to ask about the homework. My friend failed her final exam, so I brought her flowers to cheer her up. Clean you room up before you watch TV! This puzzle is very confusing. I cant figure it out. Fill out the application for a new license. Fill it up with regular gas, please. The teacher handed the tests out to the class. My husband never hangs his clothes up. Please hang up the phone. I didnt know his telephone number, so I looked it up in the phone book. In my neighborhood, they pick up the garbage every Tuesday. I picked my pen up and started to write. My kids are neat! They always put their toys away. Its really cold outside, so put a coat on. It took firefighters a few hours to put the fire out. Take your shoes off before you come into the house. Will you please take the garbage out? I have a lot of old things in the garage. I need to throw them out. Its 2:00 in the morning. Turn that stereo down! There arent any good programs on TV tonight. Turn it off. I always turn on the radio in the morning. When I hear my favorite song, I turn the volume up. Be quiet! Dont wake the baby up.
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Inseparable Phrasal Verbs inseparable phrasal verbs meaning get in enter and leave a vehicle (car, taxi, get out of * truck) get on enter and leave other forms of get off transportation (bus, plane, train) go over review run into meet by chance *Sometimes phrasal verbs have three parts. Exercise 6.14 Fill in the blanks with the phrasal verbs below. Use a pronoun in the second blank of each dialogue. Example: (clean up) Mother: Danny, dont forget to (a) clean up the mess in your bedroom. Danny: Mom, I (b) cleaned it up this morning. pick up 1. Counselor: Andy: 2. Susie: Danny: 3. Jackie: Mark: 4. Ms. Wagner: Lee: 5. Mom: Bobbie: cheer up hand out throw out fill out examples I got in my car and drove away. My bag fell when I got out of the cab. I got on the train at 42nd Street. I got off the bus in front of the school. I went over my notes before the test. I ran into an old friend the other day.
You need to (a) _____________________ this application for college. Can I (b) _____________________ at home? Danny, I think its time to (a) _____________________ all these old newspapers. Im (b) _____________________ right now. Could you please (a) _____________________ that paper on the floor for me? Ill (b) _____________________ in a minute! Can you help me (a) _____________________ these exams, Lee? Sure, Ill (b) _____________________ right now. Please try to (a) _____________________ your sister. Shes in a bad mood. No one can (b) _____________________. Shes always in a bad mood.
FOCUS 9 COMMON PHRASAL VERBS WITHOUT OBJECTS Some phrasal verbs do not take an object. phrasal verbs without objects meaning examples break down stop working My car broke down last night. come back return He left home and never came back. come in enter Come in and make yourself comfortable. eat out eat in a restaurant I hate to cook, so I often eat out. grow up become an adult I grew up in the United States. show up appear After two hours, he finally showed up. sit down sit I feel tired, so I think Ill sit down for a while. stand up stand In some countries, students stand up when the teacher enters the room.
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Exercise 6.15 Fill in the blanks with a phrasal verb from the box. stand up show up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. sit down come in break down come back eat out grow up
8.
What do you say when? you are very late for an important date: Oh, Im sorry. Please forgive, my car _____________________. your friends child runs away from home: Dont worry, Elliot; Im sure shell _____________________ home very soon. a teenager is sitting and an elderly man is standing on the bus: _____________________ and give that man your seat. your thirty-year-old friend is acting like a child: Come on, Matt _____________________. Youre not a child anymore. you are a car salesperson and you are trying to get people into your showroom: Please _____________________, folks. We have many new models this year. you and your roommate are hungry, but youre too tired to cook: Lets _____________________. your friend is crying about her date last night: Tammy: What happened, Cheryl? Dont tell me your date didnt _____________________ last night? Cheryl: Oh, he did! Thats why Im crying! you are a receptionist in a very busy doctors office and a patient is complaining about waiting so long: Please _____________________, Mr. Brody. The doctor will be with you in a few minutes. Exercise 6.16 Fill in each blank with a phrasal verb from the box below.
fill up calm down
look up break down turn on
figure out get out of
wake up take out
It was a cold and rainy night. Forgetful Phil was on his way to visit his mother when his car suddenly (1) _____________________. He was angry and upset but after a while he (2) _____________________. It was dark so Phil (3) _____________________ a flashlight. Then he took out his car manual. He tried to (4) _____________________ What to do when your car breaks down in the middle of nowhere, but he didnt find anything in the manual. Next he (5) _____________________ the car and looked under the hood. he wasnt able to (6) _____________________ the problem. Then Phil began to understand. He asked himself, Did I (7) _____________________ my tank with gas? Near the car there was a house. He knocked on the door and shouted but nobody answered. There were no other houses. There was no telephone. What now? Phil thought. Then, just as he turned around to go back to his car, another car crashed into the back of his car. Suddenly, the people in the house (8) _____________________ and (9) _____________________ the lights. Phil sat down on the ground and began to cry!
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READING DIGEST 7 EUROPES TREES IN DANGER

Exercise 7.1 Why are trees important? In what way are forests damaged? What can be done to prevent damage being done to the environment? Exercise 7.2 You are going to read a newspaper article about environmental damage to Europe's forests. Choose from the list (A-H) the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. 0 More research is needed to find out the reasons for tree damage. The situation in Europe may soon get better. Environmental damage is threatening certain European industries. Planting more trees is only part of the solution. Threatened trees need European protection. Europe's trees have been harmed in a variety of ways. The forestry industry has acted more quickly than European governments. Europe should pay more attention to its own environmental problems. E
Forestry experts have called on the European Union to use its powers in order to protect the continent's woodlands. This follows the publication of a recent report showing that one quarter of Europe's trees showed signs of severe damage. The experts are asking for wide-ranging action as it now seems clear that Europe's forests are reaching crisis point. 1 The study examined trees across the whole of Europe and found that they were being damaged throughout the continent. Twenty-six per cent of Europe's trees had lost significant numbers of leaves, while more than ten per cent showed signs of discoloration. 2 The report also put forward factors such as air pollution and climate change as causes of this environmental problem. Responding to the report, however, a European spokesman said it was too early to be certain about what was causing the widespread damage. The European Commission has now begun a more detailed 20-year study which will hopefully produce clearer answers. 3 Francis O'Sullivan, senior forestry officer at the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF), pointed out: "While Europe is quick to condemn tropical countries over their forestry policies, it has been ignoring the crisis in its own backyard. Europe now has fewer forests than any other continent except Antarctica, and has less protected woodland than any other region in the world."
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4 "Less than one per cent of our ancient forests remain," he added. If this is allowed to continue, the damage to our forest systems will result in a reduction in water quality and will cause a crisis in the fishing, tourist and timber industries, as well as threatening the ecological balance in Europe". 5 Nigel Dudley, a specialist forestry adviser, says that the forestry industry has made substantial progress in organising a programme of forest management, but in his opinion European governments have not been acting quickly enough. Dudley believes that there is a need for further European action on commitments made at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. 6 Next month the WWF will be reporting on how well governments around the world have kept their Rio summit promises. Most governments are expected to get poor reports. The situation in Europe may, however, be about to improve as the European Parliament is to begin investigating forest protection and may ask for new safeguards to protect the health of Europe's trees. VOCABULARY Exercise 7.3 A. Look at the following words in italics in the text and try to explain them: continent timber factors ecological widespread balance forestry substantial ignoring safeguards
B. Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below: condemned reductions backyard 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. commitments discoloration woodland put wide-ranging experts forward responded
The residents were opposed to the construction of a nuclear power station in their ................................. . (area) To be a successful manager you need to have ................................. experience. (varied) The ................................. on the hill is home to numerous birds and animals. (tree covered area) When asked, Jane is always ready to ................................. good ideas. (suggest) To avoid ................................. wash light and dark coloured clothes separately. (spoiling the colour) The President said that he ................................. the practices of military regimes. (found unacceptable) Educational ................................. are trying to improve the standards in schools. (specialists) My holiday had to be cancelled because of work .................................. (obligations) There are special ticket ................................. for students. (discounts) The government ................................. positively to the demand for new anti pollution laws. (answered)
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Exercise 7.4 A. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets. World's Wildlife in Danger 1) ............................ (conserve) are very concerned about the ever-growing number of 2) ............................ (danger) species in the world. 3) ............................ (environment) problems such as freak weather conditions, fire and acid rain are resulting in the 4) ............................ (destroy) of vast areas of woodland and forest. These areas are home to large numbers of animals and, as the land is vital to their 5) ............................ (survive), this is having 6) ............................ (alarm) effects. 7) ............................ (ecology) advocate the use of ozone-friendly products and, of course, recycling to achieve a 8) ............................ (reduce) in environmental damage. Safari parks have also been established in an attempt to give 9) ............................ (protect) to animals from big-game hunters. Numbers are slowly beginning to increase and will 10) ............................ (hope) continue to do so in the future. B. Why is wildlife under threat according to the text above? List all the reasons. Exercise 7.5 Choose the correct item. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Zoologists work hard to ....... endangered species. A. protect B. shelter C. cover D. support Greenpeace is going to release a(n) ....... on water pollution. A. edition B. issue C. publicity D. report The tropical ....... of Africa need to be protected from destruction. A. regions B. states C. places D. sites To improve the ....... of the water, use a water-purification tablet. A. standard B. amount C. quantity D. quality Acid rain has caused a lot of ....... to Europe's trees. A. wreck B. ruin C. damage D. disaster Five world leaders are due to attend the ....... meeting in London. A. tip B. top C. summit D. peak Exercise 7.6 Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use the word(s) only once. to produce there is a need tropical ecological to reach substantial detailed severe forestry
1. ............................... damage 2. ............................... crisis point 3. a (n) ............................... study 4. ............................... clearer answers 5. ............................... officer
6. ............................... balance 7. ............................... progress 8. ............................... for action 9. ............................... countries
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Exercise 7.7 Fill in the appropriate idiom from the list below: backup backbreaking backbone sign of the times shows signs of sign language The ever increasing crime rate is a .............................................. . (typical characteristic of the present) Picking strawberries in the summer heat can be .............................................. work. (physically exhausting) The policemen called for .............................................. when they spotted a house being burgled. (reinforcements) Your work .............................................. improvement; keep it up! (has evidence of) Deaf people communicate by using .............................................. (hand movements and gestures) The fishing industry is the .............................................. of the islands economy. (most essential element) Exercise 7.8 Underline the correct item. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. My boss wants me to work even / very harder. The manager was very / too pleased with the sales figures. His parents were not much / very happy when he decided to join the army. The wind is much / too strong for sailing today. He was much / very annoyed when I crashed his car. The police officer suddenly began to look much / very more serious. The spectators were more / most pleased with their team's win. They'll give us farther / further details as soon as they receive them. Pam drove very / much quickly down the lane. The journey was far / most longer than we had expected. We need further / farther information on the project. The shop assistant was even / most helpful. It's a bit / too warmer today than yesterday. Can you drive very / any faster, please? I'm in a hurry.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
GRAMMAR DIGEST 7 FUTURE TIME: WILL AND BE GOING TO, MAY AND MIGHT QUESTIONS WITH HOW
FOCUS 1 TALKING ABOUT FUTURE TIME Use will and be going to to make predictions about the future or to say what you think will happen in the future.
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explanations Use will for a prediction (what we think will happen). Look at those big black clouds. It is going to Use be going to for a prediction based on the present situation (what we can see is going to rain. NOT: It will rain. happen). Teacher to student: Your parents will be Will is more formal. very upset about this. Father to daughter: your mothers going to Be going to is less formal. be very angry about this. FOCUS 2 WILL affirmative statements I You He will arrive next week. She It ll arrive next week. We You They There will be peace in the world. ll be Men will be able to have babies. yes/no questions I you he she Will arrive next week? it we you they negative statements I You He will not arrive next week. She It wont arrive next week. We You They There will not be any wars. wont be Men will not be able to have babies. wont short answers you I he she Yes, will. it we you they
examples One day, he will be rich.
No,
you I he she it we you they
wont.
wh-questions When will the scientists discover a cure? Where will the couple go on their honeymoon? What will the homeless man do with the money? How will the couple travel? How long will they be on the plane? Who will get an Olympic medal? Who(m) will the lifeguard save?
answers (They will discover a cure) in ten years. (They will go) to Thailand. Hell buy a new house. (Theyll travel) by plane. (Theyll be on the plane) for five hours. The athlete (will). (Hell save) a lucky person.
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Exercise 7.1 How will or lives be different in fifty years? Make predictions with will or wont. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. The climate _______________ change. Pollution _______________ be under control. People _______________ take vacations on the moon. There _______________ be few fish in the oceans. All countries _______________ share the worlds money equally. Most people _______________ move back to the countryside. The traditional family with a husband, wife, and two children _______________ disappear. Men and women _______________ continue to marry. People of different races _______________ learn to live together peacefully. People _______________ speak the same language. Crime _______________ stop. People _______________ drive electric cars. We _______________ discover life on other planets. Science _______________ continue to be vary important. People _______________ live to be 130 years old. A woman _______________ be President of Romania. FOCUS 3 BE GOING TO affirmative statements I am m You are re He going to leave. is She s It We are You re They yes/no questions Am I Are you he she Is going to leave? it we Are you they negative statements I am not m not You are not arent He is not She isnt It We are not You arent They are. am. is. are. No,
going to leave.
short answers you I he she Yes, it we you they
you Im he she it we you they
arent. not. isnt. arent.
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wh-questions When Where What are you going to How How long Who(m) Whos going to
answers leave? go? do there? get there? stay? visit? drive? leave in two weeks. go to Colorado. go skiing. Im going to go by car. stay for one week. visit my cousin. My friend (is going to drive).
Remember: Going to is often pronounced gonna when in speech. Exercise 7.2 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of be going to. The first one has been done for you as an example. Are you going to get ready for the party? I dont want to. It ________________ be fun at all. This ________________ be a boring party. It ________________ be boring. Its going to be fun. Your uncle ________________ want to show his vacation slides. The slides ________________ put me asleep. Then we ________________ listen to him talk about everything in detail. What ________________ eat for dinner? Helen: We ________________ have roast beef. Paul: It ________________ be undercooked. I ________________ to eat the meat if it is too rare. Your aunt ________________ eat it and then she ________________ to feel well. I know she ________________ get sick. Exercise 7.3 Read the answers. Write a yes/no or wh-question with be going to. Richard: My doctor says I need to leave my job and get away somewhere. Robert: (1) Where are you going to go? Richard: To Spain. Robert: (2) _________________________________________________________ Richard: I dont know (what Im going to do there).] Robert: (3) _________________________________________________________ Richard: (Im going to stay) with some old friends. Robert: (4) _________________________________________________________ Richard: For about a month. Robert: (5) _________________________________________________________ Richard: By plane. Robert: (6) _________________________________________________________ Richard: I dont know (if Im going to come back to my job). Helen: Paul: Helen: Paul:
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FOCUS 4 TIME EXPRESSIONS examples Im going to visit you tomorrow evening. A month from now, Willie will be on a tropical island. Future Time Expressions (later) this morning afternoon evening next week month year Sunday weekend tomorrow morning afternoon evening soon later the day after tomorrow a week from today tonight explanations Future time expressions can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Put a comma (,) after the time expression when it is at the beginning of the sentence.
examples fifteen minutes. two weeks. March. 2015. Ill see you on Tuesday. May 21st. at 4:00. midnight. We are going to go to Spain for three weeks. Ill be there until 3:00. (At 3.00, I will leave, I will not be there after 3.00.) I wont be there until Monday. (Before Monday, I wont be there. After Monday, Ill be there.) Exercise 7.4 in
explanations
We also use prepositions of time to talk about future time.
For shows how long the action will last. Until shows the specific time in the future when the action will change.
Make statements about yourself. Use be going to. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

In a few days, Im going to call my parents.
In a few days, ______________________________________________________ Next summer, ______________________________________________________ The day after tomorrow, ______________________________________________ This evening, _______________________________________________________ Tomorrow night, ____________________________________________________ This weekend, ______________________________________________________ At 9:00, ___________________________________________________________ In December, _______________________________________________________ On Wednesday night, ________________________________________________
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Exercise 7.5 Anthony and Sally are planning a vacation in Europe. They are going to visit four countries in seven days. Sally is telling Anthony about their travel plans. Fill in the blanks with in, on, at, for, or until. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. We are going to arrive in Madrid (a) at 6:00 p.m. (b) on Sunday. Well stay in Madrid _____________ two days. Then, we fly to Paris _____________ Tuesday morning. Well stay in Paris _____________ Wednesday afternoon. The, well fly to Rome _____________ the evening. We wont leave Rome _____________ Friday morning. _____________ 10:00 a.m. on Friday morning, well fly to our final destination, Athens, Greece. Well stay in Greece _____________ two days. Well return home _____________ Sunday. Then, well need a vacation! Exercise 7.6 Look at Wandas calendar. Imagine it is now 2 p.m. on Wednesday, April 10, 1996. Read the sentences about Wandas plans and fill in the blanks with a time expression or a preposition of time. There may be more than one correct answer. Sunday APRIL 7 8 9 10 Last client 6:00 pm 17 11 polish crystal ball 18 secretary goes on vacation 25 12 deposit money in bank 19 Fortune Tellers conference 26 13 Monday 1 Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 2 3 4 Saturday 5 6
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16 buy new fortune cards 23
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Still to do: -- May 6th: place ad in newspaper -- First edition of How to make Predictions magazine arrives on June 10th -- Retire 2015! -- Write autobiography 2020 1. 2. Wanda is going to see her last client at 6:00 this evening, in four hours. Shes going to attend the Fortune-tellers Conference ______________________.
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Shes going to polish her crystal ball ___________________________________. Shes going to deposit all her money in the bank __________________________. Her secretary is going to go on vacation _________________________________. Shes going to buy new fortune cards ___________________________________. Shes going to put an advertisement about herself in the newspaper ____________. She will receive her first How To Make Predictions magazine _______________. She will retire to a tropical island ______________________________________. She will write a book called How to Be a Successful Fortune-teller in 10 Easy Lessons __________________________________________________________.
FOCUS 5 TALKING ABOUT FUTURE INTENTIONS OR PLANS

examples A: The phone is ringing. B: OK. Ill get it. Mother: Where are you going? Daughter: Im going to take a drive with Richard tonight. Remember, Mom? You said it was okay Mother: I did? Exercise 7.7 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of will or be going to. Aunt Polly: Tom: Aunt Polly: Tom: Aunt Polly: Ben: Tom: Ben: Tom: Ben: Tom: Ben: Tom: Ben: Tom: Tom Sawyer, you (1) ________________ paint the fence; that is already decided. But, Aunt Polly, I dont want to paint the fence. I (2) ________________ stand for this Tom. You (3) ________________ cause my death yet. You (4) ________________ do some work. But, all the other boys (5) ________________ go swimming. Well, you (6) ________________ do some painting. Why are you carrying that bucket and brush, Tom? What (7) ________________ to do? I (8) ________________ paint the fence. Why (9) ________________ to do that? I (10) ________________ go swimming. You (11) ________________ have any fun. Because I like to. I (12) ________________ to have fun. Hey, that looks like fun, let me try doing it. No, Aunt Polly (13) ________________ like that. Besides Im having fun. Please, Tom, let me do it? Ok, but what (14) ________________ give me? How about this apple? Ok. explanations Use will when you decide to do something at the time of speaking. Use going to when you made a plan to do something before the time of speaking.
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FOCUS 6 MAY AND MIGHT Use may or might to say something is possible in the future. examples I will go to Mexico next year. I may/might go to Mexico next year. affirmative statements I You He study abroad next year. She may We might be able to stay abroad for You two years. They It rain later. There be cheap flight to Madrid.
NOTE:
explanations Shows certainty. The speaker is 100% sure. Shows possibility. negative statements I You He She may not We might not You They It There
take a vacation. be able to stay for two years. rain later. be any discounts on flights.
You cannot use may or might in yes/no questions. There are not contractions for may or might. Exercise 7.8
Either may or might is possible in the blanks. Fill in the blanks with may or might in the affirmative or negative. Example: 1. 2. Joanne: Paula: Tamara: Susan: Eugene: Carol: Priscilla: Arnaldo: Peter: How are you going to go to Boston next weekend? Al: I may drive or I may take the train. I wont fly because its expensive. Is Ilene going to come to your New Years Eve party? She (a) ________________ be able to come. She went out of town on business and she (b) ________________ be back in time for the party. Where are you and Chip going to go on vacation this summer? Chip (a) ________________ start a new job in July, so we (b) ________________ be able to go on vacation. We (c) ________________ stay home and go tot the beach. Whats Jason going to major in at the university? Well, he really loves the ocean, so he (a) ________________ major in marine biology, or he (b) ________________ major in environmental science. Will you go back to your country after you finish college here? I dont know. I (a) ________________ want to go back o visit my family, but I (b) ________________ want to go back to live there. There (c) ________________ be more job opportunities for me here in the United States.
3. 4.
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Exercise 7.9 What is our future in the computer age? Make statements with affirmative or negative forms of will, be going to, may, or might. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Computers/always be part of our lives Computers will always be part of our lives.
People/want to go back to a time before computers The number of computers in the world/increase We/all have pocket computers The Internet/connect people in every home all over the world Students in classrooms all around the world/be able to talk to each other People/learn languages easily with computers People/prefer to communicate by computer Books/disappear People who cannot use computers/be able to find jobs. Computers/take away our privacy. Exercise 7.10 Write the questions for each of the answers using the underlined words as cues. Example: Will Ross own oil wells? Yes, Rossll own oil wells.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
__________________________________________________________________ Alberta will win the Nobel Prize for science in 2012. __________________________________________________________________ Gracell open her garage in town. __________________________________________________________________ No, Clara will not become rich and famous. __________________________________________________________________ Cullll buy a tractor because it will help him on the farm. __________________________________________________________________ Brian will go to medical school in Brighton. __________________________________________________________________ Itll take Con one year to build his new house. __________________________________________________________________ Dan will play football in Manchester. __________________________________________________________________ The Beatles will discover Alice. FOCUS 7 QUESTIONS WITH HOW examples How old are you? How well do you speak English? How far is it from here to the park? Its about five blocks. explanations An adjective (old, tall) or an adverb (well, far) is often used in a how question. How far asks about distance.
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How long does it take to fly form New York to Beijing? It takes about twenty-four hours. How long does it take you to prepare dinner? It takes me an hour.
How long does it take asks about time.
Exercise 7.11 Steve is the owner of Water Trails Kayak Club. Cynthia and her daughter Maria want to join the kayak club, but first Cynthia has to answer a few questions. Look at the information card Steve has to fill out. Write the questions he asks. The first one has been done for you as an example. Club Member Name Cynthia Schuemann Age __________ Swimming ability __________ Kayaking ability __________ Number of years kayaking __________ How often kayaking planned __________ Distance to kayak __________ Distance to kayak club from home __________ Length of Membership: __________ 6 months __________ 1 year Method of payment: __________ check __________cash __________ credit card Related Family Member Name Maria Schuemann Age __________ Swimming ability __________ Kayaking ability __________ Number of years kayaking __________ How often kayaking planned __________ Distance to kayak __________
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
How old are you? How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
How old ______________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________ How _________________________
TUTOR-ASSESSED TASK
WRITING Answer the following questions in writing: 1. Why is it so important to protect the environment? 2. What will happen if forests continue to be damaged? 3. What materials can be recycled? 4. How can individuals cut down on household waste? 5. What measures should the government take to reduce pollution?
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GRAMMAR Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. _____________ a musical instrument? (A) Can you playing (B) Can you play (C) You can play (D) You play I can sing, but I _____________ play a musical instrument. (A) canot (B) no can (C) cant (D) can Many of my friends play music _____________. (A) beauty (B) beautifully (C) beautifuly (D) beautiful Do they _____________ play the guitar? (A) can (B) cannot (C) know how to (C) cant My friend, Simon, plays _____________. (A) professional guitar (B) professionally guitar (C) guitar professional (D) guitar professionally He _____________ every day. In fact, he _____________ right now. (A) is practicingpractices (B) practicesis practicing (C) practiceis practicing (D) practicespracticing Where _____________? (A) does he practicing (C) does he (B) he practices (D) is he practicing
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
He _____________ practices at his mothers house. (A) right now (B) at this moment (C) nowadays (D) usually _____________ he lays in an elegant bar. (A) Now (B) Tonight (C) At this moment (D) Every weekend Simon _____________ to play Spanish guitar music. (A) is preferring (B) prefer (C) prefers (D) is prefers Now he _____________ on some new songs. (A) is working (B) will work (C) works (D) working
9.
10.
11.
12. Right now he is playing guitar at the bar on the weekends, but he _____________ guitar at the bar during the week. (A) s not playing (B) is playing (C) are not playing (D) plays 13. _____________ his job? Yes, he _____________. (A) Does he enjoyis (B) Is he enjoyingis (C) Are we enjoyingare (D) very welllate
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14.
His boss pays him _____________, but he must work _____________. (A) very goodlately (B) well verylate (C) very goodlate (D) very welllate Thats great. He can enjoy his work _____________ a lot of money. (A) and make (B) but can make (C) but cant make (D) and cannot make
15.
Identify the one word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Were going to the beach. Can Ellen come? Does she can swim? A B C D Ellen is afraid of water, but this week she are bravely learning how to swim. A B C D Where is she taking lessons? At the pool; she is going there every day. A B C D Every morning, she walks to the pool. She timidly puts her toe into the water. A B C D At first, she is hating the water, but once she jumps in, she splashes happily. A B C D She can no swim perfectly, but she is learning quickly. A B C D She knows how to breathe. Now she is learning how to breathe when she is swimming. A B C D She can goes to the beach, but please watch her carefully. A B C D She cannot swim good. She needs someone near her when she is swimming. A B C D We always stay in shallow water and we always are watching little children very carefully. A B C D Can your brother makes model airplanes? Yes, this week he is building a new model. A B C D He can put the pieces together, and he cant paint the model by himself. He needs help. A B C D You will send these tasks to your tutor for assessment.
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READING DIGEST 1 Exercise 1.2 Suggested answers 1. b) and d) 2. a), c), e) and f) 3. 'He opened his eyes wide' suggests anger in Chinese but surprise in English. 4. Because some people are more sensitive/more emotional themselves/more observant. 5. People want to show they are interested but give the impression they don't care. 6. We communicate our feelings through sounds we can make, e.g. exclamations of surprise. Exercise 1.3 1. C; 2. B; 3. C; 4. D; 5. A; 6. A; 7. B; 8. C; 9. A; 10. C; 11. C; 12. D; 13. B; 14. A; 15. D; 16. B; 17; C; 18. A; 19. D; 20. D. Exercise 1.4 A. 1. pleasure; 2. happiness; 3. boredom; 4. bitterness; 5. excitement; 6. embarrassing; 7. surprised; 8. painful; 9. enjoyable; 10. pleasant. B. 1. of; 2. with; 3. with; 4. about; 5. in/with; 6. in; 7. at/by; 8. by; 9. to. C. 1. ashamed; 2. delight; 3. frighten; 4. bored; 5. boring; 6. funny; 7. disgusting; 8. humorous; 9. doubt; 10. surprise. D. 1. make; 2. give; 3. bring; 4. cause. Exercise 1.5 A. a) gets down; b) get by; c) gets on; d) gets out of; e) get over; f) gets round to 1. d); 2. f); 3. a); 4. c); 5. b); 6. e) B. 1. round to; 2. over; 3. out of; 4. by; 5. down; 6. on with. GRAMMAR DIGEST 1 Exercise 1.1 1. flowers; fresh flowers; 2. a new house; 3. jewelry; 4. a doll collection; ten different dolls; 5. beautiful pictures; 6. classical music; Mozart; 7. birthdays. Exercise 1.2 1. (a) She; (b) She; (c) them; (d) They; (e) them; (f) us. 2. (a) They; (b) they; (c) it; (d) them; (e) her; (f) him. 3. (a) I; (b) it; (c) It; (d) me. Exercise 1.3 (2) She sees him...; (3) ... invites him to dinner; (4) ... with him; (5) ... loves her; (6) ... about her ...; (7) ... tell him about Jim; (8) ... leave him; (9) ... hurt them; (10) ... loves me and I love him; (11) ... like him. Exercise 1.4 1. sell tham good cars; 2. write them once a week; 3. send us a very small bill; 4. buy her a diamund ring; 5. tell her the truth; 6. read to them every night; 7. give her my homework on time; 8. lend you money. Exercise 1.5 2. The father gives his friend cigars. 3. The parents send birth announcements to their friends and family. 4. Friends and family buy the baby gifts. 5. Grandmothers make sweaters for the new baby. 6. Grandfathers make toys for the baby. 7. The parents give the child everything. 8. The man sometimes gives a diamond ring to the woman.
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9. Friends have an engagement party for the couple. 10. Friends give the woman gifts at the party. 11. Guests give gifts to the couple at the wedding. 12. People send the family some flowers. / Some people send the family flowers. 13. People send special cards to the family. 14. Some people give money to charities. 15. Some people bring food for the family. Exercise 1.6 1. ... give a present to three of my co-workers.; 2. I usualy give them tickets...; 3. I tell jokes to my ...; 4. I sometimes send her home ...; 5. She teaches English to my ...; 6. I usually read her Cinderella.; 7. I need to mail the applications to the ...; 8. I usually buy him compact discs. Exercise 1.7 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10.b. Exercise 1.8 1. Both are possible; 2. Only Pattern A; 3. Only Pattern A; 4. Only A; 4. Both are possible; 6. Only A; 7. Only A; 8. Both are possible; 9. Both are possible; 10. Only A; 11. Only A; 12. Only A. Exercise 1.9 1. he; 2. He; 3. him; 4. he; 5. her; 6. She; 7. She; 8. him; 9. me; 10. I; 11. I; 12. me; 13. me; 14. me; 15. me. Exercise 1.10 I dont feel mad at my family any more. I want them to feel happy. I have to do something for them. I go outside and pick some beautiful flowers. I give them to my brother, mother, and father. My brother smiles at me. My mother gives me a kiss. I give her a hug. My father smiles at me too. I give him a hug also. My family is laughing. I really like them when they are happy. Ruff is happy too; my brother is petting him. He finds some milk on the floor and licks it up. When you are happy, everyone is happy with you. Exercise 1.11 Pete gives: 1. the neighbours a screwdriver set.; 2. a hairbrush to Cecilia.; 3. the mail carrier a dog repellant.; 4. the hairbrush to his girlfriend.; 5. the dictionary to his secretary.; 6. a flashlight to his dad.; 7. the dishtowels to his mom.; 8. car wax to Angela and Bob.; 9. a dictionary to his secretary.; 10. the screwdriver set the neighbours. Exercise 1.12 Sentences will vary. Exercise 1.13 1. Lea; Kim handed her his calculator.; 2. Kim; Lea introduced him to ...; 3. Mr. Dickens; Lea showed him her essay.; 4. Lea; Kim taught it to her.; 5. Kim; Aunt Cain offered him help.; 6. the counselor and me; Kim sent a thank you note to us.; 7. Kim; I repeated what Kims mom said to him.; 8. Kim; She explained the problem to him.; 9. my sons; I read them the book. READING DIGEST 2 Exercise 2.2 1. D; 2. C; 3. B; 4. A. Exercise 2.3 1. memory; 2. recall/remember; 3. remind; 4. remember; 5. remind; 6. memories. Exercise 2.4 A. 1. on; 2. in; 3. by; 4. to; 5. under; 6. to; 7. of; 8. in; 9. with; 10. In ... to. B. 1. apparently; 2. memory; 3. injury; 4. concentration; 5. forgetful; 6 Luckily; 7. recovery; 8. satisfactory; 9. specialist; 10. thankful.
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C. 1. hurt; 2. damage; 3. spoil/be ruined; 4. injure; 5. harm; 6 ruin/spoil. Exercise 2.5 A. 1. a place where you can park for a short time only 2. a place where you can park for a long time if you wish 3. someone who cannot see things at a distance 4. a runner who takes part in races over long distances 5. a speech which is tiresomely long 6. a politician who is not extreme in his views B. 1. a long-sighted person; 2. a short-term loan; 3. a long-term loan; 4. a middle-class person; 5. a middle-aged person; 6. a short-sleeved shirt; 7. a three-legged dog; 8. a medium-sized house. Exercise 2.6 1. C; 2. A; 3. B; 4. B; 5. A; 6. D; 7. D; 8. D; 9. B; 10. C; 11. A; 12. B; 13. A; 14. D; 15. D; 16. C; 17. B; 18. A; 19. C; 20. D. Exercise 2.7 Suggested answers. 1. It was very nice of you to send me that lovely book for my birthday. 2. I have not had time to read much (of it) but it seems very interesting. 3. Since the accident I have had some problems with my memory but now I'm beginning to feel almost normal again. 4. I still have some scars on my face but they are not as bad as before. 5. My daughter Sarah is doing very well at school and hopes/is hoping to go to university next year. 6. How are you and your family? 7. I hope to hear from you soon. Thanks again for the wonderful book and give my love to everybody. Exercise 2.8 A. 1. to; 2. would; 3. sense; 4. short; 5. dead; 6. seem/appear; 7. losing; 8. capable; 9. possible/so; 10. answer; 11. single; 12. consists; 13. purposes; 14. ways; 15. split/divided; 16. In; 17. have; 18. wrong; 19. more; 20. had. GRAMMAR DIGEST 2 Exercise 2.1 Answers may vary. Exercise 2.2 Each question should begin with Can and aswers will vary. Exercise 2.3 All answers should follow the examples given, namely, in the first point (a) insert can in the place of the slash (Who can cook?) and in the second point (b) insert can you in place of the slash ( What can you cook?). Exercise 2.4 Learned abilities: speaking English; riding a bike; flying an airplane; reading; swimming; writing. Exercise 2.5 1. A blind person cant see. 2. A dog cant live for twenty-five years. 3. Infants cant walk. / dont know how to walk. 4. A deaf person cant hear. 5. Fish cant breathe on land. 6. Mechanics can fix cars. / know how to fix cars.
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7. Men can take care of babies. / know how to take care of babies. 8. A man cant have a baby. 9. Doctors can cure some diseases. / know how to cure some diseases. Exercise 2.6 (3) cant / are not able to; (4) cant / am not able to; (5) cant / am not able to; (6) cant / am not able to; (7) cant / am not able to; (8) cant / am not able to; (9) can; (10) cant / isnt able to; (11) cant / isnt able to; (12) can / are able to; (13) cant / am not able to; (14) can / am able to. Exercise 2.7 It is recommended that you use either can or be able to in making the questions. Exercise 2.8 Answers may vary. Exercise 2.9 1. (b) so; (c) so; (d) and; (e) but; (f) so. 2. (a) and; (b) but; (c) but; (d) and; (e) so). 3. (a) but; (b) so. Exercise 2.10 Answers will vary. Exercise 2.11 Sentences will vary. 2. Andy can float but he cant dive. 3. Andy can paint and draw. 4. Andy cant make jewelry. 5. Andy can ice skate but he cant ski. 6. Andy can ride a sled but he cant ski. 7. Andy can fix a flat tire, but he cant repair the engine. 8. Andy can driva a car but he cant fix the engine. 9. Andy can wash clothes, but he cant sew. 10. Ali cant sew but he can iron. Exercise 2.12 Correct sentences: 3 and 5. READING DIGEST 3 Exercise 3.2 1.C; 2. D; 3. C; 4. B; 5. A. Exercise 3.3 A. 1. flat; 2. failure; 3. deny; 4. admit; 5. cover up; 6. awake. B. 1. invention; 2. interpretation; 3. solution; 4. imagination; 5. importance; 6. performance; 7. disagreement; 8. knowledge. Exercise 3.4 A. 1. d; 2. f; 3. c; 4. a; 5. e; 6. b. B. 1. into; 2. out of; 3. through; 4. along; 5. over. C. 1. run over; 2. run into; 3. run through; 4. run out of; 5. run along. Exercise 3.5 1.B; 2. A; 3. C; 4. B; 5. D; 6. A; 7. C; 8. C; 9. D; 10. A;
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11. B; 12. A; 13. B; 14. C; 15. D; 16. A; 17. D; 18. B; 19. C; 20. A. GRAMMAR DIGEST 3 Exercise 3.1 is attending; is spending; Hes taking; Hes trying; is going; isnt having; is going vrazy; Hes thinking; Hes learning; Hes beginning. Exercise 3.2 (1) is repairing; (2) is slicing; (3) is wiping; (4) is listening; (5) is thinking; (6) is waiting; (7) is sleeping; (8) is chewing; (9) is playing; (10) is cleaning. Exercise 3.3 1. is biting; 2. am walking; 3. are making; 4. are hurting; 5. is burning; 6. am dying; are killing. Exercise 3.4 1. Robin isnt wearing... / Robins not wearing...; 2. Robins babsitter isnt coming... / Robins babysitters not coming...; 3. ... arent getting ... / ... are not getting ...; 4. Regis isnt relaxing. / Regiss not relaxing...; 5. ... arent listening ... / ... are not listening ...; 6. Suzy isnt doing ... / Suzys not doing ...; 7. Suzy isnt helping ... / Suzys not helping ...; 8. Regis isnt paying ... / Regiss not paying ...; 9. Regis isnt laughing. / Regiss not laughing.; 10. Regis isnt enjoying ... / Regiss not enjoying ... . Exercise 3.5 1. T/C; 2. P; 3. P; 4. T/C; 5. T/C; 6. P; 7. P; 8. P. Exercise 3.6 Answers will vary. Exercise 3.7 Anwers may vary. Simple Present 2. Robin usually cooks dinner in the evening. 4. Regis usually works. He doesnt usually spend the day at home. 6. The baby and the dog dont usually fight. Present Progressive 3.(c) Tonight, Regis is taking care of the children. 5.(e) This evening, Regis is taking care of the children. 7.(g) Tonight Regis is going crazy. Exercise 3.8 Answers may vary. 1. These days, women are getting ...; 2. Today, fifty ... are working ...; 3. These days, women are earning ...; 4. Today, women are becoming ...; 5. These days, men are sharing work ...; 6. Today, husbands are helping ...; 7. These days, fathers are spending ...; 8. Today, the roles ... are changing. Exercise 3.9 1. (a) need; (b) am watching. 2. (a) doing; (b) am; (c) am trying; (d) is attending; (e) am taking care of. 3. (a) is pulling; (b) am talking; (c) know; (d) comes; (e) are doing. 4. (a) is; (b) am; (c) is happening; (d) are behaving; (e) are acting; (f) yell; (g) am not having; (h) sound. Exercise 3.10 3. Why are Frankie and the dog fighting? 4. Who(m) is Robin meeting at the college? 5. Whats Robin thinking? 6. Why are they eating sandwiches? 7. Who is watching the children? 8. Why is Regis taking aspirin? 9. Where is Robins meeting taking place?
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10. Who is coming home right now? 11. How is Regis feeling? 12. Who is making a lot of noise? Exercise 3.11 1. Frankie and the dog are fighting. 2. He has a new TV. 3. Why are you working today? 4. Do you need my help? 5. What is Robin thinking? 6. Does she believe him? 7. ... he is playing cowboy ... 8. The soup smells bad. 9. Where are you going? 10. People are not saving ... 11. You are working hard ... 12. How are you doing today? Exercise 3.12 1. is eating; 2. is watching; 3. are burrying; 4. is jumping; 5. is buying; 6. is sleeping; 7. is wding; 8. am sliding; 9. are burning; 10. are spilling. 1. Dad is getting a sunburn; 2. Carmens digging in the sand; 3. The swimmers are splashing each other; 4. The girls are burrying Dad; 5. The hot dogs are burning; 6. Inm sliding down the water slide; 7. The lifeguard is blowing his whistle; 8. Dad is lying in the sand; 9. Moms buying food; 10. Jennifers flirting with the lifeguard; 11. Titos eating a hot dog. 1. The family is not having any fun. 2. Dad is not driving carefully. 3. Carmen and Margarita are not sitting still. 4. Mom is not agreeing with Dad. 5. The air conditioning is not working. 6. I am not talking with my family. 7. Traffic is not moving. 8. Jennifer is not smiling. 9. Ricky is not sleeping. 10. Dad is not watching the road. Exercise 3.13 Sentences may vary. The following are possible answers. 1. ... but today Im at home.; 2. My Dad is usually at home, but ...; 3. ... but shes making them today.; 4. My sister is often at her boyfriends house, but ...; 5. ... but now hes awake and playing.; 6. My brother Tito is watching television all the time, but ...; 7. My sisters dont argue much, but ...; 8. ... but at the moment shes baking cookies.; 9. ... but now hes putting on the Christmas lights.; 10. ... but today hes eating a lot of cookies. Exercise 3.14 Questions and asnwers will vary. READING DIGEST 4 Exercise 4.2 1. C; 2. A; 3. C; 4. D.
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Exercise 4.3 1. speak; 2. say; 3. talk; 4. tell; 5. speak/talk; 6. tell; 7. speak; 8. say. Exercise 4.4 A. 1. communication (noun); 2. apparently (adverb); 3. intelligence (noun); 4. astonishment (noun); 5. development (noun); 6. corrections; 7. refusal (noun); 8. angrily (adverb) B. 1. b); 2. d); 3. f); 4. h); 5. h). Exercise 4.5 A. 1. e); 2. f); 3. d); 4. c). Rephrasing: a) Sound in general travels very fast through water in general. b) A particular kind of sound (which has been mentioned) travels very fast through a particular area of water. B. 1. a) Tom; b) Dick. 2. a) Jack Ruby; b) Kennedy. C. 1. Who broke the window? 2. Who always leaves the door open? 3. Who did Cleopatra love? 4. Who does the teacher work for? 5. Who likes doing exercises like these? Exercise 4.6 1. The sound on your television set is very loud. 2. Do you enjoy listening to classical music? 3. Do you like the music of Beethoven and Mozart? 4. The love of money is often the strongest feeling of all. 5. I am very interested in science. 6. I am particularly interested in the science of marine biology. 7. I do not like the food in this restaurant. 8. Everybody needs food in order to live. Exercise 4.7 A. 1. agree (verb); 2. agreement (noun); 3. mean (verb); 4. meaning (noun); 5. live (verb); 6. life (noun); 7. arrive (verb); 8. arrival (noun); 9. astonish (verb); 10. collect (verb); 11. collect (verb); 12. collection (noun). B. a) employ employment; retire retirement; content contentment. perform performance; avoid avoidance; rehearse rehearsal; propose proposal. permit permission; reduce reduction; prefer preference; correspond correspondence. depend dependency; urge urgency. b) tell - tale (vowel change); grieve - grief (consonant change); prove - proof (consonant change). c) house/z/ - house/s/. d) re'ject -'reject (stress shift and vowel change). e) cut cut. C. suggest suggestion explain explanation
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D.
satisfy permit interfere appear encourage deliver see breathe give export prove practise advise
satisfaction permission interference appearance encouragement delivery sight breath gift export proof practice advice
add - addition confess confession inflate - inflation divide - division impress impression suspect - suspicion persuade - persuasion possess possession pollute - pollution Exercise 4.8 1. besides; 2. which/that; 3. go; 4. distances; 5. contained; 6. number/amount; 7. other; 8. seems/appears; 9. hear; 10. branches; 11. capable; 12. make/use; 13. such; 14. learned; 15. who; 16. got; 17. meant; 18. been; 19. mistakes; 20. correcting. GRAMMAR DIGEST 4 Exercise 4.1 1. The man (in the suit and tie) is the school principal. 2. The man (with the books and microscope) is the science teacher. 3. The woman (in the white coat) is the school nurse. 4. The woman (with the whistle) is the girls basketball coach. 5. The man (with the white hat) works in the school cafeteria. 6. The woman (with the easel and paints) is the art teacher. Exercise 4.2 The adjective phrases are: 2. on the skateboard; 3. at the stop light; 4. on the highway; 5. with the red light on top; 6. with the squeaky wheel; 7. parked at the grocery store; 8. with the ladder; 9. with the woman driver; 10. with a dent; 11. with the chauffeur. Exercise 4.3 2. The boy in/with the striped shirt and black pants is throwing ... 3. The girls near the window are waving to ... 4. The boy in the baseball uniform is standing on ... 5. The boys in the back of the room are fighting ... 6. The boy in the corner is reading. 7. The girl in hte closet is crying. 8. The girl with the Walkman is singing. 9. The man with the rope around him is the new teacher. 10. The man in the suit and tie is the school principal. Exercise 4.4 1. Which skirt does Cheryl want to get? 2. Which shoes does Rachel like? 3. Which earrings does Rachel prefer?
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4. Which sweater does Cheryl want to buy? 5. Which skirt does Cheryl like? 6. Which earrings does Cheryl prefer? 7. Which blouse does Rachel like? 8. Which sweater does Rachel want to buy? 9. Which shoes does Cheryl want to buy? Exercise 4.5 (1) another; (2) others; (3) other; (4) others; (5) the other; (6) the other; (7) others; (8) the others; (9) another; (10) the other; (11) other; (12) another. Exercise 4.6 1. (a) another; (b) other; (c) the others; (d) another. 2. (a) the other; (b) another. 3. (a) the other; (b) the other; (c) The others; (d) other; (e) other; (f) other. Exercise 4.7 1. Spaghetti; 2. Coffee; 3. A toaster; 4. Ice; 5. An elevator; 6. A credit card; 7. Chocolate; 8. Snow. Exercise 4.8 Answers may vary. 2. very (only very can be used here); 3. very/rather/quite; 4. very/rather/quite; 5. very/rather/fairly; 6. very (only very can be used here); 7. very/rather/quite; 8. very/rather/quite; 9. very/rather/quite; 10. very/rather/quite; 11. very/rather/quite. Exercise 4.9 Answers may vary. Exercise 4.10 Answers may vary depending on students beliefs. Exercise 4.11 1. were; 2. was; 3. were; 4. was; 5. were; 6. was; 7. was; 8. was. Exercise 4.12 1. were; 2. was; 3. was; 4. were; 5. were; 6. was; 7. were; 8. was; 9. were; 10. was; 11. was. Exercise 4.13 was; was; were; were; were; were; was; was; was; was; was; was; were; were; were. Exercise 4.14 (2) was; (3) wasnt; (4) was; (5) were; (6) was; (7) wasnt; (8) was; (9) wasnt; (10) was; (11) werent; (12) were; (13) were; (14) werent; (15) were. Exercise 4.15 Answers may vary. 1. It was cold. / It wasnt warm. / It was rainy / wet / windy. / It wasnt sunny. / It was terrible. 2. It was small and expensive. / The waiters were polite and friendly. / The waiters were rude. / The food was delicious / terrible. / The service was slow / good. 3. They were interesting. / They were polite / friendly. / They were charming and wonderful. Exercise 4.16 Answers will vary. Exercise 4.17 1. The story wasnt about two good sisters. 2. The maidens clothes werent new. 3. There wasnt any princess in the story. 4. The maiden wasnt unhappy at the end of the story. 5. The story wasnt sad at the end. Exercise 4.18 1. Were there three sisters in the story? 2. Were the maidens sisters rich?
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3. Were the sisters jealous and mean? 4. Were the maidens clothes new? 5. Was Strong Wind a powerful warrior? 6. Were the maidens sisters honest? 7. Was the maiden honest? 8. Were the maidens sisters married in the end? 9. Was the ending happy? Exercise 4.19 1. Was there; 2. there was; 3. Were there; 4. there werent; 5. Was there; 6. Were there; 7. There was; 8. there were. Exercise 4.20 1. Where were; 2. Who(m) were; 3. How was; 4. Why were; 5. How were; 6. What were. Exercise 4.21 1. Were Indira Gandhi and Golda Meir Prime Minister? 2. The Beatles werent fashion designers. 3. Was the weather hot at Disneyworld last week? 4. Was the earthquake in Japan in 1996? 5. Why were the people on Mount Everest? 6. Was the service good at the restaurant? 7. There werent any dates in the document. 8. How was the trip to Disneyworld? Exercise 4.22 Answers will vary. Exercise 4.23 Answers may vary. READING DIGEST 5 Exercise 5.2 1. D; 2. H; 3. A; 4. C; 5. G; 6. 13. Exercise 5.3 1. maintain; 2. modifications; 3. persecution; 4. descendant; 5. conceal; 6. distrust of; 7. reveal; 8. reference to. Exercise 5.4 1. racing; 2. long; 3. to attend; 4. to pick up; 5. to move on; 6. to work; 7. customs; 8. the saying; 9. gypsy. Exercise 5.5 1. central; 2. civilisation; 3. leaders; 4. solely; 5. cultivation. Exercise 5.6 1. conceal; 2. deal; 3. attend; 4. trailers. Exercise 5.7 1. C; 2. A; 3. C; 4. A; 5. C; 6. D. Exercise 5.8 a) 1. civilisation; 2. culture; 3. custom; 4. tradition. b) 1. race; 2. match; 3. game; 4. contest. c) 1. event; 2. incident; 3. occasion; 4. episode. d) 1. fair; 2. gala; 3. festival; 4. bazaar. Exercise 5.9 1. off; 2. by/round; 3. across; 4. by; 5. down with; 6. into; 7. up with; 8. out.
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Exercise 5.10 1. as, as, like; 2. like, as; 3. as, as, as; 4. as, as, as; 5. like, as, like; 6. As, like, like; 7. as, like, as; 8. as, as, like. GRAMMAR DIGEST 5 Exercise 5.2 1. False; 2. True; 3. True; 4. True; 5. True; 6. False. Exercise 5.3 enjoyed; liked; failed; started; lughed; wanted; asked. Exercise 5.4 1. enjoyed; 2. used; 3. helped; 4. studied; 5. learned; 6. discussed; 7. played; 8. registered; 9. loved; 10. stopped; 11. cried; 12. occured; 13. disappeared. Exercise 5.5 2. worked /t/; 3. finished /t/; 4. called /d/ ; 5. answered /d/; 6. remembered /d/; 7. talked /t/; 8. hated /id/; 9. decided /id/; 10. rolled /d/; 11. waited /id/; 12. landed /id/; 13. yelled /d/; 14. asked /t/; 15. pointed /id/; 16. trusted /id/; 17. punished /t/. Exercise 5.6 (2) believed; (3) locked; (4) remembered; (5) looked; (6) noticed; (7) asked; (8) discussed; (9) confessed; (10) typed; (11) signed; (12) fired. Exercise 5.7 was; began; brought; wasnt; got; felt; heard; were not able; was; was; was; said. Exercise 5.8 2. found; 3. ate; 4. went; 5. took; 6. stood; 7. spent; 8. bought; 9. saw; 10. met; 11. spoke; 12. thought. Exercise 5.9 2. lost, went; 3. got, broke; 4. paid, drove; 5. left, got; 6. threw, stole; 7. bought; 8. went; 9. fell, hurt; 10. broke; 11. caught; 12. ate; 13. woke; 14. took, left. Exercise 5.10 1. on; 2. at, in; 3. two days ago; 4. on Sunday / two days ago; 5. Last; 6. ago. Exercise 5.11 Answers will vary. Exercise 5.12 1. The other students didnt like ... 2. The teacher trusted ... 3. The students tried to ... 4. ... Benny didnt succeed. 5. Lisa and Kate didnt lose ... 6. ... camera didnt break. 7. ... didnt get stuck ... 8. ... enjoyed their ... 9. Harry didnt notice ... 10. Ms. Ditto didnt sign ... 11. Harry stole ... 12. ... didnt believe ... 13. ... didnt spend ... 14. ... didnt visit ... 15. ... didnt enjoy ... Exercise 5.13 1. Where did Jerry go on vacation? 2. When did Jerry go on vacation? 3. How long ago did he leave home? 4. Why did Jerrys ship sink?
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5. What did Jerry do after the ship sank? 6. Who(m) did Jerry meet on the island? 7. How did Jerry build the boat? 8. What did Jerry put on the boat? 9. How did Jerry feel when he finished the boat? 10. How did the story end? Exercise 5. 14 1. Who(m) did the students love? 2. What did Ms. Ditto use in her classes? 3. Who(m) did Harry want to hurt? 4. Who got hurt in the end? 5. Who found the note? 6. Who fired Harry? 7. What did Harry steal? 8. Who(m) did the Director fire? 9. What was the moral of the story? Exercise 5.15 1. This morning I woke up early. 2. I saw him last night. 3. Harry didnt feel sad. 4. They didnt meet the Mayor of New York. 5. What did Harry want? 6. Harry didnt notice his mistakes. 7. Who signed the note? 8. What did the Director do? 9. What happened to Harry? 10. Where did Lisa and Kate go on vacation? 11. Who went with Lisa to New York? 12. How did Jerry build a boat? 13. They didnt have dinner in a Greek restaurant. 14. Who(m) did the teacher trust in the Benny story? 15. The ship sank a long time ago. Exercise 5.16 Group I /t/: discussed, asked, walked, fixed, locked, worked, typed, talked, polished, baked, washed, brushed, bounced, jumped, tripped, skipped, hopped, kissed. Group II /d/: learned, studied, answered, listened, named, remembered, delivered, filed, vacuumed, ironed, changed, cleaned, scrubbed, plyed, enjoyed, climbed. Group III /id/: corrected, printed, started, pointed, dusted, skated. Exercise 5.17 1. David trimmed the hedges, mowed the grassed and set up the presidents party yesterday. / Yesterday, ... 2. David raked the leaves, mowed the grass, planted flowers, and repaired the spinklers last week. / Last week, David ... 3. David raked the leaves two days ago. / Two days ago, David ... 4. David cheked his tools on Monday. / On Monday, David ... 5. David trimmed the hedges yesterday morning. / Yesterday morning, David ... 6. David set up for the presidents party last night. / Last night, David ... 7. David raked the leaves the day before yesterday. / The day before yesterday, David ... 8. David trimmed the hedges two weeks ago. / Two weeks ago, David ... 9. David repaired the sprinklers last Friday. / Last Friday, David ...
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10. David mowed the grass yesterday afternoon. / Yesterday afternoon, David ... Exercise 5.18 Answers will vary. READING DIGEST 6 Exercise 6.2 1. B; 2. B; 3. A; 4. D; 5. C; 6. B; 7. C. Exercise 6.3 1. armbands; 2. bullied; 3. leaflet; 4. drowned; 5. subconscious; 6. float; 7. instructor; 8. defeated; 9. achieved; 10. inspired; Exercise 6.4 1. fully grown; 2. deeply; 3. to enrol; 4. birthday; 5. my heart; 6. to give; 7. to book; 8. to want; 9. panic; 10. to shake; 11. to overcome; 12. out of. Exercise 6.5 1. aback; 2. after; 3. in; 4. for; 5. off; 6. on; 7. over; 8. up. Exercise 6.6 1. frightening; 2. courageous; 3. difficulty; 4. instructor; 5. knowledgeable; 6. naturally; 7. undoubtedly; 8. rewarding. Exercise 6.7 a) 1. professor; 2. instructor; 3. teacher; 4. trainer; 5. coach. b) 1. enrolled; 2. registered; 3. subscribed; 4. enlisted; 5. recruited; 6. recorded. Exercise 6.8 1. black and blue; 2. once in a blue moon; 3. out of the blue; 4. scream blue murder; 5. the blues. Exercise 6.9 1. swim; 2. relax; 3. swimming pool; 4. float; 5. splashing; 6. breast-stroke; 7. back-stroke; 8. goggles; 9. flippers; 10. diving; 11. diving board; 12. lifeguard. Exercise 6.10 1. when, has finished; 2. if, have; 3. if, will phone; 4. When, will you help; 5. If, will meet. GRAMMAR DIGEST 6 Exercise 6.1 Part B A. Guilty in Gainesville; B. Bored in Boston; C. Supermom in Seattle. Exercise 6.2 themselves; yourself; yourself; others; you; each other; yourself; yourself. Exercise 6.3 Part A First letter: I; myself. Second letter: I; myself. Third letter: No reflexive pronouns. Part B A. yourself. B. yourselves. C. You; yourself; yourself; yourself; yourself. Exercise 6.4 1. yourself. 2. (a) ourselves; (b) themselves. 3. yourself. 4. himself. 5. herself. 6. (a) yourselves; (b) yourselves.
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7. yourself. Exercise 6.5 2. each other; 3. each other; 4. each other; 5. himself/herself; 6. each other; 7. himself/herself; 8. themselves; 9. each other; 10. each other; 11. themselves; 12. himself/herself. Exercise 6.6 (1) My; (2) He; (3) himself; (4) himself; (5) He; (6) himself; (7) me; (8) me; (9) his; (10) his; (11) his; (12) you; (13) Your; (14) you; (15) him; (16) him; (17) yourself. Exercise 6.7 1. I husrt myself. 2. Theyre looking at themselves ... 3. I shave every morning. 4. ... We write to each other every month. 5. We enjoyed ourselves at the circus. 6. ... They blamed each other for the accident. 7. He did it himself. Exercise 6.8 (1) myself; (2) yourself; (3) itself; (4) myself; (5) themselves; (6) himself; (7) yourselves; (8) themselves; (9)themselves; (10) ourselves; (11) ourselves; (12) myself. Exercise 6.9 myself; X; X; ourselves; themselves; X. Exercise 6.10 2. stand up; 3. put on; 4. take out; 5. slow down; 6. ask for; 7. sit down; 8. call up. Exercise 6.11 2. come in enter; 3. fill ou complete; 4. hand out distribute; 5. call up telephone; 6. come back return; 7. turn down lower; 8. turn up raise; 9. take off remove; 10. hold on wait. Exericse 6.12 (1) pick up; (2) turn off; (3) Put away; (4) Throw away; (5) turn on. Exercise 6.13 2. (b) hand these uniforms out; (c) hand them out. 3. (b) put your new Army clothes on; (c) put them on. 4. (b) turn that radio down; (c)turn it down. 5. (b) put your old clothes away; (c) put them away. 6. (b) throw that junk food from home out; (c) throw it out. 7. (b) clean this mess up; (c) clean it up. 8. (b) turn the lights off; (c) turn them off. Exercise 6.14 1. (a) fill out; (b) fill it out. 2. (a) throw out; (b) throwing them out. 3. (a) pick up; (b) pick it up. 4. (a) hand out; (b) hand them out. 5. (a) cheer up; (b) cheer her up. Exercise 6.15 1. broke down; 2. come back; 3. Stand up; 4. grow up; 5. come in; 6. eat out; 7. show up; 8. sit down. Exercise 6.16 (1) broke down; (2) calmed down; (3) turned on; (4) look up; (5) got out of; (6) figure out; (7) fill up; (8) woke up; (9) turned on.
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READING DIGEST 7 Exercise 7.2 1. F; 2. A; 3. H; 4. C; 5. G; 6. B. Exercise 7.3 A. continent = area of land made up of various countries, e.g. Europe. factors = reasons for a decision or action. widespread = occurring in a lot of places. forestry = the study and practice of planting, caring for and managing forests. ignoring = not paying attention to. timber = wood for commercial use. ecological balance = perfect state of nature. substantial = vast. safeguards = defences. B. 1. backyard; 2. wide-ranging; 3. woodland; 4. put forward; 5. discoloration; 6. condemned; 7. experts; 8. commitments; 9. reductions; 10. responded. Exercise 7.4 A. 1. Conservationists; 2. endangered; 3. Environmental; 4. destruction; 5. survival; 6. alarming; 7. Ecologists; 8. reduction; 9. protection; 10. hopefully. B. Because of freak weather conditions, fire and acid rain that destroy woodlands and forests.
1. A; 2. D; 3. A; 4. D; 5. C; 6. C.
Exercise 7.5
Exercise 7.6 1. severe; 2. to reach; 3. detailed; 4. to produce; 5. forestry; 6. ecological; 7. substantial; 8. there is a need; 9. tropical. Exercise 7.7 1. sign of the times; 2. backbreaking; 3. backup; 4. shows signs of; 5. sign language; 6. backbone. Exercise 7.8 1. even; 2. very; 3. very; 4. too; 5. very; 6. much; 7. most; 8. further; 9. very; 10. far; 11. further; 12. most; 13. a bit; 14. any. GRAMMAR DIGEST 7 Exercise 7.1 Answers will depend on the students personal views of the future. Exercise 7.2 isnt going to; is going to; isnt going to; is going to; is going to; are going to; are going to; are goint to; is going to; am not going to; is going to; isnt going to; is going to.
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Exercise 7.3 (2) What are you going to do there? (3) Who(m) are you going to stay with? (4) How long are you going to stay? (5) How are you going to go/get there? (6) Are you going to come back to your job? Exercise 7.4 Answers may vary. Exercise 7.5 2. for; 3. on; 4. until; 5. in; 6. until; 7. At; 8. for; 9. on. Exercise 7.6 2. on April 19 / next week / next Friday / a week from Friday. 3. tomorrow / on Thursday / this Thursday / on April 11. 4. on April 12 / in two days / this Friday / on Friday. 5. on April 18 / next week / next Thursday / a week from Thursday. 6. on April 16 / next week / next Tuesday. 7. next month / on May 6 / in five weeks. 8. on June 10 / in two months. 9. in 2015 / in _____ years. 10. in 2020 / in _____ years. Exercise 7.7 (1) are going to; (2) am not going to; (3) will; (4) are going to; (5) are going to; (6) are going to; (7) are you going; (8) am going to; (9) are you going to; (10) am going to; (11) wont; (12) am going to; (13) wont; (14) will. Exercise 7.8 1. (a) may / might not; (b) may / might not. 2. (a) may / might; (b) may / might not; (c) may / might. 3. (a) may / might; (b) may / might. 4. (a) may / might; (b) may / might not; (c) may / might. Exercise 7.9 Statements will very depending on the students points of view. Exercise 7.10 1. When will Alberta win ... 2. Where will Grace open ... 3. Will Clara become ... 4. Why will Cull ... 5. Where will Brian ... 6. How long will it take Con ... 7. Where will Dan ... 8. Who will discover ...
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Exercise 7.11 2. How well do you swim? 3. How well do you kayak? 4. How long have you been kayaking? 5. How often do you plan to kayak? 6. How far do you want to kayak? 7. How far do you live from here? 8. How long a membership are you interested in? 9. How do you want to pay for your membership? 10. How old is your daughter? 11. How well does your daughter swim? 12. How well does she kayak? 13. How long has she been kayaking? 14. How often does she plan to kayak? 15. How far does she plan to kayak?
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CONF. DR. ANCA CEHAN CONF. DR.

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

EXCITE EMBARRASS SURPRISE PAIN ENJOY PLEASE

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

direct object presents presents them a party a party it

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

indirect object their friends them my friends them

give write show tell

ENGAGEMENT/MARRIAGE: When a couple gets engaged or married

12. 13. 14. 15.

What do you usually give your father? (a good book)

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

explanations Many verbs follow both Pattern A and B.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

READING DIGEST 2 MYSTERIES OF MEMORY

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

GRAMMAR DIGEST 2 CAN, KNOW HOW TO, BE ABLE TO, AND/BUT/SO/OR

2. women/be good soldiers 3. a man/be a good nurse 4. me/raise children

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

5. women/be police officers

6. a woman/be a construction worker 7. a man/work as a housekeeper

8. a woman/be President of a country 9. a man/work as a baby sitter

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

Women ca be police officers.

reading seeing crying tasting swimming writing

A blind person/see __________________________________________________________________ A dog/live for twenty-five years __________________________________________________________________

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

Cant dive make jewelry ski repair the engine sew

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

READING DIGEST 3 SECRET MESSAGES TO OURSELVES

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

1. resemble 4. leave the ground

GRAMMAR DIGEST 3 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

VERBS ENDING IN ING

NOTE*: There is no standard English contraction with I am not.

Robin/wear comfortable shoes today. ______________________________ Robins babysitter/come today. ______________________________

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

These days, he is jogging more often. He is jogging right now.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ FOCUS 5 VERBS NOT USUALLY USED IN THE PROGRESSIVE

(like, love, hate, prefer, want, need)

Yes, Yes, Yes, Yes,

you I he she it we you they

you Im he she it we you they

arent. not. isnt arent.

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

Suzy is watching television.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

ANCA CEHAN TEFAN COLIBABA

What Potato Salad Drinks Fresh Fruit Cake Chips

How Car Train Plane Car Bus

A blind person/see A dog/live for twenty-five years

Robin/wear comfortable shoes today. Robins babysitter/come today.

FOCUS 5 VERBS NOT USUALLY USED IN THE PROGRESSIVE