Vibrations 7

Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr.
#7
Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.
Mass-Spring System
I- Objectives:
1) To determine the stiffness of a helical spring using two methods; -Deflection curve and Hooks Law. -Time measurements. Then to compare their results with the analytical value. 2) To find the effective mass of the spring that has been used. 3) To evaluate the gravitational acceleration constant g. 4) To estimate the value of the modulus of rigidity G for the material of the helical spring, and compare it with the standard value for steel.
II- System Description:

The spring-mass system in Figure-7.1 shows an extension linear helical spring with an initial free length Li, effective mass mS, supported vertically from one of its ends; while the other end is free to elongate and attached to a load-carrier of (mC = 1.47 kg) mass. The free length of the spring loaded with the load carrier alone is Lo. Disks each of (md = 0.4 kg) mass are added to the carrier gradually, and each loading state causes the spring to elongate by the distance from its unloaded length Lo to get a total length of L.
Spring ms
Lo L
Disk md
Load-Carrier mc
Y
Figure-7.1 General layout of the experiment set-up
66
Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr. #7
III- Governing Equations:

For the spring-mass system shown in Figure-7.1, in the case of free vibration in the vertical direction Y, the equation of motion of the system is given by:
+ Ky = 0 M y
(1)
where: M is the total mass of the system, and equals to:

M = m + mC + m S
m is the total mass of the disks

m = md
From the equation of motion, we can find that: * Natural frequency= n = * Period of oscillation= =
K M
(2) (3)
m + mC + m S 2 M = 2 = 2 n K K
For the linear spring following Hooks law, then:

FS = K
(4)
But for the present system, the spring force FS is also given by:
FS = mg
(5)
Combine eqns-4 & 5, to get:
m=
K g
(6)
For a helical spring, the stiffness is expressed analytically as:

K= Gd 4 8 ND 3
(7)
IV- Experimental Procedures:

67
1) Hang the spring vertically with the load carrier attached to its end, and then measure the total length of the spring Lo. (This length is not the initial free length of the spring Li) 2) Add one disk to the carrier (m = md), and measure the total length of the spring after elongation L. 3) With this loading, stretch the spring downward, then leave it to oscillate freely and record the time needed to complete ten oscillations T. 4) Add another disk so that (m = 2md), and repeat steps-2 & 3. 5) Continue by adding a disk each time for total ten disks (m = 10md), and each time measure the parameters L and T.
V- Collected Data:
Table-7.1 Data collected from the experiment execution
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
m (kg)
L (cm)
T (second)
Table-7.2 Dimensions and parameters of the spring
Parameter N (turns) D (mm) d (mm) Lo (cm)
Value
VI- Data Processing:
68
Square eqn-3, to get:

2 =
4 2 ( m + mC + mS ) K
Draw 2 versus m as shown in Figure-7.2.
1) Slope S1 =
4 2 K
K is determined. 2) Intercept with the vertical axis YInter =

4 2 ( mC + m S ) K
mS is determined. 3) Intercept with the horizontal axis X Inter = ( mC + mS ) mS is verified. From eqn-6:
m= K g
Draw m versus as the Slope S 2 = K g one shown in Figure K is also obtained. 7.3. You get the value:
S1 S 2 = 4 g
2
Multiply the slopes of the previous two steps. Use eqn-7:

K= Gd 8 ND 3
4
g is found, and compared to the standard value. Compare the two experimental values of K obtained before, with this theoretical value. Slope =
32 2 D 3 N , Gd 4
Find K directly.
Square eqn-3, and eliminate K using eqn-7, then:

32 2 D 3 N 2 = Gd 4 ( m + mC + m S )
Using Figure-7.2 of 2 versus m.
Determine G, and compare it with the standard value for steel.
VII- Results:
Table-7.3 Data processing analysis 69
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
m (kg)
(mm)
(second)
2 (second)2
Table-7.4 Data processing results
Spring Stiffness K K (theoretical) = (N/m) From: Slope K (N/m) Figure-3 Figure-4 Spring Effective Mass ms From Figure-7.2: YInter (kg.m/N) XInter (kg) ms (kg) ms (kg) Gravitational Acceleration g S1S2 (sec2/m) g (m/sec2)
Percent Error (% )
From Figures7.2 & 4
Percent Error (% )
From Figure-7.2
Modulus Of Rigidity G Slope (m/N) G (Gpa)
Percent Error (% )
VIII- Discussion And Conclusions:
70
1) What is the physical meaning of the Effective Mass of a spring? Is there an effective mass for Torsion springs?
2) Derive a formula for the effective mass of a linear helical spring ms in terms of its total mass Ms?
3) Use the dimensions of the spring to estimate its volume and total mass (by approximate calculations), and apply in the formula derived above to find its effective mass. Verify your experimental results.
4) In eqn-5
why didnt we equate the spring force FS with the total weight of the system Mg?
FS = mg ,
5) In determining the stiffness of the spring using the deflection curve of Figure7.3, what is the essential implicit assumption that has been made? How could you ensure that you did not violate it in the experiment using your graph?
71

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Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr.

Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.

II- System Description:

Figure-7.1 General layout of the experiment set-up

Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr. #7

Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.

III- Governing Equations:

where: M is the total mass of the system, and equals to:

m is the total mass of the disks

For the linear spring following Hooks law, then:

Combine eqns-4 & 5, to get:

For a helical spring, the stiffness is expressed analytically as:

IV- Experimental Procedures:

Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr. #7

Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.

Table-7.2 Dimensions and parameters of the spring

Parameter N (turns) D (mm) d (mm) Lo (cm)

VI- Data Processing:

Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr. #7

Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.

Square eqn-3, to get:

Draw 2 versus m as shown in Figure-7.2.

K is determined. 2) Intercept with the vertical axis YInter =

Multiply the slopes of the previous two steps. Use eqn-7:

Square eqn-3, and eliminate K using eqn-7, then:

Using Figure-7.2 of 2 versus m.

Determine G, and compare it with the standard value for steel.

Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr. #7

Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.

Table-7.4 Data processing results

From Figures7.2 & 4

Modulus Of Rigidity G Slope (m/N) G (Gpa)

VIII- Discussion And Conclusions:

Mech. Vibrations Lab. Manual, Expr. #7

Dr. M. Dado, Eng. M. Shaban & F. Abu-Farha.

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