Tensile Stress-Strain Relationship For Ferro Cement Structures

Mohammed: Tensile Stress-Strain Relationship For Ferrocement Structures
27

Tensile Stress-Strain Relationship For Ferro cement Structures

Azad A. Mohammed and Dunyazad K. Assi
E-mail : azadkadr@yahoo.com E-mail dunya3s@yahoo.com
College of Engineering , University of Sulaimani

Abstract
Tests on fibrocement discs were carried out to measure tensile stress- strain relationship
including testing wide ranges of matrix strength. Equations were proposed for
calculating tensile strength based on the present test results and other results in the
literature. A trilinear idealized model was proposed for calculating tensile stress strain
response of Ferro cement. The model was found to be accurate especially for higher
strength Ferro cement. Later an analysis was carried out for calculating the load-
deflection relationship of Ferro cement beams based on moment curvature
relationship and bending theory of elastic beam. The analysis which based on the
proposed tensile model was found to be accurate for Ferro cement beams and slab strips
provided that the span / depth ratio less than 22.

KEYWARDS: Analysis, Beam, Elastic, Ferro cement, Flexure, Plastic, Slab, Strain,
Tensile Stress

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Received: 9 1 - 2010 Accepted: 15 6 - 2011

Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.20 No. 2 March 2012

28

1- Introduction

Ferro cement is considered as one of the nonconvential types of reinforced concrete
usually known by its thin section and high tensile strength to weight ratio. Application of
Ferro cement in which the section subjects to uniaxial tension can be seen in the case of silos,
liquid retaining tanks, pipes, etc. Although the invention of Ferro cement turned back to the
period of middle of the nineteenth century , researches for understanding mechanical and
structural properties begin at the early 1970s. Nowadays the basic properties of Ferro cement
were well understood and equations for design were proposed, that basically depend on the
knowledge obtained from tests carried out during the last forty years.
ACI Committee 549
[ 1 ]
prepared a state-of -the- art report to be a guidance for practical
applications of Ferro cement. According to ACI 549 recommendations the role of Ferro
cement mortar on tensile strength is neglected and the tensile strength is calculated from the
load carried by the wire meshes divided by the sectional area. It should be noted that this
recommendation is based on the results of tests carried out during the period from 1971 to
1977 [3, 5, 7] for Ferro cement sections made from a cement mortar of medium strength.
Such recommendation is acceptable for calculating tensile strength of Ferro cement section
made from normal strength mortar and greatly underestimates the tensile strength of high
strength mortar Ferro cement. This is because the tensile strength of plain matrix alone is
high and may be considerably greater than that calculated from the recommendations of ACI
549. For example, for a Ferro cement section of 25.4 mm thickness reinforced with five
layers of wire mesh of 0.6 mm diameter, 12 mm spacing, and 412 MPa yield stress, the
tensile stress will be 1.91 MPa. If the compressive strength of matrix be 80 MPa and cracking
tensile stress is calculated from the relationship given by Shah and Balaguru
[ 8 ]
the result
which becomes 4.91 MPa. Therefore , one can found that the ultimate tensile stress calculated
from ACI 549 recommendation is only 39% of the cracking stress. The later ratio is quite
small and can be considered not reviewed. Therefore developing equations for predicting
ultimate tensile stress of Ferro cement made of mortar of high strength is necessary. The aim
of the present research is to provide an alternative equation for calculating tensile strength of
Ferro cement applicable for wide range of matrix strength based on tensile stress tests and
regression analysis. In the present study an attempt was made to develop a model for
calculating tensile stress strain relationship depending on the idealized trilinear response.
Later, an analysis was introduced for calculating the complete load deflection relationship
of Ferro cement beams or slab strips based on derivation of moment- curvature relationship
and results of elastic beam theory. The predictions of analysis were compared with the
flexural test data carried out on ferrocement from literature to test the accuracy of the
analysis.

2- Experimental Work

Ordinary Portland cement ( Type I ) was used for casting disc and compression specimens.
Medium graded clean river sand passed by 100% on 2.36 mm sieve was used. For high
strength mixes a high range water reducer (super plasticizer) of Gellunum type which is
commercially available was used. Welded galvanized steel wire mesh fabric of 0.6 mm
diameter and 12 mm spacing between wires and of 458 MPa yield stress was used as
reinforcement. Details of mixes and arrangement of reinforcement in each tensile test
specimen can be found in Table 1. The tensile test specimens were discs of 152 mm and 25
mm thickness. Such type of specimens were cast inside the standard cylinders after putting
wooden spacers to cancel a height of about 275 mm and to leave only 25 mm for thickness

29

of the specimen. Figure ( 1 ) shows the mould used and the arrangement of Ferro cement wire
mesh at casting period. All specimens were cured in the potable water at about 25
o
C for the
period of 28 days and then left to dry in the laboratory for another 14 days before testing. For
measuring the strain a foil of electrical strain gage was paste to the concrete surface in the
direction of wire meshes but perpendicular to the direction of applied load . Figure 2 shows
the specimen after testing which illustrates the position of strain gage . Disc specimens were
tested in a manner similar to that of Brazilian split cylinder test by applying a load of a rate
equal to 5 kN/min. Using the following relationship given in the textbooks of concrete
technology, the tensile stress can be calculated as follows
LD
P
ftu
t
2
=

In which f
tu
is the splitting tensile stress, P is the failure load, L is the length of specimen, and
D is the diameter of specimen.

Figure ( 1 ) : The mould used for casting disc specimens and wire mesh layer arrangement .

3-Test Results and Regression Analysis

Test results of compressive strength and tensile strength are shown in Table ( 1 ). Tensile
stress strain relationship for the disc specimens are shown in Figures ( 3 ) to ( 13 ). It is
shown that the slope of the curves ( or stiffness ) is high for the initial portion and the slope
is reduced with increasing in stress. The curve in general become horizontal in the later stage
which is considered to be a plastic stage. Three different stages are clearly observed in the
most of the tensile stress strain relationships. Such observation is not new and observed by
others like Shah and Baluguru
[ 8 ]
and Baluguru et al
[ 2 ]
. Figure ( 14 ) shows the variation of
tensile strength with the wire mesh layers, indicating the positive role of reinforcement ratio
on the tensile strength. Figure ( 15 ) illustrates the effect of mortar strength on the tensile
strength. It is clearly shown that both of the reinforcement ratio and matrix strength affect the
tensile strength of Ferro cement. Based on such results the tensile strength of Ferro cement
can be represented by the superposition of the matrix strength and the stress carried by the
wire mesh layers in the following relationship

ts tm tu f f f + = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)
Figure ( 1 ) : The mould used for casting
disc specimens and wire mesh layer
arrangement .

Figure ( 2 ) : View of a disc specimen
after testing.


30

where f
tu
is the tensile strength of Ferro cement, f
tm
is the tensile strength of the matrix, and f
ts

is the tensile stress carried by the wire mesh. The tensile strength of matrix is the cracking
stress and can be calculated from the expression given by Oluokun
[ 6 ]
, as follows:

7 . 0
) ( 2 . 0 c tm f f ' = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (2)

Later the value of f
ts
is calculated from the result of subtracting f
tm
from f
tu
obtained from
test results. In order to obtain the dependent variable ( f
ts
) a regression analysis was carried
out. The independent variable is the reinforcement index ( yR Rf V ). The two variables are
combined in the following linear equation

f
ts
= + ( yR Rf V ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- (3)

Statistical regression analysis based on least square method was carried out using the 14 data
points and the values of constants and was found to be 0.56 and 0.72, respectively.
Hence the final form of the tensile strength equation is as follows

56 . 0 72 . 0 ) ( 2 . 0
7 . 0
+ + ' = yR R c tu f V f f -------------------------------------------------------------- (4)

The above equation has a correlation coefficient equal to 0.81, mean value ( test / theoretical
) equal to 0.99 and standard deviation equal to 17%. Figure ( 16 ) shows the relationship
between the calculated and test tensile strength of Ferro cement. It is shown that there is a
fairly good agreement between the two values.

Table ( 1 ) Detail of specimens and test results

Mix

w/c
Ratio

No. of
Layers

Ultimate
Load
( kN)

Tensile
Strength
( MPa)

Maximum
Vertical
Displacement
( mm )

Cube
Compressive
Strength
( N/mm
2
)

Cylinder
Compressive
Strength
(MPa)**
1:3
1:3
0.64
0.64
3
3
21.6
19.2
3.23
2.87
-
1.90
24.86
24.88
19.89
19.90
1:3
1:3
0.64
0.64
6
6
19.84
20.94
2.97
3.13
3.50
1.90
-
-
-
-
1:2.5
1:2.5
0.60
0.60
3
3
22.14
15.47
3.31
2.31
3.25
1.00
22.83
32.25
18.26
25.80
1:2.5 0.60 6 24.02 3.59 3.37 27.54 22.03
1:2
1:2
0.53
0.53
3
3
24.59
16.78
3.68
2.51
3.20
2.60
26.85
30.99
21.48
24.79
1:2
1:2
0.45
0.45
6
6
25.70
32.59
3.84
4.87
2.87
-
34.12
34.63
27.30
27.70
1:1 0.43 3 26.20 3.92 1.84 51.36 41.09
1:1
1:1
0.34*
0.34*
3
6
32.11
36.0
4.80
5.39
1.51
1.72
64.80
58.31
51.84
46.65
* With 0.6% superplastcizer ( Gellunum type )
** Cylinder Compressive Strength = 0.8 x Cube Compressive Strength

31

Figure ( 3 ) Tensile Stress - Strain Relationship of Ferrocement ( mix
1:3 , three layers of wire mesh )
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Tensile Strain ( Microns )
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Test
Calculated
Figure ( 4 ) Tensile Stress - Strain Relationship of Ferrocement ( Mix
1:3 , Six Layers of Wire Mesh)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Test
Calculated
Figure ( 7 ) Tensile Stress - Strain Relationshipof Ferrocement ( Mix
1:2.5,Six Layers of Wire Mesh )
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Calculated
1:2 , Three Layers of Wire Mesh )
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Calculated

32

4- Tensile Stress Strain Model

The proposed model for the tensile stress strain relationship is based on experimental data
obtained from present test results. The relationship is based on three portions : elastic, elastic-
plastic and plastic portion . Elastic stage terminates at cracking of the matrix and plastic stage
begins at a value of stress equal to ultimate tensile stress and the other stage locates between
Figure ( 9 ) Tensile Stress - Strai Relationship of Ferrocement ( Mix
1:2,Three Layers of Wire Mesh )
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Calculated
1:2 , Six Layers of Wire Mesh)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Test
Calculated
Figure ( 13 ) Tensile Stress - Strai Relationship of Ferrocement ( Mix
1:1H , Six Layers of Wire Mesh )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200 250
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Calculated
Figure ( 14 ) Relationship Between Tensile Strength of Ferrocement
and Number of Layers of Wire Mesh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Layers of Wire Mesh
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(

M
P
a

)
1: 1 , Three Layers of Wire Mesh )
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Calculated
1:1H , Three Layers of Wire Mesh )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tensile Strain ( MIcrons )
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(

M
P
a

)
Test
Calculated

33

the mentioned stages. Figure (17) shows the idealized form of the tensile stress strain
relationship.
The cracking strain is calculated for elastic Ferro cement material as follows:
c
tm
tm
E
f
= c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5)

where E
c
is the elastic modulus of the composite given by
[ 8 ]

) 1 ( n V E E R m c + = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (6)

E
m
is the elastic modulus of the matrix, can be calculated from the equation given be ACI
Code as follows

4730 = m E
'
fc ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (7)

and n is the ratio of elastic modulus of reinforcement to that of matrix ( E
R
/E
m
), and V
R
is
the ratio of reinforcement in the section given by

bh
A
V
sf
R = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (8)

where A
sf
is the area of the reinforcement in the section and bh is the cross sectional area .
The last variable needs to be assessed for constructing the tensile stress strain relationship is
the strain corresponding to the ultimate stress
tu
. For this purpose an approximation is made
utilizing the trend of the cracking zone of the actual tensile stress strain relationship. With
increasing stress the stiffness is reduced due to cracking and here it is assumed that the ratio
of the slope of the curve for the elastic plastic range, , to that of elastic stage, E
c
, [ Figure (
17 ) ] is equal to the ratio of tensile stress of matrix to the ultimate tensile stress, or

tu
tm
f
f
Ec
=
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (9)

From the shape of the portion the value of

is calculated as follows:

tm tu
tm tu f f
c c
= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)

Combining equations ( 9 ) and ( 10 ) leads to the following equation for calculating
tu

2
) ( ) ( 1 [
tm
tu
tm
tu
tm tu
f
f
f
f
+ = c c ] ------------------------------------------------------------------- (11)

Calculated stress- strain versus test tensile stress-strain relationships are shown in Figure ( 3 )
to ( 13) for all specimens.


34

5- Flexural Analysis of Ferro cement

Having the Proposed idealized tensile model and an idealized compressive stress strain
given by Walraven and Spierenburg
[ 10 ]
shown in Figure ( 18 ), Ferro cement structural
member can be analyzed for moment curvature and load deflection relationships.
Calculation of moment curvature relationship is based on the equilibrium of forces and
compatibility of strains. According to the compressive stress- strain and tensile stress- strain
relationships different cracking stages exist and as a result nonlinear response is obtained.
Hence, the material nonlinearity is included in the present analysis.

5-1 Moment-Curvature Relationship
5-1-1 Elastic Stage
Stress and strain distributions for this stage are shown in Figure ( 19-a ). Depth of the
compression zone c is calculated from equilibrium of compressive and tensile forces acting
on the section, or

C-T = 0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (12)

It is assumed that the elastic modulus calculated from Eq. ( 6 ) is valid for compression and
tension zone of the section and as a result the depth of compression zone for the elastic stage
is equal to that in tension zone and equal to h/2. For this stage the moment curvature
relationship is given by

)
2
3
2
3
3
(
3
c
h c
h h
bEc
Me + =
|
-------------------------------------------------------------- (13a)

Where b is the width of the section, | is the curvature, h is the depth of the section and c is
the depth of compression zone. Substituting c= h/2 the moment- curvature relationship
becomes

12
3
| bEch
Me = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (13b)

This stage is valid until the matrix cracks in which the corresponding curvature becomes

) ( c h
tm
e
=
c
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (14a)

Substituting c=h/2, the above curvature limit becomes
h
tm
e
c
|
2
= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (14b)

5-1-2 Elastic-Plastic Stage (1)
Stress and strain distributions for this stage are shown in Figure ( 19-b ). For this stage the
depth of compression zone is given by


35

) (
]
2
2
) ( )[ ( (
2
2
)
|
| | |
c
+ +
=
Ec
h
h
Ec
tm
Ec h
c --------------------------------- (15)

is the slope of elastic plastic portion of the tensile stress strain relationship given by
Eq.( 10 ) . Moment-curvature relationship for this stage is as follows

] [
3
2
3
] [
3
3
3
3
3
2 2 3
1
|
|
|
c
| |
|
ctm tm
ep
h
Ec
c
h c
h
c
E M c + + + = --------------------------- (16)

This stage is valid until the curvature becomes

) (
1
c h
tu
ep
=
c
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (17)

5-1-3 Elastic-Plastic Stage ( 2 ):
Stress and strain distributions for this stage are shown in Figure ( 19-c ). Equilibrium of
forces lead to the following value of c for this stage is given by

) (
) ( 2 ) (
2 2 2 2
2
|
c |
c c
+ + + +
=
Ec
h E f Ec
E
f f
c
tu c tu
tm tu tm c
tu tu
------------------------------ (18)

Moment curvature for this stage is given by

) (
2
] [
3
2
3
2 3
2
2
2 3 3
2
3
2 3
2
|
c
c c
|
|
c
|
tu
tm tu
tm
tu
tu c
ep
h
ftu Ec
hc f
c
f
c
E
M + + + + = ------------------- (19)

The terminating point of curvature for this stage is given by

c E
f
c
cu
ep = 2 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (20)

Figure ( 15 ) Relationship Between Tensile Strength of Ferrocement
and Compressive Strength of Concrete
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Compressive Strength ( MPa )
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(

M
P
a

)
Three Layers
Six Layers
Figure( 16 ) Calculated Versus Test Tensile Strength of Ferrocement
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Test
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d

36

5-1-4 Elastic-Plastic Stage (3):
Stress and strain distributions for this stage are shown in Figure ( 19-d ). For this stage the
value of depth of compression zone c is calculated as follows
tu cu
cu
tm
tm tu
tu
tu
f f
Ec
f Ec
h f
c
+
+ + +
=
| |
c
c c
|
|
c
2 2
] [
2
] [
2
2
2 2
----------------------------------------- (21)

The relationship between moment and curvature is given by

) 22 ( ]
2
2
[
2
] [
3 2
] [
3
] [
2
2
3 3
2 2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3 + + + + + =
|
c
c c
|
| |
c tu
tu
tm tu
c
cu
c
cu
c
tm
tu tu cu ep
h
bf b
E
f b
E
f
E
b
hc bf
c
f f
b
M

37

The terminating point for this stage or the collapse occurs when the compressive strain in
concrete reaches 0.0038. The corresponding curvature becomes

c
ep
0038 . 0
3 = | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (23)

5-2 Load-Deflection Relationship

Having the calculated moment-curvature relationship given in the previous section, load-
deflection relationship can be calculated for any type of beams loaded by various type of
loads. For example, for a simply supported beam loaded by two central point load each P/2,
the value of central deflection is given by
) 3 4 (
48
2 2
l a
EI
Pa
= e --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (24)

The load - curvature relationship is given by :
a
EI
P
| 2
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (25)

Where EI is the value of flexural rigidity which varies with the cracking stages.

5-3 Procedure for Analysis

1- Specify an initial value of curvature.
2- Calculate the depth of compression zone.
3- Check the cracking limit.
4- Calculate the moment.
5- Calculate EI from the moment divided by curvature.
6- Calculate value of the load from Eq.( 25 )
7- Calculate the deflection from Eq. ( 24 ).
8- Repeat the steps 2 to 7 for another curvature increment and other cracking stages until
the complete load- deflection response is obtained .

5-4 Results of Analysis and Role of Span / Depth Ratio

Test results from researches carried out on Ferro cement beams and slab strips [ 4,9,10 ] are
used here to assess the accuracy of the proposed analytical procedure. From the comparison
between test and predicted ultimate load, it is found that the analytical method is accurate for
Ferro cement having wide ranges of compressive strength of mortar and wire mesh ratios but
significantly sensitive to the span / depth ratio of the beam or slab strip. Figure (20) shows the
test and calculated moment curvature relationship for Ferro cement specimens of different
span / depth ratios tested by Mansur
[ 4 ]
. From a comparison between test and calculated
moment curvature relationship it is observed that there is a good agreement between the
two responses. Figure( 21 ) shows the load deflection relationship calculated from the
analytical procedure presented in this study and test results obtained by Walraven and
Spierenburg
[ 10 ]
. It is observed from the figure that the analysis overestimates the load for all
values of deflection. This occurs because the tested specimen has a span / depth ( L/h ) ratio

38

equal to 35.7 and considered to be thin section. It is suggested
[ 11 ]
that any slab strips having
span / depth ratio larger than 22 considered to be very thin slabs and between 18 and 22
defined as thin slabs. In fact the analysis presented in this paper is not applied to very thin
slabs and its predictions are accurate ( as shown from the comparison with test results ) only
for the case of thick Ferro cement section ( L/h < 18 ) and thin Ferro cement sections ( 18<
L/h < 22 ) because very thin slabs suffer from large deflections and such effect should be
incorporated in the analysis. Figure ( 22 ) shows the variation of the ratio of test to calculated
ultimate load with the span / depth ratio. It is clearly shown that for Ferro cement specimens
having L/h ratio smaller than 22 the prediction is safe and accurate, regardless the wire mesh
ratio and mortar strength. Walraven and Spierenburg
[ 10 ]
in their analytical model on Ferro
cement section assumed a constant value of the strain at which plastic stage commences,
ut
,
equal to 1.2x10
-3
. The authors believe that the value of
ut
given in the present study using
Eq.( 11 ) is better and accurate for use in flexural analysis . Because the proposed value of
ut
depends on the vital parameters of Ferro cement, namely tensile strain of matrix, tensile
strength of matrix and ultimate tensile stress of Ferro cement which found to depend on both
the matrix strength and reinforcement index ( V
R
f
yR
).

6-CONCLUSI ONS

From the present study which contains test data and analytical procedures, the following
conclusions can be drawn
1- Test results on Ferro cement disc specimens indicate that the tensile strength
depends on both matrix strength and wire mesh ratio. An equation was proposed to
calculate the tensile strength of Ferro cement depending on the matrix strength and
reinforcement index ( V
R
f
yR
) [ Eq. ( 4 ) ].
2- Tensile strain at which plastic stage of stress-strain response commences was found
to depend on tensile strain of matrix, tensile strength of matrix and ultimate tensile
stress of Ferro cement [ Eq.( 11 ) ].
3- Flexural analysis was carried out to calculate the load deflection relationship of
Ferro cement beams and slab strips. The predictions of the analysis were compared
with the test data from literature, and was found that the analysis is accurate and
safe for calculating the load-deflection relationship, provided that the span/depth
ratio not more than 22.


39

Reference

1- ACI Committee 549 ,( 2001 ) State -of the-Art Report on Ferro cement , in Manual of
Concrete Practice , Part ( 5 ) , Detroit , Michigan
2- Baluguru , Perumalsamy N. , Naaman , Antoine E. , and Shah , S.P. ,( 1977 ) , Analysis
and Behavior of Ferro cement in Flexure , Proceeding , ASCE , V. 103 , No. ST10 ,
pp.1937-1951
3- Johnston , Colin D. , and Mattar , Samir G. , ( 1976 ) , Ferro cement in Tension and
Compression , Proceedings , ASCE , V.102 , ST5 , pp.857-899
4- Mansur , M.A. , ( 1988 ) , Ultimate Strength Design of Ferro cement in Flexure , Journal
of Ferro cement , Vol.18 , No. 4 , pp. 385-395
5- Naaman , Antoine E. , and Shah , Surendra P. ,( 1971 ) , Tensile Tests on Ferro cement
,ACI Journal , Proceedings , V.68 , No.5 , pp. 693-698
6- Oluokun , F.A.( 1991 ) , Prediction of Concrete Tensile Strength from Compressive
Strength : Evaluation of Existing Relations for normal weight concrete ACI Materials
Journal , Vol. 88 , No. 3 , pp. 302-309
Figure ( 21 ) Test and Calculated Load - Deflection Relationship of Ferrocement
[ Test results from Ref.( 10 ) ]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deflection ( mm )
L
o
a
d

(

k
N

)
Test
Calculated
Figure ( 22 ) Vatiation of the Ratio of Test / Calculated Ultimate Load with
Span / Depth Ratio
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Span / Depth Ratio ( L/h )
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

o
f

T
e
s
t
/
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d

U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e

L
o
a
d
1
1
1
1
1
3
1 Data from Ref. 4
2 Data friom Ref. 10
3 Data from Ref. 9
2 3

40

7- Pama , R.P. , Sutharatnachaiyarom , C. and Lee , S. L. ,( 1974 ) , Rigidities and
Strength of Ferro cement , Proceedings , First Australian Conf. on Engineering Materials
, Univ. of New South Wales , Sydney , pp. 287-308
8- Shah , Surendra P. , and Baluguru , P.N. , ( 1984 ) , Ferro cement , New Reinforced
Concrete , R. N. Swamy , Ed. , Surrey Univ. Press , UK , pp. 1-51
9- Shareef , Yaman Sami , ( 2008 ) , Flexural Behavior of Axially Restrained Ferrocement
One-Way Slabs , MSc Thesis , University of Duhok , 110 pp.
10- Walraven , J.C. and Spierenburg , S.E. J. ,( 1985 ) , Behavior of Ferrocement with
Chicken Wire Mesh Reinforcement ,Journal of Ferro cement , Vol. 15 , No. 1 , pp.3-13
11- Welch , Ronald Wayne, ( 1999 ) , Compressive Membrane and Capacity Estimates in
Laterally Edge Restrained Concrete One-Way Slabs , PhD. Thesis , University of Illinois
at Urbana Champaign .

Notation

a shear span
A
sf
area of wire mesh reinforcement
, constants
b width of Ferro cement section
c depth of compression zone
n modular ratio ( E
R
/E
c
)
E
R
elastic modulus of reinforcement
E
c
elastic modulus of Ferro cement material
E
m
elastic modulus of plain matrix
c
compressive strain
t
tensile strain
tm
cracking strain of matrix
tu
tensile strain corresponding to ultimate tensile stress
f
c
compressive stress
f
t
tensile stress
f
tu
tensile strength of Ferro cement
f
tm
tensile strength of the matrix
f
ts
tensile stress carried by wire meshes
f
c
cylinder compressive strength of concrete
f
yR
yield stress of wire reinforcement
h depth of the Ferro cement section
slope of the elastic-plastic portion of the tensile stress-strain relationship
V
R
ratio of the wire mesh reinforcement in the section
M moment in general
curvature in general

The work was carried out at the college of Engineering. University of Sulaimani

Tensile Stress-Strain Relationship For Ferro Cement Structures

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