HISTOLO GY

Prof. Dr. HUDA AL_KHATEEB

The Circu !"or# S#$"e%

Objectives:

2011-2012 Lec.1

Aim :study the histology of the circulatory system

1. Study the layers and the sub-layers of the heart 2. Study the impulse conducting system structure and ultra-structure 3. Study the types of blood vessels . Study the classification of the arteries !. Study the sorting of veins ". Study the light and electron microscopical features of the capillaries #. $lassification of capillaries according to their ultra structures
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%. &hro' light on the lymphatic vessel

&he circulatory system is categori(ed as: 1. blood vascular system: $onsists of: 1. )eart 2. *essels: A. arteries +. capillaries $. veins 2. ,ymph vascular system: $onsists of: 1. lymph vessels 2. organs

$irculatory system can be divided into: 1. -acro-vasculature .includes vessels 'ith more than /.1mm in diameter0. &hese vessels are seen grossly. 2. -icro-vasculature .includes arterioles1 capillaries and postcapillary venules0. &hese vessels are seen by microscope.

B oo& '!$cu !r S#$"e%

&he heart
-it is a muscular1 highly speciali(ed portion of the vascular system. -it consists of chambers: 2&3,& atria 2&3,& ventricles &he heart 'all consists of 3 layers

1. 4ndocardium .inner layer0. 2. -yocardium .middle layer0. 3. 4picardium .outer layer0. &he fibrous central region of the heart is called fibrous s5eleton1 'hich serves as base of the valves and site of origin and insertion of cardiac muscle cells. )istologically1 fibrous s5eleton is composed of dense irregular connective tissue1 'ith separated nodules of fibrocartilage.

4ndocardium
-it lines all internal surfaces of the heart. -it is thic5er in atria than ventricles .6igure 1 320

-it has three layers: 1. &he endothelium- it is the inner most layer. 7t is continues 'ith that of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart. 7t is composed of simple s8uamous epithelium. 2. Subendothelial layer- consists of narro' (one of loose connective t. that is mainly composed of fine collagen1 elastic and smooth muscle fibers. 3. subendocardial layer- 'hich is composed of connective t. that contains: 9+.*.s 9nerves 9branches of impulse-conducting system of the heart .:ur5inje fibers0

-yocardium

1. composed of cardiac m. fibers that run in different directions .comple;-spiral0 and usually inserted into the fibrous s5eleton of the heart. 2. form the main mass of the heart 'all. 3. 7t is the thic5est layer in the heart 'all. 7ts thic5ness varies in different parts of the heart being thinnest in the atria1 thic5est in the ,& ventricle.

4picardium .it is the visceral pericardium0

-covered e;ternally by a single layer of simple s8uamous epithelium .mesothelium01 that is supported by very thin layer of connective t. containing elastic fibers .subepicardial layer0. -subepicardial layer-composed of loose connective t. containing: 1. +.*.S. 2. <.s 3. adipose t.

$ardiac valves:
.10 atrio-ventricular valves .A-* valves0:.tricuspid 3 mitral0 -they are composed of core of dense fibrous connective t. .central core0 that is lined on both sides by endothelium. &he bases of the valves are attached to the fibrous s5eleton. .20Semi lunar valves .aortic and pulmonary valves0: are similar in structure to the A-* valves1 but they have thinner central core.

I%(u $e-co)&uc"i)* $#$"e%+

1. Sino-atrial node .SA node0 2. Atrio ventricular node .A* node0 3. Atrio-ventricular bundle .A* bundle0=includes= 7

A. +undle of )is +. 2ight and left bundle branches $. :ur5inji fibers

All cells of impulse-conducting system are modified cardiac muscle cells .fuseform cells and smaller than atrial cardiac muscle fibers01 e;cept :ur5inji fibers1 'hich are larger.

Pur,i)-e fi.er$+
-they are modified cardiac m. fibers. &hey conduct impulses faster than the ordinary heart m. fibers. -After traveling in subendocardium1 they penetrate myocardium of ventricles. &his arrangement is important because it allo's the stimulus to get into the outermost layers of ventricular musculature. )istological features of :ur5inji fibers: 7. ,ight microscopical .,.-.0 features: :ur5inje fibers resemble ordinary cardiac m. in that: 1. they have central nuclei. 2. they have cross striation. )o'ever they differ from them in that: 1. they are generally larger and paler. 2. they have more sarcoplasm. 3. their nuclei are surrounded by clear perinuclear area. 77. 4lectron microscopical .4.-.0 features: >ltrastructurally :ur5inje fibers have the follo'ing features: 1. they contain large amount of glycogen and mitochondria. 2. they contain less amount of myofibrils 'hich tend to lie peripherally .this e;plain the presence of clear perinuclear area0. 3. sarcoplasmic reticulum is not 'ell developed as in cardiac m.s 7<<42*A&7O< O6 &)4 )4A2&

)eart is innervated by: 1. :arasympathetic nerve .vagus0 - ends near SA node. 7ts stimulation leads to reduction of the heart rate. 2. Sympathetic nerve - ends near SA and A* nodes. 7ts stimulation leads to increase of heart rate. 3. 6ree nerve ending - ends bet'een cardiac muscle fibers. 7t is related to pain sensation. $,7<7$A, <O&4S: -:artial obstruction of coronary artery or any of its branches leads to reduction of O2 supply to myocardium that leads to temporary pain.conducted by free nerve ending0. &his case is called Angina :ectoris. -$omplete obstruction of coronary artery or any of its branches .by a thrombus 0 leads to sever pain .conducted by free nerve ending0. &his case is called myocardial infarction.

HISTOLOG Y
Prof. Dr. Hu&! A -Kh!"ee. 2011-2012
Lec.2
?eneral structure of blood vessels .+*0:
+lood vessels .+*0 have three basic types of tissues. &hese are: 1. 4ndothelium. 2. Smooth muscle cells

3. $onnective tissue &he amount and the arrangement of these three types of tissues1 'ithin +* 'all1 are influenced by: 1. -echanical factor @ represented primarily by blood pressure. 2. -etabolic factor @ reflects the local needs of tissue.

*AS$>,A2 4<AO&)4,7>7t is a special type of simple s8uamous epithelium. 7t serves many functions1 these are: 1. 7t forms a semipermeable barrier bet'een plasma and interstitial fluid. 2. 7t converts angiotensin 7 to angiotensin 77. &he latter increase blood pressure. 3. 7t converts bredy5inin1 serotonin1 prostaglandins and noradrenaline ------------etc. to biologically inert compounds. . 7t enhances lipolysis leading to formation of triglycerides and cholesterol. !. 7t produces endothelin1 'hich is a vasoconstrictive factor. ". 7t produces nitric o;ide1 'hich is a rela;ing agent. #. 7t produces vascular endothelial gro'th factors .*4?6s0. 7n embryo1 *4?6s is responsible for the formation of vascular system1 'hile in adults1 they regulate capillary gro'th in normal and pathological conditions. %. 7t has anti-thrombogenic action .preventing blood coagulation0. Aamage to endothelium 'ill uncover connective tissue and induce platelates aggregation1 thus cause thrombus and emboli formation.

*AS$>,A2 S-OO&) ->S$,4 $4,,S

6ound in all vessels1 e;cept capillaries and venules. &hey are arranged in helical layers in tunica media. 4ach muscle is enclosed by basal lamina and connective tissue .both are secreted by the smooth muscle0.

*AS$>,A2 $O<<4$&7*4 &7SS>4

*ariable amount of connective tissue present in different +*. 10

 $ollagen fibers type 7 found in tunica adventitia1 type 777 in tunica media and type 7* in the basement membrane. 4lastic fibers are responsible for shrin5age of the e;panded vascular 'all. &hey are predominant in large arteries. ?round substance is composed of hetrogenous gel in e;tracellular spaces of the vessel 'all. 7t affects the diffusion and permeability across the vessel 'all. Aging causes conformational changes in collagen and elastin 'ith deposition of lipoproteins and calcium1 in addition to atherosclerosis.

,AB42S O6 CA,, O6 +*
?enerally1 each +* is composed of 3 layers= these are from inside to outside: 1-&unica 7ntima .&70 @ subdivided into: A- 4ndothelium- .simple s8. epith.0 +- Subendothelium- loose con.t. $- 7nt. elastic lamina @ composed of elastin that has gaps .for diffusion of substances to nourish cells deep in the vessel 'all0. 7t is found in arteries only. 2-tunica media .&-0 @ composed of: A- $ircular smooth m. fibers +- 4lastic fibers. $- 2eticular fibers .collagen fibers type 7770 A- 6ibroblast 4- ?round substance .proteoglycan and glycoprotein0 6- in arteries1 &- has e;ternal elastic lamina that separate it from &A 3-tunica adventitia .&A0 @ consist of connective tissue .collagen type 7 and elastic fibers. &he structure 3 relative thic5ness of each layer vary according to the type 3 si(e of the vessel.

$lassification of a.s. :
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1-large-si(e a.-.elastic a.0 2-medium-si(e a. and small- si(e a. -.muscular a.0 3-arteriol 7n arteries1 &- is usually the thic5est layer1 'hile in veins1 &A is commonly the thic5est layer.

large-si(e a. .elastic a.0 .conducting a.0

includes aorta 3 its largest branches. &7 @ relatively 'ell developed -the int. elastic lamina is present but difficult to be diagnosed because 7t is usually mi;ed 'ith the elastic lamina of &&- @ it is the thic5est layer in this type of a.s -characteri(ed by a distinct elastic laminae . /-#/ in no.1 usually increase 'ith age0 arranged in a concentrical pattern. -interspaces bet'een the elastic membranes are occupied by fibroblasts 1 amorphous ground substance1 fine elastic net 'or5 and smooth m. cells. &A - ,oose connective tissue

-edium- 3 small- si(e a. .-uscular a.0 .Aistributing a.0

$haracteri(ed by thic5 'all 3 narro' lumen1 'hen compared 'ith elastic a. &7 - prominent thic5 int. elastic lamina &-consists of about / layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers. -bet'een smooth muscle fibers1 there are small amount of con.t. that contains elastic 3 reticular fibers 3 fe' fibro blasts. -e;t. elastic lamina is :rominent 3 composed of many layers &A - loose connective tissue

Arterioles
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 generally less than /.! mm in diameter

have relatively thic5 'all 3 narro' lumen .'hen compared 'ith venule0. &7 D7nt. elastic membrane present in big arterioles only and disappear in smaller arterioles. Dhas no subendothelial con.t. &Dcomposed of .1-!0 layers of circularly arranged smooth m. fibers among 'hich scattered elastic fibers Dthe no. of smooth m. layers E as diameter E. it becomes single layer at about 2/Fm diameter arteriole. Dit has no e;ternal elastic lamina. &A - very thin

Arterial capillary .pre-capillary0 .met-arteriole0

&7 - composed of endothelium only
&- - circularly oriented scattered smooth m. fibers that have branching processes. A&)42OS$,42OS7S: 7t is accumulation of cholesterol in the &.7. of arteries. ?rossly1 the artery contains fatty strea5s and pla8ues on its internal surface. 7f these fatty thic5enings become great1 they occlude the vessel. $oronary arteries are most arteries predisposed to atherosclerosis1 'hich sometimes leads to infarction .necrosis and tissue death0 and other times it is overcome by arterial anastomosis. A<4>2BS-: 7t is a pathological dilatation of an artery1 'hich is due to embryonic defect1 disease or lesion in its &- .that leads to its 'ea5ness in &- and dilatation in the artery0. 2apture of aneurysm brings sever conse8uence and may cause death.

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1. diameter of lumen 2. thic5ness of the 'all 3. &- is mainly composed of . 7nternal and e;ternal elastic membranes !. &7 is ". function

4lastic artery Cider &hinner /-#/ elastic lamina $anGt be easily diagnosed

#. e;ample

&hic5er Stabili(e arterial blood pressure .during systole1 elastic lamina stretch and reduce the increased blood pressure. Auring diastole1 the elastic rebound increase the reduced blood pressure0 Aorta and its large $oronary artery branches

-uscular artery <arro'er &hic5er / layers of smooth m. fibers *ery prominent and diagnosed easily &hinner $ontrol the amount of blood flo' to organs by contracting or rela;ing its smooth m.

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HISTOLOG Y
Prof. Dr. Hu&! A -,h!"ee.
2011-2012

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