Computer network

1. Definition
Computer network is a collection of computers, printers and other
equipment connected. Information and data moving through cables, allowing
network users can exchange documents and data, print on the same printer and
with each using hardware / software that is connected with network. Each
computer, printer or peripheral is connected to the network nodes. A computer
network can have two, tens, thousands or even millions of nodes.
A network usually consists of 2 or more computers that interconnected among
each other, and sharing resources such as CD-ROM, printer, exchange files, or
possible to electronically communicate with each other. Computer is connected,
possible contact with the cable media, phone lines, radio waves, satellite, or
infrared light.
2. Network Types There are 3 types of Network / Network are:
a. Local Area Network (LAN) / Local Area Network.
A LAN is a network that is limited by the relative area small, usually limited by
environmental areas such as a office in a building, or a school, and usually not
distance of about 1 km square. Some LAN configuration model, a computer is
usually on make a file server. Which is used to store software (software) that
regulate network activity, or as software that can be used by computer-computer
is connected to the network. Computers is connected to the network (network)
is usually called with workstations. Usually more workstation capabilities under
from the file server and has other applications in the hard drive in addition to the
network application. Most LANs use media cable to connect between a
computer with a computer another.
b. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) / metropolitan area network A MAN,
usually covering a larger area of the LAN, for example between regions within a
province. In this case connects a network of several small networks into a
environment larger area, for example as follows: Bank network where several
offices of a bank branch in a city big connected to one another. BNI example in
the entire region or Ujung Pandang Surabaya.
c. Wide Area Network (WAN) / Large Scale area network Wide Area Networks
(WAN) is a network scope typically been using a cable or satellite facility under
the sea as an example of the whole network BANK BNI in Indonesia or in other
 countries. Using WAN facilities, a bank in Bandung can contact the branch
office in Hong Kong, only in a few minutes. WAN usually rather complicated
and very complex, using many means to connect between LAN and WAN to the
Global Communications as the Internet. But however, between LAN, MAN and
WAN is not much differ in some respects, only the scope of just a different area
one among others.
3. Protocol
Protocol is the main rules governing the communication among several
computers on a network, including the rules in which the instructions apply to
the ways or methods of accessing a network, physical topology, the types of
cables and data transfer speed. Protocol-known protocol is as follows:
1. Ethernet
2. Local Talk
3. Token Ring
4. FDDI
5. ATM
Ethernet
Ethernet protocol is by far the most widely used, Ethernet access method
called CSMA / CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection). This
system explains that each attention to the computer from the network cable before
sending something into it. If the network there is no activity or a clean computer
will transmit data, if there is another transmission in the cable, the computer will
wait and will try to re-transmission if the network has been clean. sometimes two
computers transmit at the same time, when this happens, each computer will be
back and will wait random chance to transmit data back. This method is known
with the coalition, and will not affect the transmission speed of network. Ethernet
protocols can be used for the network model line straight, Star, or Tree. Data can
be transmitted through twisted wire pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable at speeds of
10 Mbps. Local Talk Local Talk is a network protocol that some developed by
Apple Computer, Inc.. machines for Macintosh computers. Methods used by Local
Talk is a CSMA / CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance).
Almost the same as CSMA / CD .. Local Talk adapter and cable Special twisted
pair can be used to connect several computers through the serial port. Macintosh
Operating System allows connection network peer-to-peer without requiring
additional specific applications Local Talk protocol can be used for Straight Line
network model, Star, or tree model using twisted pair cables. The most glaring
deficiency is the transmission speed. Speed transmission is only 230 Kbps. Token
Ring Token protocol developed by IBM in the mid-1980. Access methods through
the passing of a token in a circle like Ring. In token ring, the computers are
connected one with others like a ring. A token signals move around in a circle
(ring) in a network and move from a computer-go to the next computer, if at a
stopover in one of There was a computer data to be transmitted, the token will be
transported to where it wanted addressed data, the token moves on to another
connect between each computer. Token Ring protocol requires a network model
with the Stars using twisted pair or fiber optic cable. And can do transmission
speed of 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps. In line with the development Ethernet, Token Ring,
use less and less until now.
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a network protocol which
connects between two or more networks even at great distances . Access method
used by FDDI is a token model. FDDI uses two physical ring topology. Usually
transmission using one ring, but if there is a problem is found to be automatically
use the second ring. A profit of FDDI is speed with using fiber optic cable at
speeds of 100 Mbps.
ATM
ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network
protocol that transmits at speeds of 155 Mbps or more. Mentranmisikan ATM
data into a single package in which the protocol Other transfer in the amount of
the package. ATM supports a variation of media such as videos, CD-audio, and
pictures. ATM working on Star topology model , By using fiber optic cable or
twisted pair cables. ATM in generally used to connect two or more LANs. He also
used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to increase the speed Internet access for
their clients. Conclusions for Protocol: Protocol in use Cable used Speed Transfer
Physical Topology Ethernet Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber 10 Mbps Linear Bus,
Star, Tree Twisted Pair Fast Ethernet, 100 Mbps Fiber Star Local Talk 0:23 Mbps
Twisted Pair Linear Bus or Star Token Ring Twisted Pair 4 Mbps - 16 Mbps Star-
Wired Ring 100 Mbps FDDI Fiber Dual Ring ATM Twisted Pair, Fiber Mbps 155-
2488 Linear Bus, Star, Tree
4. Hardware required
Hardware needed to build a network namely computer: Computer,
Network Card, Hub, and everything that associated with a network connection
such as: printer, CD-ROMs, scanners, Bridges, Routers and other necessary for
the transformation process data within the network.
1. File Servers
2. Workstations
3. Network Interface Cards
4. Concentrators / Hubs
5. Repeaters
6. Bridges
7. Routers
File Servers A file server is the network stout heart, a very fast computer,
have a great memory, hard drive has a large capacity, with a fast network cards.
Operating systems stored network here, also including some applications and data
needed for the networkA file server is in charge of communication and
information control among node / component in a network. For example
managing the file transfer data base or from a word processor workstation or one
node, the node which another, or receive emails at the same time with the task
Other seen that the task is very complex file server, he also must keep and share
information quickly. So that at least a file server has some characters such as those
below:
 Processor minimum 166 megahertz or faster processor again (Pentium Pro,
Pentium II, PowerPC).
 A fast hard drive and large capacity, or about 10 GB
 A RAID (Redundant Array of inexpensive Disks).
 a tape to back up your data (for example. DAT, Jaz, Zip, or CD-RW)
 Has a wide network port
 fast network card and Reliability Approximately 32 MB of memory

Workstations
Overall computer connected to the network file server referred to as a
workstation. A workstation has a minimum; Cards network, network applications
(network software), a cable to connect to the network, typically a workstation do
not need floppy because data to be stored and can be placed on the file server.
Almost all types of computers can be used as a computer workstation. Network
Interface Cards (NICs) or Network Card Network Card (NIC) is a device that
provides media to connect between computers, most network cards are cards
inernal, ie a network card installed in expansion slot inside the computer. Some
computers such as MAC computers, using a special box that is attached to a serial
port or SCSI port of the computer. In computer there is slot for notebook network
card is commonly called PCMCIA slot. A lot of network cards in use today are:
network card Ethernet, LocalTalk connectors, and Token Ring network card.
Currently popularly used is Ethernet, then followed by a Token Ring, and
LocalTalk,
Ethernet Card / Ethernet Network Card
Ethernet network cards are usually purchased separately with a
computer, except such as the Macintosh computers that already includes an
ethernet network card therein. Ethernet network cards generally have to provide
connections for coaxial cable or twisted pair cables, if designed for cable
konenektorya is BNC coaxial, and if designed for twisted pair cables it will have a
RJ-45 connectors. Some ethernet network cards are also sometimeshave
connectors AUI. All were in connect with a coaxial, twisted pair, or with fiber
optic cable. Figure Ethernet Network Card From Top to bottom: RJ-45 connectors,
connectors AUI, and BNC connectors
LocalTalk Connectors / LocalTalk
connector LocalTalk is a network card for macintosh computers, this
using a special adapter box and cable that is connected to Port for the printer. Lack
of LocalTalk than Ethernet is speed of data transfer speed, bi Ethernet computer
network is not something new today. Almost in every company there is a
computer network to accelerate the flow of information in the perudahaan.
Internet start popular today is a giant computer network is a network connected
computer networks and can interact with each other. This can occurs because of
the development of network technology is very rapid, so that within a few years
the number of users of computer networks incorporated in the Internet-fold
ganda.asanya can up to 10 Mbps, while LocalTalk can only operate at speeds of
230 Kbps or equal to 0:23 mps
Token Ring Cards
Token Ring network card looks almost the same as an Ethernet network
card. One difference is the type of connectors on the back of the card network,
Token
Ring type generally have a 9 pin DIN connector that connects Card Cable
Network to network.
Hub / concentrator
A concentrator / hub is a device that unites cables network of each
workstation, server or other device. In topology Star, twisted pair cable coming
from a workstation into the hub. Hub has a lot of slots concentrator which can be
installed according to port number of the card to be addressed.
The characteristics of the concentrator is owned by:
 Usually consists of 8, 12, or 24 port RJ-45
 Star / StarUsed in topology Usually sold with special application to
manage applications manjemen port.
 Commonly called hub
 Usually in pairs on a special shelf, in which there is Bridges, routers
Repeaters
The easiest example is on a LAN using the topology Star using
unshielded twisted pair cable. Where known The maximum length for a
unshileded twisted pair cable is 100 meters, is to strengthen the signal from the
cable dipasanglah a repeater on the network.
Bridges / Bridge
Is a device that divides one network into two fruit tissue, was used to
obtain an efficient network, where sometimes very fast network growth hence the
need to bridge that. Most Bridges can know each address of each segment next to
the computer on the network and also on other networks in the side also. Likened
to that Bridges was like a traffic cop set at a crossroads during rush hour. He
arranged for information between the two sides of the road network remains well
and regularly. Bridges also can be used to connect between networks that use
different types of cable or different topologies. The best path to send a message
that Based on the address destination and source address. While Bridges can know
the address of each computer in each side of the network, routers know the
 addresses computer, bridges and other
routers.
router can know the whole network to see which side The most busy and
he can pull data from the busy side until side of the net. If a company has a LAN
and want to connect to Internet, they have to buy a router. This means that a router
can translate information between your LAN and the Internet. This also means
find the best alternative path to send data through the Internet.
This means the router is:
 efficiently signal path Set
 Manage messages between the two protocols
 Manage messages between linear bus network
topology and Star (star)
 Manage messages passed between Fiber optic cable,
cable or koaaksialm twisted pair
5. Topology / Network Forms
Topology of a network based on how to contact a number of nodes or in
the form of a central network system. Network topology commonly used are:
Mess, Star (Star), Bus, Tree, and the Ring (Ring).
a. mesh network topology
In this topology all centrally connected directly to transmission medium
with a configuration called a bus. Transmission signal from a central not
drawn simultaneously in two directions. This quite different from what
happens in a mesh
b.network topology or stars,
which in both systems of communication can be done interconnection
between the central or simultaneously.
c.bus network topology
is not generally used for interconnection between central, but usually
used in computer network systems.
d. Network Topology Tree (Tree)
Network topology is referred to as multilevel network topology. This
topology is usually used for the interconnection between the central to the
different hierarchy. For the lower hierarchy described in location of low and
getting up a hierarchy of increasingly high. This type of network topology
suitable for network systems computer.
e. Network Topology Ring (Ring)
To form a ring network, each core must be connected series each other
and this relationship will form a closed loop. In this system each core must be
designed to interact with the adjacent central and far apart. Hence ability to
perform switching to the central direction. The advantage of this network
topology, among others: the level of complexity Low network (simple), also
when there is disruption or damage to the a central flow of traffic can be
passed to the other direction in system. The most widely used in computer
networks is a bus-type network and the tree (tree), this is for reasons of
complexity, ease of installation and maintenance and price to be paid. But only
a tree-type network (tree) are recognized reliability because she decided one of
the wires on the client, will not affect other client relationship.