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    Sustainable HVAC

    Uploaded by

    aravoof84
    hvac

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Sustainable HVAC

    Uploaded by

    aravoof84
    133 views28 pages
    hvac

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    hvac

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    133 views28 pages

    Sustainable HVAC

    Uploaded by

    aravoof84
    hvac

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 28

    HVAC Basic Science- System Capacity

    Btu/hour, btu/h, b/h, btuh. btu ?? 1 MBH = 1000 btu/hour 1 KBH = 1000 btu/hour 1 ton of cooling= 12,000 btu/hour 1 watt = 3.414 btu/hour 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts = 3,414 btu/hour 1 HP = 746 watt = 2,545 btu/hour

    HVAC Airflow- Duct and Component Sizing CFM- volume of airflow; cubic feet/minute FPM- velocity/speed of airflow; feet/minute AREA- duct size in square feet
    CFM = FPM X FPM = CFM/AREA AREA= CFM/FPM AREA

    Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)


    Title 24- Minimum Ventilation Requirements Applies to normally occupied spaces Natural ventilation 20 maximum distance from occupied space to window/wall opening 1 sq ft of opening for 20 sq ft of floor area (NOTE: free area of opening) Mechanical ventilation EFs and makeup air Required for areas with moisture (showers)

    IEQ-

    Ventilation Systems

    Natural Passive Ventilation motorized clerestory windows filtered low-wall intake louvers Mechanical Ventilation 15 CFM per person OR 0.15 CFM/sq ft Air change calculation- # AC/hour CFM reqd = (Room volume- FT3)(# AC/hour) 60

    Passive Ventilation- CHPS project

    IEQ

    Economizers
    Provide free cooling for space if OSA temp is below space temperature (i.e. 72F) T24 requirement for systems > 2,500 CFM and 75 MBH (appx 6.25 tons) BEWARE!! Motorized dampers need maintenance Where does all this OSA go?building pressure problem! Power exhaust Barometric relief

    Economizer (rooftop package unit)

    Economizer (rooftop package unit)

    Economizer (split system)

    IEQ-

    Ventilation Methods

    Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) Mandatory for high occupancy zones (less than 40 ft2 per person density) CO2 sensor controls economizer dampers Classrooms are exempted (but still worth considering!) Displacement Ventilation Underfloor vs. low-wall ducts

    10

    Displacement Ventilation

    11

    IEQ/Acoustics
    Velocity (FPM) Damper locations: duct MVDs vs. register OBDs Sound traps vs. lined rectangular duct CHPS requirements RC/NC levels

    12

    HVAC System Types


    Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) Evaporative Cooling (Direct vs. Indirect) Heating systems Refrigeration Cycle overview Refrigerant types (CFC vs non-CFC) Split systems (furnaces/fan-coils with CUs) Package units (gas/electrics and heat pumps Geothermal heat pumps

    13

    Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs)

    14

    Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs)

    15

    ERVs (how they work)

    16

    ERVs (how they work)

    17

    ERVs- Economics/Simple Payback

    18

    Heating Equipment and Systems


    Residential FurnacesStandard efficiency furnaces
    AFUE:

    80% AFUE
    input capacity (btu/hr)

    (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) = output capacity(btu/hr)

    High efficiency condensing furnaces

    92-95% AFUE

    PVC flue material Condensate neutralizers on condensate drains?

    Configuration:

    Downflow/Upflow/Horizontal flow

    R.O.T. sizing = 50 btu/hr per square foot of floor area

    Evaporative Cooling
    (no refrigeration/mechanical cooling)

    Direct (swamp coolers) Evaporated water in contact with air Useful in dry climates Indirect Evaporated water NOT in contact with air Large/heavy units Combo Direct/Indirect (IDEC units)

    20

    Basic Refrigeration Cycle Components


    RefrigerantCompressormagic fluid

    increases refrigerant pressure and temperature; performs work

    Condenser coil- Heat rejection Refrigerant metering device (TXV or capillary


    tube)

    Evaporator coil- delivers cooling to space Refrigerant piping- suction/liquid/hot gas lines

    21

    Refrigerant types
    CFCs (chlorinated fluorocarbons)---BAD! R-11 or R-12 Effect on earths ozone layer/global warming HCFCs (hydrogenated CFC)---BETTER!! R-22 Phased out by 2020 New Refrigerants- R-134a; R-410a; Puron ---

    BEST!!!

    22

    Split System Cooling/Heat Pumps


    Furnace compatibility with cased cooling coil Outdoor condensing units SEER- seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio Power requirement Refrigeration linesets Multi-zone ductless systems Evaporator coil condensate piping and IAQ

    23

    Rooftop Package Units


    Typical System Types:
    Package cooling/only units Package gas/electric units Package heat pumps

    All above are air-cooled


    Typically rated @ 95 F condensing temp Watch out for elevated roof temperature Good air circulation is a must !

    Rooftop Package Units


    Cooling capacities
    1 ton = 12,000 btu/hour 1 ton = 400 CFM (+/- 20% flexibility) unit capacity = total capacity NOT sensible capacity (rated @ 95F ambient, 80F edb, 67F ewb) sensible cooling capacity 70-80% of total latent capacity provided >what is needed on West coast gross capacity does NOT include deduction for fan heat EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio)= btu/hr output KW input

    Rooftop Package Units


    Heating Capacities: 1) Gas/electric unitsInput capacity (1 MBH = 1000 btu/hr) Output capacity (1 MBH = 1000 btu/hr) Efficiency = output MBH/input MBH Title 24 minimum efficiency= 80% Typically low heat models used in California Aluminized steel heat exchangers (SS as option)

    Rooftop Package Units


    Heating capacity (cont.): 2) Package Heat Pumpsheat is generated by refrigeration compressors reversing valve changes function of evaporator and condenser heat output is a function of OSA temperature COP (Coefficient Of Performance) auxiliary electric heaters needed for cold winter A.M.and defrost cycle

    Rooftop Package Units


    Advantages:
    inexpensive fast delivery/installation simple to design and operate air-sideeconomizers ratings from manufacturers are certified if system fails, only 1 zone affected easy to meter for utility billing purposes installed on roof for easy maintenance

    Disadvantages:
    limited flexibility to select/change components higher operating & maintenance cost than central systems not good for tight temperature/RH control not good for high % of OSA looks not appealing filtration options limited fan performance limited (particularly static pressure) shorter equipment life

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