The strategy of the International Labour Organization

Social security for all

Building social protection oors and comprehensive social security systems

Copyright International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Ofce enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Ofce, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Ofce welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to nd the reproduction rights organization in your country.

The strategy of the International Labour Organization. Social security for all: building social protection oors and comprehensive social security systems / International Labour Ofce, Social Security Department. Geneva: ILO, 2012 vi. 80 p. ISBN 978-92-2-126746-1 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-126747-8 (pdf web) International Labour Ofce. Social Security Dept. social security / social protection / medical care / guaranteed income / family benet / old age benet / ILO Recommendation / ILO Resolution / comment 02.03.1 

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Contents
Page Foreword ...................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................... vii

Introduction ..................................................................... 1 III III Resolution and conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security)............. 11 Recommendation concerning national oors of social protection (Social Protection Floors Recommendation), 2012 (No. 202).......................................................... 31

III Resolution concerning efforts to make social protection oors a national reality worldwide................................. 41

Annexes ...................................................................... 43

III What constituents say: Extracts from speeches, 101st Session of the International Labour Conference, 2012......................................................................... 45 III Contributors................................................................ 57

References.................................................................... 79

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Foreword
This document lays out the social security strategy of the International Labour Organization as agreed by a consensus of governments and workers and employers organizations of 185 ILO member States. Social security for all: Building social protection oors and comprehensive social security systems is the result of a decade of research, economic, scal and actuarial studies, legal analyses, tripartite consultations at global, regional and national levels, consultation and collaboration with our sister organizations in the UN system, dialogue with the international nancial institutions as well as with a large number of civil society organizations and, most prominently, intense discussions during three sessions of the International Labour Conference (2001, 2011 and 2012). The consensus that emerged from these consultations and discussions was nally, in June 2012, promulgated in the form of a new international labour standard: the ILO Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202). Consensus documents that have to be adopted in international or, as in this case, global decision-making processes, often lose their bite, yet this document stands out as an exception. In the context of a crisis-shaken world marked by a perhaps unprecedented quagmire of political, environmental, economic and scal uncertainties, the Recommendation sends strong messages to decisionand policy-makers in all corners of the world. The main messages are: Social security is a human right and all people, regardless of where they live, should be guaranteed at least a oor of basic social protection. Social security is a social and economic necessity to combat poverty and social exclusion and promote development, equality and equal opportunity. A oor of social protection is economically affordable and can be introduced, completed or maintained everywhere, in accordance with national circumstances. A oor of social protection should consist of at least four basic social security guarantees: essential health care;
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and basic income security during childhood, adulthood and old age for all residents and all children. All societies should also develop strategies to enhance their levels of social security, guided by ILO social security standards as their economies mature and scal space widens. At the heart of these messages is this: there is no excuse for any society to put off building social security for its members, and it can be done at any stage of development, even if gradually. All societies can grow with equity. The ILO Members represented by governments, employers and workers have committed themselves to this strategy. They have assumed the responsibility of enhancing social security for the people in their countries and of building national social protection oors and, progressively, comprehensive social security systems. This Recommendation is a powerful contribution of the International Labour Organization towards the achievement of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and the post-MDG debate. Preferring to let the conclusions of the 100th International Labour Conference in 2011 and the Recommendation adopted by the 101stConference in 2012 speak for themselves, we simply provide a short introduction that guides the reader through these documents. The consensus achieved is remarkable and the social protection oor approach has elicited widespread support.This is encouraging. However, a strategy is only as good as its realization and successful implementation will depend on the commitment and action of many within and beyond national boundaries. Only if we are able to say a decade from now that the ILO strategy has been taken up and used to help make a positive difference in peoples lives will it have been a success. I urge you to make good use of it.

 
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Guy Ryder Director-General, International Labour Ofce

Acknowledgements
This document is the result of the work and commitment of hundreds of people who contributed to the formulation of the strategy in governments, in workers and employers organizations, in academia, in civil society and in international organizations, including the International Labour Ofce. It is impossible to name them all. Those who served as members of the social security committees at the 100thand 101st Sessions of the International Labour Conference are listed at the end of this document. It is they who held the nal discussions and adopted the strategy and the Recommendation as representatives of all those who contributed to its development. We thank them all.

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Introduction
The International Labour Organization (ILO) set out its strategy for addressing the challenge of extending social security coverage and further developing and maintaining comprehensive social security 1 systems in the Resolution and Conclusions adopted by the Interna2 tional Labour Conference at its 100th Session in June 2011. Based on the premise that social security is a human right and a social and economic necessity, the Conference noted that closing coverage gaps was of highest priority for equitable economic growth, social cohesion and decent work for all women and men, and called for the extension of social security coverage through a two-dimensional approach, with a view to building comprehensive social security systems. At its 101st Session in June 2012 the Conference adopted a new international social security standard, the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202),3 which completes the ILOs social security strategy. This Recommendation complements the existing ILO social security standards and provides exible but meaningful guidance to member States in building Social Protection Floors within comprehensive social security systems tailored to national circum4 stances and levels of development. The ILOs two-dimensional strategy provides clear guidance on the future development of social security in countries at all levels of development. Effective national strategies to extend social security, in line with national circumstances, should aim at achieving universal protection of the population by ensuring at least minimum levels of income security and access to essential health care (horizontal dimension) and progressively ensuring higher levels of protection guided by up-to-date ILO social security standards (vertical dimension). In line with national priorities, resources and circumstances, such twodimensional strategies should aim at building and maintaining comprehensive and adequate social security systems. Both the Resolution and Conclusions as well as the Recommendation address the policy and institutional context for social security, the role of and need for social security, social security extension strategies, the affordability and nancing of social security, social security governance, and the role of ILO social security standards. They also underline the respective roles of governments and social partners, highlighting the fact that governments have the primary responsibility
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for ensuring effective access to social security to all, and that an effective process of social dialogue plays a key role in contributing to the formulation, implementation and monitoring of social security policies and ensuring the good governance of national social security systems. The mandate of the ILO in assisting its member States in all aspects of the design and implementation of their national social security strategies and policies is also afrmed and further specied. The strategic directions for the ILO laid out in the 2011 Resolution and Conclusions, as well as the Recommendation, further the new consensus on social security reached at the 89th Session of the 5 Conference in 2001. They take forward the tripartite commitment to extend social security to all in need of such protection, which is embedded in the Declaration of Philadelphia (1944) and part of the ILOs Constitution, and was reafrmed in the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008), highlighting the inseparable, interrelated and mutually supportive nature of employment, social protection, social dialogue, and rights at work, the four strategic objectives of the Decent Work Agenda. In view of the importance of the strategic directions given by the Conference for the extension of social security, this publication contains, for easy reference and guidance, the Resolution and Conclusions adopted in 2011 (Part I), as well as Recommendation No. 202 (Part II) and the Resolution concerning efforts to make social pro6 tection oors a national reality worldwide (Part III), both adopted in 2012. These texts reect the global tripartite consensus shared by the ILOs 185member States regarding the importance, role and nature of social security in national social and economic development. This general recognition and agreement is well-captured in the speeches given by constituents on the occasions of the 100th and 101st Sessions of the Conference, of which excerpts are reproduced in Annex I. The ILOs strategy for the extension of social security has been shaped over a number of years, beneting from inputs from constituents and experts from many countries. Many people from various backgrounds have contributed over the years by sharing experiences and points of view which have helped to ensure that this strategy is well-balanced, and relevant to different national contexts and ismaking a signicant difference to the lives of people all over the world. In an attempt to acknowledge these valuable contributions, Annex II of this publication lists the names of representatives of governments,
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employers and workers organizations, experts, representatives of international organizations and others who contributed to this process in various functions, including on behalf of many others who, in various circumstances, have been working relentlessly over many years to make social security a reality for increasing numbers of people.

The two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security

The two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security, as dened in the Resolution and Conclusions of 2011 and further strengthened by Recommendation No. 202, comprises the following elements:7 establishing and maintaining of social protection oors as a fundamental element of national social security systems (horizontal dimension); and pursuing strategies for the extension of social security that progressively ensure higher levels of social security to as many people as possible, guided by ILO social security standards (vertical dimension). This two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security should aim at building comprehensive social security systems in line with national priorities, resources and circumstances. It can be illustrated as follows:

High

Vertical dimension:
Progressively ensuring higher levels of protection, guided by Convention No. 102 and more advanced standards

Voluntary insurance under government regulation

level of protection floor level Low

Social security benefits of guaranteed levels Basic social security guarantees: Access to essential health care and basic income security for all

Outcomes can be guaranteed through different means there is no-one-size-fits-all

Low

Individual / household income

High

Horizontal dimension:
Guaranteeing access to essential health care and minimum income security for all, guided by Recommendation No. 202

The principles to be applied by member States when extending social security coverage along the horizontal and vertical dimensions are 8 set out in Recommendation No. 202, where the overall and primary responsibility of the State is singled out as an overarching principle that frames the other principles. A rst group of principles guides the design of the social security system and its components, the denition of entitlements and personal coverage, and the establishment of legal frameworks. Protection should be universal, based on social solidarity, aiming at social inclusion, including of persons in the informal economy. Such universal protection can be achieved progressively, including by setting targets and time frames. It should be based on the principles of non-discrimination, gender equality and responsiveness to special needs. Entitlements to benets should be prescribed by national law, and should also be accompanied by efcient and accessible complaint and appeal procedures. The rights and dignity of people covered by social security guarantees should be respected. Benets should be adequate and predictable. A second group of principles applies to the delivery, nancing, management, coordination and monitoring of social security systems. When designing and implementing social protection oors and social security extension strategies, Members should consider a diversity of methods and approaches, including of nancing mechanisms and delivery systems. These measures should be based on solidarity in nancing while seeking to achieve an optimal balance between the responsibilities and interests among those who nance and benet from social security schemes. At the same time, measures should ensure: nancial, scal and economic sustainability with due regard to social justice and equity; transparent, accountable and sound nancial management and administration; coherence of social protection policies with social, economic and employment policies; coherence across institutions responsible for delivery of social protection together with the provision of high-quality public services, for effective and efcient implementation; regular monitoring of implementation, as well as periodic evaluation; and
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 full respect for collective bargaining and freedom of association for all workers, as well as tripartite participation with representative organizations of employers and workers, and consultation with other relevant and representative organizations of persons concerned.

The horizontal dimension: National social protection oors

The horizontal dimension of the ILOs strategy consists of the rapid implementation of national Social Protection Floors, containing basic social security guarantees that ensure that over the life cycle all in need can afford and have access to essential health care and have 9 income security at least at a nationally dened minimum level. In this view, Recommendation No. 202 sets out that member States should establish and maintain national social protection oors. These are nationally-dened sets of basic social security guarantees which secure protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion. These guarantees should ensure at a minimum that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to essential health care and basic income security. These together ensure effective access to essential goods and services dened as necessary at the national level. National social protection oors should comprise at least the follow10 ing four social security guarantees, as dened at the national level: (a) access to essential health care, including maternity care; (b) basic income security for children, providing access to nutrition, education, care and any other necessary goods and services; (c) basic income security for persons in active age who are unable to earn sufcient income, in particular in cases of sickness, unemployment, maternity and disability; and (d) basic income security for older persons. Such guarantees should be provided to all residents and all children, as dened in national laws and regulations, and subject to existing 11 international obligations.
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Recommendation No. 202 also states that basic social security guarantees should be established by law. National laws and regulations should specify the range, qualifying conditions and levels of the benets giving effect to these guarantees, and provide for effective and accessible complaint and appeal procedures. Basic social security guarantees should be provided through the most effective and efcient combination of benets and schemes in the national context. Benets may include child and family benets, sickness and health-care benets, maternity benets, disability benets, old-age benets, survivors benets, unemployment benets and employment guarantees, and employment injury benets as well as any other social benets in cash or in kind. Schemes providing such benets may include universal benet schemes, social insurance schemes, social assistance schemes, negative income tax schemes, public employment schemes and employment support schemes. The necessary nancial resources can be mobilized through a variety of different methods to ensure the nancial, scal and economic sustainability of national social protection oors, taking into account the contributory capacities of different population groups. Such methods may include, individually or in combination, effective enforcement of tax and contribution obligations, reprioritizing expenditure, or a broader and sufciently progressive revenue base.

The vertical dimension: National strategies for the extension of social security
Underlining that the process of building comprehensive social security systems cannot stop at the ground oor of protection, ILO member States agreed in 2011 to pursue strategies that seek to provide higher levels of income security and access to health care taking into account and progressing towards in the rst instance the coverage and benet provisions of Convention No. 102 to as many people as possible and as soon as possible; based, as a prerequisite, on policies aiming at encouraging participation of those in the informal 12 economy and its gradual formalization. Recommendation No. 202 provides additional guidance regarding the formulation and implementation of national social security extension strategies, based on national consultations through effective
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social dialogue and social participation. These should prioritize the establishment and maintenance of social protection oors, and seek to provide higher levels of protection to as many people as possible, reecting economic and scal capacities of Members, and as soon as possible. Higher levels of protection can include a broader range of benets provided, a wider scope of personal coverage, and higher benet levels. When building comprehensive social security systems, countries should aim to achieve the range and levels of benets set out in the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), or in other ILO social security Conventions and Recommendations setting out more advanced standards. Recommendation No. 202 also provides guidance on the process that Members should follow in formulating and implementing nat ional social security extension strategies. Such a process should start by setting objectives that reect national priorities; identifying gaps in, and barriers to, protection; seeking to close gaps in protection through appropriate means; and specifying nancial requirements and resources, time frames and sequencing of appropriate policies. Special emphasis is given to raising awareness among the population, including through social dialogue. Social security extension strategies should support the growth of formal employment and the reduction of informality, and should be complemented whenever appropriate by active labour market policies.

Towards comprehensive social security systems

The two dimensions of the ILOs social security strategy aim at building and maintaining comprehensive and adequate social security systems which are coherent with national policy objectives. Coordination with other public policies is essential, ensuring that social security extension strategies are consistent with and conducive to the implementation of wider national social, economic and environmental development plans. The strategy highlights the importance of national monitoring of progress in implementing social protection oors and achieving other objectives of national social security extension strategies. This
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should be done through appropriate nationally-dened mechanisms, including tripartite participation with representative organizations of employers and workers, as well as consultation with other relevant and representative organizations of persons concerned. Countries should also regularly convene national consultations to assess progress and discuss policies for the further horizontal and vertical extension of social security. Recommendation No. 202 also encourages countries to exchange information, experiences and expertise among themselves and with the ILO. In implementing this Recommendation, countries may seek technical assistance from the ILO and other relevant international organizations in accordance with their respective mandates. The ILOs two-dimensional strategy opens a new chapter in social security. Reafrming the human right to social security, it acknowledges that this right is, along with the promotion of employment, an economic and social necessity for development and progress. It recognizes the importance of the universality of protection, based on social solidarity, for the prevention and reduction of poverty, inequality, social exclusion and insecurity; the promotion of equal opportunity and gender and racial equality; and as a means to support the transition from informal to formal employment. It also appreciates social security as a means to empower people to adjust to changes in the economy and in the labour market; and recognizes that social security systems act as automatic social and economic stabilizers that help stimulate aggregate demand in times of crisis and beyond, and help support a transition to a more sustainable economy. The strategy emphasizes the overall and primary responsibility of the State in line with national priorities and efciently using national resources, the importance of legal entitlements, effective governance and administration, and of a broad national consultative process. All these elements are essential for enabling people to live in dignity, realizing the human right to social security, and in fostering inclusive societies and productive economies. This strategy is an important contribution of the ILO to the global debate on social protection oors and the future of social security at a time when a crisis-shaken world is seeking a new balance between economic and social policies to achieve sustainable development.
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1. ILO, 2011: Resolution and conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), International Labour Conference, 100th Session, Geneva, 2011, in Provisional Record (Geneva, 2011), No. 24: Report of the Committee for the Recurrent Discussion on Social Protection, and reproduced in Part I of this publication. The resolution and conclusions were adopted after the discussion of the ILO report Social security for social justice and a fair globalization: Recurrent discussion on social protection (social security) under the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, Report VI, International Labour Conference, 100th Session, Geneva, 2011. 2. Bringing together government, employer and worker delegates of all 185 ILO member States, the International Labour Conference is the organ of the ILO which sets the broad policies of the Organization, and establishes and adopts international labour standards. 3. Recommendation concerning national oors of social protection (Social Protection Floors Recommendation), 2012 (No. 202). It was adopted with 453 votes in favour and one abstention. 4. Resolution and conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), 2011, para. 31. 5.Resolution and conclusions concerning social security, International Labour Conference, 89th Session, Geneva, 2001. See also ILO: Social security: A new consensus (Geneva, 2001). 6. Resolution concerning efforts to make social protection oors a national reality worldwide, International Labour Conference, 101st Session, Geneva, 2012 in Provisional Record (Geneva, 2012), No. 14: Report of the Committee on the Social Protection Floor, and reproduced in Part III of this publication. 7. Recommendation No. 202, paras. 1 and 2. See also Conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), 2011, paras. 814. 8. Recommendation No. 202, para. 3. 9. Conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), 2011, para. 9. 10. Recommendation No. 202, paras. 4 and 5. 11. Ibid. para. 6. 12.Conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), 2011, para 11.

PART I
Resolution and conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security)
Resolution concerning the recurrent discussion 13 on social protection (social security)
The General Conference of the International Labour Organization, meeting in Geneva at its 100th Session, 2011, Having undertaken, in accordance with the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, a recurrent discussion on the basis of Report VI, Social security for social justice and a fair globalization,
1. Adopts the following conclusions, 2. Invites the Governing Body of the International Labour Ofce as a follow-up to the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security) and in line with the following conclusions which recognize the need for a Recommendation, to place a standard-setting item entitled Elaboration of an autonomous Recommendation on the Social Protection Floor on the agenda of the 101st Session of the International Labour Conference, 2012, for a single discussion with a view to the adoption of a Recommendation, and 3.Invites the Governing Body of the International Labour Ofce to give due consideration to the following conclusions in planning future action on social protection (social security) and requests the Director-General to take them into account when preparing andimplementing the programme and budget for future biennia and when allocating such other resources as may be available during the 201213 biennium.

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Conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion 14 on social protection (social security) Policy and institutional context
1. The new consensus on social security reached at the International Labour Conference, at its 89th Session in 2001, gave the highest priority to policies and initiatives that can bring social security to those who are not covered by existing schemes. Consequently, the International Labour Ofce launched in 2003 the Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All. The ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 97th Session in 2008, again reafrmed the tripartite commitment to extend social security to all in need of such protection in the framework of the Decent Work Agenda. 2. The International Labour Conference at its 98th Session in 2009 recognized the crucial role of social protection policies in crisis response, and the Global Jobs Pact called for countries to give consideration, as appropriate, to building adequate social protection for all, drawing on a basic social protection oor. The High-level Plenary Meeting of the UN General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG Summit) in September 2010 recognized that promoting universal access to social services and providing social protection oors can make an important contribution to consolidating and achieving further development gains and hence endorsed the Social Protection Floor initiative which the UN Chief Executives Board had launched in 2009. 3. Regional tripartite ILO meetings in Latin America, Arab States and Asia and the Pacic during 2007 and 2008 discussed social security extension strategies. A generic two-dimensional extension strategy, combining the extension of coverage to all through nationally dened social protection oors and the progressive implementation of higher levels of social security through comprehensive systems, emerged. This strategy was endorsed by the Yaound Tripartite Declaration on the implementation of the Social Protection Floor adopted at the 2nd African Decent Work Symposium in Yaound in 2010, and the Chairs Summary of the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Strategies for the Extension of Social Security Coverage in 2009.
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4. This consensus concerning social security is underpinned by the Decent Work Agenda, including its four pillars: employment, social dialogue, social protection and standards and fundamental principles and rights. These four pillars are inseparable, interrelated and mutually supportive. These conclusions on social security sit within this context. Sustainable social security systems are a key element in promoting productive economic growth with equity. They are closely linked to all of the elements of the Decent Work Agenda and should be based on entitlements within a legal framework. Tripartism and social dialogue based on freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining are key elements to ensure adequate wages for workers thereby assisting them to increase their contributory capacity. They also contribute to the sustainability of broader social security systems in which non-contributory and contributory schemes complement each other.

The role of and need for social security

5. The Conference recognizes and reiterates that:

(a) Social security is a human right. Everyone as a member of society has a right to social security as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 22. Globally the large majority of women, men and children do not have access to adequate or any social security. By recognizing in the Declaration of Philadelphia the solemn obligation of the International Labour Organization to further among the nations of the world programmes which will achieve the extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care, its member States conrmed the ILOs commitment to achieving adequate social security for all.

(b) Social security is a social necessity. Effective national social security systems are powerful tools to provide income security, to prevent and reduce poverty and inequality, and promote social inclusion and dignity. They are an important investment in the well-being of workers and the population at large, notably by enhancing access to health care, and providing income security thereby facilitating access to education and re13

ducing child labour and in particular eliminating its worst forms. Social security strengthens social cohesion and thus contributes to building social peace, inclusive societies and a fair globalization with decent standards of living for all. (c) Social security is an economic necessity. Full, productive and decent employment is the most important source of income security. Social protection is key to ensure a just share of the fruits of progress for all. Sustainable growth requires good health, nutrition and education, which can foster transitions from low productivity and subsistence level activities to highly productive decent jobs and from the informal to the formal economy. Social security, well designed and linked to other policies, enhances productivity, employability and supports economic development. Adequate social security encourages human capital investment for both employers and workers, enables workers to adapt to change and facilitates equitable and inclusive structural change associated with globalization. As an effective automatic stabilizer in times of crisis, social security contributes to mitigating the economic and social impact of economic downturns, to enhancing resilience, and achieving faster recovery towards inclusive growth.

Social security extension strategies

6. Many developing countries have made signicant progress in extending social security coverage during the last decade. They offer the best evidence that the extension of social security is possible. Despite these advances, broad social security coverage gaps remain in many countries of the world. In some regions, the vast majority of the population is excluded from social security. 7. The risk of being excluded from coverage is particularly high among certain groups, including workers in the informal economy and atypical forms of employment, vulnerable workers in rural and urban areas, domestic workers, migrant workers, unskilled workers, and people with disabilities and chronic illnesses, including those affected by HIV and AIDS. Women tend to face higher exclusion than men, due to discrimination throughout the life cycle and the burden they usually shoulder in family and care responsibilities. Children of excluded populations are more likely to grow up in impaired states of health and nutrition that undermine their future and that of their societies.
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8. Closing coverage gaps is of highest priority for equitable economic growth, social cohesion and Decent Work for all women and men. Effective national strategies to extend social security in line with national priorities, administrative feasibility and affordability contribute to achieving these objectives. These national strategies should aim at achieving universal coverage of the population with at least minimum levels of protection (horizontal dimension) and progressively ensuring higher levels of protection guided by up-to-date ILO social security standards (vertical dimension). The two dimensions of the extension of coverage are consistent with moving towards compliance with the requirements of the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) and are of equal importance and should be pursued simultaneously where possible. 9. The horizontal dimension should aim at the rapid implementation of national Social Protection Floors, containing basic social security guarantees that ensure that over the life cycle all in need can afford and have access to essential health care and have income security at least at a nationally dened minimum level. Social Protection Floor policies should aim at facilitating effective access to essential goods and services, promote productive economic activity and be implemented in close coordination with other policies enhancing employability, reducing informality and precariousness, creating decent jobs and promoting entrepreneurship. 10. As a one-size-ts-all approach is not appropriate, every member State should design and implement its Social Protection Floor guarantees according to national circumstances and priorities dened with the participation of social partners. While expected outcomes of these guarantees are of a universal nature, member States nd different ways of implementing Social Protection Floor policies, which may include universal benet schemes, social insurance, public employment programmes and employment support schemes, and social assistance schemes that provide benets only to people with low income, or appropriate combinations of such measures. To be effective, these policies require an appropriate mix of preventive measures, benets and social services. 11. The process of building comprehensive social security systems cannot stop at the ground oor of protection. Hence, the vertical dimension of the social security coverage extension strategy in each
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member State should seek to provide higher levels of income security and access to health care taking into account and progressing towards in the rst instance the coverage and benet provisions of Convention No. 102 to as many people as possible and as soon as possible; based, as a prerequisite, on policies aiming at encouraging participation of those in the informal economy and its gradual formalization. As economies develop and become more resilient, peoples income security and their access to health care should be strengthened.
12. National strategies to extend social security should progress based on the resources of the nation and a set of essential principles, i.e. universal coverage, progressive realization while providing immediate protection against discrimination, promoting gender equality, social and economic adequacy, rights-based benets, nancial and scal sustainability, good governance with the overall general responsibility of the State and the ongoing participation of social partners, and nally institutional and organizational questions should not prevent adequate protective outcomes. These principles should guide national policy and strategic decisions. 13. Strategies to extend social security are closely associated with employment policies. Member States should therefore pay particular attention to building an economic and social framework that is conducive to sustainable enterprise creation and growth of decent and productive employment. A large informal economy constitutes a particular challenge for the extension of social security coverage. Social insurance remains the central pillar of social security systems in most member States, yet it tends to focus on formal employees. However, a growing number of developing countries have gradually extended the scope of social insurance coverage to other categories of workers such as own-account workers, domestic workers or workers in rural areas and workers in small and micro-enterprises by adapting the scope of benets, contributions and administrative procedures. The inclusion of these groups in social insurance is a key component of the formalization of employment and can also reduce the cost of tax-nanced benet systems for poor workers in the informal economy. 14.Member States should be encouraged to continuously employ efforts aimed at the transition from informal to formal economies. While social security policies have a strong role to play in attaining this objective, they have to be complemented by scal and employment
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policies, and by developing administrative procedures aimed to create adequate incentives to join the formal economy and reduce the costs of formalization. Member States should be encouraged to strengthen compliance assistance, the promotion and the enforcement of legal frameworks including by adequate labour, tax and social security inspections aiming at reducing fraud, and informality including disguised employment, undeclared business and undeclared work. The formalization of the economy is one of the crucial prerequisites for long-term growth and will increase the public revenue base necessary to nance higher levels of social security for contributors and taxpayers and non-contributory benets to cover those without capacity tocontribute.

Ensuring the affordability and the nancing of social security

15.The expenditure required to nance social security systems is a long-term investment in people. Societies that do not invest in social security face important costs such as those associated with the lack of a healthy and productive workforce, economic insecurity and social exclusion. On the other hand, investing in people through social security systems requires resources that have to be provided by enterprises, workers, households and others as contributors and taxpayers. It is thus essential that a rational balance is found between short- and long-term costs and benets of social security systems for society and different groups of nancers and beneciaries. 16. Social security interventions need to achieve their objectives in terms of both social and economic adequacy in an effective and cost-efcient way. Permanent monitoring and evaluation by the social partners of the short- and long-term effectiveness and efciency of individual programmes and social security systems, including actuarial studies, are important mechanisms and may lead to reform and adjustments whenever necessary. In the case of State operated schemes transparency, consultation and social dialogue are appropriate. In the case of schemes that involve workers and employers organizations social dialogue and agreements are usually appropriate. 17. Many member States at all levels of development have already implemented elements of a national Social Protection Floor as partof their efforts in building comprehensive social security systems. Member
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States have chosen different options to ensure the necessary scal space, including reprioritizing expenditure, and broadening the revenue base. Sustainable growth, the progressive formalization of the economy and high levels of productive employment are essential in ensuring the nancial resources necessary to extend social security to all.
18. While national Social Protection Floors should be nanced from domestic sources of revenue to ensure their long-term sustainability, there may be cases where these resources are insufcient to extend the Social Protection Floor to all in a short time frame. International cooperation can play an important role in helping member States to initiate the process and build the national resource base with a view to ensuring sustainable nancing mechanisms. 19. The affordability of social security systems is widely discussed in the context of demographic change. The expected increase in economic dependency ratios over the next decades raises concerns about the sustainability of social security systems. The ageing of the population will increase expenditure on pensions, health and long-term care in the decades to come. However, evidence suggests that this challenge is manageable within properly organized systems. Necessary reform processes can be successfully managed fairly balancing social needs and nancial and scal requirements, if embedded in a well informed social dialogue process. 20.It is indispensable to create positive synergies for sustainable growth and higher levels of decent employment between social protection, nancial and economic policies. Integrated national policies promoting productive employment are necessary to ensure sustainable nancing, addressing possible skills shortages, promoting productivity, taking advantage of a wider diversity of the workforce in terms of sex, age, nationality and ethnic origin and facilitating a better balance between work and family responsibilities for women and men. Some of the policy options lie within the realm of social security policies proper, while others reside in other policy spheres. Such options may include:

(a) integrating macroeconomic, employment and social policies that give priority to Decent Work; (b) investing social security reserves prudently; (c) building quality public services that enhance effective social security systems;
18

(d) promoting social dialogue, the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining and freedom of association; (e) promoting and strengthening the enabling environment for sustainable enterprises reecting employment growth and Decent Work; (f) investing in education, vocational skills and lifelong learning; (g) promoting the good governance of labour migration; (h) facilitating reconciliation of work and family responsibilities for women and men, and ensuring effective access to comprehensive social services to address care needs including for children, people in old age, people living with HIV and AIDS and with disabilities. This includes, maternity protection such as adequate pre and post natal care and income guarantees and other supports for women during the last weeks of pregnancy and the rst weeks after delivery; (i) policies to enable all workers including those in atypical employment to take advantage of social security; (j) promoting labour force participation of women by more equitable treatment creating better employment opportunities, reducing the segmentation of the labour market between men and women, eliminating gender gaps in wages and providing equal professional development opportunities; (k) facilitating effective school-to-work transitions; (l) improving the rehabilitation of workers with reduced working capacity including personal support and training where appropriate with a view to fostering their participation in the labour market; (m) combining the income replacement function of social security with active labour market policies as well as assistance and incentives that promote real participation in the formal labour market.
21.Ensuring adequate labour force participation of older women and men is often essential for the adaptation of social security systems to demographic change. In addition to policies to promote full employment, measures to promote the employment of older workers may include:

(a) investing in technologies and occupational safety and health measures that permit the productive employment of older workers and workers with health impairments and disabilities;
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(b) raising the labour force participation rates of older workers by eliminating age discrimination and providing incentives for workers and employers to address enterprise restructuring through innovative work arrangements; (c) introducing socially acceptable rules through a transparent process, including social dialogue and tripartism, as to the age at which people withdraw from the labour market, which should reect a sustainable relationship between the duration and demands of working life and retirement taking into account issues such as conditions of work, years of service and the recognition that retirement is a legitimate part of the life cycle.

Social security governance

22. Social security systems need to be well managed and administered to ensure effectiveness in reaching agreed objectives, efciency in using resources, and transparency to gain condence of those who nance them and benet from these systems. Active involvement of all stakeholders, and in particular workers and employers through effective social dialogue mechanisms and tripartite supervision, is one of the important means to secure good governance of social security systems. 23.The general responsibility for an effective and efcient social security system lies with the State, particularly with creating political commitment and with respect to setting appropriate policy, legal and regulatory frameworks and the supervision that guarantee adequate benet levels, good governance and management and protecting acquired rights of beneciaries and other participants. 24. Collective bargaining and freedom of association play an important role in helping employers and workers negotiate on social security provisions, including for occupational and other supplementary schemes. Agreements should be in the context of a state regulatory framework. 25. Social dialogue is essential in identifying and dening priority policy objectives; the design of the corresponding benets, entitlements and delivery methods; the allocation of the nancial burden between generations and between contributors and tax payers; and the need to nd a fair balance between social expectations and nancial constraints.
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26. Social dialogue is an important means for contributing to the permanent monitoring of nancial sustainability and the social adequacy, effectiveness and efciency of management and administration of the scheme. It is also important in enforcing the existing social security legislation so that the contributions due are paid by all those obliged to pay and benets delivered to all those eligible. This requires wellresourced and well-trained public inspection services to promote and ensure the law enforcement and the prevention of contribution evasion, fraud and corruption. However this also requires active monitoring by employers, workers and other stakeholders. 27. To play the expected active role in securing good social security governance, all workers and employers need to be aware of, and understand, existing social security provisions and emerging challenges. Member States should consider including basic knowledge about social security in the education and training curricula at different levels of the national education systems. Employers and workers organizations have to build signicant capacity to be able to share the social security knowledge with their members as well as to actively participate in social dialogue on social security policies and in monitoring and supervision of social security schemes.

The role of ILO standards

15 28. The up-to-date ILO social security standards, and in particular Convention No. 102, provide a unique set of minimum standards for national social security systems that are internationally accepted. They set out principles that guide the design, nancing, governance and monitoring of national social security systems. Convention No.102 continues to serve as a benchmark and reference in the gradual development of comprehensive social security coverage at the national level. Several member States currently implementing successful and innovative social security extension policies have recently ratied Convention No. 102 and others have indicated their intention to do so.

29. Increasing ratication and effective implementation of Convention No. 102 and other social security Conventions remain a key priority for member States. It is therefore essential to raise awareness and understanding of ILO social security standards, to identify gaps in coverage that still may prevent further ratications, and to design policies that
21

may close these gaps. In particular, this should also include the dissemination of information on the requirements concerning implementation of these instruments and devote special efforts to capacity building and the training of the social partners, and thus to strengthening the role of social dialogue in the implementation of standards.
30. As also noted in the outcome of the discussion on the General Survey of 2011 on social security by the Committee on the Application of Standards, the language of certain provisions of Convention No. 102 is often interpreted as gender-biased. There is a need for a pragmatic solution that would enable its interpretation in a genderresponsive way without revising the instrument itself or weakening the prescribed levels of protection and population coverage. This may facilitate further ratications by a number of member States. 31. In view of the renewed support for the provision of at least a basic level of social security through establishing Social Protection Floors, there is a need for a Recommendation complementing the existing standards that would provide exible but meaningful guidance to member States in building Social Protection Floors within comprehensive social security systems tailored to national circumstances and levels of development. Such a Recommendation should be promotional, gender-responsive and allow for exible implementation to be applied by all member States using different methods and according to their own needs, resources and their time frame for progressive implementation. Elements of a possible Recommendation on Social Protection Floors are outlined in the appendix to these conclusions.

The role of governments and social partners

32. Governments have the primary responsibility for ensuring effective access to social security to all. Effective social dialogue processes play a key role in contributing to the formulation, implementation and monitoring of social security policies and ensuring good governance of national social security systems. 33. Governments of member States should consider and/or undertake the following:

(a) fully assuming their responsibility for social security by providing an appropriate policy, legal and institutional framework, effec22

tive governance and management mechanisms, including a legal framework to secure and protect the private individual information contained in their social security data systems; (b) fostering coherence of social security policies with employment, macroeconomic, and other social policies within a decent work framework, particularly with respect to promoting the progressive formalization of employment and providing support for productive employment; (c) the development of a national two-dimensional social security extension strategy, through a social dialogue-based consultation process, that identies gaps in the desired levels of social security and seeks to close those gaps in a coordinated and planned manner over a period of time with a view to developing national Social Protection Floors and building comprehensive social security systems; (d) ensuring that social security policies take account of changing roles of women and men with respect to employment and care responsibilities, promote gender equality, provide maternity protection and support the empowerment of women through measures to ensure equitable outcomes for women; (e) ensuring that social security policies address the needs of women, men and children during all stages of the life cycle and in both urban and rural areas, and the specic needs of vulnerable groups, including indigenous people, minorities, migrant workers, people with disabilities, people living with HIV and AIDS, orphans and vulnerable children; (f) strengthening labour and social security inspection systems to improve compliance with social security and occupational safety and health legislation and strengthen the preventive potential of the latter through the promotion of a health and safety culture; (g) concluding bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements to provide equality of treatment in respect of social security, as well as access to and preservation and/or portability of social security entitlements, to migrant workers to be covered by such agreements; (h) ensuring the nancial, scal and economic sustainability of social security systems through appropriate policies and different nancing mechanisms, developed in consultation with or by social partners as appropriate;
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(i) balancing, with the participation of social partners, the economic and social adequacy in public and private social security schemes in the longer term; (j) engaging with social partners and promoting effective social dialogue to dene the most appropriate national social security policies and time frames for their progressive implementation; (k) giving full effect to the provisions of Convention No. 102 and other up-to-date ILO social security Conventions, and undertaking measures to ratify these Conventions; (l) contributing to exchange of information, experiences and expertise on social security policies and practices among member States and with the ILO.
34.Employers and workers organizations should consider and/or undertake the following:

(a) raising awareness and building public support for social security among their members and the wider public, including on ILO social security standards; (b) actively participating in social dialogue processes aiming at the design, implementation and monitoring of national social security strategies and policies, with a view to responding to the evolving needs and capacities of workers and enterprises; (c) contributing to the development of innovative solutions including those which might address economic shocks, structural changes and sustainability including through collective bargaining; (d) participating in policy dialogue aimed at the establishment of national Social Protection Floors; (e) jointly developing initiatives to support the transition to formal employment and formal enterprises; (f) supporting the development of standards of good performance and accountability for effective and efcient and sustainable operation of the overall national social security systems; (g) actively participating in the governance of social security institutions in order to ensure the effective representation of protected persons and tax payers and contributors;
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(h) assisting workers and employers in their interactions with social security institutions, ensuring due contribution collection and provision of benets; (i) collaborating with the Government and the ILO in promoting the ratication and effective implementation of Convention No. 102.

The role of the ILO and follow-up

35. The Conference calls upon the International Labour Ofce in the context of the Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All to:

(a) assist member States, including through Decent Work Country Programmes and appropriate technical advisory services, to support the design and implementation of national two-dimensional strategies to extend social security coverage, including national Social Protection Floors, in the wider context of comprehensive national social and economic policy frameworks; (b) assist member States in designing and improving the governance, management and effective delivery systems of social security schemes, and to evaluate regularly the impact, viability and sustainability of social security policies; (c) further strengthen member States capacities to design, implement and monitor social security systems that are responsive to challenges including changing demographic trends and migration and assuring their proper functioning; (d) support the establishment of bilateral and multilateral agreements to provide social security to migrant workers and their families; (e) strengthen the ILOs leading role in the promotion of the Social Protection Floor at both the international and national level with the participation of constituents and in partnership with other international organizations; (f) support the development of macroeconomic frameworks and policies, including activation measures, which are conducive to the creation of quality employment and sustainable and effective social security systems; (g) support member States in formulating and implementing, in consultation with employers and workers organizations, national poli25

cies aimed at facilitating progressive transition from the informal to the formal economy; (h) promote, at the national and international level, social dialogue and the role of social partners in the design, governance and implementation of comprehensive and sustainable social security for all; (i) devote special efforts to capacity building and the training of the social partners on ILO social security standards, thus strengthening the role of social dialogue in ways the standards are implemented; (j) strengthen the capacities of social partners to engage in policy dialogue, and social security governance at the national level through the further development of appropriate training programmes, technical assistance and other means; (k) expand the assistance to constituents in enhancing awareness and understanding of ILO social security standards and their implementation, designing policies to overcome obstacles to ratication and undertaking innovative initiatives for promoting up-to-date ILO Conventions on social security, notably Convention No. 102; (l) develop in cooperation with ILO constituents a social security good practices guide that provides member States with practical guidance and benchmarks to evaluate and enhance their national social protection provisions, including general and nancial social security management, benet design and good governance; (m) strengthen the International Labour Ofces research capacities, particularly with regard to analyzing national social security policies and practices, developing tools for the assessment of performance, and producing reliable statistics, and ensuring its high quality and visibility with the view to helping governments and social partners make informed decisions; (n) facilitate the exchange of experiences and good practices, the transfer of knowledge and by mutual agreement, the transfer of technologies among member States including the promotion of South-South and triangular exchange of experiences and expertise; (o) facilitate the implementation of the ILOs mandate on social protection by improving international policy coherence, effectiveness and efciency including by coordinating its programmes and activities and deepening the collaboration with the UN system, the IMF, the World Bank, regional development banks, the OECD, the European
26

Commission and other regional organizations, the ISSA and civil society organizations. This collaboration is crucial at national level through country-led initiatives; (p) strengthen cooperation with ISSA and other national and international social security associations, and their member organizations, with regard to sharing information and mobilizing expertise to support the ILOs technical operations; (q) proactively and consistently mainstream gender in all the above activities in order to promote gender equality.
36.The Conference requests the Director-General to take into account these conclusions in preparing future programme and budget proposals and facilitating extra-budgetary sources, including Regular Budget Supplementary Accounts. 37. The Conference invites the Governing Body to place the discussion on the possible Recommendation mentioned in paragraph 31 on the agenda of the 101st Session of the International Labour Conference in 2012. 38. The Conference invites the Governing Body to consider, in light of the resolution concerning gender equality and the use of language in legal texts of the ILO, the question of gender-sensitive language in ILO social security standards and report to the Conference at a later session. 39. The Conference requests the Director-General to prepare a plan of action for the implementation of the other recommendations of these conclusions and of the outcome of the discussions of the Committee of the Applications of Standards, and requests the Governing Body to consider that plan in its 312th Session in November 2011.

13.From ILO: Provisional Record, op. cit., No. 24. p. 66. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_162049.pdf. 14. Ibid. pp. 6778. 15. The ILO social security standards considered up to date by the ILO Governing Body are: the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102); the Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, 1962 (No. 118); the Employment Injury Benets Convention, 1964 [Schedule I amended in 1980] (No. 121); the Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors Benets Convention, 1967 (No. 128); the Medical Care and Sickness Benets Convention, 1969 (No.130); the Maintenance of Social Security Rights Convention, 1982 (No. 157); the Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988 (No. 168); and the Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183).

27

Appendix Elements of a possible Recommendation on Social 16 Protection Floors

1. General context
A1. Everyone as a member of society has the right to social security as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 22. Social security is a social and economic necessity, a prerequisite of social and economic development, and an element of Decent Work for all women and men. It can make a major contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and targets.

2.Objective
A2. The Recommendation would focus on the extension of coverage to wider groups of the population (horizontal extension of coverage), and thereby supporting the implementation of national Social Protection Floors. With respect to progressively ensuring higher levels of protection (vertical extension of coverage), the Recommendation would encourage member States to ratify and those that have ratied to ensure the effective implementation of the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) and other up-to-date ILO social security Conventions. A3. The objective of the Recommendation would be to provide guidance to member States to develop a social security extension strategy compatible with, and supportive of, wider national social, economic and employment policy strategies and seek in particular to contribute to poverty reduction and the formalization of informal employment.

3. Principles for the implementation

A4. The extension of social security should be country-led and responsive to national needs, priorities and resources. In order to support member States in this task, the Recommendation would specify a number of principles for the design and implementation of national social security extension strategies in line with the conclusions of this Committee.
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4. Scope of the instrument

A5. The Recommendation should encourage member States to design, through an effective national social dialogue process, a social security strategy that identies gaps in the achievement of nationally pursued levels of protection and seeks to close those gaps and build a comprehensive social security system in a coordinated and planned manner over a period of time giving due regard to the workers in the informal economy. A6. The horizontal dimension of the social security extension strategy should prioritize the implementation of a national Social Protection Floor, consisting of four basic social security guarantees, i.e. nationally-dened minimum levels of income security during childhood, working age and old age, as well as affordable access to essential health care. These guarantees set the minimum levels of protection that all members of a society should be entitled to in case of need. Focusing on outcomes achieved, these guarantees do not prescribe specic forms of benets, nancing mechanisms or the organization of benet delivery. A7. The Recommendation could encourage member States to close coverage gaps of populations with contributory capacity through contributory schemes. It would encourage member States to ratify up-todate ILO social security Conventions as early as possible in national social and economic development processes, and to ensure their effective implementation. A8. The Recommendation should encourage member States to establish appropriate mechanisms to monitor the extension of social security and the implementation of their national basic social security guarantees. It could also invite member States to establish mechanisms, based on effective national social dialogue, to further extend social security coverage on the basis of Convention No. 102 and other upto-date Conventions and build comprehensive social security systems in line with national social needs, and economic and scal capacities.

16. ILO: International Labour Conference, Provisional Record, No. 24, p. 78.

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PART II
Recommendation concerning national floors of social protection (Social Protection Floors Recommendation), 17 2012 (No. 202)
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE Recommendation 202

RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING NATIONAL FLOORS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION

The General Conference of the International Labour Organization, Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Ofce, and having met in its 101st Session on 30 May 2012, and Reafrming that the right to social security is a human right, and Acknowledging that the right to social security is, along with promoting employment, an economic and social necessity for development and progress, and Recognizing that social security is an important tool to prevent and reduce poverty, inequality, social exclusion and social insecurity, to promote equal opportunity and gender and racial equality, and to support the transition from informal to formal employment, and Considering that social security is an investment in people that empowers them to adjust to changes in the economy and in the labour market, and that social security systems act as automatic social and economic stabilizers, help stimulate aggregate demand in times of crisis and beyond, and help support a transition to a more sustainable economy, and Considering that the prioritization of policies aimed at sustainable long-term growth associated with social inclusion helps overcome
31

extreme poverty and reduces social inequalities and differences within and among regions, and Recognizing that the transition to formal employment and the establishment of sustainable social security systems are mutually supportive, and Recalling that the Declaration of Philadelphia recognizes the solemn obligation of the International Labour Organization to contribute to achiev[ing] ... the extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care, and Considering the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in particular Articles 22 and 25, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in particular Articles 9, 11 and 12, and Considering also ILO social security standards, in particular the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), the Income Security Recommendation, 1944 (No. 67), and the Medical Care Recommendation, 1944 (No. 69), and noting that these standards are of continuing relevance and continue to be important references for social security systems, and Recalling that the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization recognizes that the commitments and efforts of Members and the Organization to implement the ILOs constitutional mandate, including through international labour standards, and to place full and productive employment and decent work at the centre of economic and social policies, should be based on ... (ii) developing and enhancing measures of social protection ... which are sustainable and adapted to national circumstances, including ... the extension of social security to all, and Considering the resolution and Conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security) adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 100th Session (2011), which recognize the need for a Recommendation complementing existing ILO social security standards and providing guidance to Members in building social protection oors tailored to national circumstances and levels of development, as part of comprehensive social security systems, and
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Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to social protection oors, which are the subject of the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of a Recommendation; adopts this fourteenth day of June of the year two thousand and twelve the following Recommendation, which may be cited as the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012.

I. OBJECTiVES,

SCoPE AND PRiNCiPLES

1. This Recommendation provides guidance to Members to:

(a) establish and maintain, as applicable, social protection oors as a fundamental element of their national social security systems; and (b) implement social protection oors within strategies for the extension of social security that progressively ensure higher levels of social security to as many people as possible, guided by ILO social security standards.
2.For the purpose of this Recommendation, social protection oors are nationally dened sets of basic social security guarantees which secure protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion. 3. Recognizing the overall and primary responsibility of the State in giving effect to this Recommendation, Members should apply the following principles:

(a) universality of protection, based on social solidarity; (b) entitlement to benets prescribed by national law; (c) adequacy and predictability of benets; (d) non-discrimination, gender equality and responsiveness to special needs; (e) social inclusion, including of persons in the informal economy; (f) respect for the rights and dignity of people covered by the social security guarantees;
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(g) progressive realization, including by setting targets and time frames; (h) solidarity in nancing while seeking to achieve an optimal balance between the responsibilities and interests among those who nance and benet from social security schemes; (i) consideration of diversity of methods and approaches, including of nancing mechanisms and delivery systems; (j) transparent, accountable and sound nancial management and administration; (k) nancial, scal and economic sustainability with due regard to social justice and equity; (l) coherence with social, economic and employment policies; (m) coherence across institutions responsible for delivery of social protection; (n) high-quality public services that enhance the delivery of social security systems; (o) efciency and accessibility of complaint and appeal procedures; (p) regular monitoring of implementation, and periodic evaluation; (q) full respect for collective bargaining and freedom of association for all workers; and (r) tripartite participation with representative organizations of employers and workers, as well as consultation with other relevant and representative organizations of persons concerned.

II.NATioNAL

SoCiAL PRoTECTioN FLooRS

4. Members should, in accordance with national circumstances, establish as quickly as possible and maintain their social protection oors comprising basic social security guarantees. The guarantees should ensure at a minimum that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to essential health care and to basic income security which together secure effective access to goods and services dened as necessary at the national level. 5. The social protection oors referred to in Paragraph 4 should comprise at least the following basic social security guarantees:
34

(a) access to a nationally dened set of goods and services, constituting essential health care, including maternity care, that meets the criteria of availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality; (b) basic income security for children, at least at a nationally dened minimum level, providing access to nutrition, education, care and any other necessary goods and services; (c) basic income security, at least at a nationally dened minimum level, for persons in active age who are unable to earn sufcient income, in particular in cases of sickness, unemployment, maternity and disability; and (d) basic income security, at least at a nationally dened minimum level, for older persons.
6.Subject to their existing international obligations, Members should provide the basic social security guarantees referred to in this Recommendation to at least all residents and children, as dened in national laws and regulations. 7. Basic social security guarantees should be established by law. National laws and regulations should specify the range, qualifying conditions and levels of the benets giving effect to these guarantees. Impartial, transparent, effective, simple, rapid, accessible and inexpensive complaint and appeal procedures should also be specied. Access to complaint and appeal procedures should be free of charge to the applicant. Systems should be in place that enhance compliance with national legal frameworks. 8. When dening the basic social security guarantees, Members should give due consideration to the following:

(a) persons in need of health care should not face hardship and an increased risk of poverty due to the nancial consequences of accessing essential health care. Free prenatal and postnatal medical care for the most vulnerable should also be considered; (b) basic income security should allow life in dignity. Nationally dened minimum levels of income may correspond to the monetary value of a set of necessary goods and services, national poverty lines, income thresholds for social assistance or other comparable thresholds established by national law or practice, and may take into account regional differences;
35

(c) the levels of basic social security guarantees should be regularly reviewed through a transparent procedure that is established by national laws, regulations or practice, as appropriate; and (d) in regard to the establishment and review of the levels of these guarantees, tripartite participation with representative organizations of employers and workers, as well as consultation with other relevant and representative organizations of persons concerned, should be ensured.
9. (1) In providing the basic social security guarantees, Members should consider different approaches with a view to implementing the most effective and efcient combination of benets and schemes in the national context. (2) Benets may include child and family benets, sickness and health-care benets, maternity benets, disability benets, old-age benets, survivors benets, unemployment benets and employment guarantees, and employment injury benets as well as any other social benets in cash or in kind. (3) Schemes providing such benets may include universal benet schemes, social insurance schemes, social assistance schemes, negative income tax schemes, public employment schemes and employment support schemes. 10.In designing and implementing national social protection oors, Members should:

(a) combine preventive, promotional and active measures, benets and social services; (b) promote productive economic activity and formal employment through considering policies that include public procurement, government credit provisions, labour inspection, labour market policies and tax incentives, and that promote education, vocational training, productive skills and employability; and (c) ensure coordination with other policies that enhance formal employment, income generation, education, literacy, vocational training, skills and employability, that reduce precariousness, and that promote secure work, entrepreneurship and sustainable enterprises within a decent work framework.
36

11. (1) Members should consider using a variety of different methods to mobilize the necessary resources to ensure nancial, scal and economic sustainability of national social protection oors, taking into account the contributory capacities of different population groups. Such methods may include, individually or in combination, effective enforcement of tax and contribution obligations, reprioritizing expenditure, or a broader and sufciently progressive revenue base. (2) In applying such methods, Members should consider the need to implement measures to prevent fraud, tax evasion and non-payment of contributions. 12.National social protection oors should be nanced by national resources. Members whose economic and scal capacities are insufcient to implement the guarantees may seek international cooperation and support that complement their own efforts.

III.NATioNAL

STRATEGiES FoR THE EXTENSioN

oF SoCiAL SECURiTY

13. (1) Members should formulate and implement national social security extension strategies, based on national consultations through effective social dialogue and social participation. National strategies should:

(a) prioritize the implementation of social protection oors as a starting point for countries that do not have a minimum level of social security guarantees, and as a fundamental element of their national social security systems; and (b) seek to provide higher levels of protection to as many people as possible, reecting economic and scal capacities of Members, and as soon as possible.
(2)For this purpose, Members should progressively build and maintain comprehensive and adequate social security systems coherent with national policy objectives and seek to coordinate social security policies with other public policies. 14. When formulating and implementing national social security extension strategies, Members should:

(a) set objectives reecting national priorities;

37

(b) identify gaps in, and barriers to, protection; (c) seek to close gaps in protection through appropriate and effectively coordinated schemes, whether contributory or non-contributory, or both, including through the extension of existing contributory schemes to all concerned persons with contributory capacity; (d) complement social security with active labour market policies, including vocational training or other measures, as appropriate; (e) specify nancial requirements and resources as well as the time frame and sequencing for the progressive achievement of the objectives; and (f) raise awareness about their social protection oors and their extension strategies, and undertake information programmes, including through social dialogue.
15. Social security extension strategies should apply to persons both in the formal and informal economy and support the growth of formal employment and the reduction of informality, and should be consistent with, and conducive to, the implementation of the social, economic and environmental development plans of Members. 16. Social security extension strategies should ensure support for disadvantaged groups and people with special needs. 17. When building comprehensive social security systems reecting national objectives, priorities and economic and scal capacities, Members should aim to achieve the range and levels of benets set out in the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), or in other ILO social security Conventions and Recommendations setting out more advanced standards. 18. Members should consider ratifying, as early as national circumstances allow, the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102). Furthermore, Members should consider ratifying, or giving effect to, as applicable, other ILO social security Conventions and Recommendations setting out more advanced standards.

IV. MoNiToRiNG
19.Members should monitor progress in implementing social protection oors and achieving other objectives of national social
38

security extension strategies through appropriate nationally dened mechanisms, including tripartite participation with representative organizations of employers and workers, as well as consultation with other relevant and representative organizations of persons concerned.
20. Members should regularly convene national consultations to assess progress and discuss policies for the further horizontal and vertical extension of social security. 21. For the purpose of Paragraph 19, Members should regularly collect, compile, analyse and publish an appropriate range of social security data, statistics and indicators, disaggregated, in particular, by gender. 22.In developing or revising the concepts, denitions and methodology used in the production of social security data, statistics and indicators, Members should take into consideration relevant guidance provided by the International Labour Organization, in particular, as appropriate, the resolution concerning the development of social security statistics adopted by the Ninth International Conference of Labour Statisticians. 23. Members should establish a legal framework to secure and protect private individual information contained in their social security data systems. 24. (1) Members are encouraged to exchange information, experiences and expertise on social security strategies, policies and practices among themselves and with the International Labour Ofce. (2) In implementing this Recommendation, Members may seek technical assistance from the International Labour Organization and other relevant international organizations in accordance with their respective mandates.

17. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en.

39

PART III
Resolution concerning efforts to make social protection floors a national reality 18 worldwide
The General Conference of the International Labour Organization, meeting at its 101st Session, 2012, Having adopted the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012, Recognizing the crucial role of social protection in social and economic development and notably in combating poverty, vulnerability, social exclusion and realizing decent work for all,
1. Invites governments, employers and workers jointly to give full effect to the Social Protection Floors Recommendation as soon as national circumstances permit; 2. Invites the Governing Body of the International Labour Ofce to request the Director-General to implement, subject to the availability of resources, cost-effective measures aimed at:

(a) promoting, through appropriate awareness-raising initiatives, the widespread implementation of the Recommendation; (b) building the capacity of governments and employers and workers organizations to enable them to design, implement, monitor and evaluate national social protection oor policies and programmes; (c) supporting governments and employers and workers organizations in their efforts to implement national social protection oors through: the facilitation of sharing of knowledge, information and good practices on social protection among Members; and technical cooperation and advice; (d) supporting national dialogue processes on the design and implementation of national social protection oors; and (e) intensifying cooperation and coordination of support to Members with other relevant international organizations and employers and
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workers organizations, as well as with other relevant and representative organizations of persons concerned, for the development of national social protection strategies.

18. From ILO: Provisional Record (Geneva, 2012), No. 14: Report of the Committee on the Social Protection Floor, p.108. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_182950.pdf.

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ANNEXES

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ANNEX I
What constituents say: Extracts from speeches, 101st Session 19 of the International Labour Conference, 2012
Mr Trevor Kaunda (Government member, Zambia)
() Over the last decade, there has been growing awareness about the social insecurity faced by the majority of the worlds population and the dramatic consequences for people lacking access to even essential health care and basic income security. This awareness in many countries was converted into action through the implementation of policies and programmes that constitute social protection oors covering all those in need. In the ILO, at the last session of the 2011 International Labour Conference, we reached a consensus on the need to supplement existing international social security standards with a new instrument guiding all member States in their efforts to establish social protection oors. The Committee did its utmost to respond to the expectations of the ILOs constituents and society at large. The Committee was thus entrusted with a formidable task. I believe that we can all be proud, both of the result we have achieved and of how we achieved it.

Recognition of the need to establish guaranteed minimum levels of social security through national social protection oors is vital for inclusive development. Mr John Kiyonga Munyes (Minister of Labour, Kenya) We, the Employers, believe that it is one of the most important contributions made in this area since this Recommendation recognizes and attempts to tackle the challenges it identies, through efcient and transparent governance and adequate funding. MrHctor Humeres (Employer, Chile)

We succeeded in discussing and adopting the text of the proposed Recommendation. This was a very ambitious task, considering that we were asked to do this in only one year. It was not a simple task to reach a balance between the necessary minimum protection and exibility
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in its implementation. Equally challenging at times was agreeing on wording that could accommodate the various legal regimes, national practices and social and economic circumstances across the world. No matter how challenging, the Committee has worked in a very constructive and engaged manner. It has shown rm determination to reach consensus and to full the task that it was entrusted with to develop a robust instrument which provides meaningful guidance for countries in building social protection oors, guaranteeing access to essential health care and income security to all in need, within comprehensive social security systems tailored to national circumstances and levels of development. () The objective of this proposed Recommendation is to provide guidance to members in establishing and maintaining social protection oors as the fundamental element of their comprehensive social security systems, and in developing extension strategies that progressively ensure higher levels of social security to as many people as possible and as soon as possible, reecting national objectives, economic and scal capacities and guided by ILO social security standards. Social protection oors are understood as nationally dened sets of basic social security guarantees aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion, and ensuring at a minimum that over the life cycle all in need have access to essential health care and basic income security. Such guarantees should be established by law and be provided to, at least, all residents and children.
The Mongolian Government supports the ILOs commitment to adopt a Recommendation on the social protection oor aimed at ensuring social protection, alleviating and preventing poverty and social exclusion at the national level. Mr Urgamal Byambasuren (State Secretary, Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour, Mongolia). This Recommendation emphasizes the principles of universality of protection based on social solidarity and calls for a broader and sufciently progressive tax base to ensure that protection can be extended to the poor. This will also support the transition from low productive informal activities to formal employment. No sustainable economic development is positive without investing in people, their education, their health, and income security. Mr Robert Mkwezalamba (Worker, Malawi)

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The proposed Recommendation recognizes the overall and primary responsibility of the State in giving effect to its provisions and sets a number of principles to be applied by Members in doing so. The progress of national extension strategies should be monitored in the nationally dened mechanisms, which should also include regular national consultations. ()

Mr Kris de Meester (Employer member, Belgium)

() We recognize that this proposed Recommendation is only one piece of the tapestry that makes up the whole picture of the ILOs work on social protection. There is much other research, information and technical support in this area, and this will be even more necessary to assist member States in the future in applying the guidance that is provided in the proposed Recommendation. Employers believe, however, that this Recommendation is one of the most important contributions to the ILOs work on social protection because it recognizes and addresses the challenges presented for many member States in ratifying other standards. Those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future; words from John F. Kennedy. With this Recommendation we are looking at the future. It aims to present a pragmatic solution to address the different needs of countries and their differing current positions in social protection provisions. It puts the responsibility for choosing provisions and the means of supplying them clearly at the national level. It stresses that the systems are robust, accountable and well-managed. At the same time, it identies those essential, life-sustaining necessities while still allowing nations the exibility to adapt them to their own circumstances. It aligns with broader UN aspirations to deliver on the Millennium Development Goals. Progress above and beyond the social protection oors can also be adapted to national circumstances so some can take a staircase and others can take an express lift, a high speed elevator to the next stages of social protection provisions. In the great spirit of tripartite cooperation that is the particular hallmark of the way the ILO works, the Employers of course support the text as it now stands and commend it to the Conference and to fellow employers around the world.
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We are well-focused as a Committee because we have a common and noble purpose to help make life better for those most in need. The Employers motives partly stem from our belief that social security is an investment in people that empowers them to adjust to changes in the economy and in the labour market. The Recommendation promotes productive economic activity, vocational training, productive skills and employability. These are indispensable elements to nurture sustainable enterprises and to create an environment wherein businesses can thrive and promote entrepreneurship. We are also particularly pleased that employers organizations, along with others, will be involved at a national level in the design and resourcing of the social protection oors, in the arrangements for the extension of their scope and coverage, the extension part, and in the monitoring and evaluation arrangements. It is important that representatives of those who are a part of the solution are involved in the system.They will help to ensure that what is put in place is appropriate and sustainable. But it is a consensus text and we know that we cannot all get what we want all the time so there are a few areas, in our view, where consensus has slightly detracted from good sense. Of course social security is a human right but it has to be supported by personal responsibilities. Repeated reference to standards that are unratiable by many countries does not make them easier to ratify. When budget and resources are limited, the principle of universality of social protection provisions can confuse priorities for the most needy. We also prefer not to include industrial relations matters in this social protection instrument, but this is only a short list, a little list and I am sure that my Employer colleagues can get over these challenges. Employers rmly believe that the good intentions of the text far outweigh the elements of concern. You can be assured that the Employers organizations will play their part in helping to make a success of the aims behind this instrument. In fact we are proud of being part of a measure that could make a real difference to the lives of people who need support. We will work with governments and others at the national level to help deliver on the commitments we have crafted over the past couple of weeks. We will provide assistance and share experience where we can. ()
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For us, it is the rst major step towards making social security truly universal. Whether as the initial elements of social security where none yet exists or as an extension of existing mechanisms, social protection must be regarded as an instrument of dignity and respect for human beings. Mr Carlos Brizola Neto (Minister for Labour and Employment, Brazil) The crisis is still under way, and has shown that countries that have solid social protection have withstood the crisis better than others. Investing in social protection is therefore a way of better arming oneself against the crisis. Ms Monica De Coninck (Minister of Employment, Belgium) It goes without saying that the extension of coverage is made possible by this very important instrument, thanks to the progressive and exible nature of its full application, as set forth in the Recommendation. MrWalter Ariel Ferrari (Worker, Uruguay)

Ms Helen Kelly (Worker member, New Zealand)

() The proposed Recommendation No. 202 sends a clear and bold message: there shall be a social protection oor with essential guarantees for health care and basic income security in all countries, based on the principles of universality and solidarity. It is high time to make decisive progress and to provide at least basic social security to all women, men and children, and it will make a fundamental difference to the lives of billions of people. After decades of economic growth, the world has long passed the question of affordability. The world is rich enough to provide social protection oors to all. In most countries, lack of resources is not the main problem: it is rather a question of distribution. Those countries that genuinely lack the necessary resources should and, may I say, must get international support to start and build their social protection oors. The proposed Recommendation No. 202 sets out the principles and provides the guidance for building social protection oors as part of national social security policies. What is needed now is the political will to move forward rapidly, to collect the necessary taxes and revenues, to create a transparent, efcient and accountable social security administration and to build social security, not only for the people, but with the people.
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Social protection should be strengthened and countries should be encouraged to establish social protection oors that are consistent with their own national realities so as to achieve the goal of basic social protection for all. Mr Xiaochu Wang (Vice-Minister, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, China)

The new Recommendation assigns overall and primary responsibility for its implementation to the State. This is not an ideological statement, but a practical one: experience shows that it is impossible to cover the poor, children and the elderly comprehensively through voluntary schemes or through private insurance. Solidarity with the poor, the vulnerable and the disadvantaged requires decisive policies by the State, otherwise it will not work. The proposed Recommendation denes social protection oors as the basis for and the stepping stone towards comprehensive social security systems. It underlines the relevance of the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), and other ILO instruments for building social security systems. Indeed, our deliberations over the last two years have forced us to take a fresh look at those existing social security Conventions, and articles 17 and 18 of the proposed Recommendation reafrm both the consensus of the Committee that they are up to date and relevant and its call on member States to consider ratifying Convention No. 102 as early as national circumstances allow. The call for social protection oors is a call for just that a oor and it would be a total misrepresentation of our collective intentions to interpret the oor as a ceiling. We can see how the current crisis is being used to undermine long-established social security provisions. Lowering social security provisions towards the oor goes against the intention and the spirit of this proposed Recommendation. We had an interesting and constructive debate in the Committee. The nal draft was unanimously agreed, and we also agreed that this proposed Recommendation is not exclusively owned by governments, employers and workers it is an open invitation to all relevant and representative organizations of people concerned to join efforts and to build good social security systems for all. We also invite other international organizations to use the proposed Recommendation in their work.
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In this context of crisis it is important for the Conference to adopt the proposed Recommendation concerning the social protection oor. Mr Nicolas Schmit (Minister of Labour, Employment and I mmigration, Luxembourg)

Social security needs consensus and the broadest possible political support in societies. This support is impossible when governments and employers deny workers their basic rights to associate freely and to bargain collectively. This is an issue of democracy and of human rights, but it is also an issue of economic sustainability. Representation of the poor and collective bargaining are essential for fair income distribution. Widespread collective bargaining coverage is the best way to ensure adequate wage levels that enable workers to contribute to social protection systems. We had trouble establishing this point in the proposed Recommendation. We do not want to think that the willingness to agree to the proposed Recommendation concerning national oors of social protection is because some think about it as a provision of transfers without giving voice and power to people. People must have a say in their own destiny and must have voice and representation. It is a challenge to this Organization that, at the same time as we adopt the proposed Recommendation, workers struggling for their basic rights were denied the possibility to be heard in the Committee on the Application of Standards. This proposed Recommendation is an inclusive instrument reaching out to billions of families struggling in the informal economy. Providing basic guarantees to all would be a major step towards protecting workers in the informal economy against the worst forms of exploitation and extreme poverty. It will also support the transition from informal economic activities and precarious work to decent employment. The proposed Recommendation calls for the rapid realization of oors, for targets and time frames for implementation, and for sufciently broad and progressive tax revenues to ensure nancial s ustainability. It also calls for regular national consultations to assess progress. In line with these provisions of the proposed Recommendation, we call upon governments to convene, as soon as possible, national
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consultations to identify the gaps and barriers to the extension of social security and to develop a road map with targets and time frames for progressive implementation. These national consultations should form the baseline to measure political progress. We further suggest that this information be shared with the ILO to provide a global picture about national targets for implementing social protection oors and to progressively build higher levels of protection. In 2019, we will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the ILO. The best celebration of that anniversary will be hard evidence that the social oor aspiration has become a reality. We suggest that all countries set themselves realistic but ambitious targets for 2019, and we call upon the ILO to provide a comprehensive report in 2019 on the progress made. Social oors and implementation strategies will differ by country, but all countries, independent of their stage of development, should be committed to the same overall objectives: prioritizing implementation of social protection oors and seeking to provide higher levels of protection to as many people as possible. In 2019, we want to see an ILO assessment of how many millions of people have beneted from the extension of social security that this proposed Recommendation calls for. ()

We are condent that this Recommendation is the best format and framework for ghting poverty and adverse consequences of unemployment, and thus achieving the desired Millennium Development Goals. Mr Thabo K. C. Makeka (Employer, Lesotho) Indonesia welcomes the standard-setting process of the ILO Recommendation on the social protection oor. This is very timely in light of the process of recovering from the global economic downturn. We have to focus on developing the most viable strategies through coordinated employment and social protection policies, and to lead inclusive recovery and growth for our people. Mr Muhaimin Iskandar (Minister of Manpower and Transmigration, Indonesia)

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Mr Jean Feyder (Government member, Luxembourg)

() The proposed Recommendation () will provide valuable substantial and clear guidance to all member States in their efforts to establish national social protection oors as a fundamental part of their social security systems and beyond that as part of their ght against poverty. This reects the two-dimensional strategy for the extension of social security adopted last year by the Conference, and takes it to a new level. I think I can say in all modesty that we have proved that we were worthy of the task that we set ourselves last year, which was to provide exible but meaningful guidance to member States in building social protection oors within comprehensive social security systems tailored to national circumstances and levels of development. The proposed Recommendation fully reects this mandate. We have prepared this Recommendation within only one year, and that is certainly something we can all be proud of. Last year the Conference called for the rapid implementation of social protection oors. The proposed Recommendation now clearly denes the scope of national social protection oors. It species that national social protection oors are nationally dened sets of basic social security guarantees which secure protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion. That is precisely what the world needs. National social protection oors ensure that people have access to essential health care particularly in the case of maternity. They also ensure a basic level of income security for children, which translates into access to food, education, care and other goods and services necessary to allow children to grow up in decent conditions. In the same way a basic level of income security should also be guaranteed for older persons as well as working-age adults who are not able to earn a sufcient income. Furthermore, the Conference made it clear last year that social protection oors should not become ceilings. The proposed Recommendation clearly lays out a framework which will help countries to dene their social security extension strategies on the basis of a national dialogue which ensures that these strategies reect national priorities and are in line with national circumstances. Member States are thus encouraged to move progressively forward towards levels of protection that are in line with the minimum standards set out in Convention No. 102 and other ILO Conventions and Recommendations.
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 this Recommendation is a step forward towards a world of greater social justice and greater fairness. Ms Ellen Nygren (Worker, Sweden) The Recommendation on the social protection oor is a good example of the ILO responding in a modern and exible way to new questions that arise in this day and age. Member States can build social security protection systems based on national developments, using the technical assistance of the ILO and other relevant international organizations, and in this way build a better future for the millions who need it. Mr Lauris Beets (Government delegate, Netherlands)

The proposed Recommendation provides guidance to Members on this vertical dimension of the extension of social security in the section on national strategies for the extension of social security. The ILO Constitution underlines that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice. The Declaration of Philadelphia takes the notion of social justice even further by stipulating that all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity. As members of the Committee and of the Conference we can be proud to take a small but essential step towards achieving this noble objective. The Committee has prepared an instrument which can contribute to changing the lives of millions of men, women and children in our countries. I am heartened by the experiences shared by Government, Employer, and Worker members of our Committee. They have described the progress already made in their countries towards extending social protection to all. I am also encouraged to note the strong commitment of governments, employers and workers to work jointly towards making universal access to social protection a reality everywhere, to ensure that children are well fed and can go to school, that people can access essential health care without fearing that their health bills will push them and their families into poverty and to ensure that older people receive a pension at the end of their working lives. This is the fabric that equitable societies and productive economies are made of and that is a guarantee of the social cohesion which is essential for our societies.
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In an international context in which unemployment, poverty and social exclusion persist, truly affecting the most vulnerable, developing social protection oors is fundamental. The Recommendation on national social protection oors [is] a timely response to the situation of exclusion that we see today. Mr Francisco Domnguez Brito (Minister of Labour, Dominican Republic) The adoption of a Recommendation on the social protection oor is of critical importance. I hope that the new Recommendation can serve in particular the needs of developing countries, as they build their social security systems from their own starting points. As we witnessed during the previous nancial crisis, societies with social security buffers re-covered earlier than average. Mr Lauri Ihalainen (Minister of Labour, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland)

The proposed Recommendation will help member States to move towards this objective and to promote the rights and dignity of our peoples and the opportunities which are presented to them.In order to do that, it needs to be transformed from a piece of paper into policies, legislation, institutions, resources and programmes, leading to real change. While our work in this Conference has almost come to an end, our real work has only just begun. We need to go back to our countries and make sure that the outcomes of the Conference are transposed into national policies and legislations which will help to improve the lives of our peoples. ()

19. The full text of these speeches can be found in ILO, 2012: Provisional Record, International Labour Conference, 101st Session, 2012, vols. 16, 21 and 24. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/ ilc/ILCSessions/101stSession/reports/provisional-records/lang--en/index.htm.

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ANNEX II Contributors
Representing the many individuals who contributed to shaping the ILOs social security strategy over many years, the following list contains the names of Committee members at the 100th and 101st Sessions of the International Labour Conference, who have discussed, drafted and adopted the constituting documents of the ILOs social security strategy in a truly tripartite global effort. This is to recognize the contribution of those named here, and the many more who are tirelessly working for the extension of social security in their organizations and on the ground, for their contributions to making social security a reality for all.

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Committee Members at the 100th and 101st Sessions of the International Labour Conference, 2011 and 2012
Ofcers of the Committee 2011: Mr Jean Feyder (Chair, Government member, Luxembourg); Mr Michel Barde (Vice-Chair, Employer member, Switzerland) and Ms Helen Kelly (Vice-Chair, Worker member, New Zealand); Mr James Matiza (Reporter, Government member, Zimbabwe). Ofcers of the Committee 2012: MrJean Feyder (Chair, Government member, Luxembourg); MrKris De Meester (Vice-Chair, Employer member, Belgium) and Ms Helen Kelly (Vice-Chair, Worker member, New Zealand); MrTrevor Kaunda (Reporter, Government member, Zambia). Members of the Committee 2011 and/or 2012: MrKesavan A S Karuppiah (Malaysia, Government), Mr Asri Ab Rahman (Malaysia, Government), Mr Gholam-Reza Abassi Vazifehkhoran (Islamic Republic of Iran, Worker), MrHadi Abavi Torghabe (Islamic Republic of Iran, Worker), MrElfatih Abbas Elgurashi Ahmed (Sudan, Employer), Ms Aumuo Abdallah (Liberia, Employer), M.Maigandi Abdou (Niger, Worker), Ms Asha A. Abdulla (United Republic of Tanzania, Government), Sr. Rafael Abru (Dominican Republic, Worker), MrMariwa Osman Abu (Ghana, Employer), MrKhaled Moussa Abu Marjoub (Jordan, Worker), MrKwesi Opoku Acheampong (Ghana, Government), MrNana Opoku Acheampong (Ghana, Government), Ms Iruthisham Adam (Maldives, Government), M. Id Adamou Sanda (Niger, Government), Mr Worthy Jerry Addo (Ghana, Worker), Mr Rasheed Adhil (Maldives, Worker), Mr Adikari Appuhamilage Janaka Adikari (Sri Lanka, Worker), Mme Bernadette Adnet

M. CROZET / BIT, 2012

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(Belgium, Employer), M. Sagbo Adolphe (Niger, Employer), Mme Akossiwa Spopo Afanoukoe (Togo, Government), M.Belgacem Afaya Bzeouich (Tunisia, Worker), Ms Ernestina Afrani (Ghana, Employer), Mme Thrse Agbo-Dagba (Benin, Worker), MrGza Agg (Hungary, Worker), MrBehrouz Aghaei Hajagha (Islamic Republic of Iran, Government), Mr Huseen Ahmad (Syrian Arab Republic, Worker), Mr El-Fatih Abbas Elgureshi Ahmed (Sudan, Employer), Mr Farooq Ahmed (Bangladesh, Employer), Mr Kurshid Ahmed (Pakistan, Worker), M.Mohamed Ahmed Zayed (Mauritania, Worker), M.Akilou Ahmet Baringaye (Niger, Government), Sr. Manuel Aizpura Velzquez (Panama, Employer), MrEdmund Siaw Akugbey (Ghana, Government), MrAbduldhim Al Bahrani (Oman, Employer), MrNabhan Al Batashi (Oman, Worker), MrAhmed Al Busaidi (Oman, Government), MrMubarak Al Dhahiri (United Arab Emirates, Government), MrAhmed Al Gaizi (United Arab Emirates, Employer), Ms Aida Al Hashmi (Oman, Worker), Mr Alwaleed Al Kharousi (Oman, Worker), Ms Salma Saeed Al Memari (United Arab Emirates, Worker), MrKhamis Al Saadi (Oman, Government), MrKhamis Al Sadi (Oman, Government), MrRashed Al Shamsi (United Arab Emirates, Government), Ms Aaesha Al Teneiji (United Arab Emirates, Worker), MrSaleh Al Zakwani (Oman, Employer), MrMahmoud Alaaedin (Egypt, Government), MrAdel Alaali (Bahrain, Employer), MrNajib Esmail Al-Ahlasi (Yemen, Employer), MrFadhl Abdullah Saleh Al-Akel (Yemen, Worker), Mr Khaled Alameen (Bahrain, Employer), Mr Mohammed Alamer (Bahrain, Employer), Ms Katriina Alaviuhkola (Finland, Government), MrFaleh Al-Azemi (Kuwait, Worker), MrFahad Adnan Albaker (Bahrain, Government), MrAhmad Suliman A. Albattah (Saudi Arabia, Worker), Ms Sandi Albert (New Zealand, Government), MrMounir Al-Bsat (Lebanon, Employer), M.Ion Albu (Romania, Worker), Sr.Silvio Jos Albuquerque E Silva (Brazil, Government), Ms Haritha Albusaidi (Oman, Employer), Sr.Carlos Aldao Zapiola (Argentina, Employer), MrSubah Aldoseri (Bahrain, Government), Ms Ceclia Alexander (Zimbabwe, Worker), Mr Abdullah Al-Hajji (Kuwait, Government), Mr Ali Alhossayan (Kuwait, Employer), Mr Saleh A. Alhumaidan (Saudi Arabia,

59

Employer), MrAhmed Ali Ahmed Alhussen (Sudan, Government), M.Hassan Moussa Ali (Chad, Government), Ms Sahla Yusuf Ali (Qatar, Government), M.Seitchi Ali Abbas (Chad, Employer), MrElsadig Ali Seed Ahmed (Sudan, Worker), M.Ahamada Aliabdou (Comoros, Worker), MrIbrahim Saleh Alkernass (Saudi Arabia, Employer), MrKhalil Alkhunji (Oman, Employer), MrSamuel John Allotey (Ghana, Employer), MrAli Saeed Al-Mansori (Qatar, Employer), MrNasser Ahmed Al-Meer (Qatar, Employer), MrGhaniem Abdulla Al-Merri (Qatar, Government), Ms Layla Ali Al-Monfaradi (Qatar, Employer), MrFaiez Al-Mutairi (Kuwait, Worker), MrNawaf Al-Mutairi (Kuwait, Worker), MrAbdullah Al-Mutotah (Kuwait, Government), Mr Abdulatif Ahmad Al-Naemi (Qatar, Worker), Mr Ali Mohamed Al-Nassiri (Yemen, Government), Mr Mohamed Hassan Al-Obeidly (Qatar, Government), MrAhmed M.S. Alomari (Saudi Arabia, Government), Ms Suaad Al-Qadri (Yemen, Government), MrRabah Al-Rabah (Kuwait, Employer), Mr Othman Alrayes (Bahrain, Employer), Mr Fares AlSawagh (Kuwait, Worker), Ms Lama Abdulaziz Alsulaiman (Saudi Arabia, Employer), Sr.Giampaolo Rizzo Alvarado (Honduras, Government), Srta. Sara Alvarado Salamanca (Peru, Government), Sr.Mariano Alvarez Wagner (Argentina, Government), Sr.Fernando Alvear (Chile, Employer), MrNader Ibrahim Alwehibi (Saudi Arabia, Government), Mme Rosina Amady (Madagascar, Government), Mr Makaea Amara (Kiribati, Worker), Ms Tsenddavaa Amartugs (Mongolia, Government), Sr.Dagoberto Amaya Ramrez (El Salvador, Worker), M.Renzo Ambrosetti (Switzerland, Worker), MrKadhum Amer (Iraq, Government), Sra. Cecilia Amero Coutigno (Mexico, Government), MrJoyce Amo-Ampofo (Ghana, Worker), M.Ekou Amoussou-Kouetete (Togo, Government), MrAvner Amrani (Israel, Government), Ms Karunapikai Anantharasa (Malaysia, Worker), Ms Maja Bejbro Andersen (Denmark, Employer), MrPeter Anderson (Australia, Employer), Ms Natalia Andreou Panayiotou (Cyprus, Government), M.Franois Andrieu (France, Employer), Sra. Diana Angeles Santander (Peru, Government), MrPrince William Ankrah (Ghana, Worker), MrMichael Annisette (Trinidad & Tobago, Worker), MrAhmad Ansyori (Indonesia, Government), M.Fabio Antonilli (Italy, Employer), Mme Georgia Antonopoulou (Greece, Government), MrClensy Appavoo (Mauritius, Employer), Sr.Roberto Aravena (Chile, Worker), Sra. Isabel Arce (Chile, Worker), Sr. Francisco Javier Argueta (El Salvador, Employer), Mr Muthumeregngna Indika Ranga Ariyasena Jayathilake (Sri Lanka, Government), MrGyl Arnbjornsson (Iceland, Worker), Sr.Sergio Arnoud (Brazil, Worker), Sr. Guillermo Arthur (Chile, Employer), Mr Ramadass Arumugam (Malaysia, Employer), Ms Vivian Kafui Akua Asempapa (Ghana, Government), M. Marc Atibu Saleh Mwekee (Democratic Republic of Congo, Employer), M. Guillaume Attigbe (Benin, Worker), Mr Francis Atwoli (Kenya, Worker), MrMuhammad Zahoor Awan (Pakistan, Worker), Mme Flicit Awassi Atsimadja (Gabon, Employer), M.Protais Ayangma (Cameroon, Employer), Ms Rahel Ayele (Ethiopia, Worker), Mr Makoye M. Ayub (United Republic of Tanzania, Government), MrRozan Justin Teo Haji Azlan (Brunei Darussalam, Government), Mr Anthony Azzopardi (Malta, Government), Ms Gereltsetseg Baatarsuren (Mongolia, Government), Mr Ramesh Badal (Nepal, Worker), Mme Laetitia Bagamboula Yola (Congo, Employer), MrFazel Ahmad Bahrami (Afghanistan, Government), MrCharles Bakkabulindi (Uganda, Worker), Mme Chantal Marie Laure Bako (Burkina Faso, Government), Mr Victorino Balais (Philippines, Worker), M.Ivan Baleno Brito (Cape Verde, Government), Ms Aysha Balhara 60

(United Arab Emirates, Government), MrAli Ahmed Balkdr (Yemen, Worker), Sr.Jos Roberto Ballesteros Coca (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Government), M.Jefferson Balossa Moukala (Congo, Worker), M.Karim Bamba (Cte dIvoire, Government), MrFred Bamwesigye (Uganda, Employer), Ms Stella Banawis (Philippines, Government), Ms Sengdavone Bang Onesengdet (Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Employer), Ms Ivana Bankovic (Serbia, Government), Sr. Jos Luis Baquedano (Honduras, Worker), Sr. Bruno Baranda (Chile, Government), Sr.Hctor Barba Garca (Mexico, Worker), MrSamsuddin Bardan (Malaysia, Employer), M. Michel Barde (Switzerland, Employer), Sra. Adela Barona Snchez Mejorada (Mexico, Employer), Sr.Julio Barrenechea-Caldern (Peru, Employer), Sr.Cristiano Barreto Zaranza (Brazil, Employer), Ms Joan Barrett (United States, Government), Sr.Hugo Barretto (Uruguay, Government), M.Alcides Barros (Cape Verde, Government), MrAdil Mohamed Salih Bashir (Sudan, Worker), Mr Laxman Bahadur Basnet (Nepal, Worker), Sr. Roberto Baz (Uruguay, Government), MrNiklas Beckman (Sweden, Employer), M.Jean Claude Bekale (Gabon, Worker), M.Moise Beke Bihege (Cameroon, Employer), Mr Wim Bel (Netherlands, Government), Mlle Amal Belaid (Morocco, Government), MrGrant Belchamber (Australia, Worker), Sra. Ana Esperanza Beltrn Blsquez (Spain, Employer), M. Hamza Benakezzouh (Algeria, Government), Ms Monika Benedekov (Slovakia, Worker), MrLars Bengtsson (Sweden, Worker), M.El Hachemi Benmouhoub (Algeria, Worker), Sra. Mara Bennaton (Honduras, Government), MrDeepak Benydin (Mauritius, Worker), MrToolsyraj Benydin (Mauritius, Worker), Sra. Elisete Berchiol Da Silva Iwai (Brazil, Government), MrRobby V. Berenstein (Suriname, Worker), Ms Anna Bergsten (Sweden, Employer), Sr.Jorge Luis Bernis (Paraguay, Government), Mme Yolande Biboussi (Congo, Government), M.Guy Roger Bicka (Gabon, Government), Mr Theng Bieng (Cambodia, Government), Mr Kwaku Osei Bimpong (Ghana, Employer), Mr Ghazi Faisal S. Binzagr (Saudi Arabia, Employer), M. Francesco Biordi (San Marino, Worker), M. Isaac Bissalla (Cameroon, Worker), Mr Audrius Bitinas (Lithuania, Government), Mr Bitso Bitso (Lesotho, Government), MrAlbert Biwa (Namibia, Government), Sr.Freddy Jos Blandn Argeal (Nicaragua, Employer), M.Bl David Bli (Cte dIvoire, Worker), MrRafael Boasman (Netherlands, Government), Sr.Pablo Bobic (Chile, Employer), Ms Ildik Bodgl (Hungary, Government), Ms Johanna Bgner (Austria, Worker), Sr.Benjamn Bogran (Honduras, Employer), MrAliaksandr Boika (Belarus, Worker), M Octavian Bojan (Romania, Employer), Ms Chantana Boon-Arj (Thailand, Government), Ms Nawarat Boonpiam (Thailand, Government), Ms Klara Boonstra (Netherlands, Worker), M. Abderrahmane Boubou (Mauritania, Worker), Mme Nicoles Bouende Ne Bongo (Congo, Worker), M.Ali Boufous (Morocco, Employer), Mme Thrse Boutsen (Belgium, Government), M.Ridha Bouzriba (Tunisia, Worker), MrMark Bradley Mathews (Fiji, Employer), M. Ben Seid Brahim (Chad, Worker), Mr Dimiter Brankov (Bulgaria, Employer), Ms Raluca Braun (Germany, Government), MrHeinrich Brauner (Austria, Employer), Sr. Mariano Brener (Argentina, Government), Sr. Patricio Brickle (Chile, Worker), Mme Cecilia Brighi (Italy, Worker), Sra. Mildred Jeaneth Bu Figueroa (Honduras, Government), Sr. Ral Bcaro (Guatemala, Government), Mr Gerhard Buczolich (Austria, Government), MrAgung Rahmat Budiyono (Indonesia, Employer), MrYousif Mohamed Buhindi (Qatar, Worker), Ms Akweley Adoley Bulley (Ghana, Employer), Sr.Julio Burgueo 61

(Uruguay, Worker), MrVincent Burnett (Barbados, Government), MrAlexander Burz (Austria, Employer), Ms Barbara Byers (Canada, Worker), M.Abdoulaye Camara (Guinea, Government), Mr Joerg Capellen (Germany, Government), Mme Silvana Cappuccio (Italy, Worker), MrMonie R. Captan (Liberia, Employer), MrVictor Carachi (Malta, Worker), Sr.Octavio Carvajal Bustamante (Mexico, Employer), M.Joo Osvaldo Carvalho (Cape Verde, Government), Mme Maria Fernanda Carvalho Francisco (Angola, Worker), Sra. Susana Casado Garca (Mexico, Government), Ms Lucy Cassels (New Zealand, Government), Sra.Laura Castaeda (Guatemala, Employer), Sra. Nuria Castaer Carrasco (Spain, Employer), Ms Maria Grazia Cataldi (Italy, Government), Sra. Ofelia Mabel Cedola (Argentina, Government), Sr.Alberto Carlos Cejas (Argentina, Worker), Mme Estelle Ceulemans (Belgium, Worker), M.Farouk Chahir (Morocco, Worker), Mr Prapas Chaiwatanayon (Thailand, Employer), Mme Andriani Charilogi (Greece, Employer), MrS. Chatterjee (India, Government), Sr.Witney Chavez Sanchez (Colombia, Worker), MrKa Fatt Chen (Malaysia, Worker), MrLantong Chen (China, Employer), MrWayne Chen (Jamaica, Employer), MrDuosheng Cheng (China, Employer), Mme Aissata Aidra Cherif (Cte dIvoire, Employer), Ms Choong Yeen Chia (Singapore, Government), Mr Harrington Chibanda (Zambia, Employer), MrHenry Chikova (Zimbabwe, Government), Ms Tendai Chikowore (Zimbabwe, Worker), Sr. Olman Chinchilla (Costa Rica, Worker), Sra. Juana Maria Chireno (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Worker), MrKakoma Chivunda (Zambia, Government), Ms Kyung Sun Cho (Republic of Korea, Government), Ms Sun-Kyung Choi (Republic of Korea, Employer), MrHugh Christie (Canada, Employer), Ms Christiana Christou (Cyprus, Government), Ms Lay Khim Chua (Singapore, Worker), MrZeev Chushinsky (Israel, Worker), MrJerzy Ciechanski (Poland, Government), Ms Tanya Cohen (South Africa, Employer), M. Eric Cole (Guinea, Employer), M. Bnogo Conde (Guinea, Employer), Mme Lacramioara Corches (Romania, Government), Ms Wanda Olavo Corra DAzevedo Guimares (Portugal, Worker), Mr.Antnio Lus Correia (Portugal, Worker), M. Florian Costache (Romania, Employer), Ms Sarah Costelloe (Australia, Government), M. Djim Coulibaly (Mali, Government), M.Pierre Coutaz (France, Worker), MrPablo Alcides Cova (Netherlands, Worker), MrAndrew Cox (Barbados, Government), MrMartin Cox (Barbados, Government), Sr.Nstor Abraham Cruz Toruo (Nicaragua, Government), Srta. Mara Graciela ulk (Czech Cuervo Franco (Dominican Republic, Government), Mr tefan C Republic, Government), Mlle Dinastela elias Curado (Cape Verde, Employer), MsBrenda Cuthbert (Jamaica, Employer), MrErik Dhli (Norway, Government), M.Versir Jean Daga (Benin, Government), M.Ringo Damureanu (Romania, Worker), MrBojidar Danev (Bulgaria, Employer), MrQuang Vinh Dao (Viet Nam, Government), MrTerry Darko (Ghana, Employer), MrSeyyed Hamzeh Darvari (Islamic Republic of Iran, Employer), MrRamadhan K. Dau (United Republic of Tanzania, Employer), Mme Wanda Olavo Corra DAzevedo Guimares (Portugal, Worker), M.Carlos Antnio De Carvalho (Portugal, Worker), Sr.Gerardo Roberto De La Torre Gonzlez (Mexico, Government), M. Kris De Meester (Belgium, Employer), Sr.Jos Ignacio De Mendiguren (Argentina, Employer), Sr.Rafael Souza Campos De Moraes Leme (Brazil, Government), Mme Martina De Paola (Switzerland, Government), Sr.Jorge A. De Regil Gmez (Mexico, Employer), M.Mohamed Aly Dedew (Mauritania, Government), MrTavee Deeying (Thailand, Worker), Sr. Eduardo Del Pueyo Prez (Spain, Employer), Sr.Gabriel 62

Del Ro (Dominican Republic, Worker), M.Eric Delabriere (France, Employer), Sr.Juan ngel Delgadillo (Paraguay, Government), MsIris Dembsher (Austria, Government), Mr Ahmet Tun Demirtas (Turkey, Government), Mr Solomon Demisie (Ethiopia, Government), Mr Juvenal Arcanjo Dengo (Mozambique, Government), Sr.Luis Destefani (Chile, Worker), MrLeslie Shelton Devendra (Sri Lanka, Worker), MrK. L. Dhingra (India, Employer), M.Kacou Jean Diagou (Cte dIvoire, Employer), Mme Kadiatou Diakite (Guinea, Government), M.Alpha Mamadou Ninguland Diallo (Guinea, Employer), M. Brhima Noumoussa Diallo (Mali, Government), M.Mamadou Saliou Diallo (Guinea, Worker), M.Yao Igneza Diapena (Togo, Government), Sra. Gabriela Diaz (Costa Rica, Employer), Sr. Frank Daz (Cuba, Government), Sra. Ruth Daz (Dominican Republic, Worker), MrTomDibley (New Zealand, Government), MrRajiv Dimri (India, Worker), MsThi Thu Ha Dinh (Viet Nam, Worker), M.Yaya Diomande (Cte dIvoire, Government), MrDiomides Diomidous (Cyprus, Worker), M.Cheikh Diop (Senegal, Worker), M.Hamidou Diop (Senegal, Employer), M.Mamadou Diouf (Senegal, Worker), M.Adja Francois Djondang (Chad, Worker), M.Adja Franois Djondang (Chad, Worker), Mme Ccile G. DjukamFonkwa (Cameroon, Government), MsJelisaveta Djuric kovic -Tuvic (Serbia, Government), MrAmbrose Dlamini (Swaziland, Employer), Mr Lonkhokhela Dlamini (Swaziland, Government), M.Andr Dodo Balu Makenka (Democratic Republic of Congo, Employer), Ms Helen R. Doelwijt (Suriname, Employer), Mr Yingshen Dong (China, Government), M. Jacques Donis (Belgium, Government), M. Frantz Dorsainville (Haiti, Government), M. Abdou Dounama (Niger, Government), MrIvan Dovganych (Ukraine, Employer), M.C. Christophe Dovonon (Benin, Worker), M. Firozali Dramsi (Comoros, Employer), Mr Flemming Dreesen (Denmark, Employer), MrEdo Driessen (Netherlands, Government), MrLawal Dustinma (Nigeria, Worker), MrPaul Dzviti (Zimbabwe, Government), M.Jean Mathurin Ebata (Congo, Worker), M.NDede Eboule (Cte dIvoire, Worker), Sr. Alberto Echavarra (Colombia, Employer), Sr. Jos Echeanda Sotomayor (Peru, Employer), Sr. Ricardo Andrs Echeverri (Colombia, Government), Sr. Hugo Leon Echeverry Garcia (Colombia, Worker), Sr. Carlos Echezarreta (Argentina, Employer), M.Emmanuel Edon (Benin, Government), MrDaniel Edralin (Philippines, Worker), Ms Gerd Egede-Nissen (Norway, Employer), M. Abdelkarim El Aziz (Morocco, Worker), M. El Moustapha El Ghazwany (Mauritania, Government), MsEman El Nahas (Egypt, Government), MrMohamed Helal El Sharkawi (Egypt, Worker), M.Mohammed El Wafy (Morocco, Worker), MrJohn Elijah (Papua New Guinea, Employer), M.Franois Engels (Luxembourg, Employer), Sr. Santiago Enriquez (Ecuador, Government), MrNicos Epistithiou (Cyprus, Worker), MrWilliamErio (United Republic of Tanzania, Employer), MrIgor Ermakov (Belarus, Government), Sra. Mara Luisa Escorel De Moraes (Brazil, Government), MrJohn Esiape (Ghana, Worker), Sr.Jos Maria Esperanza Amaya (El Salvador, Worker), Sr. Jorge Faustino Espinosa Lpez (Mexico, Worker), M.Kamel Essoussi (Tunisia, Government), Sr.Jorge Hernan Estrada Gutierrez (Colombia, Employer), Sr. Juan Jos Etala (Argentina, Employer), Sr.Pedro Eusse (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Worker), M.Claude Ewen (Luxembourg, Government), Mr Richard Exell (United Kingdom, Worker), Mr Adel Fadel (Egypt, Government), M. Victor Fakeye (Benin, Employer), Mr Mahmoud Abdulla Falamarzy (Qatar, Government), Mme Boutaina Falsi (Morocco, Government), Mme Moussa Farahati (Comoros, Employer), MrAhmad 63

Fawad Farzad (Afghanistan, Worker), Sr. Aurelio Fernndez Lpez (Spain, Government), Sr. Ignacio Fernandez Zurita (Spain, Employer), Sr.Walter Ariel Ferrari (Uruguay, Worker), Sr. Loureno Ferreira Do Prado (Brazil, Worker), Sr.Javier Ferrer Dufol (Spain, Employer), MsVesna Filipovic - Nikolic (Serbia, Government), MrDmytro Firtash (Ukraine, Employer), Sra. Rosa Elena Flerez Gonzalez (Colombia, Worker), Sr. Roberto Flores Bermdez (Honduras, Government), Sra. Mariela Fogante (Argentina, Government), MsLiisa Folkersma (Finland, Worker), Mme Leonesa Fortes (Cape Verde, Government), Sr.Andrs Fostik (Uruguay, Employer), Sr. Jaime Frades Pernas (Spain, Worker), Srta. Mnica Francia Taedo (Peru, Government), Mme Maria Francisco F. C. (Angola, Worker), MsAlexandra Freire (Portugal, Employer), MrAlexander Frimpong (Ghana, Employer), Sr.Freddy Fritz (Chile, Worker), MrDavid Fromayan (Liberia, Employer), MsLinda Froston (Netherlands, Government), Sr.Daniel Funes De Rioja (Argentina, Employer), Sr.Francisco J. Funtanet Mange (Mexico, Employer), Sr.Alexandre Furlan (Brazil, Employer), MsYuko Furukawa (Japan, Worker), Sr.Laurent Gaberell (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Government), MrHenning Gade (Denmark, Employer), Mr Artu ras Gailiu nas (Lithuania, Government), M.Jean Galessamy-Ibombot (Congo, Employer), Sra. Grace Gamboa (Costa Rica, Government), MrRoel Gans (Netherlands, Government), Sr.Ivn Gantes Castillo (Panama, Government), MrSuzhong Gao (China, Government), M.Seyni Garank (Niger, Government), Sr.Miguel ngel Garca (Spain, Worker), MrDavid Garner (Australia, Government), Sr. Rubn Garrido (Argentina, Worker), Sra. Gloria Beatriz Gaviria Ramos (Colombia, Government), M. Eric Gazon (Greece, Government), M.Ttvi Gbikpi-Benissan (Togo, Worker), MrDennis George (South Africa, Worker), MsSeema Ghani (Afghanistan, Government), MsSussan Gholamrezaei (Islamic Republic of Iran, Government), M.Ghassan Ghosn (Lebanon, Worker), M.Michel Gili (France, Employer), MrMduduzi Gina (Swaziland, Worker), Mme Myrto Gkouva (Greece, Government), MsMonika Gladoch (Poland, Employer), Sra. Maria Aparecida Godoi De Faria (Brazil, Worker), Mme Viviane Goergen (Luxembourg, Worker), M. Atchiladi Gogue (Chad, Government), MsRonnie L. Goldberg (United States, Employer), MrValerii Golodivskyi (Ukraine, Employer), MrJoo Gomes Esteves (Portugal, Employer), Mr Dmitry Gonchar (Russian Federation, Government), Ms Assia Goneva (Bulgaria, Worker), Sr. Jaime Gonzalez (Dominican Republic, Employer), Sr.Federico Gonzlez (Paraguay, Government), Sr.Roberto Jos Gonzlez Gaitn (Nicaragua, Worker), MrKeyvan Gorji (Islamic Republic of Iran, Government), MrStphane Goudreault (Canada, Government), MrHans-Dieter Grahl (Sweden, Worker), MrAdamB. Greene (United States, Employer), M.Gilbert Gresenguet (Central African Republic, Employer), Mr Nicos Grigoriou (Cyprus, Worker), MsPolona Grobelnik (Slovenia, Government), M.Mohamed Gueddouh (Algeria, Government), M. Ismail Guigma (Burkina Faso, Employer), Sr. Christian Guillermet (Costa Rica, Government), M. Mody Guiro (Senegal, Worker), MrSibusiso Gumede (South Africa, Worker), Sr.Gerardo Gutirrez Candiani (Mexico, Employer), Ms Christine Guwatudde Kintu (Uganda, Government), MrJan Guz (Poland, Worker), MrKhalil H.E Alkhanji (Oman, Employer), M.Said Haddid (Algeria, Worker), Mr Azarakhsh Hazi (Afghanistan, Employer), Mr Abebe Haile (Ethiopia, Government), Mr Volodymyr Halytskyi (Ukraine, Government), Mr Said Hamadeh (Lebanon, Employer), Mr Maqboul Hamid (Oman, Employer), M. Saadeddine Hamidi Sakr (Lebanon, Worker), 64

MrQasimHammood (Iraq, Worker), MrHazmin Hatta Haji Hamzah (Brunei Darussalam, Government), Ms Monica Hanga (Zimbabwe, Government), MrWilliamHapipai (Papua New Guinea, Government), MrDavid Hargraves (Australia, Employer), MrAzman Shah Haron (Malaysia, Employer), MrEhsanollah Hashemi Nezhad (Islamic Republic of Iran, Government), MsSalma Hassen (Eritrea, Government), MsCarolyn Hayle (Jamaica, Government), MrVeasna Heang (Cambodia, Government), MrTorben Hede (Denmark, Government), MsLiisa Heinonen (Finland, Government), MsJitka Hejdukov (Czech Republic, Employer), MsKandikuppa Hemalata (India, Worker), MsWinletta Aynn HenriesReeves (Liberia, Employer), Sr.Andrs Valentn Herrera (Dominican Republic, Government), MsDell Higgie (New Zealand, Government), MrPeter Higgins (Australia, Government), MrLeonard Hikaumba (Zambia, Worker), MsJetta Hikuroa (New Zealand, Government), Ms Wendy Hinton (New Zealand, Government), M.Kokou Dodzi Hlomador (Togo, Worker), MrMichael Hobby (New Zealand, Government), M. Nicolas Hoffmann (Luxembourg, Worker), MrLars Holmer-Hoven (Norway, Worker), Mr Reuben Holmes (United Kingdom, Government), MrJorgen Holst (Denmark, Worker), MsChristine Holzer (Austria, Government), M.Franois Hommeril (France, Worker), MrMd. Fazlul Hoque (Bangladesh, Employer), MrMartijn Hordijk (Netherlands, Worker), MsRenate Hornung-Draus (Germany, Employer), Ms. Lidija Horvatic (Croatia, Employer), Mr. Irfan Hosein (Trinidad & Tobago, Government), MrKhondaker Mostan Hossain (Bangladesh, Government), MrVudthy Hou (Cambodia, Government), M.Gratien C. Hounsinou (Benin, Worker), MrDaniel Hrdina (Slovakia, Employer), Mme Nama Hrouch (Morocco, Government), MrLong Huang (China, Worker), MrLeigh Hubbard (Australia, Worker), Sr.Hctor Humeres (Chile, Employer), MsGretchen Humphries (South Africa, Worker), Sr.Ruben Dario Hurtado Gomez (Colombia, Worker), Sr.Augusto Iglesias (Chile, Government), MrRoland Ignacio (Netherlands, Worker), Mr Onubuogo Clement Illoh (Nigeria, Government), MrManuel Imson (Philippines, Government), MsWahyu Indrawati (Indonesia, Government), MrJamil AbdelrahimIsmail (Jordan, Worker), M.Insa Issoufou Satou (Niger, Employer), Mr Akihisa Ito (Japan, Worker), Mme Pascaline Itoua Ne Kibangou (Congo, Employer), M.Christian Itsoua (Congo, Worker), Ms Elena Ivanova (Russian Federation, Government), M. Vincent Jacquet (Luxembourg, Worker), Mr Bin Abdul Jamil Jalaludeen (Malaysia, Worker), Mr Mohamed Ali Janah (Maldives, Employer), Mr Salleh Jasni (Brunei Darussalam, Worker), MrMuhammad Javed (Pakistan, Employer), MrHussein Jawad (Oman, Employer), MrMaxwell Sylvester Jayakody (Sri Lanka, Worker), MrAzad Jeetun (Mauritius, Employer), M.Mouldi Jendoubi (Tunisia, Worker), Sra. Mariela Jimenez Peralta (Panama, Government), Ms Shiu-Fung Jong (Kiribati, Employer), MrJonathan Joo-Thomson (United Kingdom, Government), M.AbdelkrimJrad (Tunisia, Worker), M.Emmanuel Julien (France, Employer), MrBinod K. C. (Nepal, Government), MrEvilastus Kaaronda (Namibia, Worker), M.Nobila Paul Kabore (Burkina Faso, Worker), MrMohammed Kadhem(Bahrain, Worker), M.Andr Kalala Mutombo (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), Mme Fatima Kamauddine Fatima (Comoros, Government), MsRaila Kangasperko (Finland, Government), MrYossef Kara (Israel, Worker), MrMohamad Karaki (Lebanon, Government), MrCornelius K. Kariwa (United Republic of Tanzania, Employer), Mr Martin Kasekende (Uganda, Employer), Mr Trevor Kaunda (Zambia, Government), MrWezi Kayira (Malawi, Government), MrAlphonse 65

Kayitayire (Rwanda, Government), MsFaiyaz M.Kazi (Bangladesh, Government), Mr Faiyaz Murshid Kazi (Bangladesh, Government), Mr Mustafain Kazmi (Pakistan, Government), MrAlex Kazongo (Kenya, Government), MsAnne C. R. Keah (Kenya, Government), Ms Gerardine Kearney (Australia, Worker), MrZerihun Kebede (Ethiopia, Government), M.Lambert Kegba-Nzeng (Central African Republic, Government), Mr Allan S. Keitseng (Botswana, Worker), MsHelen Kelly (New Zealand, Worker), MsRoss Kelly (United States, Worker), MrGholam-Reza Khademizadeh (Islamic Republic of Iran, Worker), MrK.M.S. Khalsa (India, Government), MrSaeed Ali Khammas (United Arab Emirates, Employer), MrS. A. Khan (India, Employer), MrDavid Khumalo (South Africa, Government), MsSara Irene Kibuka Walusimbi (Uganda, Employer), M.Marc Kieffer (Luxembourg, Employer), Mr Jong-Cheol Kim (Republic of Korea, Government), MsTae Eun Kim(Republic of Korea, Government), MrYoung-Vae Kim (Republic of Korea, Employer), Mrs Evanelia Kini (Papua New Guinea, Government), Ms Beatrice Kituyi (Kenya, Government), Mr Vitaly Kniazev (Belarus, Government), Mme Mariana Kniesner (Romania, Worker), MsJelena Kocmur (Croatia, Employer), M. Patrick Koehnen (Luxembourg, Employer), MrSimopekka Koivu (Finland, Employer), MrJohn Kolawole (Nigeria, Worker), MsEeva Kolehmainen (Finland, Employer), MrIstvn Komorczki (Hungary, Employer), M.Kouadio Alphonse Konan (Cte dIvoire, Government), MsHyun Kyung Koo (Republic of Korea, Government), MsOlga Korchemkina (Russian Federation, Government), Mr Oldr ich Krner (Czech Republic, Employer), MsSviatlana Kotava (Belarus, Worker), MrSolomon Kotei (Ghana, Worker), M.Kossounou Edouard Kouakou (Cte dIvoire, Worker), M.Yao Kouakou (Cte dIvoire, Employer), M.Samir Koubaa (Tunisia, Government), M.Abdrmane Koudra (Comoros, Employer), MsEva Kovar (Sweden, Employer), M.Niankoye Bn Kpoghomou (Guinea, Government), M. Sabin Kpokolo (Central African Republic, Worker), Mr Boris Kravchenko (Russian Federation, Worker), Ms Apsorn Krissanasmit (Thailand, Worker), Mr Gyl Kristinsson (Iceland, Government), MrTug rul Kudatgobilik (Turkey, Employer), M.Guy Kuku Gedila (Democratic Republic of Congo, Worker), Mr Mana Kumkrathok (Thailand, Worker), MrWojciech Kuraszyk (Poland, Government), MrStepan Kuzmenkov (Russian Federation, Government), MrChristopher Jada Kwajok (South Sudan, Government), M.Charitos Kyriazis (Greece, Employer), Mme Christiane Labalme (France, Government), MsMichelle Labrosse (Seychelles, Employer), MrVille Lahelma (Finland, Government), M. Elhassan Lahyani (Morocco, Worker), MrOwei Lakemfa (Nigeria, Worker), M.Hassane Kaou Laouel Kader (Niger, Employer), Sr.Humberto Lara Enamorado (Honduras, Worker), Sra. Graciela Larios Rivas (Mexico, Worker), Mr Robert Larsson (Sweden, Government), MrAlberta Aku Laryea-Djan (Ghana, Worker), Mme Souzana Laskaridou (Greece, Government), Mr Hassan Latheef (Maldives, Government), Sra. Miriam Lau (Cuba, Government), Ms Lenka Laubov (Czech Republic, Government), M. Nadou Lawson O. (Togo, Government), Ms Cheryl Lee (Singapore, Government), MsSeo Jin Lee (Republic of Korea, Government), MrSeung-Yong Lee (Republic of Korea, Employer), Mr Anthony Lee-Riviears (Netherlands, Government), Mme Candide Leguede (Togo, Employer), Sr.Jos Leje (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Worker), M. Frank Lentz (Luxembourg, Employer), MsLebohang Letsie (Botswana, Worker), MsKristen Letts (Australia, Government), Sr.Francisco Leturia (Chile, Government), MrMatthew Levin (United States, 66

Government), M.Moustapha Leye (Senegal, Government), MsLinda LHeureux (Canada, Government), Mr Decheng Li (China, Employer), Mme Claire Libizangomo (Gabon, Government), M.Baoubon Jean Mathias Liliou (Burkina Faso, Worker), MsZenia Liljeqvist (Denmark, Government), Sr.Vinicio Limn Rivera (Mexico, Worker), MsCarin Lindqvist-Virtanen (Finland, Government), Sr.Aurelio Linero Mendoza (Panama, Employer), MsKristin Lipke (United States, Government), MrYevgen Lisuchenko (Ukraine, Government), MrAndrew Little (New Zealand, Worker), MsHansong Liu (China, Employer), Sr.Juan Jos Llona Barrenechea (Spain, Employer), Sra. Paulina Lobos (Chile, Government), Mr David Lomidze (Georgia, Government), Mr Erald Laryea Lomo (Ghana, Employer), MrAlf ge Lnne (Norway, Employer), Sra. Vernica Lpez (Paraguay, Government), Sr. Jorge Jos Lpez Bonilla (Dominican Republic, Worker), Sr.Mario Lpez Carrillo (Mexico, Employer), MrTorben Lorentzen (Denmark, Government), Sr.Nelson Loustaunau (Uruguay, Government), M.Luciano Luis (Angola, Employer), Ms Elizabeth Lungu Nkumbula (Zambia, Employer), MrWolfgang Lutterbach (Germany, Worker), MrOrgil Luvsantseren (Mongolia, Government), MsSalome Luwaga (Uganda, Employer), M.Jules Mabiala Mpoto (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), MsZodwa Mabuza (Swaziland, Employer), MsMaria G. Machailo-Ellis (Botswana, Employer), MrPaul Mackay (New Zealand, Employer), M.Beremadji Madengar (Chad, Employer), MsPortia Magnus (Jamaica, Government), M.Abou Mahamadou (Niger, Government), M.Bichara Mahamat (Chad, Government), M.Nassour Abdoulaye Mahamat (Chad, Government), M. Nour Mbodou Mahamat (Chad, Government), MrsMageda Mohamed Mahmoud (Sudan, Government), MrAhad Mahmoudi (Islamic Republic of Iran, Worker), MrAbdalrahman M.A. Mahmud (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Worker), M.Ousmane Allassane Maiga (Mali, Government), Sr.Juan Mailhos (Uruguay, Employer), MrCleopa Mailu (Kenya, Employer), Mr Davor Majetic (Croatia, Employer), Mr Thabo Makeka K.C. (Lesotho, Employer), M. Kidianga Malala (Democratic Republic of Congo, Employer), M.Salifou MalamSoffo (Niger, Worker), MrKrzysztof Malecki (Poland, Worker), MsMerle Malvet (Estonia, Government), M.Sako Mamadou (Niger, Worker), M. Doulla Mamadou Talata (Niger, Employer), M. Tordita Mamira (Chad, Government), MrLyson Mando (Zambia, Worker), MsAlena Mankevich (Belarus, Worker), MrAbdul HalimMansor (Malaysia, Worker), Sr.Lorenzo Luis Marchese (Argentina, Employer), MsEmalene Marcus-Burnett (Barbados, Government), MrAdil Marghani Ali (Sudan, Employer), Mme Salamatou Mariko (Niger, Worker), M.Marco Marino (Italy, Government), M.Mustafa Marjaa (Morocco, Government), Sra. Nlsida Marmolejos (Dominican Republic, Government), Sra. Elena Martnez Carqus (Spain, Government), Sr.Edson Martins Areias (Brazil, Worker), Sra. Junia Martins Batista (Brazil, Worker), MrSri Martono (Indonesia, Employer), M. Jean Masasu Lufutu (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), Mme Claudina Mascetta (Switzerland, Government), Mr Alfred Masupha (Zambia, Employer), Mr Mohd Rosdi Mat Yasin (Malaysia, Government), Sra. Marinella Mata (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Employer), Mr Ravi Mathur (India, Government), Mr James Matiza (Zimbabwe, Government), MrAbbas Matooq (Bahrain, Government), MrAndreas Matsas (Cyprus, Worker), Mr Hiroyuki Matsui (Japan, Employer), M. Blaise Matthey (Switzerland, Employer), M.Emdio Vicente Mavila (Mozambique, Government), Mr.Lajos Mayer (Hungary, Worker), MrFrancisco Feliciano Mazoio (Mozambique, Worker), 67

M.Bate Mbani (Congo, Worker), MrPeter Mbewe (Zambia, Employer), M.El Moctar MBeyrick (Mauritania, Worker), M.Alose Mbou Mbine (Gabon, Worker), MrG. Kent Mc Vay (United States, Employer), MrKent Mcvay (United States, Employer), MrMthunzi Mdwaba (South Africa, Employer), MrMthunzi-Perry Mason Mdwaba (South Africa, Employer), Sr. Pablo Medina (Dominican Republic, Government), Sra. Ruth Medrano (Dominican Republic, Worker), MsSupatcharee Meekrut (Thailand, Government), M.El Mahfoudh Megateli (Algeria, Employer), M.Rabeh Megdiche (Tunisia, Government), MrShaque AlamMehdi (Bangladesh, Government), Sr.Rodrigo Mejia Duncan (Panama, Government), M.Alain N. O. Mekoulou AkamMvondo (Cameroon, Government), M.Nol Alain Olivier Mekulu Mvondo Akame (Cameroon, Government), Sra. Rosa Mndez Tandaypan (Peru, Worker), Mme Elise Mendomo Eya Ane (Cameroon, Government), Mme Helena Mendona (Cape Verde, Government), Sr.Alejandro Mendoza Gantes (Panama, Government), M.Antonios Mengoulis (Greece, Employer), M. Kouassi Wenyemawua Mensah (Togo, Employer), Ms Marika Merilai (Estonia, Employer), Sr. Fermn Mesa (Cuba, Employer), Ms Thanaporn Methawikul (Thailand, Government), M. Dragos Mihalache (Romania, Employer), MsElena Mikhailova (Russian Federation, Government), MsAnita Mishra (United Kingdom, Employer), M.Alphonse Missengui (Congo, Employer), M. Sebastiao Mixinge A. (Angola, Government), Mr Robert Mkwezalamba (Malawi, Worker), Mr Aggrey Mlimuka (United Republic of Tanzania, Employer), M. Kane Moctar (Mauritania, Worker), Mr Adan Daud Mohamed (Kenya, Government), Mr Ali Mohamed Ahmed Osman (Sudan, Government), M. Mabrouk Mohamed Ben (Niger, Government), Mr Adil Mohamed Salih (Sudan, Worker), Mr Vladimir Moj (Slovakia, Worker), MmeMarie Mokoko (Congo, Government), M.Charles Mokouabeka (Congo, Government), Mme Malika Mokrani (Algeria, Worker), Sr.Mario Molino Garca (Panama, Government), MrBalzs Molnr (Hungary, Government), MrPeter Molnr (Slovakia, Employer), Mme Abla Dla Mondedji (Togo, Worker), M.Jose Carlos Moniz (Cape Verde, Government), MrAbdul HalimMonsor (Malaysia, Worker), Sra. Gladys Montenegro (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Worker), Sr. Manuel Montero (Cuba, Worker), Sra. Victoria Montero (Spain, Worker), MsToni Moore (Barbados, Worker), MrMurthala Moosa (Maldives, Government), Sr.Javier Morales Gauzn (Mexico, Government), Sr. Miguel Morazan (Honduras, Government), Sr.Jorge Antonio Moreno Mereles (Paraguay, Employer), Sr.Javier Moreno Padilla (Mexico, Employer), Mr Kiyotaka Morita (Japan, Employer), MsMary Morola (Papua New Guinea, Government), M.Marc Morsa (Belgium, Government), Ms Marijke Morsink-Dannenberg (Netherlands, Worker), MsMapulumo Mosisili (Lesotho, Government), MsMarina Moskvina (Russian Federation, Employer), Sra. Denise Motta Dau (Brazil, Government), M.Pierre Louis Mouangue (Cameroon, Worker), M. Mustapha Mouhoubi (Algeria, Government), M.Etienne Moussavou (Gabon, Worker), MrKaizer Moyane (South Africa, Employer), MrCharles Mpundu (Zambia, Employer), MrDaud Msangi (United Republic of Tanzania, Employer), Mr Bongani Mtshali (Swaziland, Employer), M.Bernard Muambo Mbonde (Cameroon, Government), MsAnna Mugabo (Rwanda, Government), MsJacqueline Arwa Mugo (Kenya, Employer), Mr Baslio Zefanias Muhate (Mozambique, Worker), Mme Rogria Muianga (Mozambique, Government), MsRogria Da Coneico Muianga (Mozambique, Government), Mr Ahmed Mujuthaba (Maldives, Employer), Mme Naomie 68

Mukengela Katompa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), Sra. Albis Muoz (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Employer), Mr Beyani Munthali (Malawi, Employer), Mr Henrik Munthe (Norway, Employer), Mr Anastase Murezei (Rwanda, Government), Mr Doug Murphy (Canada, Government), M. Alfred Musimba Munkuti -Kunti Satala (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), M.Emmanuel Mve Mba (Gabon, Worker), M.Jean Mve Ollomo Asseko (Gabon, Worker), MrRoy Mwaba (Zambia, Worker), Mme Agns Mwad Nawej Katang (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), M. Birahima Nacoulma (Burkina Faso, Employer), Sr.Pedro Jamil Nadaf (Brazil, Employer), Ms Mria Nadadyov (Slovakia, Government), Mr Ernest Nadome (Kenya, Worker), MrVasyl Nadraha (Ukraine, Government), Mme Chistina Nagy Morais (Portugal, Employer), MsCristina Nagy Morais (Portugal, Employer), MrAkihiro Nakajima (Japan, Government), MsKeiko Nakajima (Japan, Worker), MrYoshio Nakamura (Japan, Employer), MrSatoshi Nakata (Japan, Worker), M.Kossivi Naku D. (Togo, Employer), M. Mamadou Nama (Burkina Faso, Worker), MsWanjiku Gatuku Nancy (Kenya, Government), MrHussein Nasher (Yemen, Worker), Mr Abdul Rahim Nasrey (Afghanistan, Government), Mr Austin S. Natee (Liberia, Worker), MrJ. Nyema Natt (Liberia, Worker), MrSuranga Silva Naullage (Sri Lanka, Worker), Sr. Raymundo Navarro (Cuba, Worker), Sra. Anglica Navarro Llanos (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Government), M.Fortunat Ndambo Mandjwandju (Democratic Republic of Congo, Worker), M. Alpha Ndiaye (Senegal, Government), M. Martin Ndikum Foncha (Cameroon, Employer), M. Bernard NDoumi (Cte dIvoire, Employer), Ms Julia Ng (Singapore, Government), Mr Brain Ng Oma (Malawi, Government), M.Ousmanou Ngam(Cameroon, Employer), M.Francis Ngantcha (Cameroon, Government), MrFranois Ngoboka (Rwanda, Government), M.Jean Ngouama (Congo, Worker), M.Albert Ngoubili-Tsiba (Congo, Government), MrDung Tien Nguyen (Viet Nam, Government), Mr Kim Phuong Nguyen (Viet Nam, Government), MsThi Thu Hong Nguyen (Viet Nam, Worker), M.Ovidiu Nicolescu (Romania, Employer), Mrs Agnes Nikolova (Bulgaria, Government), M.JeanPaul Nitiema (Burkina Faso, Government), Mr Ibrahim Nizam (Maldives, Employer), M.Jean Marie Nkian (Congo, Government), Mr George Nkiwane (Zimbabwe, Worker), MrMagnus M.Norddahl (Iceland, Worker), MrMark A. Nordstrom(United States, Employer), MrMohammed Nore-Alam(Bangladesh, Government), MrRoss J. Nova (United States, Employer), MsMyriam Ntashamaje (Rwanda, Government), Ms Lisanne Ntayombya (Rwanda, Government), M.Frdric Ntimarubusa (Burundi, Government), M.Gabriel Charly Ntonga (Cameroon, Government), M. Claude Bernard Ntoughe (Gabon, Worker), Ms Khine Khine Nwe (Myanmar, Employer), Mr Sammy Nyambari (Kenya, Government), Ms Ellen Nygren (Sweden, Worker), Mme Anne Marie Nzila (Congo, Worker), M.Ama Kafui Obim(Togo, Worker), MrHari Odari (Nepal, Government), MrTomOdongo (Kenya, Government), M.Fidele Ogbami (Central African Republic, Government), Ms Eun Kyoung Oh (Republic of Korea, Government), Sra. Mara del Rosario Oiz (Uruguay, Government), Sra. Diana Margarita Ojeda Visbal (Colombia, Government), Ms Jesse Uche Okpunoh (Nigeria, Government), MrDavid Okropiridze (Georgia, Government), Sra. Beatriz Olaguibel Moret (Spain, Government), MrTimothy Olawale (Nigeria, Employer), Mr Ola Oluwafemi (Nigeria, Government), Mr Ayoub Juma Omari (United Republic of Tanzania, Worker), MsElizabeth Faith Onuko (Kenya, Government), 69

MsIzabela Opechowska (Poland, Employer), MrPhil OReilly (New Zealand, Employer), MsAnna Orosz (Hungary, Government), MsEva Oscarsson (Sweden, Worker), MrAkosua Frema Osei-Opare (Ghana, Government), MrOlusegun Oshinowo (Nigeria, Employer), MrElsheikh Osman Mustafa (Sudan, Employer), MrGrygorii Osovyi (Ukraine, Worker), MsMargaret Osure (Kenya, Employer), MrMohammad Otaredian (Islamic Republic of Iran, Employer), M.A. Jacques Ouandaogo (Burkina Faso, Employer), M.Seide Ould Abdellahi (Mauritania, Employer), M.Mohamedou Ould Bowah (Mauritania, Worker), M. Moustapha Ould Cheikh Mohamed Ahmed (Mauritania, Government), M. Khaled Ould Cheikhna (Mauritania, Government), M.Mohamed Aly Ould Dedew (Mauritania, Government), M.BrahimOuld Sidaty El Hadrami (Mauritania, Government), M.Amadou Ousmane (Niger, Employer), Sr.Miguel Ovalles (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Government), MrWilson Usher Owere (Uganda, Worker), MrMarie Owoniyi (Nigeria, Employer), Ms Eve Prendson (Estonia, Employer), MrJoramBruno Pajobo (Uganda, Worker), M.Agui Yves Palanga (Togo, Worker), M.Paul Palsterman (Belgium, Worker), MrA. C. Pandey (India, Government), MrAnup Chandra Pandey (India, Government), MrSteven Chee Wee Pang (Singapore, Government), MrB. P. Pant (India, Employer), MrHubert Pantophlet (Netherlands, Employer), MsKarin Pape (Germany, Worker), MrsStanimira Parapunova (Bulgaria, Government), M. Etienne Pare (Burkina Faso, Government), MrJung Hwan Park (Republic of Korea, Government), MrTimothy Parkhouse (Namibia, Employer), M. Yasaman Parpinchee (Italy, Employer), Sr. Rodolfo A. Parra (Cuba, Employer), Mr Sarathchandra Pathirathna Pathirannehelage (Sri Lanka, Government), MrSharad Patil (India, Employer), MrNatthaphat Pattayako (Thailand, Worker), MrIvan Pavic evic (Serbia, Worker), Mr Ranulfo Payos (Philippines, Employer), M. Fabio Pazzini (San Marino, Worker), M.Vasco Pedrina (Switzerland, Worker), M.Manuel Marcelino Pena Costa (Portugal, Employer), Sr.Nelson Penino (Uruguay, Employer), Sra. Mara Amalia Pereira (Chile, Worker), Sr. Expedito Pereira De Magalhes (Brazil, Worker), Sr. Mauricio Prez (Honduras, Government), Sr.Miguel Perez Garcia (Colombia, Employer), Sr. Rafael Prez Modesto (Dominican Republic, Government), Mr Petro Petrashko (Ukraine, Government), Mme Ioulia Petropoulou (Greece, Worker), MsHuong PhamThi Lan (Viet Nam, Government), MrGiang PhamTruong (Viet Nam, Government), MrPrajuab Phikul (Thailand, Worker), M.Josly Piette (Belgium, Government), M.Mathieu Piguet (Switzerland, Employer), MrMichael Pilikos (Cyprus, Employer), MsAnne Pineau (Canada, Worker), Sr. Roberto Eduardo Pieiro (Argentina, Employer), Mr Rui Pedro Pinheiro Da Fonseca (Portugal, Government), Mr Simo Pinomaa (Finland, Employer), M. Ren Pizzaferri (Luxembourg, Worker), Mme Agns Plassart (France, Government), Mr Polyvios Polyviou (Cyprus, Employer), Mr Kauve Pomat (Papua New Guinea, Worker), Mr Aleksandr Ponomarev (Belarus, Government), MsHana Popelkov (Czech Republic, Worker), MrAndrei Popov (Belarus, Government), MrEdward E. Potter (United States, Employer), MsUdaya Sharma Poudyal (Nepal, Worker), M.Christian Pout (Cameroon, Employer), MrPavel Prior (Czech Republic, Employer), MrKumarage Don Manoj Priyantha (Sri Lanka, Government), Sr.Roberto Proena De Macdo (Brazil, Employer), MrManit Promkareekul (Thailand, Worker), MsShirley Pryce (Jamaica, Worker), Mme Kyriaki Psarogianni (Greece, Worker), Mme Ghislaine Psimhis (Central African Republic, Employer), Sr.Yusnier Romero Puentes (Cuba, Government), 70

Sra. Marta Pujadas (Argentina, Worker), Sra. Gloria Pujol De Pablo Blanco (Spain, Government), Ms Heli Puura (Finland, Worker), Mr Daebum Pyo (Republic of Korea, Government), MrAbdulrahman A. S. Qadhi (Saudi Arabia, Government), Sra. MiriamQuijano (Argentina, Worker), Sr.Juan A. Quintanilla (Cuba, Government), Sr.Edgar Quispe Remon (Peru, Government), MrMaarten Quivooy (New Zealand, Government), MrHasanuddin Rachman (Indonesia, Employer), MrNedhal Mohammedrashed M.Radhwan (Saudi Arabia, Worker), MrTjipto Rahadi (Indonesia, Government), MrKamran T. Rahman (Bangladesh, Employer), MrKamran Tanvirur Rahman (Bangladesh, Employer), MsPreeti Rahman (Bangladesh, Government), Mr Baijnath Rai (India, Worker), MrMoonsamy Ramasamy (Mauritius, Government), MrHaji Jamudin Ramlee (Brunei Darussalam, Government), MrElliot Ramochela (Lesotho, Worker), Sra. Ftima Aparecida Rampim(Brazil, Government), MrIsaac Ramputa (South Africa, Worker), MrRamotshudi Ramputa (South Africa, Worker), Mme Soafara Randriamiarisoa (Madagascar, Government), MrUffe Rasmussen (Denmark, Government), Mr Asha Singh Rathour (Nepal, Worker), M. Philippe Reau (France, Worker), Sr. Roberto Recalde (Paraguay, Government), Ms Sonia Regenbogen (Canada, Employer), Mme Mamane Rkiatou Bako (Niger, Government), MrSteven S. Relyveld (Suriname, Government), M.Adelino Remi Sachambula (Angola, Employer), MrChiel Renique (Netherlands, Employer), MrBol Andrew Wieu Riak (South Sudan, Employer), Sr.Guido Ricci (Guatemala, Employer), Mr Stephen Richards (United Kingdom, Government), Ms Toril Riddervold (Norway, Employer), Sr.Juan Andrs Roballo (Uruguay, Government), Sr.Carlos Robelo Raffone (Nicaragua, Government), MsElizabeth Roberson (United States, Worker), Mr Tom Roberts (Australia, Worker), Mr Antoine Robinson (Seychelles, Worker), M.Paul Roche (France, Worker), Sra.Maringela Rodrigues Coelho (Brazil, Government), Mme Monica Rodrigues Ramos (Cape Verde, Government), Sr. Roberto Rojas (Chile, Worker), Mr Ferenc Rolek (Hungary, Employer), Sra. Janet Romn (Cuba, Government), Ms Siriwan Romchatthong (Thailand, Employer), Sra. Caridad Rondn (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Worker), Mr Thaveekiat Rongsawadi (Thailand, Employer), MrJrgen Rnnest (Denmark, Employer), MrFrancis Roodt (United Kingdom, Government), M.Andr Miguel Rosa Nzau (Angola, Employer), Sr.Fernando Rosales (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Government), Sr.Julio Guillermo Rosales (Argentina, Government), Sr.Luis Fernando Rosales Lozada (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Government), Sr.Antonio Rosas Rodrguez (Mexico, Government), Mme Stefania Rossi (Italy, Employer), M.Amadou Rouamba (Mali, Government), Ms Halyani Rumondang (Indonesia, Government), Mr Paul Russell (United Kingdom, Government), MrJohn Ryall (New Zealand, Worker), MrKarel Rychtr (Czech Republic, Employer), MrKee-Jung Ryu (Republic of Korea, Employer), Mrs Ibtihaj Saad El Town (Sudan, Worker), Sra. Shirley Saborio (Costa Rica, Employer), MrNaimSadat (Afghanistan, Government), MrAli Ahmed Saeed Baamhyasawn (Yemen, Worker), MsMartina agiov (Slovakia, Government), MsPorntip Sahavejjabhand (Thailand, Employer), MsAnu Sajavaara (Finland, Employer), M. Seybou Salay (Niger, Employer), M. Seybou Saley (Niger, Employer), MrHelmy Salim (Indonesia, Worker), M.Soulaimana Salim (Comoros, Worker), MsWahida Samad (Afghanistan, Government), Mme Mame Coumba Samba (Senegal, Worker), Sra. Laura San Martn (Chile, Worker), Sra. Egle Snchez (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Worker), Sr. Gilberto Snchez 71

(Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Employer), MrEliud Sanga (United Republic of Tanzania, Employer), Mr Solomon Joseph Ptichay Sangaran (Malaysia, Worker), MsVijitsri Sanguanwongse (Thailand, Government), M.Malick Sankhon (Guinea, Government), M. Tidiane Sanogo (Congo, Employer), Sr. Renato Francisco de Santos Paula (Brazil, Government), MrPiotr Sarnecki (Poland, Employer), MrSaeed Sarwar (Pakistan, Government), MrJaffer Yusuf Almahfood Sayed Salman (Bahrain, Worker), Sr.Federico Schaer (Argentina, Employer), Sr. Juan Jos Schaer (Argentina, Employer), Ms Penny B. Schantz (United States, Worker), MrHenrik Schilder (Denmark, Employer), M.Romain Schmit (Luxembourg, Employer), Mme Erika Schnyder (Switzerland, Government), MrTon Schoenmaeckers (Netherlands, Employer), MsAnne Scholz (Germany, Employer), MrWolfgang Scholz (Germany, Government), Sr.lvaro Schweinfurth (Spain, Employer), Sr.Pelayo Scremini (Uruguay, Employer), MsSissy V. Seemule (Botswana, Government), Mr Nenad Seifert (Croatia, Employer), Mr Anton Sekum(Papua New Guinea, Worker), MrMehmet Selvi (Turkey, Government), M.Mamadou Racine Senghor (Senegal, Government), MsRose P. N. Sennanyana (Botswana, Government), Ms Katayoun Sepehri (Islamic Republic of Iran, Employer), MrBoas Seruwe (South Africa, Government), M.Jean-Daniel Setho (Togo, Employer), MsElena Shalashnaya (Russian Federation, Government), Mme Nazha Shallita (Lebanon, Government), MrIgor Shanin (Russian Federation, Worker), MsFawzeya Shehab (Bahrain, Government), MrRobert B. Shepard (United States, Government), MrMikhail Shmakov (Russian Federation, Worker), Ms Vera Shmakova (Russian Federation, Worker), Mr Alexander Shokhin (Russian Federation, Employer), Mr Gambhir Lal Shrestha (Nepal, Worker), M.Moncef Siala (Tunisia, Government), M.Hamadou Siddo (Niger, Government), M. Mamadou Sidibe (Mali, Employer), Sra. Carmela Asuncin Sifuentes De Holgun (Peru, Worker), Sr.Alejandro Silva (Chile, Government), Sr.Josas Silva De Albuquerque (Brazil, Employer), MrRuslan Irianto Simbolon (Indonesia, Government), MsTianggur Sinaga (Indonesia, Government), M.Pierre Lebrun Siovene (Central African Republic, Worker), Ms Malin Skringer (Sweden, Government), Ms Kaja kerjanc (Slovenia, Government), Mr Mahlomola Skhosana (South Africa, Government), Mr Zdzislaw Sladowski (Poland, (Lithuania, Employer), MrFredrik Sletbakk (Norway, Worker), MsEugenija niutiene Worker), MsYeon-Joo Sohn (Republic of Korea, Employer), MsAnna Solomon (Papua New Guinea, Government), M. Louis Sombes (Cameroon, Worker), MlleB. Stella Sylviane Some (Burkina Faso, Government), MrHarry Sooknanan (Trinidad & Tobago, Government), MrVanna Soth (Cambodia, Government), M.Louis MBemba Soumah (Guinea, Worker), Mme Filomena Sousa Cunha (Angola, Government), MrVong Sovann (Cambodia, Worker), M.Bayla Sow (Senegal, Worker), Mme Alexandra Spnu (Romania, Government), Mlle Alexandra Spnu (Romania, Government), MsMyrianthi Spathi (Cyprus, Government), MrWilliamE. Spriggs (United States, Government), MsRosemary Ssenabulya N. (Uganda, Employer), M.Sorin Stan (Romania, Worker), MrTeddy Stapleton (Trinidad & Tobago, Worker), MrVeturlidi Thor Stefansson (Iceland, Government), MrMartin te pnek (Czech Republic, Government), MrViktor Stepanov (Russian Federation, Government), MsKarmen terbenc (Slovenia, Government), Mlle Adriana Stoinea (Romania, Government), MrIngomar Stupar (Austria, Employer), Sr. Roberto Surez Garca (Spain, Employer), Mr Don Wimalasiri Subasinghe (Sri Lanka, Worker), Sra. Silvana Suero (Dominican 72

Republic, Worker), MrHariyadi Sukamdani (Indonesia, Employer), MrKevin J.Sullivan (United States, Employer), MrSuon Sun (Cambodia, Government), MsUsa Suwanchatchai (Thailand, Employer), MrChristopher Syder (United Kingdom, Employer), Mr Edmund Szynaka (Poland, Worker), Ms Batetaake Taatoa (Kiribati, Government), Sr.Ren Tabilo (Chile, Worker), MrHamdl Taha (Egypt, Worker), Ms Li Lian Tai (Singapore, Government), Mme Astou Tall (Guinea, Government), MsTiia-Edith Tammeleht (Estonia, Worker), MrEng Hong Tan (Malaysia, Worker), MrGabriel Tan (Singapore, Government), MrKazuo Tanigawa (Japan, Employer), MrJoseph K. Tarnue (Liberia, Worker), M.Solomon Enoma Tatah (Cameroon, Government), MsCatarina Tavares (Portugal, Worker), M.Tarek Kof Tchankoni (Togo, Government), M.Jean Claude Tchibinda (Congo, Worker), M. Jean-Pierre Tchoua (Gabon, Employer), Ms Kanata Tebebeku (Kiribati, Worker), MsEskedar Tefera (Ethiopia, Government), MsOlga Temnova (Russian Federation, Government), MrKees Terwan (Netherlands, Government), M.Ayiko Tevi (Togo, Worker), MrPanus Thailuan (Thailand, Worker), M.Babacar Thiam(Senegal, Government), M.Birane Thiam(Senegal, Government), M.Gora Thiao (Senegal, Employer), Mr Lars Thgersen (Denmark, Government), MrThampan Thomas (India, Worker), MsDeborah Thomas-Felix (Trinidad & Tobago, Government), MrMatthias Thorns (Germany, Employer), M.Antnio Tiago Gomes (Angola, Employer), MrJoseph Kutiti Tiampati (Kenya, Government), M.Lall Joseph Tiendrebeogo (Burkina Faso, Worker), MrJeremias Duzenta Timana (Mozambique, Worker), Sra. Roxana Tinoco (Costa Rica, Government), Sra. Mnica Titze (Chile, Government), MrMusa Hammad Ka Tiya (Sudan, Worker), Mr Kenandei Tjivikua (Namibia, Government), M. Pascal Todjinou (Benin, Worker), Ms Elka Todorova (Bulgaria, Employer), M. Jos Tondela P.M.(Angola, Employer), Sr.Juan Torales (Paraguay, Worker), Sr.Vctor Manuel Torres (Panama, Worker), MrAttila Tth (Hungary, Worker), M.Yamodou Toure (Guinea, Worker), Sr.Domingo Tovar (Colombia, Worker), Mme Assat Gnouma Traore (Guinea, Employer), Mme Lassina Traore (Mali, Employer), Mme Somkinda Traore-Ouedraogo (Burkina Faso, Government), Ms Marianna Traustadottir (Iceland, Worker), Sra. MiryamLuz Triana Alvis (Colombia, Worker), Sr.Juan Carlos Trujillo Toco (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Worker), M.Anicet Tshovu (Democratic Republic of Congo, Government), M.Martin Tsika (Congo, Worker), Ms Riita Tyljrvi (Finland, Worker), Mr R. U. Uche (Nigeria, Employer), MrUmesh Upadhyaya (Nepal, Worker), MrWallaba Jayatissa Liyanage Upali Wijayaweera (Sri Lanka, Government), Sr.Silvio Urea (Dominican Republic, Worker), Sr.Armando Urtecho Lpez (Honduras, Employer), Mme Esprance Uwimana (Burundi, Government), Mr Antonio Valadas Da Silva (Portugal, Government), M. Antnio Lus Valadas Da Silva (Portugal, Government), MsMarille Van Der Linden (Netherlands, Government), MrJohannes Cornelius Van Der Velden (Netherlands, Government), Ms Loes Van Embden Andres (Netherlands, Employer), M.Jan Van Holm(Belgium, Government), MsAnnie Van Wezel (Netherlands, Worker), Mme Elli Varchalama (Greece, Worker), M. Stamatis Vardaros (Greece, Employer), Mr Miguel Varela (Philippines, Employer), MsJulianna Varga (Hungary, Employer), Sra. Luz Stella Veira De Silva (Colombia, Government), MrKaruppiah Velayudam(Sri Lanka, Worker), Sra. Beatriz Velez (Colombia, Employer), MrNoel Vella (Malta, Government), M.Yves Veyrier (France, Worker), Mr. Vikas (India, Government), Sra. Vernica Villacrses (Ecuador, Government), Sr.Fernando Villalobos (Chile, Government), 73

Sr.Mario David Villanueva (Honduras, Government), Sr.Luis Carlos Villegas Echeverri (Colombia, Employer), Mr Greg Vines (Australia, Government), Ms Gintare Vizbaraite (Lithuania, Government), Mr Duko Vukovic (Serbia, Worker), Mme Awa Wade (Senegal, Worker), M.Raymond Wagener (Luxembourg, Government), MsCarla Walcott (Trinidad & Tobago, Worker), MrColin Walcott (Barbados, Employer), MrUpall Wijayaweera Wallaba Jayatissa Liyanage (Sri Lanka, Government), Mr Baryou W. Wallace (Liberia, Worker), Ms Sarah Walusimbi (Uganda, Employer), Mr Wentian Wang (China, Government), MrNathaniel Wapshere (United Kingdom, Government), MsAnnette Warrick (United Kingdom, Government), MsDayawathie Wediwela Mudiyanselage (Sri Lanka, Government), MsPearl Kanthie Weerasinghe (Sri Lanka, Government), Mr Gerald Weldon (United Kingdom, Government), Mr Ferdinand Welzijn (Suriname, Employer), Mr Peter Christopher Werikhe (Uganda, Worker), Ms Muzaninn Wever (Netherlands, Government), Ms Ghislaine Widera (Netherlands, Government), Mr Ravi Wig (India, Employer), Ms Tara Williams (Australia, Government), Ms Florence Willie (Papua New Guinea, Employer), Mr Rajapaksa Pallegedera Ananda Wimalaweera (Sri Lanka, Government), Sr.Gabriel Winter (Uruguay, Government), MsLis Wits-Lund (Denmark, Government), Mr Tomasz Wojcik (Poland, Worker), Ms Elisa Woldeyesus (Eritrea, Government), Mr Somphour Wongthonglua (Thailand, Employer), MrPeter Woolford (Canada, Employer), MsRamona Woop (Germany, Worker), Mr Derek Wright (Namibia, Employer), Mr Yanjun Xu (China, Government), MsVicki Ya Toivo (Namibia, Government), Mme Fatou Bintou Yafa (Senegal, Worker), M. Ahmed Mohamed Yahya (Mali, Government), Mr Shohei Yamada (Japan, Government), Mme Josphine Yamboa (Congo, Worker), MsIftida Yasar (Indonesia, Employer), MrAli Taher Yassine (Lebanon, Worker), MrRichard K. Yeboah (Ghana, Worker), M.Brou Kouame Yeboue (Cte dIvoire, Government), MrUlas Yildiz (Turkey, Employer), MrTadele Yimer (Ethiopia, Employer), MrNeville Ying (Jamaica, Government), M.Pierrot Yoele (Central African Republic, Government), M.Albert Yuma Mulimbi (Democratic Republic of Congo, Employer), Sr.Rubn Zabaleta Verstegui (Plurinational State of Bolivia, Government), MrFrank Zach (Germany, Worker), MsAlenka agar (Slovenia, Government), M.Fodil Zaidi (Algeria, Government), MsAsnath Zamuee (Namibia, Worker), M.Angelo Zanon (Luxembourg, Worker), M.Pierre Zanou (Benin, Employer), Sr.Jos Luis Zapata (Argentina, Employer), Sr.Cristiano Zaranza (Brazil, Employer), Mr Alexander Zavolokin (Russian Federation, Government), MrAdil Marghani Ali Zayad (Sudan, Employer), Sr.Rodrigo Zegers (Chile, Government), MsChristina Zenieri (Cyprus, Government), Sr.Jos Antonio Zepeda Lpez (Nicaragua, Worker), M.Abdou Zerbo (Burkina Faso, Government), Sr.Inti Zevallos Aguilar (Peru, Government), MsYali Zhang (China, Government), MsHui Zhao (China, Government), Mme Lamia Ziani (Algeria, Employer), M.Rolf Zimmermann (Switzerland, Worker), Ms Natalia Zinkevych (Ukraine, Government), MrZhen Zou (China, Worker), M.Hicham Zouanat (Morocco, Employer), M. Georges Emmanuel Zoula (Congo, Employer), M. Emmanuel Zounon (Benin, Worker), Sr.Guillermo Zucotti (Argentina, Worker), MsDanijela unec-Brandt (Croatia, Government), MrUgljea Zvekic (Serbia, Government), MrGeorg Zwerenz (Austria, Government).

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Non-governmental international organizations registered in the Committee: African Commission of Health and Human Rights Promoters, African Organization of Mines, Metal, Energy, Chemical and Allied Trade Unions, Anti-Slavery International, Association of Volunteers for International Service, Building and Woodworkers International, Caritas Internationalis, Confederacin de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras de las Universidades de las Amricas, Education International, European Association of Paritarian Institutions, European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions, European Disability Forum, European Trade Union Confederation, European Youth Forum, Federation of International Civil Servants Associations, General Confederation of Trade Unions, Helpage International, International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, International Association for Mutual Assistance, International Association of Labour Inspection, International Association of Lawyers, International Christian Union of Business Executives, International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions, International Confederation of Executive Staff, International Coordination of Young Christian Workers, International Council of Nurses, International Council on Social Welfare, International Energy and Mines Organization, International Federation of Business and Professional Women, International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers Unions, International Federation of Employees in Public Services, International Federation of University Women, International Maritime Health Association, International Metalworkers Federation, International Movement ATD Fourth World, International Movement of Catholic Agricultural and Rural Youth, International Secretariat for Catholic Engineers, Agronomists and Industry Ofcials, International Social Service, International Trade Union Confederation, International Transport Workers Federation, International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers Associations, International Young Christian Workers, Latin American Union of Municipal Workers, Light for the World, Migrant Forum in Asia, Organisation of African Trade Union Unity, Organizacin de Entidades Mutuales de las Amricas, Oxfam International, Panafrican Institute for Development, Public Services International, Southern African Trade Union Co-ordination Council, Streetnet International, Trade Union Advisory Committee to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Trade Unions International Metalmining, Trade Unions International of Transport Workers, Trade Unions International of Workers in Agriculture, Food, Commerce, Textiles and
75

Allied Industries, Trade Unions International of Workers in Energy, Unin Latinoamericana de Trabajadores de Organismos de Control, Union Network International, Union of International Associations, Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing, World Federation of Teachers Unions, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Movement of Christian Workers, World Organization against Torture, World Organization of Workers.

Social Protection Floor Initiative

The Social Protection Floor Initiative was adopted by the High Level Committee on Programmes (HLCP) of the United Nations Chief Executives Board as one of the UNs joint initiatives to address the global crisis in April 2009. The Social Protection Floor Initiative was established as a framework to help coordinate the activities of all actors working on social protection, ensuring coherence of different approaches and policy advice across sectors. To date, the Initiative forms a coalition of 19 UN bodies, international nancial institutions and 14 development partners, including bilateral donors, development banks and international NGOs that cooperate and coordinate their activities at national, regional and global levels. The High Level Social Protection Floor Advisory Group was established in 2010 in order to enhance global advocacy and provide guidance on the conceptual and policy aspects of the Social Protection Floor.
Lead agencies at the global level: ILO and WHO Other members of the Social Protection Floor Coalition: Asian Development Bank, Concern, ECLAC, Education and Solidarity Network, ESCAP, European Commission, (FAO), Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France, German Development Cooperation, GIP SPSI, HelpAge International, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Council of Social Welfare, Luxembourg, NGO Committee for Social Development, OECD, OHCHR, Save the Children, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), The Netherlands, UN Habitat, UNAIDS, UNDESA, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNODC, U NRWA, UNWOMEN, WFP, WMO, World Bank. High-level Advisory Group: Ms Michelle Bachelet (Chairperson, Chile); MrAurelio Fernndez Lpez (Spain); MrEbrahimPatel (South
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 frica), Ms Eveline Herfkens (Netherlands); MrKemal A Dervis ( Turkey); Ms Margaret Wilson (New Zealand); Mr Martin Hirsch (France); Ms Sudha Pillai (India); MrZheng Silin (China); MrJuan Somava, ILO (Ex-ofcio member); Dr Margaret Chan, WHO (Ex-ofcio member).

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References
Reports submitted to the International Labour Conference and documents adopted by the Conference
Resolution and conclusions concerning social security, International Labour Conference, 89th Session, Geneva, 2001, in Record of Proceedings (Geneva, 2001), No. 16: Report of the Committee on Social Security. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc89/pdf/pr-16.pdf Social security: A new consensus (Geneva, 2001). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/353sp1.pdf Social security for social justice and a fair globalization: Recurrent discussion on social protection (social security) under the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, Report VI, International Labour Conference, 100th Session, Geneva, 2011. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/ documents/meetingdocument/wcms_152819.pdf Resolution and conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), International Labour Conference, 100th Session, Geneva, 2011, in Provisional Record (Geneva, 2011), No. 24: Report of the Committee for the Recurrent Discussion on Social Protection. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/ documents/meetingdocument/wcms_157820.pdf Social protection oors for social justice and a fair globalization, Report IV(1), International Labour Conference, 101th Session, Geneva, 2012. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/documents/ meetingdocument/wcms_160210.pdf Social protection oors for social justice and a fair globalization, Report IV(2A), International Labour Conference, 101th Session, Geneva, 2012. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/ meetingdocument/wcms_174694.pdf
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Social protection oors for social justice and a fair globalization, Report IV(2B), International Labour Conference, 101th Session, Geneva, 2012. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/ documents/meetingdocument/wcms_174637.pdf Recommendation concerning national oors of social protection (Social Protection Floors Recommendation), 2012 (No. 202). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:3065524:NO Resolution concerning efforts to make social protection oors a national reality worldwide. International Labour Conference, 101st Session, Geneva, 2012, in Provisional Records No. 14: Report of the Committee on the Social Protection Floor (Geneva, 2012), p. 108. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/ documents/meetingdocument/wcms_182950.pdf

Further reading: Other relevant publications of the International Labour Ofce, 20072012 (selection)
Los trabajadores independientes y la seguridad social en el Per, Casal, P.; Pena, H. (Lima, International Labour Organization, 2012) The political economy of pension reformsin times of global crisis. State unilateralismor social dialogue?, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper 9. Sarfati, H.; Ghellab, Y. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012) Analysis of the Viet Namnational social protection strategy (20112020) in the context of the social protection oor objectives. ESS Paper 32, Cichon, M.; Schmitt, V.; Bonnet, F.; Galian, C.; Mazelkaite, G. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012) Can the European elderly afford the nancial burden of health and longtermcare? Assessing impacts and policy implications. ESS P aper 31, Scheil-Adlung, X.; Bonan, J. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012) Social security and food security. Successful policy experiences in Brazil. ESS Paper 30, Delgado, G. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012)
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Social protection and minimumwages responses to the 2008 nancial and economic crisis. Findings fromthe ILO/World Bank Inventory, Employment Working Paper No. 113, Bonnet, F.; Saget, C.; Weber, A. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012) Employment injury protection in Serbia. Issues and options, K. Hirose (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2012) Evidence on gender inequities in social health protection. The case of women living in rural areas. ESS Paper 29, Scheil-Adlung, X.; Kuhl, C. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012) The concept of scal space and its applicability to the development of social protection policy in Zambia, ESS Paper 28, Aguzzoni, L. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2012) Social protection oor for a fair and inclusive globalization. Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Semi-conditional cash transfers in the formof family allowances for children and adolescents in the informal economy in Argentina, Bertranou, F.; Maurizio, R. (Published in International Social Security Review, Vol. 65, 1/2012 / Wiley-Blackwell) Encrucijadas en la seguridad social en Argentina. Reforma, cobertura y desafos para el sistema de pensiones, Bertranou, F. et al. (Buenos Aires, International Labour Ofce, ECAL, 2011) Pension Reformin Central and Eastern Europe in times of crisis, austerity and beyond, ed. by K. Hirose (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Addressing inequities in access to health care for vulnerable groups in countries of Europe and Central Asia. Social Security Policy Briengs, Paper 8 (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Social security for migrant workers. A rights-based approach, K. Hirose, M.Nikac; E. Tamagno (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Envejecimiento con dignidad por una pensin no contributiva (Lima, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Sharing innovative experiences. Successful social protection oor experiences (New York, International Labour Ofce, United Nations Development Programme, Global South-South Development Academy, 2011)
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Social security and the rule of law. General survey concerning social security instruments in the light of the 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Est LatinoAmrica alejndose de las cuentas individuales de pensiones?, Bertranou, F., et al. (Buenos Aires, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Trabajadores independientes, Mercado laboral e informalidad en Argentina, Bertranou, F.; Maurizio, R. Eds. (Buenos Aires, International Labour Ofce, 2011) Coordination of social security. Supplementary training modules (II) (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2011) World Social Security Report 2010. Providing coverage in the times of crisis and beyond (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Extending social security to all. A guide through challenges and options (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Building a social protection oor with the Global Jobs Pact. Second African Decent Work Symposium, Yaound, Cameroun, 68 October 2010 (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Independent evaluation of the ILOs strategy to extend the coverage of social security (two volumes) (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Governance of social security systems. A guide for board members in Africa (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Employment and social protection in the new demographic context (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Coordination of social security. Training modules (I) (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Assessment of the social security systemin Ukraine 200809. Crisis response and future reforms, Baranova, N.; Hirose, K. (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Are old-age pension systemreformsmoving away fromindividual retirement accounts in Latin America? Calvo, E.; Bertranou, F.; Bertranou,E. (Published in Journal of Social Policy, 2010, Vol. 39, pp. 223234/ Cambridge University Press, 2010)
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Trabajadores independientes y proteccin social en Amrica Latina. Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay (Montevideo, International Labour Ofce, Banco de Previsin Social, Centro de Estudios de Seguridad Social, Salud y Administracin de Uruguay, 2010) La historia de la reforma previsional chilena. Una experiencia exitosa de poltica pblica, Arenas de Mesa, A. (Santiago, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Reforma previsional en Chile. Proteccin social para todos, Dlano, M. (Santiago, International Labour Ofce, Ministry of Labour and Social Security, 2010) Paid sick leave. Incidence, patterns and expenditure in times of crisis. ESS Paper 27, Scheil-Adlung, X.; Sander, L. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Voluntary insurance provisions in national social security schemes. Unilateral actions of the countries of origin. Contribution to the MIGSEC project. Extending the social security rights of African migrant workers. ESS Paper 26, Hempel, F. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2010) Building decent societies. Rethinking the role of social security in development. Townsend, P. (ed). (Geneva, ILO and London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Social health insurance. A guidebook for planning (Bad Homburg, Asian Development Bank, German Technical Cooperation, International Labour Ofce, World Health Organization, 2009) Reexiones y propuestas para mejorar la distribucin del ingreso en Argentina (Buenos Aires, International Labour Ofce, 2009) Pension Reformin Serbia. Frominternational and regional perspectives. Proceedings of the Conference on Pension Reformin Serbia. 2425 September 2009, Belgrade (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2009) Report on the Pension Reformin Bosnia and Herzegovina. First assessment (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2009) Bolsa Famlia in Brazil. Context, concept and impacts, (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, March 2009)
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Can low-income countries afford basic social security? Hagemejer, K. (Published in Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Social Protection, OECD, 2009) Rights-based Approach to Social Security Coverage Expansion, Hagemejer, K., in Robert Holzmann, David A. Robalino and Noriyuki Takayama (eds.): Closing the Coverage Gap: Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers (Washington D.C., World Bank, 2009), pp. 5772. European social policy. An interimassessment, Scholz, W. (Published in European Social Policy, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft, 2009, Issue 3, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2009) How can we maintain pension levels in pay-as-you-go schemes? Maintaining pension levels in PAYG schemes in ageing societies. Rules versus discretion, Woodall, J.; Hagemejer, K. (International Social Security Association, International Labour Ofce, Technical Seminar on pensions, Paris, 1-2 October 2009) Is Latin America retreating fromindividual retirement accounts? Bertranou, F.; Calvo, E.; Bertranou, E. (Published by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, No 914, March 2009) Optimal nancing and self-adjusting mechanismsfor sustainable retirement systems. The social stabilisation of pensions in times of crises and beyond. A critical review of three decades of pension reformand their outcomes, Drouin, A.; Cichon, M.(International Social Security Association, International Labour Ofce, International Conference of Social Security Actuaries and Statisticians, Ottawa, 1618 September 2009) Extending health care coverage. Potential linkages between statutory social security and community-based social protection, Coheur, A.; Jacquier, C.; Schmitt-Diabat, V.; Schremmer, J. (Published in International Social Security Review, Vol. 62, 1/2009 / Wiley-Blackwell) Extending social security to all: a review of challenges, present practice and strategic options (Draft for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Strategies for the Extension of Social Security Coverage, 24 September 2009 in Geneva) (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2009) Building adequate social protection systemsand protecting people in the Arab region, Thematic paper prepared for the Arab Employment Forum (1921 October 2009) (Beirut, International Labour Organ ization, 2009).
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The impact of the nancial and economic crisis on Arab States: Considerations on employment and social protection policy responses, Behrendt, C.; Haq, T., and Kamel, N. (Beirut, ILO Regional Ofce for Arab States, 2009). Social Security for all. Investing in social justice and economic development. Social Security Policy Briengs, Paper 7 (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Asia-Pacic Regional High-level Meeting on Socially-Inclusive Strategies to Extend Social Security Coverage, New Delhi, India, 1920 May 2008 / [International Labour Ofce], Social Security Department, Regional Ofce for Asia and the Pacic, Subregional Ofce for East Asia, Subregional Ofce for South Asia, Subregional Ofce for SouthEast Asia and the Pacic. Social security Policy Briengs, Paper 6 (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Interregional Tripartite Meeting on the Future of Social Security in Arab States, Amman, 68 May 2008 : report / [International Labour Ofce], Social Security Department, Regional Ofce for Africa, Regional Ofce for Arab States. Social security Policy Briengs, Paper5 (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Reunin regional tripartita sobre el futuro de la proteccin social en Amrica Latina : Santiago, Chile, 12 al 14 de diciembre de 2007 / International Labour Ofce, Social Security Department, Documentos de poltica de seguridad social, Documento4(Geneva, ILO, 2008) Can low-income countries afford basic social security? Social Security Policy Briengs, Paper 3 (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Integrating local economic development and social protection. Experiences fromSouth Africa, Lund, F. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Local development and social protection in Europe, Estivill, J. (Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Social Dialogue on Pension Reformin South Eastern Europe: A Survey of the Social Partners (Budapest, International Labour Ofce, 2008) Local development, social protection and inclusion. Typology of selected initiatives in Brazil, Pochman, M.(Geneva, International Labour Ofce, 2008)
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