7.

1 ANALYSING ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CHARGE FLOW

The relationship between electron and electric current Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. At the center of the atom is the nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons. Surrounding the nucleus are particles called electrons. A proton has a positive charge. An electron has an equal negative charge while a neutron is uncharged / neutral. Unit of electric charge Electric charge is denoted by the symbol Q. The unit of electric charge is the coulomb, C. Charge on one electron = - 1.6 x -19 10 C -19 Charge on one proton = 1.6 x 10 C A body is: (a) neutral, if it has equal numbers of positive and negative charges. (b) charged negative, if it has more negative than positive charges. (atom gains electron) (c) charged positive, if it has more positive than negative charges. (atom losses electron) The force acting on two bodies of the same net charges will repel each other. The force acting on two bodies of different net charges will attract each other. The force causes movement of electrons or flow of charges. Electric Current The rate of flow of electric charge The SI unit Ampere, A

charged object to infinity, or from infinity to a negatively-charged object. Electric field lines never cross each other and closer in a strong electric field.

To map the electric field around metal electrodes

Field Pattern of 2 Point Sources

Direction of Current Conventionally, the direction of the electric current is taken to be the flow of positive charge. The electron flow is in the opposite direction to that of the conventional current. Describe an electric filed. An electric field is a region in which an electric charge experiences an electric force (attraction or repulsion). An electric field is created from a positively charged sphere in the spaces surrounding it. A negative charged body when placed at any point in this region is pulled towards the charged sphere attractive force A positively charged body that is placed in the same region is pushed away repulsive force. How an electric field does is represented? An electric field is represented by a series of arrowed lines called electric field line. The lines indicate both the magnitude and direction of the field. The direction of an electric field is from a positively-charged object to a negativelycharged object, from a positively-

Describe the effect of an electric field on a charge Ping Pong Ball in an Electric Filed The ball will still remain stationary. This is because the force exert on the ball by the positive plate is equal to the force exerted on it by the negative plate. If the ping pong ball is displaced to the right to touch the positive plate, it will then be charged with positive charge and will be pushed towards the negative plate. When the ping pong ball touches the negative plate, it will be charged with negative charge and will be pushed towards the positive plate. This process repeats again and again, causes the ping pong ball oscillates to and fro continuously between the two plates. Candle in an Electric Field The heat of the candle flame removes electrons from the air molecules around it, and therefore ionised the molecule. If the candle is placed in between 2 plates connected to a Extra High Tension (E.H.T.) power supply, the positive ions will be attracted to the negative plate while the negative ions will be attracted to the positive plate. Example 1 The current flows in a light bulb is 0.5 A. (a) Calculate the amount of electric charge that flows through the bulb in 2 hours. -19 (b) If one electron carries a charge of 1.6 x 10 C, find the number of electrons transferred through the bulb in 2 hours.

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Example 2 Electric charges flow through a light bulb at the rate of 20 C every 50 seconds. What is the electric current shown on the ammeter? Example 3 When lightning strikes between two charged clouds, an electric current of 400 A flows for 0.05 s. What is the quantity of charge transferred? Example 4 19 1.2510 electrons are added into an object. Find the nett charge of the object in -19 the unit of Coulomb. [Charge of 1 electron = -1.610 ] Example 5 If 30 C of electric charge flows past a point in a wire in 2 minutes, what is the current in the wire? ping-pong ball coated with conducting paint is suspended between the two plates as shown figure. (i) What will happen to the ping-pong ball when the EHT is turned on? (ii) Explain the reason for your answer in (a). (iii) State two ways to increase the velocity of the oscillating ball. (iv) Why we use the nylon thread? The ping-pong ball is replaced with a lighted candle. (i) In figure, draw the shape of the flame when the EHT power supply is turned on. (ii) Explain what causes the shape of the flame you have drawn in (b)(i) Diagram below shows an apparatus set up to observe a pattern of electric field.

(b)

Exercise
1. Which of the following diagrams shows the correct electric field?

8.

2.

When the switch is on, the current that flows in an electronic advertisement -5 board is 3.0 x 10 A. What is number of electrons flowing in the advertisement board when it is switched on for 2 hours? [charge of electron -19 = 1.6 x 10 C] 11 A. 3.84 x 10 14 B. 1.67 x 10 18 C. 1.35 x 10 23 D. 4.17 x 10 27 E. 1.50 x 10 The following statements about the electric current are true except A. an electric current is a flow of electric charge. B. The flow of current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor. C. Heat and magnetism are effects of the flow of a current D. An electric current can be produced only by the flow of electrons. An electric appliance has been switched on for 2 hours. Calculate the quantity of electric charge passing through the circuit in this time if the current is 2 A. A. 4 C B. 120 C C. 240 C D. 14 400 C Figure shows a candle flame split into two directions when it is placed in the space between two charged metal plates P and Q. Which statement below explains why the candle flame has a greater tendency to spread towards plate Q than towards plate P? A. The electric field closer to plate Q is stronger. B. Negative ions move faster towards plate Q. C. Positive ions are heavier and move slower towards plate Q. D. The candle flame is attracted by a stronger magnetic force towards plate Q Figure 2 shows a light sphere S, which is charged and suspended by a light nylon string between two charged plated P and Q. Which statement about the arrangement shown is not true? A. Sphere S is negatively charged B. Sphere S is attracted by an electric force towards plate P. C. The angle of deflection will decrease if the separation between plates P and Q is increased. (a) Plate P is connected to the positive terminal of an EHT power supply, while plate Q is connected to its negative terminal. A

(a) (b) (c)

3.

(d)

What is meant by electric field? In the space below, draw electric field pattern formed by the apparatus arrangement on Diagram above. A current of 0.2 A is let to flow for 3 minutes. Calculate (i) Quantity of charge carried by the current (ii) Number of electrons flow in 3 minutes. Sketch the electric field lines showing the direction of the field.

4.

5.

9.

Which diagram shows the correct electric field?

6.

7.

7.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Define Potential Difference When a battery is connected to a bulb in a circuit, it creates electric field along the wires. The positive terminal P is at a higher potential and the negative terminal Q is at a lower potential. The potential difference between the two terminals causes the charges to flow across the bulb in the circuit and lights up the bulb. Work is done when electrical energy carried by the charges is dissipated as heat and light energy after crossing the bulb. The potential difference, V, is defined as the work done when 1 C of charge moves between two points in an electric field. What is 1 Volt? 1 Volt = 1 joule per coulomb. The potential difference across two points in a circuit is 1 Volt if 1 Joule of work is done in moving 1 Coulomb of charge from one point to the other. How to measure potential difference and current? The potential difference across two points in a circuit can be measured using a voltmeter. Voltmeters must always be connected in parallel between the points concerned. Ammeter measures current in amperes. Connected in series with a resistor or a device Ammeter has a low resistance so that its existence has little effect on the magnitude of current flowing. Example 1 In a closed circuit, a 6 V battery is used to drive 40 C of electric charge through a light bulb. How much work is done to drive the electric charge through the bulb? Example 2 If 72 J of work has to be done to carry 6 C of charge across two parallel metal plates, what is the potential difference across the metal plates? Example 3 How much energy had been transfer when 5 C charges moved across a potential difference of 10V? Describe the relationship between current and potential difference The greater the potential difference or voltage, the greater the current flow. When the potential difference between two points in a circuit increases, the current flowing through it increases. When the potential difference (V) between the points decreases, the current (I) decreases. The potential difference is directly proportional to the current flowing through it. State Ohms Law The electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it if the temperature and other physical conditions are constant. What is ohmic conductor and non-ohmic conductor? Conductors that obey Ohms Law are called ohmic conductors. Conductors that do not obey Ohms Law are called non -ohmic conductors. Define resistance A measure of how much a conductor resists the flow of electricity. A good

conductor has a low resistance and a poor conductor has a high resistance. The resistance (R) of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential difference (V) across the conductor to the current (I) flowing through it. The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (). One ohm is the resistance of a material through which a current of one ampere flows when a potential difference of one volt is maintained. Disadvantage of resistance Resistance causes some of the electrical energy to turn into heat , so some electrical energy is lost along the way if we are trying to transmit electricity from one place to another through conductor. Advantage of resistance It is resistance that allows us to use electricity for heat and light. The heat is generated from electric heaters or the light that we get from light bulbs is due to the resistance of the wire. In a light bulb, the current flowing through a resistance filament causes it to become hot and then glow. Explain factors that affect resistance Length, l For conductors of the same material and cross-sectional area, the resistance R is directly proportional to its length, l Cross-sectional area, A For conductors of the same material and length, the resistance R is inversely proportional to its crosssectional area, A. Type of material The resistance of a wire depends on the material it is made from. Temperature For conductors of the same material, length and crosssectional area, the resistance R generally increases with temperature.

Superconductor A superconductor is a material whose resistance becomes zero when its temperature drops to a certain value called the critical temperature. The resistance of a metal increases with temperature The resistance of a semiconductor decreases with temperature.

Advantages This enables superconductors to maintain a current with no applied voltage at that temperature. Able to sustain large currents Smaller power loss during transmission Less heat energy is wasted Small-sized motors and generators can be used. MAGLEV trains Magnetic-levitation is an application where superconductors perform extremely well. Transport vehicles such as trains can be made to float on strong superconducting magnets, virtually eliminating friction between the train and its tracks. MRI scanner Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to determine what is going on inside the human body. By exposing the body to a strong superconductor-derived magnetic field, hydrogen atoms that exist in the bodys water and fat molecules are forced to accept energy from the magnetic field. They then release this energy at a frequency that can be detected and displayed graphically by a computer.

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Electrical power line Electric cable made of superconductors will increase the efficiency of electrical power transmission as the loss of energy in the form of heat is greatly reduced. Example 1 A current of 0.5 A flows through a length of resistance wire when a potential difference of 12 V is applied between the ends of the wire. (a) What is the resistance of the wire? (b) What is the current flowing through the wire if the potential difference is increased to 15 V.? Example 2 The potential difference across a lamp is 1.3 V. How many joules of energy transformed into light and heat when a charge of 20 C passes through the lamp? Example 3 If 72 J of work has to be done to carry 6 C of charge across two parallel metal plates, what is the potential difference across the metal plates? Example 4 In the diagrams below, determine the values for V, I and R. 9. The graph shows the relationship between the potential difference, V and current, I flowing through two conductors, X and Y. (a) Calculate the resistance of conductor X. (b) Calculate the resistance of conductor Y. -6 (c) If the cross sectional area of X is 5.0 x 10 2 m and the length of X is 1.2 m, calculate its resistivity. 10. The graph shows a graph of I against V for three conductors, P, Q and R. (a) Compare the resistance of conductor P, Q and R. (b) Explain your answer in (a) 11. Figure shows a wire P of length, l with a crosssectional area, A and a resistance, R. Another wire, Q is a conductor of the same material with a length of 3l and twice the crosssectional area of P. What is resistance of Q in terms of R? 12. PQ is a piece of uniform wire of length 1 m with a resistance of 10 . Q is connected to an ammeter, a 2 resistor and a 3 V battery. What is the reading on the ammeter when the jockey is at X? 13. Which graphs shows the relationship between potential difference, V, and current, I, for a resist or that obeys Ohms law?

Exercise
1. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted into heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges passed through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What is the potential difference across the bulb? When the potential difference across a bulb is 20 V, the current flow is 3 A. How much work done to transform electrical energy to light and heat energy in 50 s? What is the value of the resistor in the figure, if the dry cells supply 2.0 V and the ammeter reading is 0.5 A? The graph shows the result of an experiment to determine the resistance of a wire. The resistance of the wire is An experiment was conducted to measure the current, I flowing through a constantan wire when the potential difference V across it was varied. The graph shows the results of the experiment. What is the resistance of the resistor? Figure shows a torchlight that uses two 1.5 V dry cells. The two dry cells are able to provide a current of 0.3 A when the bulb is at its normal brightness. What is the resistance of the filament? The diagram shows four metal rods of P, Q, R and S made of the same substance. (a) Which of the rod has the most resistance? (b) Which of the rod has the least resistance?

2.

14. Which circuit can be used to determine the resistance of a bulb?

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

15. The diagram shows a bird perched on a high voltage cable. The bird does note experience an electric shock because . A. the potential difference across X and Y is high B. the resistance of the cable across X and Y is very high C. the body of the bird has a low resistance D. the current flowing through its body is very small 16. Diagram below is a graph shows the relationship between the potential difference and the current of four different conductors, P, Q, R and S. Which conductor has the highest resistance? A. P B. Q C. R D. S 17. Diagram below shows an electric circuit. The reading of the ammeter is 0.2 A and the reading of the voltmeter is 2.8 V. Calculate the electrical energy released by the bulb in 2 minutes. A. 0.56 J B. 1.12 J C. 28.00 J D. 67.20 J E. 1680.00 J 18. Which of the following factors does not influence the resistance of a wire? A. Length of wire B. Material of the wire C. Cross-sectional area of the wire D. Hardness of the wire

19. Figure shows the circuit used to investigate the relationship between potential difference, V and current, I for a piece of constantan wire. The graph of V against I from the experiment is as shown in the figure below.

(a) What quantities are kept constant in this experiment? (b) State the changes in the gradient of the graph, if i) the constantan wire is heated ii) a constantan wire of a smaller cross-sectional area is used iii) a shorter constantan wire is used 20. Diagram below shows an electric circuit which is used to investigate the relationship between electric and potential difference across a constantan wire. (a) What is the function of the voltmeter? (b) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below. When the electric current increases, (i) the potential difference (increases, decreases, remains unchanged) (ii) the resistance will (increase, decrease, remain unchanged) (c) State one physical quantity which is kept constant in the experiment. 21. Figure 6 shows the graph of current against potential difference across three conductors P, Q and R. (a) Among the three conductors, which one or ones obey Ohms law? Give reason. (b) State Ohms law. (c) What is the resistance of Q when a current of 0.4 A flows through it? 22. Diagram below is a graph shows the relationship between the potential difference and the current of four different conductors P, Q, R and S. (a) Which graph is highest value of resistance? (b) Which graph is non-ohmic conductor? (c) Which graph is ohmic conductor? 23. Figure shows the scale of an ammeter. a) Name the physical quantity measured by the ammeter. b) In space below, draw the symbol for an ammeter. c) What is the value of the smallest division on the scale? d) State the function of the mirror located under the scale. 24. The figure below shows a circuit that is set up to study the relationship between the current that flows through a wire and the potential difference across the wire ends XY. (a) Using arrows mark in the above circuit the direction of current flow. (b) What is the function of the rheostat in the circuit? (c) What is the effect on the wire resistance if the wire i) is immersed in cold water at a temperature of 0 C? ii) is replaced with a fine wire that is similar in length and is made from the same substance?

(d) What is the effect on the ammeter reading if the wire is folded and its ends are connected to XY? (e) The wire is then replaced by a bulb. The ammeter and voltmeter readings is 2 A and 6 V respectively. i) What is the resistance of the bulb? ii) What is the electrical energy that is used by the bulb in 1 minute? iii) In a bulb, not all of the electrical energy is converted to light energy. What other energy is produced? 25. Diagram shows an electric circuit. a) Name instrument Q. b) What is the function of R in the circuit? c) Diagram below shows two types of ammeter, X and Y that can be used in the circuit in.

i) Which ammeter is more sensitive? ii) State one reason for your answer in (c)(i) 26. The figure shows an electrical circuit that consists of similar resistors X, Y and Z, and electrical measuring equipment P and Q. (a) State the equipment that is suitable to represent P and Q. (b) When a resistor similar to X is connected parallel with Z, what will happen to the reading of the measuring equipment P and Q? (c) Give a reason for your answer. 27. A student carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the resistance, R, of a wire and the length, L, of the wire. Diagram shows the circuit used in the experiment. The position of the sliding contact is adjusted until the length of the wire in the circuit, L = 20.0 cm. The rheostat is adjusted to obtain a suitable current. The current, I and the potential difference, V, across the wire are measured by an ammeter and voltmeter respectively. Diagram 1.2 shows the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter. The procedure is repeated for lengths of the wire, L = 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 60.0 cm. The corresponding readings of the ammeter and voltmeter are shown in Diagrams 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6.

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a) Based on the graph in the figure above, i) what happen when L increases? ii) determine the value of the potential difference , V, when the length, L = 0 cm. Show on the graph, how you determine V. 5 b) The resistivity, , of the wire is given by = 4.3 x 10 m where m is the gradient of the graph. Calculate the value of . c) From the graph, state the value of L when V = 1.5 V. Show on the graph how you determine the value of L. d) The resistance, R, is given by If the cross-sectional area, A of the 7 2 wire is 1.0 x 10 m and using the value of from (b), calculate the value of R when V = 1.5 V. e) State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment. 29. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the resistance, R, and diameter, d, for a constantan wire, and determine the resistivity, of constantan. The student used five constantan wires with 3 different diameters and fixed the length, l of each wire as 2x10 mm. The 2 results of the experiment are shown in the graph R against 1/d in Figure below.

(a) For the experiment described, identify: i) the manipulated variable, ii) the responding variable, iii) a fixed variable. (b) What is the use of the strip of mirror next to the scale of the voltmeter? (c) Based on Diagrams 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6, determine the current, I and potential difference, V for the corresponding lengths of wire, L. For each value of L, calculate the resistance, R of the wire. The resistance, R, is calculated using the formula, Tabulate your results for L , I, V and R in the space below. (d) On the graph paper, plot a graph of R against L. (e) Based on your graph, state the relationship between R and L. (f) State one precaution that should be taken to obtain accurate readings of V. 28. The graph potential difference, V against the length, L is the result of the experiment to determine the resistivity, and the resistance, R of a wire. (a) State the relationship between R and d 3 (b) A constantan wire of unknown diameter has a length of 2 x 10 mm and a resistance of 0.5 . Using the graph of R against , determine the diameter of the wire. Show on the graph how you determined the diameter. (c) The resistivity, , of constantan is given by the formula: ( If m = Rd , then ( ) where m in is the gradient of the graph of R against Calculate the gradient, m, of the graph of R against how you determined m. (d) Using the formula,
3 2 2

. Show on the graph

( ) calculate the resistivity, of

constantan. Use l=210 mm (e) Another constantan wire has a diameter of 2.5 mm and a length of 500 mm. calculate the resistance of the wire. (f) State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment.

7.3 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Identify series circuits In a series circuit, two or more resistors are connected one end after another to form a single path for current flow. The bulbs share the potential difference from the battery, so each glows dimly. The brightness of each bulb is equally the same since the same current flows through each bulb. If one bulb is removed, the other goes out because the circuit is broken. Identify parallel circuits All the components are connected with their corresponding ends joined together to form separate and parallel paths for current flow. Each bulb gets the full potential difference from the battery because each is connected directly to it. So each bulb glows brightly. The brightness of each bulb in a parallel circuit is brighter than those in a series circuit with the same number of bulbs. If one bulb is removed, the other keeps working because it is still part of an unbroken circuit. Compare the current and potential difference of series circuits and parallel circuits. Series circuit Parallel circuit Example 1 Find the resultant resistance of the arrangement below.

Example 2 In each of the diagrams below, find the reading of the ammeter.

Example 3 Find the reading of the given voltmeter(s) in the diagrams below

Example 4 In each of the diagrams below, find the reading of the ammeter.

The current has only one path to flow. Readings on ammeter A1 and A2 are the same. Current flows through each resistor in series are the same.

The current has more than one path to flow. The current from the battery splits into separate branches. Reading on ammeter A is the sum of readings on A1 and A2.

Example 5 Find the reading of the given voltmeter(s) in the diagrams below.

Reading on voltmeter V is the sum of readings on V1 and V2 The two resistors share the applied potential difference. When a bulb in a series circuit has blown up, the other bulb would not be able to light up

Readings on voltmeters V1 and V2 are the same. Potential difference across each resistor in parallel is the same. When a bulb in a parallel circuit has blown up the other bulb would still be able to light up.

Example 6 Find Effective resistance, R

The bulbs in parallel circuit light up brighter as compared to the bulbs in series circuit. In parallel circuit, the voltage across each bulb is higher as compared to the voltage of each bulb in series circuit. The bulb light up brighter indicates that the current that passes through it is larger. Series circuit Parallel circuit

Determine the effective resistance of resistors connected in series and parallel.

Circuit Current Potential Difference Resistance Brightness of light bulb

Each bulb has the same brightness. Dimmer

Each bulb has the same brightness. Brighter.

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Example 14 What is the reading of the ammeter?

Exercise
1. When two identical resistors are connected in parallel, the effective resistance is 3 . What is the effective resistance if the two resistors are connected in series? A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12 E. 15 2. All the bulbs in the circuit below are identical. Which of the following statements is true? A. Reading A1> A2> A3 B. Reading A1> A3> A2 C. Reading A2> A1> A3 D. Reading A3> A1> A2 3. Two identical resistors of 2 , are connected in series as shown in figure i. Then both resistors are connected in parallel as shown in figure ii. If I1 is the current flows in circuit i and I2 is the current flows in circuit ii, what is the ratio of I1: I2? A. 1 : 4 B. 1 : 1 C. 1 : 2 D. 2 : 1 E. 4 : 1 4. Two resistors of 20 and x are connected in parallel. The current which flows through the 20 resistors is 200 mA and through the x is 800 mA. What is the value of x? A. 4 B. 5 C. 10 D. 20 E. 80 5. Five identical resistors and two ammeters A1 and A2 are connected to a power supply. If the ammeter A1 reads 1.2 A, what is the reading of ammeter A2? A. 0.4 A B. 0.7 A C. 0.8 A D. 1.2 A E. 2.4 A 6. Figure below shows three ways in which three similar bulbs are connected. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of their respective effective resistance in ascending order? A. X, Y, Z B. Y, Z, X C. Z, Y, X D. X, Z, Y 7. Three identical resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected to a dry cell in five different arrangements.

Example 7 Calculate the current flowing in the circuit.

Example 8 An 8 resistor and a 12 resistor are connected with a 12 V battery as shown in potential difference across the (a) 8 resistor (b) 12 resistor Example 9 Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected series to a 6 V battery as shown below Calculate (a) the effective resistance, R of the circuit (b) the current, I in the circuit (c) the potential differences across each V 1, V2 and V3 Example 10 Three resistors with resistances of 2, 3 and 4 respectively are connected to a 6 V battery as shown above. The resistance of the ammeter (a) What is the effective resistance in the circuit? (b) What is the reading of the ammeter? (c) Find the values of I1, and I2. Example 11 A potential difference of 3 V is applied to a network of resistors as shown below. (a) What is the reading of the ammeter A? (b) What is the potential difference across the parallel network? (c) What is the current flowing through the 6 resistor? Example 12 A 12 V battery is connected in 4 resistor as shown in Figure shows a reading of 0.5 A, find the (a) resistance of the lamp W, (b) potential difference across the lamp. Example 13 The three resistors R1, R2, and R3 are connected in parallel to the battery as shown in Figure. Calculate (a) the potential difference across each resistor (b) the effective resistance, R of the circuit (c) the current, I in the circuit, (d) the current II, I2 and I3 passing through each resistor.

Among the circuit arrangements J, K, L, M and N, which arrangements are in similar class? Class I Class II Class III A J, K L, M N B J, L K,M N C J,M K,L N D J,K L,N M

8. The diagram shows a circuit containing four bulbs, A, B, C and D, which are lit at normal brightness. When a bulb is faulty, no current will flow through it. Which bulb, when faulty will cause all the other bulbs not to light up? 9. The bulb in the circuit will light up with normal brightness when the switches S1 and S2 are closed. What will happen to the brightness of the bulb if only S1 or S2 is closed? Only S1 is Only S2 is closed closed A Increases Decreases B Increases Increases C Decreases Increases D Decreases Decreases 10. Similar ammeters and voltmeters are connected to resistors R1 and R2. The resistance of R1 is greater than that of R2.Which of the following ammeter and voltmeter readings are stated correctly? Ammeter readings Voltmeter readings A. A1 = A2 V1 = V2 B. A1 = A2 V1< V2 C. A1> A2 V1 = V2 D. A1> A2 V1> V2 11. Which circuit produces the brightest light?

B.

The effective resistance of the series circuit is larger than the effective resistance of the parallel circuit. C. The total voltage in the series circuit is higher than the total voltage in the parallel circuit D. The total current flow in the series circuit is greater than the total current flow in the parallel circuit. 17. Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show two photographs of electrical circuits. (a) Which diagram shows a parallel circuit? (b) Diagram 3.3 shows an electrical circuit. Assume that the internal resistance of the battery is negligible. (i) Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit. (ii) What is the reading of the ammeter (iii) One of the 10 resistors is removed from the circuit. What happens to the ammeter reading? 18. The figure shows a circuit consisting of 3 identical resistors X, Y, Z and two measurement instruments P and Q. (a) Name the measurement instruments, P...................................................... Q...................................................... (b) When an identical resistor is connected parallel to resistor Z, what happen to the reading of P and Q? Give the reason for your answer. (c) The resistors X, Y and Z are replaced by three identical bulbs K, L and M as shown in following figure. Compare the brightness between the bulbs (i) K and L (ii) L and M 19. Figure below shows a circuit consisting of a battery of e.m.f 6.0V and two pairs of 3.0 resistors in series, these pairs of resistors being connected in parallel. (a) What is the total resistance of the path KLM? (b) What is the total resistance of the path KNM? (c) What is the resistance of the circuit between K and M? (d) Calculate the current through the battery. 20. Figure below shows three combinations of resistors, connected between points X and Y. All the resistors have resistance 6.0

12. Diagram below shows three similar bulbs connected in the series to a battery and an ammeter. What will happen to the ammeter reading and the brightness of the bulbs when another similar bulb is added to the circuit? Ammeter Reading Brightness of the bulb A. Increase Increase B. Increase Decrease C. Decrease Increase D. Decrease Decrease 13. Diagram below shows an electric circuit that contains three similar resistors. Which of the following readings is correct? A. A1 = A2 B. A1> A2 C. V1 = V2 D. V1> V2 14. Diagram below shows a parallel circuit. R1 is not equal to R2. Which physical quantity must be the same for both R1 and R2? A. Power B. Current C. Voltage D. Energy 15. Diagram below shows an electric circuit. What is the reading on the ammeter? A. 14.3 A C. 2.5 A B. 1.6 A D. 0.6 A 16. Diagram shows a series circuit and a parallel circuit. Which statement is correct about the circuits? A. The bulbs in the series circuit are brighter than the bulbs in the parallel circuit.

(a)

(b)

Calculate the total resistance between the points X and Y of each combination. (i) combination A (ii) combination B (iii) combination C Points X and Y in combination B are connected to a battery that provides a potential difference of 1.35V across XY, as shown in Figure below. Calculate the currents I1, I2 and I3 in each resistor of the combination.

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21. In the circuit shown, at which point is the current the smallest? 22. Why can birds stand on an overhead transmission line without suffering any harm? A. Their bodies have a very high resistance B. Their feet are very good insulators. C. There is no potential difference between their feet. D. The spaces between their feathers act as insulators. 23. Diagram 20 shows an electric circuit. What is the reading on the ammeter? 24. The two bulbs in the figure have a resistance of 2 and 3 respectively. If the voltage of the dry cell is 2.5 V. Calculate (a) the effective resistance, R of the circuit (b) the main current, I in the circuit (c) the potential difference across each bulb 25. There are two resistors in the circuit shown. Resistor R1 has a resistance of 1. If a 3V voltage causes a current of 0.5A to flow through the circuit, calculate the resistance of R2. 26. The electrical current flowing through each branch, I1 and I2, is 5 A. Both bulbs have the same resistance, which is 2. Calculate the voltage supplied. 27. The voltage supplied to the parallel is 3 V. R 1 and R2 have a resistance of 5 and 20. Calculate (a) the potential difference across each resistor (b) the effective resistance, R of the circuit (c) the main current, I in the circuit (d) the current passing through each resistor 28. In the circuit shown above, what is the reading on the ammeter when switch, S (a) is open? (b) is closed? 29. Determine the voltmeter reading. X Y Z The rheostat in each circuit is adjusted and the potential difference, V, against current, I, graphs are plotted for each circuit. The graph for each circuit I shown in Diagram below

32. Identical light bulbs, each of resistance R are connected in three circuits as shown in Diagram below.

K L (a) Match the graphs K, L and M to the circuits X, Y and Z. (b) Explain your answers in (a) (c) Calculate the value of R.

33. Figure show photographs for two circuits. Each circuit contains four identical bulbs connected to four identical new dry cells.

30. Diagram 1 and Diagram 2 show two identical resistors which has resistance R connected to the ammeters, voltmeters, switches and batteries with different ways. When the switch is on, the ammeters and the voltmeters show a reading. (a) What is meant by current? (b) With reference to Diagram 1 and Diagram 2, compare the type of circuit connections, the reading of ammeters, the reading of voltmeters and the effective resistance of the circuits. Relate the current flows in a circuit with the effective resistance to make a deduction regarding the relationship between type of a circuit connection and the effective resistance. (c) One identical resistor is connected parallel to the resistors in Diagram 2. Explain what happens to the reading of ammeter and voltmeter. 31. Solve problems using V = IR

(a) State the energy transformations that take place in the bulb. (b) Draw a circuit diagram for each photograph. (c) Observe the photographs in Figure (a) and Figure (b) to deduce a concept in physics with regard to the potential difference and the current flow for the bulbs in series and parallel circuits. (d) Figure shows a model of an incubator used to hatch eggs. The temperature in the incubator must o be maintained around 39 C. Every part of the eggs must receive uniform heat. The eggs are hatched in about 20 days. Using an appropriate concept in physics, explain the modification required to the above incubator so as to efficiently hatch about 200 eggs.

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7.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Define electromotive force (e.m.f), E The electromotive force, E (e.m.f.) is defined as the work done by a source in driving one coulomb of charge around a complete circuit. -1 Unit of e.m.f. is the volt, V = J C What does the label 1.5 V on the battery mean? The voltage label on a battery or cell indicates its e.m.f The label 1.5 V on a dry cell indicates the e.m.f. of the cell is 1.5 V. A cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V if a flow of 1 C of charge produces 1.5 J of electrical energy to the whole circuit. Compare e.m.f. and potential difference Open circuit No current flows through the circuit The voltmeter reading is 1.5 V. The e.m.f. = the reading of the voltmeter which is connected directly across the terminals of the cells. e.m.f. = 1.5 V Closed circuit Current flows through the circuit The reading of the voltmeter will drop a little if a lamp is connected in series to the cell. If the voltmeter reading is 1.2 V, then the potential difference across the lamp = 1.2 V. Electromotive Force, E Potential Difference, V Indicates the electrical energy given Indicates the electrical energy that is to 1 C of charge flowing through the transformed to other forms of energy cell or source. when 1 C of charge passes through a component in a closed circuit. Used in reference to source of Used in reference to electrical electrical energy component in a circuit. Represented by the voltmeter Represented by the voltmeter reading reading in an open circuit (when in a closed circuit (when switch is switch is opened) closed) -1 -1 Measured in JC or Volts, V Measured in JC or Volts, V Explain Internal Resistance, r Explain equation relates, E, V, I, and r The internal resistance, r of a source or battery is the resistance against the moving charge due to the electrolyte in the source or cell. Work is needed to drive a charge against the internal resistance. E = V + Ir This causes a drop in potential E = IR + Ir difference across the cell as the charge flows through it and loss of heat energy in the cell. Determine e.m.f. and internal resistance, r If the rheostat in figure is varied for a set of values for current, I and potential difference, V, a graph of V against I can be plotted to get the values of e.m.f., E and internal resistance, r. The graph of V against I is a straight line graph. If the straight line is extrapolated until it cuts the vertical axis V, the values of I = 0 and V = E are obtained. This shows that when no charges flow, the potential difference across the cell is the emf The gradient of the graph is negative showing that V always less than E by some quantity Ir. The internal resistance,r is calculated from the gradient of the graph.

Solve problems involving e.m.f and internal resistance Example 1 A cell with e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 1 is connected to a resistor of 4 . What is the reading on the voltmeter when it is connected across the 4 resistors? Example 2 A bulb M is connected to a battery by means of a switch. A voltmeter is also connected across the battery. When the switch is open, the voltmeter reads 6.0 V. When the switch is closed, the voltmeter reads 4.8 V. (a) What is the e.m.f. of the battery? (b) If the resistance of the bulb M is 8 , what is the current passing through M when the switch is closed? (c) Find the value of the internal resistance, r, of the battery. Example 3 When switch S is opened, the voltmeter reading is 1.5 V. When the switch is closed, the voltmeter reading is 1.35 V and the ammeter reading is 0.3 A. Calculate e.m.f, internal resistance and resistance of R Example 4 Figure show a 10 resistor connected in cell. The voltmeter gives a reading of 2.5 V across the 10 resistors. Find the e.m.f., E of the cell if the internal resistance, r = 2 . Example 5 The graph shows the result of an experiment determine the e.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell. From the graph, determine the e.m.f. of the cell and its internal resistance. Example 6 The voltmeter reading in Figure is 1.5 V when the switch S is left open. When the switch S is closed, the voltmeter reading drops to 1.35 V. Find (a) the e.m.f. of the cell (b) the current through the 4.5 resistor Example 7 Figure shows a simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5 . When the switch is closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.

Exercise
1. Which of the following describe the e.m.f. of a cell? A. The difference in the energy needed to drive a unit charge through the load resistors and the energy needed to drive a unit charge through the cell. B. The difference in energy to drive a unit charge across each resistor. C. The energy supplied to a unit charge within the cell. D. The total energy used to drive a unit charge round the complete circuit. Voltmeter V has infinite resistance and ammeter A has negligible resistance. Which circuit can be used to measure the electromotive force (e.m.f) of a battery?

2.

3.

Which of the following graphs relates the reading of ammeter and the voltmeter in figure below?

4.

The electromotive force and internal resistance of the dry cell in the circuit below is 1.5 V and 0.5 respectively. What is the reading of the voltmeter when the switch is closed? A. 0 V B. 1.5 V C. Less than 1.5 V D. More than 1.5 V

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5. Three resistors with the resistance shown are connected to a battery. The electromotive force and the internal resistance of the battery are E and r respectively. Which of the following statements is true? A. E = Reading of voltmeters V1 + V2 B. Readings A1 = A2 C. Readings V1 > V2 D. Effective resistance of the circuit = 3R Diagram below shows an electric circuit. Calculate the internal resistance of the battery in this circuit. A. 0.06 B. 0.07 C. 0.25 D. 3.75 The graph V against I below shows the results of the experiment to determine the electromotive force, E, and the internal resistance, r, of a dry cell. Based on the graph in the figure, (a) What happen when I increase? (b) Determine the value of the potential difference, V, when the current, I = 0.0 A. Show on the graph, how you determine V. (c) Name the physical quantity that represents the value in b) (d) The internal resistance, r, of the dry cell is given by r = -m where m is the gradient of the graph. Calculate the value r. (e) From the graph, state the value of V , when I = 0.80 A. Show on the graph how you determine the value V. (f) Calculate R when I = 0.80 A (g) State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment. Figure shows graph of potential difference, V across the terminal of a battery against current, I that flows through the battery. From the graph, find the value of (a) electromotive force and (b) internal resistance for the battery Figure shows an electric circuit that consist a cell, switch and resistor. A voltmeter connected across the cell reads 5.0V when the switch is open and 4.2V when the switch is close. Find (a) electromotive force of cell (b) current that flows in circuit (c) internal resistance of cell (d) potential difference across resistor when the switch is close 16. The figure shows a circuit to determine the e.m.f and internal resistance of a cell. The results of the experiment are shown in the table below. 13. A cell of e.m.f 12V and internal resistance r is connected to a bulb with resistance 2. The current in the circuit is 5A. What is the internal resistance of the cell? 14. A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistor has a value of 10.0 and the potential difference across i t is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the circuit and the internal resistance, r. 15. Calculate the amount of e.m.f in circuit below.

6.

7.

(a) Complete the table above. (b) Plot the graph R against (c) Based on the graph determine (i) the internal resistance of the cell (ii) the e.m.f of the cell (d) What is the charges flow in 2 minutes when R = 6 17. A student carries out an experiment to determine the electromotive force, E and the internal resistance, r of a dry cell. The student uses four resistors with different values of resistance, R but the same number of dry cells and e.m.f, E of the cell. (a) Based on the graph (i) state the relationship between and R (ii) Determine the value of , when the R = 0. Show on the graph, how you determine (iii) The value of , when the R = 0 is given by the formula = 0.4r, where r is the internal resistance of the cell. Calculate r. (b) The electromotive force, E, of the cell is given by the formula, m = , where, m, is the gradient of the graph. (i) Calculate the gradient, m, of the graph. Show on the graph how you calculate m. (ii) By using your answer in b(i), determine the value of emf E. (c) State two precautions to be taken in this experiment.

8.

9.

10. The figure shows a battery of e.m.f , 6.0V in series with resistors of resistance 4 and 8. For the circuit shown in the figure, (a) explain what is meant by an e.m.f of 6.0V (b) calculate the current through the battery (c) calculate the voltage across the 4 resistor and that across the 8 resistor 11. A dry cell has an electromotive force, e.m.f. of 3.0 V and internal resistance, r of 0.5 is connected in series with a resistor, R . If a current of 0.4 A flows through the circuit, calculate (a) the potential difference across the resistor R (b) resistance R 12. A dry cell with an internal resistance of 2.0 is connected to a bulb. The potential difference across the bulb is 2.4V when the current flow is 0.3A. Determine the e.m.f of the dry cell.

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7.5 ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

Define electrical energy Relationship between electrical energy, voltage, Electrical energy is defined as the ability current and time. of the electric current to do work. It is supplied by a source of electricity such as cell or battery when current flows in a closed circuit. It can be converted by an electrical appliance into other forms of energy such as heat, light, mechanical when current flows in it. Define electric power Power is the rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred. The unit of electric power is the watt (W). One watt of power equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in moving one coulomb of charge. Formulae of Electrical Power

What are fuses? A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which overheats and melts if current of more than a certain value flows through it. If a short circuit develops in the appliance, a current which is too high will flow. The fuse will melt and prevents overheating of the wire that can cause a fire. If an electrical appliance is rated 960 W and 240 V then current in normal use is 4.0 A. The fuse suitable for use must slightly higher than the normal current flowing through the appliance .ie 5 A fuse. Example 1 An electric kettle is connected across a 240 V power supply. If the resistance of the heating element is 40 , calculate a) the current flowing through the element b) the quantity of heat produced in 10 minutes Example 2 An immersion heater has a power rating of 240 V, 750 W. (a) What is the meaning of its power rating? (b) What is the resistance of the immersion heater? (c) What is the electrical energy consumed in 15 minutes? Example 3 The lamp of a motorcycle is labeled 12 V, 15 W. (a) Explain the meaning of 12 V, 15 W. (b) What is the value of the current flowing through the lamp when it is connected to a 12 V supply? (c) How much is the resistance of the filament of the lamp? Example 4 The diagram shows three light bulbs A, B and C connected to a power supply of 12 V. Calculate the ammeter reading.

Power rating An electrical kettle which is marked 240 V 1500 W means that the electric kettle will consume 1500 J of electrical energy every 1 second if it is connected to the 240 V. Formula for energy consumed

Example 5 The diagram shows two resistors of 1 and 2 connected in series to a 12 V battery. Calculate a) the current, I flowing b) the energy dissipated by each resistor Example 6 The diagram shows two resistors of 1 and 2 connected in parallel to a 12 V battery. What is the power dissipated by each resistor? Example 7 A lamp is marked 240 V, 100 W What is the efficiency of the lamp if it produces a light output of 12 W? Example 8 An appliance with a power of 2 kW is used for 10 minutes, three times a day. If the cost of electricity is 25 cents per unit, what is the cost of operating the appliance in the month of April? Example 9 If one unit of electricity costs 21.8 cents, the cost of using five 36 W fluorescent lamps and a 120 W television if they are switched on five hours a day for the month of January. Example 10 A filament bulb which is labeled 60 W input powers produces light energy of 8 J per second. (a) What is the efficiency of the bulb? (b) How much heat energy is produced by the bulb in 1 hour? A fluorescent lamp of input power 18 W is found to produce the same brightness as the 60 W filament bulb. Determine the efficiency of the fluorescent lamp. Example 11 A room air conditioner rated at 1500 W is turned on eight hours a day. How much would you have to pay at the end 31 days if the tariff rates are as shown in table given.

What is kWh? 1 kilowatt-hour represents the amount of energy consumed in 1 hour by an electrical appliance at the rate of 1 kilowatt. 1 kWh = 1 unit energy 6 1 kWh = 1 kW x 1 hr = 1000 W x 3600 s = 3.6 x 10 J How to calculate the cost of electrical energy Cost = number of units x cost per unit If one unit of electricity cost 21.8 cents, calculate the cost of using five 36 W fluorescent lamps if they are switched on five hours a day for the month of January. E = Pt = 5 x 0.036 kW x 5 hr x 31 = 27.9 unit Cost = 27.9 x 21.8 = RM 6.10 What is the efficiency of an electrical appliance Efficiency is a percentage of the output power to the input power.

The efficiency of an electrical appliance is always less than 100% as some energy is lost in the form of heat and sound. Describe ways of increasing energy efficiency The term energy efficiency refers to gaining a higher level of useful outputs using less input. This can be achieved using efficient devices. By increasing energy efficiency, not only are we reducing our cost but also we assist the industry in energy conservation. Several ways to increase energy efficiency includes: 1. Use more energy efficient lightings. Replace regular incandescent (filament) light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs. 2. Proper utilization of all electrical appliances. Run your washing machine only when it is fully loaded & Iron your clothes only when you have at least a few pieces to iron. 3. Limit excessive usage of air-conditioning and lighting by switching them off upon leaving the room, thus reducing energy loss. 4. Regular cleaning of air filters in air-condition units and clothes dryers. 5. defrost refrigerators regularly, check the seal on refrigerator doors and vacuum the grille behind refrigerators. 6. Improve ventilation and air flow.

Exercise
1. An electric bulb is labeled 240 V , 60 W. How much energy is used by the bulb in one minute if the bulb is connected to a 240 V supply? A. 60 J B. 120 J C. 240 J D.360 J E. 3600 J

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2. A filament bulb which is labeled 12 V, 24 W is glowing with normal brightness. What is the resistance of the bulb? A. 2 B. 3 C.6 D.12 E. 24 A fluorescent lamp used in a normal household has a power of 40 W. If the cost per unit of electrical energy used is 20 cents, what is the cost of switching on the fluorescent lamp for 20 hours? A. 1.6 cents B. 16 cents C. RM 1.60 D. RM 16.00 Two filament bulbs P and Q are connected in parallel to a 12 V power supply. Which observation below is not true? A. Bulb Q is brighter than bulb P B. The current passing through bulb Q is bigger than the current passing through bulb P. C. Resistance of bulb P is lower than that of bulb Q. D. Bulb Q produces more heat per second than bulb P. An electric motor connected to a 240 V supply draw a current of 2.5 A from the supply when it is lifting a load of 20 kg. The load moved up at a constant speed though a height of 25 m in 10 seconds. What is the efficiency of the motor? A. 8.3 % B. 83 % C. 62 % D. 75 % E. 95 % Which graph shows the relationship between the power, P, and the square of 2 the current, I , of a wire with constant resistance? 9. The table shows three electrical appliances are used in one month. Appliance Rating Time of use in hour Air conditioner 240V, 2kW 100 Water heater 240 V, 4 kW 20 Refrigerator 240 V, 1 kW 200 (a) What is meant by the label 240 V, 4 kW? (b) What is the suitable fuse is used in the refrigerator? (c) Give the reason for your answer in (b) (d) The following table shows the electrical energy consumption tariff. Based on the table calculate the total cost for one month to use the electrical appliances. Energy consumption Rate per unit First 100 units RM0.20 Next 100 units RM0.23 Over 200 units RM0.25

3.

4.

5.

10. The figure shows an electric motor is used to lift a load. (a) State the energy transformations that take place when the switch is closed. (b) The mass of the load is 0.8 kg and is lifted to a height 1.5 m in 4.0 second. The reading of the ammeter and voltmeter are 1.2 A and 5.0 V respectively. Calculate (i) useful energy output of the motor (ii) Energy input to the motor (iii) the efficiency of the motor (c) When the load is removed and the switch is closed, what happen to the (i) reading of ammeter? (ii) power of the motor? 11. Diagram below shows a lighting circuit of a house. a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below. The bulbs in Diagram are connected in (series, parallel) b) What will happen to the other bulbs if one bulb blows? c) All the bulbs in Diagram 6 are labeled 240 V, 60 W. (i) What is meant by 240 V, 60 W? (ii) Calculate the current in the circuit when only one bulb is lit. (iii) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit when all bulbs are lit. (iv) How can the bulbs be connected to increase the total resistance of the circuit? 12. The current in a toy car is 7.0A and the voltage of the battery is 3.0V. Find the power delivered to the motor and energy dissipated in the motor in 6.5 minutes of operation. 13. A 40W fluorescent lamp transfer 60% of the electrical energy to light energy. How much light energy does it emit in two minutes? 14. An electric kettle with a power of 2kW is used for 10 minutes, three times a day. If the cost of electricity is 25 cent per unit, what is the cost of operating the kettle for 30 days? 15. A motor which is connected to a 120V DC voltage source produces 320W of mechanical power. The current from the voltage source is 3.0A. (a) What is the input power of the motor? (b) What is the efficiency of the motor? 16. Diagram shows an electric kettle with specification of 240 V, 1.2 kW. (a) What is meant by the label 240V, 1.2 kW? (b) Calculate (i) the current flows through the electric kettle. (ii) the resistance of the heating elements in the kettle. (c) Four electric kettles W, X , Y and Z with specification 240 V, 2 kW are made from the materials with different characteristics. Table shows the characteristics of the materials. o -8 Kettle Boiling point / C Resistivity/ 10 m Fuse W 3501 13.5 8A X 1085 5.2 10A Y 3387 12.4 10A Z 1064 4.63 8A (i) Based on the characteristics of the heating elements in Table, suggest two electric kettles are suitable to heat water. Give the reason for your answer. (ii) Based on the fuse used in the Table, suggest two electric kettles are suitable to heat water. Give the reason for your answer. (iii) Using your answer in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), suggest which electric kettle is the most suitable to heat water. Give the reason for your answer.

6.

7.

The usage of electrical appliances in Alis household in one day is as shown in the table below. Appliance Number of units Power Time duration used Lamp 8 100 W 12 hr Television 1 700 W 8 hr Kettle 1 2 kW 1 hr Fridge 1 400 W 12 hr Fan 3 70 10 hr (a) Determine the total electrical energy (in kWh) used in 1 day. (b) Calculate the cost of electrical energy usage in Alis house in one month if the cost per unit is as follows: First 100 units = 22 cents per unit Every additional unit = 26 cents per unit.

8.

Figure shows an immersion heater with specification of 240V, 1 000 W. a) Name one suitable material to be used to a heating element in the immersion heater. b) The immersion heater is connected to a 240 V supply. Calculate; (i) the current that passes through the immersion heater (ii) the resistance of the immersion heater c) A student conducts an experiment to compare the heating effect of immersion heaters P, Q an R. The volume and initial temperature of the water is fixed. The following table shows the result of the experiment. Immersion Potential Time for the water to Current/A heater difference/V start boiling/ minute P 240 6.0 8.0 Q 240 5.0 10.0 R 240 4.0 9.0 (i) State the energy change that occurs when the immersion heater switched on. (ii) Calculate the energy supplied by each of the immersion heaters P, Q and R to start boiling the water. (iii) Using your answer in (c)(ii) suggest which immersion heater is the most suitable to heat water. Give one reason for your answer.

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