Chapter 2 (Part 2)

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Chapter 2 (Part 2):

Principle of Material Science and
Engineering
BKG3493
GAS SYSTEM MATERIALS &
COMPONENTS
CHAPTER OUTCOMES
At the end of this part, you should be able to:

i) Explain mechanical properties for metals such as
stress, strain, elasticity modulus, hardness,
toughness, ductility and etc
ii) Explain mechanical properties for other materials
iii) Aware that engineering design should include the
safety factor
METALS & ALLOYS
Metals are used in engineering for many reasons, but
they generally serve as structural elements.
Alloy is a metal composed of more than one element.
An alloy has primary constituent and primary alloying
elements.
e.g. (i) carbon steel (CS) - Fe, C, Mn
(ii) Stainless steel (SS) Fe, Cr, Ni, C, Mn

The simplest questions that a design engineer can
ask about a structural material are How strong is
it? How much deformation must I expected given
a certain load?
4
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Stress and strain: What are they and why are
they used instead of load and deformation?
Elastic behavior: When loads are small, how much
deformation occurs? What materials deform least?
Plastic behavior: At what point does permanent
deformation occur? What materials are most
resistant to permanent deformation?
Toughness and ductility: What are they and how
do we measure them?
5
Simple tension: cable
Common States of
Stress
o
s =
F
A
s s
Ski lift (photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)
A
o
= cross sectional
area (when unloaded)
F F
6
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM
o
s =
F
A
Simple compression:
Note: compressive
structure member
(s < 0 here).
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
OTHER COMMON
STRESS STATES (i)
A
o
Balanced Rock, Arches
National Park
ENGINEERING STRESS
s =
F
t
A
o
original area
before loading
Stress has a pressure unit

Tensile stress, s:
Shear stress, t:
ENGINEERING STRAIN
Tensile strain: Lateral strain:
Shear strain:
= tan
Strain is always
dimensionless.
/2
/2
/2 -
/2
/2
/2
L
/2
L
/2
L
o
w
o
TENSILE TEST
www.themegallery.com
Basic description of the material obtained (see Figure 6.1)
The load necessary to produce a given elongation is
monitored as the specimen is pulled in tension at a constant
rate
This test produces a load-versus-elongation curve (see
Figure 6.2)
A more general statement about material characteristics is
obtained by normalizing the data resulting stress-versus-
strain curve
TENSILE TEST
STRESS VS STRAIN-METALS
0
P
A
s =
Stress? Strain? Units?
0
l
l
D
=
Stress = Force/Area
Force is also called load (Newton)
So, = N/m
2
= Pa
Usually stress is presented in MPa
Strain = extension/ original length
=l
2
-l
1
/l
1
=mm/mm (dimensionless)
1. Modulus of elasticity
2. Yield strength , YS
3. Tensile strength, TS
4. Ductility
5. Toughness

Stiffness?
Elastic deformation?
Plastic deformation?
(1-5) are the key mechanical
properties obtained from tensile
test
STRESS VS STRAIN-METALS
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
F
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
Elastic means reversible!
PLASTIC DEFORMATION
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
Plastic means permanent!
MODULUS OF ELASCITY
Is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic
region
Also known as Youngs modulus
The linearity of the stress-strain curve in the elastic
region is a graphical statement of Hookes law
( = E)
This modulus represents the stiffness of the material
its resistance to elastic strain
At the point that the curve is no longer linear and
deviates from the straight-line relationship, Hooke's Law
no longer applies and some permanent deformation
occurs in the specimen.

YIELD STRENGTH (YS)
Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred.
when ep = 0.002
tensile stress, s
engineering strain, e
s
y
e
p
= 0.002
The yield strength is defined
relative to the intersection of
the stress-strain curve with a
0.2% offset
YIELD STRENGTH: COMPARISON
19
Tensile Strength, TS
Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are aligned and
about to break.
s
y

strain
Typical response of a metal
F = fracture or
ultimate
strength

Neck acts
as stress
concentrator

e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

TS

s
t
r
e
s
s

engineering strain
Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve.
TENSILE STRENGTH (TS)
TENSILE STRENGTH : COMPARISON
DUCTILITY, %EL
Quantified as the percent
elongation at failure

%EL =
L
f
L
o
L
o
x100
Another ductility measure:

%AR =
A
o
A
f
A
o
x100
TOUGHNESS
Energy to break a unit volume of material
Approximate by the area under the stress-strain
curve.
smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers
Engineering tensile strain, e
Engineering
tensile
stress, s
smaller toughness (ceramics)
larger toughness
(metals, PMCs)
TOUGHNESS
The toughness of an alloy depends on a
combination of strength and ductility
CREEP
Plastic deformation occur at high temperatures, constant load,
long time period
HARDNESS
Resistance to permanently indenting the surface.
Large hardness means:
--resistance to plastic deformation or cracking in
compression.
--better wear properties.
PROPERTIES OF OTHER MATERIALS
Ceramics and Glasses
PROPERTIES OF OTHER MATERIALS
Polymers
Flexural modulus
* Based on the same specimen
geometry for ceramics (MOR)
Stress-strain
curves for
polyester
engineering
polymer
SUMMARY
Stress and strain: These are size-independent measures of load and
displacement, respectively.
Elastic behavior: This reversible behavior often shows a linear
relation between stress and strain. To minimize deformation,
select a material with a large elastic modulus (E or G).
Plastic behavior: This permanent deformation behavior occurs
when the tensile (or compressive) uniaxial stress reaches sy.
Toughness: The energy needed to break a unit volume of material.
Ductility: The plastic strain at failure.
Stiffness: resistance to elastic strain represented by E
Every engineering design must take into
account the safety factor (time 1.2 to 4)

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