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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2008

Equalization On-Channel Repeater for Terrestrial

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting System
Sung Ik Park, Member, IEEE, So Ra Park, Homin Eum, Jae-young Lee, Member, IEEE,
Yong-Tae Lee, Member, IEEE, and Heung Mook Kim, Member, IEEE

AbstractThis paper presents technical requirements of

on-channel repeaters (OCRs) to broadcast the terrestrial digital
multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) signals in single frequency
network (SFN) environment. In order to meet such requirements,
the configuration and implementation method of the equalization
OCR are proposed. The proposed equalization OCR does not have
only short processing delay, but also provides high quality transmitting signals with high power because of the rejection capability
of a feedback signal introduced by incomplete antenna isolation
and multipath signals existing between a main transmitter and
the OCR. Computer simulations and laboratory tests results are
provided to figure out performance of the proposed equalization
OCR.
Index TermsEqualization, OCR, SFN, T-DMB.

I. INTRODUCTION

N THE terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting

(T-DMB) system, the mobile broadcasting standard in
South Korea based on the Eureka-147 digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system [1], the orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted for signal transmission
[2], [3]. The T-DMB focuses on the broadcasting of moving
pictures and their reception in harsh conditions such as places
surrounded by high-rise buildings and highways where vehicles are moving at very high speed [4]. Especially, for stable
reception of the T-DMB in mobile condition, design of single
frequency network (SFN) is required as well as maintaining
certain level of channel power.
In general broadcasting systems, SFNs can be implemented
with transmitters that use the same frequency among a number
of transmitters by using global positioning system (GPS), and
with on-channel repeaters (OCRs) that use the same frequency
between transmitters and repeaters [5][9]. In T-DMB networks, while the transmitters can transmit high quality signals
with high power, distance between the transmitters is restricted
by the length of guard interval of the OFDM system and the
cost for their setup and maintenance is relatively high. In case
of the OCRs, the installation and maintenance can be done

Manuscript received March 12, 2008; revised June 02, 2008. First published
October 03, 2008; current version published December 04, 2008. This work was
supported by the IT R&D program of MIC/IITA, 2006-S-016-03, Development
of Distributed Translator Technology for Terrestrial DTV.
The authors are with the Broadcasting System Research Group, Electronics
and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea (e-mail:
psi76@etri.re.kr; parksora@etri.re.kr; hmeum@etri.re.kr; jaeyl@etri.re.kr;
ytlee@etri.re.kr; hmkim@etri.re.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TBC.2008.2001711

Fig. 1. Structure of T-DMB system.

efficiently, however, the transmitting power is limited by a

feedback signal due to imperfect antenna isolation and the
quality of transmitting signal is not reliable. As one of the
core technologies to implement SFNs, an OCR system enables
the efficient use of frequencies, but processing delay in the
OCR can adversely affect performance of T-DMB receivers. In
general, the maximally permitted processing delay in an OCR
is three tenths of guard interval, which is approximately 74
[10], [11].
In the terrestrial advanced television systems committee
(ATSC) DTV system, based on single carrier, the equalization
digital on-channel repeater (EDOCR), which overcomes the
disadvantages of the conventional OCR, has been proposed
and is currently operating in practice [12][14]. The digital
part of the EDOCR consists of demodulation, equalization,
and re-modulation, and each part was designed to minimize
processing delay while reducing performance degradation. In
the T-DMB system, based on multi-carrier, such demodulation, equalization, and re-modulation cannot be used since
the OFDM system uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for

0018-9316/$25.00 2008 IEEE

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753

Fig. 2. SFN configuration for T-DMB system.

Fig. 3. Structures of conventional OCRs. (a) RF OCR; (b) IF OCR; (c) OCR with FIC.

demodulation and the inverse FFT (IFFT) for re-modulation,

which cause the processing delay in milliseconds.
This paper considers technical requirements of the OCRs to
broadcast T-DMB signals in SFN environment and proposes the
configuration and implementation method of the equalization
OCR that meets such requirements. The proposed equalization
OCR is analyzed by computer simulations, and it is also verified
by laboratory tests.
II. T-DMB SYSTEM AND NETWORK

the T-DMB system is shown in Fig. 1. In the T-DMB system,

the existing DAB scheme is used for the audio and data services,
and the improved schemes of source coding and channel coding
are used for transmission of the video service. In addition, the
T-DMB system improves the data service of the DAB system
and provides additional data services such as the MPEG-4 binary format for scene (BIFS). The source coding scheme adopts
the MPEG-4 for efficient video compression, and the additional
channel coding schemes include Reed-Solomon code and convolutional interleaver that provide robust transmission of video
signals.

A. T-DMB System
Based on the Eureka-147 DAB system, which provides reliable broadcasting of digital audio and data services in mobile,
portable and fixed conditions, the T-DMB has been developed
for broadcasting of moving pictures as well, and the structure of

B. T-DMB Network
As shown in Fig. 2, the SFN for T-DMB systems can be implemented by transmitters and OCRs. The transmitters receive
T-DMB signals from broadcaster through studio to transmitter

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TABLE I
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL OCRS

TABLE II
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EQUALIZATION OCR

link (STL, can be built with microwave, fiber optic, and etc.)
and transmit with high power to provide stable signals to service
areas. In order to design SFN using transmitters, the following
considerations must be taken into account.
Since the guard interval of a T-DMB system is about
246 , the maximum distance between two transmitters is
about 74 Km.
In the area where transmitting signals from multiple transmitters are overlapped, the transmitting time of the transmitters can be adjusted to minimize performance degradation of T-DMB receivers.
As fundamental requirements of the T-DMB transmitters for
SFN, all the multiple transmitters must be operated on the same
frequency and the transmitting signals must be in specific time
slots for time synchronization. Furthermore, the output symbols
emitting from a transmitter must be the same as its input data. In
order to meet these requirements, the transmitters use frequency
reference (10 MHz) and time reference (1 pps) from GPS to
synchronize frequency and time. In addition, the transmitters
use mega-frame initialization packet (MIP) to synchronize data
stream [8], [9].
OCRs are installed to extend service coverage and fill gaps
in the areas where broadcasting signals cannot reach such as
tunnel, basement, and shielded areas, and the areas where transmitters cannot be installed due to the distance limitation or economical inefficiency. The installed OCR receives T-DMB signals from a transmitter and re-transmits them on the same frequency as the received signals.
III. ON-CHANNEL REPEATER
A. Requirements of OCRs
The OCRs for T-DMB systems shown in Fig. 2 are used to
fill in gaps and to extend service areas where transmitters cannot

Fig. 4. Structure of the equalization OCR.

cover. The well-designed OCRs should meet the following requirements:

1) The OCRs should maintain frequency synchronization
between the receiving and transmitting signals. Any divergence in frequency will cause a Doppler shift. Such
Doppler shifts place additional burdens on receivers.
2) The OCRs should remove a feedback signal caused by low
isolation between transmitting and receiving antennas. If
there is not enough antenna isolation, the feedback signal
from transmitting antenna may interfere with a received

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755

Fig. 5. Pilot arrangement in T-DMB system.

signal. Such feedback signal can degrade quality of the

received signal and result in an oscillation of the power
amplifier in the OCRs. Therefore, the output power of the
OCRs depends on the antenna isolation.
3) The OCRs should have high quality of a transmitting
signal. Although the received signal is distorted by multipath signals between a main transmitter and repeater, the
OCRs have to be able to effectively recover the distortion
of the received signal. If such distortion is not removed
properly, the re-transmitting signal still remains to be
distorted, resulting in the coverage reduction.
4) The processing delay of the OCRs should be as short as
possible. If the processing delay of the OCRs is longer
than the guard interval, it causes pre-ghost with long time
delay, resulting in the performance degradation of a receiver. The maximally permitted processing delay of the
OCRs for T-DMB systems is generally three tenths of the
guard interval, i.e. about 74 .
B. Conventional OCRs
The conventional OCRs for T-DMB system are shown in
Fig. 3 and they are classified as the analog types which include radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) processing OCRs and the digital type which is the OCR with a feedback interference canceller (FIC).
The RF OCR shown in Fig. 3(a) maintains synchronization
between receiving signals and transmitting signals all the time,
and its processing delays is the shortest among the others
. However, because of low isolation between receiving and
transmitting antennas, which cannot remove a feedback signal,
the RF OCR should transmit low power signals. And the quality
of transmitting signals is low since it does not have the capability
of multipath rejection. Fig. 3(b) shows the IF processing OCR,
due to
which has relatively short processing delay
a simple structure. The band-pass filter (BPF) selectivity of the
IF processing OCR is superior to the RF processing OCR, but
its other characteristics are not reliable.
Fig. 3(c) shows the digital type OCR which includes the FIC.
The OCR with FIC can transmit high power signals due to the
feedback signal rejection capability, and its transmitting signal
quality is better than the analog type OCRs [10]. However, it
has relatively long processing delay compared to the analog type
OCRs, and it still cannot remove multipath signals although the
feedback signal can be rejected. The characteristics of the conventional OCRs are summarized in Table I.

IV. EQUALIZATION OCR FOR T-DMB SYSTEM

A. The Properties and Structure of the Equalization OCR
Fig. 4 shows the structure of the proposed equalization OCR,
which overcomes the problems of the conventional OCRs. The
proposed equalization OCR consists of a receiving antenna, a
receiver, a digital signal processor, a transmitter and a transmitting antenna. The receiver consists of a pre-selector, a low noise
amplifier (LNA), a frequency down converter and an analog
to digital converter (ADC). The digital signal processor (DSP)
consists of an inverse channel estimator and a complex finite
impulse response (FIR) filter. The transmitter consists of a digital to analog converter (DAC), a frequency up converter, a high
power amplifier (HPA) and a channel filter. In addition, the inverse channel estimator, which operates in non-real time, consists of a demodulator, a channel estimator, and an inverse converter. The equalization OCR has the following characteristics:
1) Because the equalization OCR removes multipath signals
and compensates linear distortion existing between a
main transmitter and the OCR, the equalization OCR can
transmit high quality output signals. The inverse channel
estimator of the equalization OCR, which operates in
non-real time, estimates tap coefficients of the complex
FIR filter in time domain and the complex FIR filter
compensates channel distortion by using the estimated
information.
2) The equalization OCR can transmit higher power signals
compared to the conventional RF and IF OCRs because it
has the capability of removing a feedback signal caused
by incomplete antenna isolation. However since the equalization OCR cannot theoretically remove a feedback
signal whose power is higher than a received signal, it can
transmit relatively lower power signals compared to the
OCR with FIC.
3) The equalization OCR has relatively short processing delay
since it has a simple structure of the complex FIR filter for
channel compensation instead of using the FFT for demodulation and equalization, and the IFFT for re-modulation.
The processing delay of the OCR is determined by the reference tap location of the complex FIR filter, so that the
OCR whose processing delay is shorter than the guard interval can be implemented by adjusting the reference tap
location.

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Fig. 6. Demodulator structure of equalization OCR.

Fig. 7. Structure of the channel estimator for equalization OCR.

Fig. 8. Concept of inverse conversion.

The characteristics of the equalization OCR, corresponding to

those of the conventional OCRs in the Table I, are shown in
Table II. Since the OCR with FIC has better capability of feedback cancellation than the equalization OCR, it transmits higher
power. If the equalization OCR is combined with the additional
FIC, it can transmit high power as well.
B. Digital Signal Processing of Equalization OCR
As shown in Fig. 4, the digital signal processing block of the
equalization OCR consists of an inverse channel estimator that
estimate inverse channel in non-real time, and a complex FIR
filter that compensates channel distortion caused by multipath
and feedback signals using the estimated inverse channel.
1) Demodulator: The demodulator of the equalization OCR
detects phase reference symbols (PRSs) for channel estimation
and sends them to the channel estimator. The PRSs are pilot
signals to estimate received channel and are inserted in every
76 OFDM symbols at the same position as shown in Fig. 5. In
order to obtain the PRSs, the processes of synchronization and
FFT shown in Fig. 6 are required. The synchronization block
includes fine and coarse frequency synchronization, frame synchronization, and symbol synchronization blocks.
2) Channel Estimator: Fig. 7 shows the channel estimator
of the equalization OCR. The channel estimator estimates the
channel distortion by using PRSs, which are predefined pilot
signals between a transmitter and receiver. The channel estimation is performed by comparing the extracted pilot signal
with the predefined pilot signal vector
in
vector
frequency domain. Assuming that the duration of the channel
impulse response is shorter than the guard interval and there is
no synchronization error, the relationship among the extracted
pilot signal vector
, the known pilot signal vector
,
and the channel transfer function can be formulated as

(1)

Fig. 9. Structures of inverse converter and minimum phase generator for equalization OCR.

where
is the AWGN for the -th pilot subcarrier and
1536 is the number of subcarrier. The frequency response of the
channel at pilot frequencies can be estimated as

(2)
where
is the noise effect existing at the estimated
channel coefficients. The channel estimation scheme in (2) is
based on the least square (LS) method.

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Fig. 10. Input and output spectrums, signal constellations, estimated filter coefficients (absolute) of equalization OCR in modified Brazil channel A with 30 dB
CNR and 5 dB feedback signal. (a) Spectrum; (b) expanded view; (c) signal constellation; (d) filter coefficients.

TABLE III
CHANNEL PROFILE OF MODIFIED BRAZIL CHANNEL A

3) Inverse Converter: The inverse converter of the equalization OCR converts the inverse of estimated channel, shown
in Fig. 8(a), from frequency domain to time domain while
maintaining stability and causality. The time domain signal
, which corresponds to the inverse of estimated
vector
channel, can be generally obtained by using inverse discrete
Fourier transform (IDFT) after calculating the inverse of the
in frequency domain as follows.
estimated channel

TABLE IV
PARAMETERS OF COMPUTER SIMULATIONS

(3)
In order to maintain stability and causality of such inversion,
all poles and zeros in z-plane of the estimated channel must
be inside the unit circle as shown in Fig. 8(b). In practice,
however, some poles and zeros of the estimated channel can
be outside the unit circle as shown in Fig. 8(c). Thus, the
inversion calculated by (3) does not guarantee the stability
and causality.

To guarantee the stability and causality of the inversion, the

estimated channel should be reconfigured as the minimum phase
component and the all-pass component by Homomorphic filtering as follows [15].
(4)

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where
and
are respectively the minimum
phase component and all-pass component for the -th subcarrier. All poles and zeros of the minimum phase component
are inside the unit circle and the magnitude of
vector
is 1. Fig. 9(a) shows the
the all-pass component vector
structure of the inverse converter including the Homomorphic
filtering and Fig. 9(b) shows the structure of the minimum
phase generator that generates the minimum phase component
from the estimated channel
. As shown in
vector
Fig. 9(b), the complex cepstrum vector is generated by IDFT
after obtaining the complex logarithm of the estimated channel
in frequency domain. Then, the linear filter coefficient
which is frequency independent is multiplied as
vector
follows.
(5)
where

Fig. 11. SER of equalization OCR input and output after FFT in single feedback signal and modified Brazil channel A.

is expressed as
(6)

The vector
from (5) is converted to the minimum phase
by complex exponential function after
component vector
DFT. The generated minimum phase component vector
guarantees the stability and causality, so that it can be converted
by direct inversion
to the time domain signal vector
as in (3) and IDFT. The all-pass component vector
is obtained when the estimated channel
is divided by the minimum phase component vector
as follows.

(7)
is compensated
The generated all-pass component vector
by group delay equalization, and the group delays are obtained
by differentiating the phases of the all-pass components as follows.

Fig. 12. SER and BER of T-DMB receiver vs. SNR when equalization is on
and off in modified Brazil channel A (CNR = 30 dB, feedback signal =
5 dB) between main transmitter and OCR and Brazil channel A between OCR
and T-DMB receiver. (a) SER (after differential demodulator); (b) BER (after
Viterbi decoder).

(8)
is the phase response. Given the group delays, the
where
cepstral coefficients corresponding to all-pass component vector
are generated by the least square method. The time dothat corresponds to the inverse of
main signal vector
the all-pass component vector
is the filter tap coefficients
after group delay equalization, and it is obtained from the cepstral coefficients using a recursive relation. The details of group
delay equalization can be found in [16], [17]. Finally, the time
domain signal vector
corresponding to the inverse of
the estimated channel
is obtained by convolution of the
vector
that corresponds to the inverse of the minimum
phase component vector and the vector
that corresponds
to the inverse of the all-pass component vector as follows.
(9)
where

is convolution operator.

V. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS AND LABORATORY TESTS

A. Computer Simulations
In computer simulations, the performance of the equalization OCR in the modified Brazil channel A including a feedback signal was evaluated. Then, the performance of a T-DMB
receiver according to the use of the equalizer in the equalization OCR was verified. In general location where an OCR is installed, the line of sight (LOS) from a main transmitter is guaranteed, which has static channel with carrier to noise ratio (CNR)
greater than 30 dB. This channel can be characterized as the
modified Brazil channel A, which is shown in Table III [13].
Feedback signals were modeled as 1 dB, 5 dB, and 10 dB,
with 10 delay. The complex FIR filter used 600 taps, in which
the number of pre-taps was 20 and the number of post taps was
580. The detailed parameters for computer simulations are in
Table IV.

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Fig. 13. Input/output spectrums of equalization OCR in

(left: input, right: output).

759

02 dB feedback signal with 30 dB CNR and modified Brazil channel A with 05 dB feedback signal

Fig. 10 shows the input and output spectrums, signal constellations, and complex FIR filter coefficients of the equalization
OCR. Fig. 11 shows the symbol error rate (SER) of input and
output signals of the equalization OCR after FFT in the modified
Brazil channel A with a feedback signal. In the Fig. 11, x-axis
denotes CNR and y-axis denotes SER. According to Figs. 10
and 11, multipath and feedback signals were removed by the
time domain equalizer of the equalization OCR.
Fig. 12 shows the performance of a T-DMB receiver when
the equalizer of the OCR was on and off. The channel between a
main transmitter and the OCR used the modified Brazil channel
A with 30 dB CNR and 5 dB feedback signal and the channel
between the OCR and a T-DMB receiver used Brazil channel
A. Fig. 12(a) shows the SER performance after differential demodulation and Fig. 12(b) shows the bit error rate (BER) performance after Viterbi decoding. According to Fig. 12, the performance of the legacy T-DMB receiver receiving from the OCR
without equalization was degraded by 2 3 dB compared to receiving from the OCR with equalization. This means that there
is coverage reduction in service area if the OCR does not perform equalization.
B. Laboratory Tests
In order to verify performance of the equalization OCR, hardware was implemented and tested in the laboratory. The implemented digital signal processing module consists of a demodulator that extracts PRS signals from the received signals, a digital signal processor that periodically performs channel estima-

tion and inverse conversion in every 96 ms corresponding to one

T-DMB transmission frame (non-real time), and a complex FIR
filter that compensates distortion of received channel. The complex FIR filter used 200 taps in which the number of pre-taps
was 20 and the number of post taps was 180. The processing
delay of the equalization OCR is determined by a number of
pre-taps, and in this case the delay was approximately
. In addition, the delay can be adjusted by changing
the number of pre-taps. Fig. 13 shows the input and output spectrums of the equalization OCR in the modified Brazil channel
A including 2 dB and 5 dB feedback signals with 30 dB
CNR. According to Fig. 13, the implemented OCR completely
removed the feedback signals caused by low isolation between
transmitting and receiving antennas and the multipath signals
between a main transmitter and the equalization OCR.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper considered technical requirements of the OCRs
to broadcast the T-DMB signals in SFN environment and
proposed the configuration and implementation method of
the equalization OCR to meet such requirements. The proposed OCR uses a time-domain equalizer, which consists of
the inverse channel estimator and the complex FIR filter, to
compensate channel distortions such as multipath and feedback
signals. By the computer simulations and laboratory tests
results, the proposed OCR provided high quality transmitting
signals and high output power compared to the conventional
OCRs.

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The proposed OCR can be easily extended to other standards,

such as the DVB-T/H, ISDB-T, and Wibro system etc. Moreover, to improve the capability of the feedback signal cancellation, the additional feedback signal canceller shown in [10]
can be combined with the proposed OCR. The use of the proposed OCR instead of the conventional OCRs can lead easy implemented and high performed T-DMB networks with less frequency resources.

So Ra Park received the BSEE and MSEE from

Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, in 1995 and 1999.
Since 1999, she has been with the Broadcasting
System Research Group at ETRI, where she is a
senior member of Research Staff. Her research
interests are in the area of digital modem and digital
communications, in particular, signal processing for
digital broadcasting.

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System and services of terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting
(T-DMB), IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 53, no. 1, March 2007.
[3] G. Lee, S. Cho, K.-T. Yang, Y. K. Hahm, and S. I. Lee, Development
of terrestrial DMB transmission system based on Eureka-147 DAB systems, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 6368,
Feb. 2005.
[4] Y. Lee, S. Lee, Y. H. Kim, S. I. Lee, Z.-K. Yim, B. Choi, S. Kim, and
J.-S. Seo, Field trials for terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting
system, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 53, no. 1, March 2007.
[5] A. Mattsson, Single frequency networks in DTV, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 413422, Dec. 2005.
[6] K. Salehian, M. Guillet, B. Carson, and A. Kennedy, On-channel repeater for digital television broadcasting service, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 97102, June 2002.
[7] ATSC Recommended Practice: Design Of Synchronized Multiple
Transmitter Networks, Doc. A/111, Sept. 2004.
[8] ETSI, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB Mega-Frame for
Single Frequency Network (SFN) Synchronization, TS 101 191
v1.1.1, April 1997.
[9] ETSI, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Guidelines and Rules for
Implementation and Operation; Part 2: System Features, ETSI TR 101
496-2 v1.1.2, May 2001.
[10] A. Wiewiorka and P. N. Moss, Digital on-channel repeater for DAB,
BBC R&D White Paper WHP120, BBC, Sept. 2005.
[11] K. M. Nasr, J. P. Cosmas, M. Bard, and J. Gledhill, Performance
of an echo canceller and channel estimator for on-channel repeaters
in DVB-T/H networks, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 53, no. 3, pp.
609618, Sept. 2007.
[12] S. W. Kim, Y.-T. Lee, S. I. Park, H. M. Eum, J. H. Seo, and H. M.
Kim, Equalization digital on-channel repeater in single frequency networks, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 52, no. 2, June 2006.
[13] Y.-T. Lee, S. I. Park, H. M. Eum, J. H. Seo, H. M. Kim, S. W. Kim,
and J. S. Seo, A design of equalization digital on-channel repeater for
single frequency network ATSC system, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol.
53, no. 1, pp. 2337, Mar. 2007.
[14] H. M. Kim, S. I. Park, J. H. Seo, H. Eum, Y.-T. Lee, S. I. Lee, and H.
Lee, Modulation and pre-equalization method to minimize time delay
in equalization digital on-channel repeater, IEEE Trans. Broadcast.,
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[15] A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, International Edition.
[16] S. S. Kidambi, Closed-form approach to design of all-pass digital filters using cepstral coefficients, Electronics Letter, vol. 40, no. 12, June
2004.
[17] G. R. Reddy and M. N. S. Swamy, Digital all-pass filter design through
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1990.
Sung Ik Park received the BSEE from Hanyang
University, Seoul, Korea, in 2000 and MSEE from
POSTECH, Pohang, Korea, in 2002. Since 2002,
he has been with the Broadcasting System Research
Department, Electronics and Telecommunication
Research Institute (ETRI), where he is a member
of Research Staff. His research interests are in the
area of error correction codes and digital communications, in particular, signal processing for digital
television.

Homin Eum received the BSEE and MSEE from

Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 1998 and 2000
respectively. Since May 2000, he has been with the
Broadcasting System Research Department at ETRI,
where he is a senior member of research staff. His
main research interests are in the areas of digital
communication systems, digital signal processing
and DTV transmission systems.

Jae-young Lee received the B.S. degree from Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey in 2001, and
the M.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin
at Madison in 2003, both in electrical and computer
engineering. Since 2003, he has been with the
Broadcasting System Research Department at ETRI,
where he is a member of research staff. His research
interests are primarily in digital communications and
signal processing.

Yong-Tae Lee received the BSEE and MSEE from

Hankuk Aviation University in 1993 and 1995 respectively and Ph.D. degree from Yonsei University,
Seoul, Korea in 2007. Since 1995, he has been with
the Broadcasting System Research Department at
ETRI, where he is a senior member of research staff.
His research interests are in the area of digital signal
processing and RF signal processing, in particular,
signal processing for digital television, digital communication and analog narrow band communication.

Heung Mook Kim received the BSEE and MSEE

in electronics and electrical engineering from
POSTECH, Pohang, Korea, in 1993 and 1995
respectively. From February 1995 to January 2002,
he was with POSCO Technology Laboratory in the
field of Measurement and Monitoring as research
engineer. Since February 2004, he has been with
the Broadcasting System Research Department at
ETRI, where he is currently a leader of the Terrestrial Broadcasting Technology Research Team. His
research interests are digital signal processing and
RF transmission for digital communication systems.