UNIVERSITY OF ZIELONA GORA

INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

POWER ELECTRONICS ARRANGEMENTS

IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: WHAT IS IT?

Distributed Resources (DR) are small (usually under 10 MW),

modular electric generation and storage technologies that
provide electric capacity and/or energy when and where
needed. DR may either be interconnected with the electric grid
or isolated from the grid in "stand-alone" applications, but its
locational value is important to its economics and operation.

Distributed generation = DG
Distributed storage = DS
 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: WHAT IS IT?

Today's Central Utility Tomorrow's Distributed Utility?

Central Generation Central Generation

Wind

Remote
Genset Loads

PV
Fuel Cell
Battery
Customer
Efficiency
Microturbine
Customers
 COMMON TRAITS IN DG TECHNOLOGIES

z Mass produced
z Modular
z Small (<20 MW)
z Support system reliability
z Provide economic advantage to end-user
z Provide customer an alternative to standard
generation options
 ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE FROM DG SYSTEMS

z Economic advantages included one or more of the

following:
– Load management
– Reliability
– Power quality
– Fuel flexibility
– Cogeneration
– Increased distribution grid reliability/stability
 Commercial Status of DG

IC Engines Small Micro- Fuel Cell

Turbines turbines
Commercial Well Well New Well
Availability established established industry established
Size 50 kW- 1 MW – 25 kW – 1 kW –
5 MW 50 MW 75 kW 200 kW
Installed $800 – $700 – $500 – $3000
Cost ($/kW) $1500 $900 $1300
O&M Costs 0.7 – 1.5 0.2 – 0.8 0.2 – 1.0 0.3 – 1.5
(cents/kWh)
Fuel Type Diesel, Propane, Propane, Hydrogen,
propane, NG, NG, biogas &
NG, oil & distillate oil distillate & propane
biogas & biogas biogas
POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

DC AC
Photovoltaic
generation
DC-to-AC
Conversion

Fuel cells

* kW ~ * MW AC Lines
(usually isolated
Variable-speed from utility lines)
wind generator
Frequency
Conversion
Small
hydrogenerator
Variable Fixed
frequency frequency
 POWER ELECTRONICS IN

ENERGY STORAGE DISTRIBUTION: Custom Power

DC
Batteries

AC Power electronics
Converters/ Automated
Controllers processing/
Superconducting AC/DC
magnet energy manufacturing
Conversion Switching
storage customers
Equipments

Low-quality *0 kW ~ *0 MW High-quality
Large
* kW ~ * MW power power
Capacitors
AC Utility
Lines
 FACTS - APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

Steady State Dynamic

Issues Traditional Solutions Issues
Voltage Limits Breaking Advanced Solutions Transient Stability
Thermal Limits Resistors Load Damping Power Swings
Stability Limits FACTS
Shedding Post-Contingency
Voltage Control
Fixed Energy Storage Voltage Stability
Compensation

Line Enhanced
Transmission Power Transfer
Reconfiguration
Link and Stability
Better
Protection SVC
FACTS STATCOM
Increased TCSC, SSSC
Devices UPFC, IPFC,
Inertia
 FACTS - THE CONCEPT

A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But in
practice the system has the following constraints:
-Transmission stability limits
-Voltage limits

Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a

transmission system can ride through major faults in the system with its power
transmission capability intact.

Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system voltage can be
kept within permitted deviations from nominal. Voltage is governed by
reactive power (Q). Q in its turn depends of the physical length of the
transmission circuit as well as from the flow of active power. The longer the
line and/or the heavier the flow of active power, the stronger will be the flow of
reactive power, as a consequence of which the voltage will drop, until, at some
critical level, the voltage collapses altogether.
 FACTS - THE CONCEPT

FACTS offers ways of attaining an increase of power transmission capacity at

optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability, minimum transmission
losses, and minimum environmental impact. Plus, of course, at minimum
investment cost and time expenditure.

The term ”FACTS” covers several power electronics based systems used for
AC power transmission. Given the nature of power electronics equipment,
FACTS solutions will be particularly justifiable in applications requiring one
or more of the following qualities:
-Rapid dynamic response
-Ability for frequent variations in output
-Smoothly adjustable output.
 CONTROLLABLE PARAMETERS

Control of the line impedance X : thyristor-controlled series capacitor

● Provides a powerful means of current control
● When the angle is not large, substantially provides the control of active power
Control of angle: phase angle regulator
● Provides a powerful means of current control
● Provides active power flow when the angle is not large
Series voltage injection: perpendicular to current
● Controls the magnitude of current
● Injects reactive power: static synchronous series compensation
● Provide a powerful means of controlling the active power
Parallel voltage injection: arbitrary phase
● Controls the magnitude and the phase of the current.
● Provides a powerful means of controlling the active and reactive power flow.
● Requires injection of both active and reactive power in series.
Line voltage regulation: thyristor-controlled voltage regulator
● Very cost-effective means for reactive power flow control
● X control (series C) + voltage regulation (shunt C) can also provide a cost-
effective means to control both the active and reactive power flow.
 VOLTAGE-SERIES INJECTION

E1 / δ1 P&Q E2 / δ2
I

X
Vin
Injected Voltage
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin (δ) / (X - Vin / I) E1

E1 - E2

E2

Injecting Voltage in series with the line mostly change real power
 VOLTAGE - PARALLEL CONTROL

E2 / δ2
E1 / δ1 P&Q
I

Q/V
E1

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ))/X

E1 - E2

E2

Regulating end bus voltage mostly change

reactive power.
 SERIES COMPENSATION

E1 / δ1 P&Q E2 / δ2
I

Vc I Vx
Vx
Vc
Vr Vr
Vxo Vs Vseff = Vs + Vc
Vs
Vseff I Xeff = X - Xc

Changes in X will increase or decrease real power flow for a fixed angle or
change angle for a fixed power flow. Alternatively, the reactive power flow
will change with the change of X. Adjustments on the bus voltage have
little impact on the real power flow.
 SERIES AND PARALLEL COMPENSATION

E1 / δ1 P&Q E2 / δ2
I
X
P

Injected Voltage
E1

E1 - E2

E2
Integrated voltage series injection and bus voltage
regulation (unified) will directly increase or decrease real
and reactive power flow.
 SERIES AND PARALLEL COMPENSATION

Parallel Compensation Series Compensation

∆V
System bus
V V
System bus

Coupling Coupling
Transformer Transformer
I I
Transformer leakage Transformer leakage
X inductance X inductance
Vo Vo

DC-AC DC-AC
Switching Switching
Converter Converter

Cs Cs
+ +
Vdc Vdc
MULTILEVEL INVERTERS
 FACTS DEVICES

Parallel Connected:
Parallel Active Power Filters (Parallel APF)
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

Combined Series and Series-Parallel Connected:

Series Active Power filter (Series APF)
Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
Universal Power Line Conditioner (UPLC)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
 PARALLEL FACTS

Parallel Active Power Filters (Parallel APF)

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
● Parallel-connected static var compensator
● Capacitive or inductive output current controlled independently of the ac
system voltage
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
● Parallel-connected static var generator or absorber
● Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current
● Maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system
(typically bus voltage).
● Thyristor-based Controllers
● Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
 PARALLEL APF

IS
i

ic

C
V I

MAJOR TASKS:
PWM
i*c
CONTROL z Reactive power
compensation
z Source current’s higher
harmonics compensation
z DC element voltage control
 PARALLEL APF - STRUCTURE

S1 S3 S5
+

ica L
icb C
icc VSI
C S4 S6 S2

R
-

i fa ica
*

i fb icb
*
i fc Control icc
*
S1 S3 S5
id
ica L
icb
icc L
C
R

CSI S4 S6 S2

i fa ica
*

i fb icb
*

i fc Control
icc
*
 MODULAR ACTIVE POWER FILTER - MAPF

iS=iL-iFA iL
∼3φ iFA
LOADS

APF-2 APF-1
APF-K
 MAPF – EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

SYMMETRIC LOAD ASYMMETRIC LOAD

OFF

ON
MAPF – EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

IL
 SVC

Thyristor Thyristor
Controlled Switched
Reactor Capacitor

Static Var Compensator

 STATCOM

E1 / δ1 I P&Q E2 / δ2

Regulating Bus Voltage

Can Affect Power Flow Indirectly / Dynamically

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ))/X

 SERIES CONTROLLERS

Series Active Power filter (Series APF)

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
● A static synchronous generator without an external electric energy
source
● Output voltages in quadrature with, and controllable independently of,
the line current
● Control over the overall reactive voltage drop across the line, and
thereby the transmitted electric power.
● May include transiently rated energy storage to enhance the dynamic
behavior of the power system by additional temporary real power
compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily, the overall real
(resistive) voltage drop across the line.
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
● Smooth control of series capacitive reactance
 SERIES APF

VS VC
VT

MAJOR TASKS:

Vc
z Voltage harmonics
VXL
I F+ I h compensation
XL

v+v
F h
z Stability improvement
VS VT
z Current harmonics blocking

V VS

VC iS

L
is C
V

V*c
Control PW M
 SERIES APF - STRUCTURE

Vca
i sa
Va Vsa

S1 S3 S5
+

L C1

C
C S4 S6 S2 C2
R
-

Vfa Vca
*

Vfb Vcb
*
Vfc Control Vcc
*
 SSSC

E1 / δ1 P&Q E2 / δ2
I
X

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ)) / Xeff

Xeff = X - Vinj/I
 TCSC

E1 / δ1 P&Q E2 / δ2

Line Impedance Compensation

Can Control Power Flow Continuously P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ)) / Xeff

Xeff = X- Xc
 COMBINED CONTROLLERS

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

● A combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a common dc
link
● Bi-directional flow of real power between the SSSC and the
STATCOM
● Concurrent real and reactive series line compensation without an
external electric energy source.
● The real and reactive power flow control in the line.
● Independently controllable shunt reactive compensation.
● Additional external storage: more effective in control of system
dynamics
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
Universal Power Line Conditioner (UPLC)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
 UPFC

E1 / δ1 P&Q E2 / δ2
I
X
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ)) / Xeff
Xeff = X - Vinj / I

Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting Voltage In

Series With the Line Can Control Power Flow
S
Unified Static T
Power Synchronous A
Q1 = E1(E2 - E2 . cos (δ)) / X
Flow Series C
Controller Compensator O
M
 UPQC
V Vs
i
is
ϕ

Vc i

i s

i c H a rm o n ic s
s e n s ib le lo a d

UPQC
V
Vs

Vc iS
i
MAJOR TASKS: iC
Vs
V
•Source current harmonics
L L
compensation C

•System stability improvement

if
•Reactive power compensation Vf
VC* I*C
•DC element voltage control Control Control

•Voltage control V
•Voltage harmonics iS
UPQC i
Control
compensation
 UPQC - STRUCTURE

Linear load
V ca
i sa i a

Va Vsa i sb i b

i sc Non-
Unbalanced net i c
linear
with harmonicsi
i ca load
i so i o

Cs Rs
i co

S7 S9 S11 + S1 S3 S5
C1 Lf

i fa

S10 S12 S8 + S4 S6 S2
Cf
V fa V fc C2
Rf
V fb

Vca
* i ca
*

Voltage cntrol Vcb

*
UPQC control i cb
*
Current control
Vcc
* i cc
*
 UPLC - STRUCTURE
Vs
V is
VS Vc
V

G1
L1
i
UPLC =UPFC + UPQC
G2
is Vc
ih L2

V
ic
C Vs
ih

VS
VC
ih iS

ic

L L
C

if
Current i*C V*
C Voltage if
cntrol control

V
is
ih UPLC control
 UPLC – VOLTAGE REGULATION

i (q<0)

G1 VL1 VG1
.
V:
L1 i
V
VL1
VG1

V: .
VG1 VL1 V
V i

i (q>0)

 i ( q > 0) ⇒ v ↓

 i ( q < 0) ⇒ v ↑
UPLC – POWER FLOW CONTROL

Ps G2
is L2

V VL2

Vc VG2
Vs

ps:
V
ps: Vs VG (q>0)
VG (q<0)
VL2 V

Vs s

δ δ
VG2 VG2

ps& qs ps& qs
Vc
V
ps& qs ps& qs
VG (p>0) VG (p<0) Vs
Vs V
V VL2
. VL2 .
is . .
is
qs: qs:
VG2 VG2
 IPFC

E1 / δ1 E3 / δ3

E2 / δ2
 IPFC – PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
r r r r
V11 VC 1 VX 1 r V21
I1
INVERTER X1

SYSTEM 1

DC LINK
r r r
V12 VC 2 VX 2 r V22
I2

INVERTER X2

SYSTEM 2

Active power transmitted to the receiving-end bus:

V 21V11 V V V V
P21 = (1
cos ϕ 21 sin ϕ 11 + cos ϕ 11 sin ϕ 21 ) + 21 c1 cos ϕ 21 sin ϕ c1 + 21 c1 sin ϕ 21 cos ϕ c1
444442444443
X1 X1 X1
sin δ 1 14 4424443 14 4424443
≡Vcq 1 ≡Vcp 1

Reactive power transmitted to the receiving-end bus:

V21V11 V212 V21Vc1 V V
Q 21 = (1
cos ϕ 21 cos ϕ 11 − sin ϕ 21 sin ϕ 11 ) −
444442444443 X 1
+ cos ϕ 21 cos ϕ c1 − 21 c1 sin ϕ 21 sin ϕ c1
X1 X1 X1
cos δ 1 14 4424443 14 4424443
≡Vcp 1 ≡Vcq1
 IPFC – PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
r r r r
V11 VC 1 VX 1 r V21
I1
X1
INVERTER

SYSTEM 1
r r r r
V12 VX 2 r V22
V C2 I2
X2

DC LINK
INVERTER

SYSTEM 2
r
V1n

INVERTER

SYSTEM n

Parallel inverter’s power rating:

n n  V min  
max  1i max  * max
PParallel = ∑ PIPFCi = ∑  1 − max cos δ i P2i 
i =1   
i =1
 V2i 
 IPFC – RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS

Savings of the parallel inverter's power rating

for given number of Systems.

Savings of the parallel inverter’s power rating

20

30

40

case b
50

60

70
case a
80

2 4 6 8 10
Number of Systems
 FACTS ATTRIBUTES

FACTS Controller Control Attributes

Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, voltage
(STATCOM without storage) stability
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
(STATCOM with storage, and dynamic stability, voltage stability, AGC
large dc capacitor)
Static VAR Compensator (SVC, TCR, Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
TCS, TRS and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor Damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability
(TCBR)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC without storage) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC with storage) voltage stability
Thrystor-Controlled Series Capacitor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSC, TSSC) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSR, TSSR) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Active and reactive power control, voltage control, VAR
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) compensation, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
voltage stability, fault current limiting

Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability
 VOLTAGE POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

V
X
I I

~
s L
LOAD I
V L V
V S I
X

V V δ
S I

COMPENSATOR

C
V *
IS 2mH IL

~
C +
V PI
C
_

}
δ

0.1mH V V ' V ' BLOCK

S S Sd Control
FILTER PLL
+ + Signals
VS VI VC A

0.25m F
25 µ F
-V ~
1Ω V S
Sd
+

400V/d VS 400V/
iv VI div VS VI 10ms/d
10ms/d
IL iv IL iv
100A/ 100A/
div div
10ms/d 10ms/d
IS iv IS iv
100A/d 100A/
iv div
10ms/d 10ms/d
704 VC iv 704 VC iv
V V
696V 10ms/d 696V 10ms/d
iv iv
INTERLINE POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER
r r
V11 r r V21
I11 I21
r
X11 I C1 X21
r
VC1
SYSTEM 1

DC LINK
r SYSTEM 2
r VC2 r
V12 r r r V22
I12 IC2 I22
X12 X22

r r δ 12 < δ 22
V X 11 δ 11 > δ 21 V X 12
r r
r r VC 2
r r VC 1 V X 21 V12 r
V11 IC1 V X 22
r
r IC 2
I 11 r r
V21 I 12 r
δ12 I 22 r
δ 11 r V22
δ 11 δ 21
I 21
δ12
2
δ 21 2
2 δ22
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 2
δ 22
2
 SERIES VS. PARALLEL

Series vs. Parallel:

● Series is more powerful in controlling the current/power flow and

damp oscillations

● Parallel is more effective in voltage control and damping of voltage

oscillations
 FACTS - POSSIBLE BENEFITS

• Control of power flow. Increase the loading capability of lines to their

thermal capabilities.

• Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit,
damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems and machines.

• Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.

• Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more active
power.
 CONCLUSIONS

Power supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of

deregulation and political and economical maneuvers. This new market
environment puts demands for flexibility and power quality into focus. This
calls for the right solutions as far as power transmission facilities between
countries as well as between regions within countries are concerned.

The choice of FACTS device is simple and needs to be made the subject of
detailed system studies, taking all relevant requirements and prerequisites of
the system into consideration, so as to arrive at the optimum technical and
economical solution. In fact, the best solution may often be lying in a
combination of devices.
END