310

Using H~) obtained above, we have

[H~)T R- 1 H~)] -1 =

0.1884 x 10- 5 0.1355 X 10- 5

0.1693 X 10- 5
0.5578
0.4179
0.4000
X
X
X
10- 18
10- 18
10- 3
0.5571
0.4184
X
X
10- 18
10- 18 0.5583 X
0.4176 X
10-
18

10- 18
J
r
0.4000 X 10- 3 0.4000 X 10- 3
0.4019 X 10- 3 0.4014 X 10- 3
0.4017 X 10- 3
Finally, we have

(0)
e1
6~0) (0)
e2
8~0) (0)
e3
= Wt/(O) (0)
1\121(0) e4
(0)
IYJ/(O) e5
(0)
e6
(0)
e7

g1 J+ [=g:~~i~ J -0.00948
-0.03078
radian
radian
J
= 0.0
[1 0.01003
[
1.0
1.01003
per unit
per unit
1 -0.00379 0.99621 per unit

Chapter 16 Problem Solutions

16.1 A 50-Hz four-pole turbogenerator rated 500 MVA, 22 kV has an inertia con-
stant of H = 7.5 MJ/MVA. Find (a) the kinetic energy stored in the rotor
at synchronous speed and (b) the angular acceleration if the electrical power
developed is 400 MW when the input less the rotational losses is 740,000 hp.
Solution:

(a) Kinetic energy = 500 x 7.5 = 3750 MJ

(b) Input power = 740,000 x 746 X 10- 6 = 552 MW. By Eq. (16.14),

Input power - rotational loss = 7.5 ,p {j

552 - 400
180 x 60 dt2" = 500
,p6
dt 2 = 437.8 elec. degrees/5 2
For a four-pole machine,

,p8 437.8

218.9
di2 = -r- = 218.9 mech. degrees/s
2

or 60 x -
360
= 36.5 rpm/5 2
 311

16.2 If the acceleration computed for the generator described in Prob. 16.1 is constant
for a period of 15 cycles, find the change in {) in electrical degrees in that period
and the speed in revolutions per minute at the end of 15 cycles. Assume that
the generator is synchronized with a large system and has no accelerating torque
before the 15-cycle period begins.

Solution:
15 _
duration of acceleration = 60 = 0.205

acceleration = 437.8 elec. degrees/sf = 36.5 rpm/s

1
change in 5 in 15 cycles = 2(437.8)(0.25)2 = 13.68 elec. degrees
120 x 60 8
synchronous speed = 4 = 1 00 rpm
After 15 cycles, speed = 1800 + 0.25 x 3605 = 1809.1 rpm

16.3 The generator of Prob. 16.1 is delivering rated megavolt-amperes at 0.8 power
factor lag when a fault reduces the electric power output by 40%. Determine
the accelerating torque in newton-meters at the time the fault occurs. Neglect
losses and assume constant power input to the shaft.

Solution:
Po. = wmTo. = 008 x 500 - 006 x 0.8 x 500 = 160 MW
Wm = 2;1 mech. radians/s
160 x 106
To. = 211"1/2 = 848,826 Nom

16.4 Determine the W R 2 of the generator of Prob. 16.1.

Solution:
WR2 = Smo.ch X H X 1010 = 500 x 7.5 X 1010 = 5,010,422 lb-ft2
2031(rpm)2 2.31(1800)2

16.5 A generator having H = 6 MJ/MVA is connected to a synchronous motor

having H = 4 MJ /MVA through a network of reactances. The generator is
delivering power of 1.0 per unit to the motor when a fault occurs which reduces
the delivered power. At the time when the reduced power delivered is 0.6 per
unit determine the angular acceleration of the generator with respect to the
motor.

Solution:
6x4 1 tfl5 l 2
6 + 4 x 180!"-;jj2 = 1.0 - 0.6
d25 1 2 2
----;]j2 = 1800 elec. degrees/s
 312
16.6 A power system is identical to that of Example 16.3 except that the impedance
of each of the parallel transmission lines is jO.5 and the delivered power is 0.8
per unit when both the terminal voltage of the machine and the voltage of the
infinite bus are 1.0 per unit. Determine the power-angle equation for the system
during the specified operating conditions.

Solution: jO.5

V=l.OLO"

X between V; and V is
jO.5
jO.1 + -2- = jO.35 per unit

If Vt = 1.0Lg,

1.0 x 1.0 .
---sina =
08
., Q = 16.26°
jO.35
l.0/ 16.26° - 1.0~ 0.96 + jO.28 - 1.0
I = =
0.35; 90° jO.35
= 0.8+jO.1143 = 0.8081; 8.13°
E' = i.o. 16.26° + 0.808/8.13° x 0.2; 90°
= 0.96 + jO.28 - 0.023 + jO.16 = 1.0352/25.15°
1.0352 x 1.0
r; = 0.35 + 0.20 sin e5 = 1.882 sin S

16.7 If a three-phase fault occurs on the power system of Prob. 16.6 at a point on one
of the transmission lines at a distance of 30% of the line length away from the
sending-end terminal of the line, determine (a) the power-angle equation during
the fault and (b) the swing equation. Assume the system is operating under the
conditions specified in Prob. 16.6 when the fault occurs. Let H = 5.0 MJ /MVA
as in Example 16.4.

-~--------------------
 313

Solution:
The circuit diagram with admittances marked in per unit and the fault as described is shown
below:

CD -j2.0

-.....
-j3.333

-j6.67 -j2.857

-j3.333 o j3.333 ]
Y b us = [
0 -j4.857 j2.0
j3.333 j2.0 -j12.0

After elimination of node 3 by the usual method, in row 1, column 2 of the new Y bus matrix,
j2.0 x j3.333
Y12 = = jO.556
-j12
r; 1.0352 x 1.0 x 0.556 sin 6 = 0.575 sin 6
5 fil6
= 0.8 - 0.575sin6
180f dt 2
fil6
= 36f(0.8 - 0.575 sin 6)
dt 2

16.8 Series resistance in the transmission network results in positive values for Pc
and , in Eq. (16.80). For a given electrical power output, show the effects of
resistance on the synchronizing coefficient 51" the frequency of rotor oscillations
and the damping of these oscillations.

Solution:
Equation (16.80) is Pe = Pc + Pma", sin(6 - 'Y) and Eq. (16.47) defines

s _ dPel
p - ~ 6=60

So, if the network is resistive

Sp = Pma", cos(60 - 'Y)
This Sp is greater than that for a purely reactive network where 'Y = o. Hence, by Eq. (16.50)
which shows

2H
t; = JS PW 3

wherein I« is correspondingly larger. We now define 61 = 6 - 'Y and P:" = Pm - P; SO that

the swing equation becomes

2H rP 6 1
1
- X -- = P:" - Pma.",sin6
W3 dt 2
 314

which must have a solution reflecting undamped oscillations (see footnote in Sec. 16.5) as
in a purely reactive network. Consequently, series resistance cannot introduce damping of
mechanical oscillations.

16.9 A generator having H = 6.0 MJ/MVA is delivering power of 1.0 per unit to
an infinite bus through a purely reactive network when the occurrence of a
fault reduces the generator output power to zero. The maximum power that
could be delivered is 2.5 per unit. When the fault is cleared the original network
conditions again exist. Determine the critical clearing angle and critical clearing
time.

Solution:
2.5sin 00 = 1.0
00 = 23.58° or 0.4115 rad
By Eq. (16.70), ocr = cos'"! [(71" - 0.823) sin 23.58° - cos 23.58°]
= cos " ! (0.9275 - 0.9165) = 89.27° = 1.560 rad

BY Eq . (16 .72) ,tcr =

4 X 6 (1.395 - 0.4115) = 0.270 s
21f60 X 1.0

16.10 A 50-Hz generator is supplying 60% of Pmax to an infinite bus through a re-
active network. A fault occurs which increases the reactance of the network
between the generator internal voltage and the infinite bus by 400%. When
the fault is cleared the maximum power that can be delivered is 80% of the
original maximum value. Determine the critical clearing angle for the condition
described.

Solution:
Pm<l:rsinoo = 0.6Pm":r
00 = 36.87°, 0.6435 rad
Tl = 0.25 T2 = 0.8
r2Pm,,:rsinOm,,:r = Pm (Fig. 16.11)
r;
-- = 0.6 (given)
Pm,,:r
0.6
= - = 0.75
0.8
= 180° - 48.59° = 131.41° = 2.294 rad
0.6(2.294 - 0.6435) + 0.8eas 131.4° - 0.25eos 36.87°
cosSer = = 0.475
0.8 - 0.25
Ocr = eos-10.475 = 61.64°

16.11 If the generator of Prob. 16.10 has an inertia constant of H = 6 MJ/MVA and
Pm (equal to 0.6 P~) is 1.0 per-unit power, find the critical clearing time for

•
 315

the condition of Prob. 16.10. Use 6.t = 0.05 to plot the necessary swing curve.

Solution:
From Prob. 16.10, beT = 61.64° and t CT can be read from the swing curve for a sustained
fault

Pm a x 1.0 =
= -0.6 1.667 per unit
.

Pe 1.667/4 = 0.4167 during fault

k 180 ; 60 (0.05)2 = 4.5

80 = 36.87° Pm = 1.0 P: = 0 Y == 0
Values in the table below were found by a computer program and rounded off only for tabu-
lation.

o- LD 0 36.87°
0+ 0.250 0.75 36.87°
o av 0.375 1.688 36.87°
1.688°
0.05 0.260 0.740 3.331 38.56°
5.019°
0.10 0.287 0.713 3.207 43.58°
8.226°
0.15 0.328 0.673 3.026 51.81°
11.252°
0.20 ~
63.05°

Problem 16.11 Solution Data

By linear interpolation,

"'" 0.15 0.05 (61.64 - 51.81)

te + 63.05 - 51.81
"'" 0.15 + 0.044 = 0.194 s or 11.6 cycles

16.12 For the system and fault conditions described in Probs. 16.6 and 16.7 determine
the power-angle equation if the fault is cleared by the simultaneous opening of
breakers at both ends of the faulted line at 4.5 cycles after the fault occurs.
Then plot the swing curve of the generator through t = 0.25 s.

Solution:
From Prob. 16.6 and 16.7 E' = 1.0352;25.15° per unit and before the fault
P; = 1.882sin5 Pm = 0.8 50 = 25.15°
During the fault,
Pe = 0.575sin5
316
after clearing,
1
= -j1.25 per unit
jO.3 + jO.5
and
P; ,= 1.0352 x 1.0 x 1.25 sin «5 = 1.294 sin 8
k = 180 x 60 (0.05)2 = 5.4
5
4.5 cycles = 0.075 s (middle of interval)

Values in the table below were found by a computer program and rounded off only for tabu-
lation.

0- 0.8 0.0 25.15°

0+ 0.244 0.556 3.000 25.15°
o av 1.500 25.15°
1.500°
0.05 0.258 0.542 2.927 26.65°
4.427°
0.10 0.668 0.132 0.713 31.08°

0.035
. 0.191
5.140°
36.22°
0.15 0.765
5.332°
0.20 0.858 -0.058 -0.315 41.55°
5.017°
0.25 46.57°

Problem 16.12 Solution Data

Note: If the table is continued a maximum value of 8 will be found equal to 56.20° at t = 0.45 s.
At 0.55 s, 8 = 52.56°.

16.13 Extend Table 16.6 to find b at t = 1.00 s.

Solution:
Continuing the computer program used to generate Table 16.6 and tabulating values only to
the fourth decimal place we obtain:

0.85 16.9591 1.8940 -0.2244 -0.7575 17.8061°

-3.2292°
0.90 13.7299 1.5412 0.1284 0.4334 14.5769°
-2.7957°
0.95 10.9342 1.2317 0.4379 1.4780 11.7812°
-1.3177°
1.0 10.4634°
 317

Problem 16.13 Solution Data

Note: At t = 1.05, b = 11.11960 .

Sample calculation (at t = 0.85 s):

bn -, = 17.8061 - 0.847 = 16.95910

Pma:rsin(b-,) = 6.4934 sin 16.95910 = 1.8940
Pa Pm - Pc - Pma:r sin(o -,) = 1.6696 - 1.8940 = -0.2244
kPa, = -0.7574
l:1on = tl.On-l - kPa = -2.4716 - (-0.7574) = -3.2292
0

16.14 Calculate the swing curve for machine 2 of Examples 16.9 - 16.11 for fault
clearing at 0.05 s by the method described in Sec. 16.9. Compare the results with
the values obtained by the production-type program and listed in Table 16.7.
 318

Solution:
Using the computer programmed to obtain 5 vs, t showing intermediate steps in the calcula-
tion and rounding off only for tabulation we have

I t
0- 0.000 16.19°
0+ 15.435 1.4644 0.2310 16.19°
o av 0.1155 0.3898 16.19°
0.3898°
0.05- 15.8248 1.5005 0.1950 16.5798°
0.05+ 15.7328 1.7607 -0.0911
0.05 av 0.0520 0.1753
0.5653°
0.10 16.2983 1.8223 -0.1527 -0.5153 17.1453°
0.0500°
0.15 16.3483 1.8227 -0.1581 -0.5337 17.1953°
-0.4837°
0.20 15.8685 1.7751 -0.1055 -0.3559 16.7155°
-0.8396°
0.25 15.0249 1.6833 -0.0137 -0.0464 15.8719°
-0.8860°
0.30 14.1389 1.5862 0.0834 0.2816 14.9859°
-0.6044°
0.35 13.5345 1.5197 0.1499 0.5061 14.3815°
-0.0983°
0.40 13.4361 1.5088 0.1608 0.5427 14.2831°
0.4443°
0.45 13.8804 1.5577 0.1119 0.3775 14.7274°
0.8218°
0.50 15.5493°

0.55 16.444°

0.60 17.0813°

0.65 17.2267°

Problem 16.14 Solution Data

Note: Collecting student prepared computer programs is suggested.

16.15 If the three-phase fault on the system of Example 16.9 occurs on line @-(Q) at
bus (Q) and is cleared by simultaneous opening of breakers at both ends of the
line at 4.5 cycles after the fault occurs prepare a table like that of Table 16.6
to plot the swing curve of machine 2 through t = 0.30 s.

Solution:
 319

Before the fault and after clearing, the conditions are the same as in Examples 16.9 and 16.11.
During the fault Pm is still 1.85 per unit for machine 2, but Pe =·0. So, Pa = 1.85 per unit.
After clearing, Pm - Pc = 1.6696, Pmax = 6.4934, Y = 0.847°. Clearing in 4.5 cycles, or
t = 0.075 s. Values in the table below were obtained by a computer program and rounded
off for tabulation only.

0- 1.85 0 0 0° 16.19°
0+ 0 1.850 6.244 16.19°
o av 0.925 3.122 16.19"
3.122°
0.05 0 1.85 6.244 19.31°
9.366°
0.10 3.031 -1.362 -4.596 28.68°
4.769°
0.15 3.498 -1.829 -6.172 33.45°
-1.403°
0.20 3.363 -1.694 -5.717 32.04°
-7.120°
0.25 2.649 -0.979 -3.306 24.92°
-10.425°
0.30 1.533 0.137 0.463 14.50°
-9.963°
0.35 0.418 1.252 4.225 4.54°
-5.738°
0040 -0.232 1.902 6.419 -1.20°
0.681°
0.45 -0.155 1.825 6.158 -0.52°
6.839°
0.50 0.619 1.051 3.546 6.32°
10.385°
0.55 16.70°

Problem 16.15 Solution Data

Note: Although the problem does not ask for values beyond t = 0.30 s, the table has been
extended to show the extent of the variation of 8.

16.16 By applying the equal-area criterion to the swing curves obtained in Exam-
ples 16.9 and 16.10 for machine 1, (a) derive an equation for the critical clear-
ing angle, (b) solve the equation by trial and error to evaluate bcr and (c) use
Eq. (16.72) to find the critical clearing time.

Solution:
Note: Students may need guidance in starting this problem which determines the critical
clearing time for machine 1 for the fault specified in Example 16.9. This time must, of
course, be less than 0.225 s as is evident from examination of Fig. 16.15 and Table 16.7.
320
(a) From Example 16.9 for machine 1:
Pv« = 3.5 per unit (Table 16.3)
Ei = 1.100 120.82°
Thus, 80 = 20.82° = 0.3634 rad
Since the impedance between Ef and the three-phase fault is pure inductive reactance,
Pe = 0 during the fault and Pa = Pm - Pe = 3.5. The area Ai for the equal-area
criterion is shown below.
p

3.5 ,....,...,...,...,...,....,..,...,....-.-.,...,. ..--

where A l = 3.5(8 cr - 0.3634) = 3.58cr - 1.2719

From Example 16.10, the post-fault power-angle curve is given by
Pe = 0.6056 + 8.3955sin(0 - 1.664°)
The curve, P e vs. 0, is shown below:

Pe=O.6056 + 8.3955sin( 0-1)

9.011 ~.--/
P

Pm = 3.50

. .
........................... ....................... ." .
o------.~ :+----

o
Where Pm intercepts the fault curve,
3.5 = 0.6056 + 8.3955sin(S - 1.664°)
 321

s = 21.83090
Pe,ma", = 0.6056 + 8.3955 where b = 90° + 1.664° = 91.664°
bma", = 2 x 91.664° - 21.8309 0 = 161.497° = 2.8187 rad

ls.;
C ," " ~
Area A2 = [0.6056 + 8.3955sin(b - 1.664°)] db - 3.50 (bma", - bor)

= (0.6056 - 3.5) (bma", - bor) + 8.3955[ cos (ber - 1.664°) - cos (bma", - 1.664°)]
= -2.8944 (2.8187 - ber ) + 8.3955[ COS(b cr - 1.664°) - cos (161.497° - 1.664°)]
= -0.2776 + 2.8944b er + 8.3955 cos (ber - 1.664°)

Equating A l and A2 yields

0.6056b er - 8.3955 cos (ber -1.664°) = 0.9943

(b) By trial and error we find

s.; ~ 91.83° = 1.6027 rad

(c) The critical clearing time can be found from Eq. (16.72) since P; = 0 during the fault:

4 x 11.2 (1.6027 - 0.3644) = 0.205 s

377 x 3.5

I
f
I