1.

Example: Three plants of a total capacity of 500 MW are scheduledfor

operation to supply a total system load of 310 MW. Evaluate the
optimum load scheduling if the plants have the following cost
characteristics and the limitation:

C1 = 0.06 P2G1 + 30 PG1 + 10, 30 ≤ PG1 ≤ 150

C2 = 0.10 P2G2 + 40 PG2 + 15, 20 ≤ PG2 ≤ 100
C3 = 0.075 P2G3 + 10 PG3 + 20, 50 ≤ PG3 ≤ 250

Solution:

The IFCs of the three plants are

For optimum scheduling of units,

0.12PG1 + 30 = 0.20 PG2 + 40 = 0.15 PG3 + 10

⇒ 0.12 PG1 + 30 = 0.15 PG3 + 10

or PG1 − 0.15 PG2 = − 20 (2.54)

and given that PG1 + PG3 = 310 − PG2 (2.55)

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
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 Solving Equations (2.54) and (2.55), we have

or 0.27 PG1 + 0.15 PG2 = 26.5 (2.56)

and

0.12 PG1 + 30 = 0.2 PG2 + 40

0.12 PG1 − 0.2 PG2 = 10 (2.57)

Solving Equations (2.56) and (2.57), we get

Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.54), we get

0.12 (94.444) − 0.15 PG3 = − 20

11.33 − 0.15 PG3 = − 20

31.33 = 0.15 PG3

or PG3 = 208.86 MW

Substituting the PG1 and PG3 values in Equation (2.55), we get

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
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 94.44 + 208.86 + PG2 = 310

∴ PG2 = 6.7 MW
The optimal power generation is

PG1 = 94.44 MW

PG2 = 6.7 MW

and PG3 = 208.86 MW

It is observed that the real-power generation of Unit-2 is 6.7 MW and it
is violating its minimum generation limit. Hence, we have to fix its value
at its minimum generation, i.e., PG2 = 20 MW.

Given: PG1 + PG2 + PG3 = 310 MW

P1 + PG3 = 310 − 20 = 290 MW

The remaining load of 290 MW is to be distributed optimally between
Unit-1 and Unit-3 as follows:

0.12 PG1 + 30 = 0.15 PG3 + 10

or 0.12 PG1 − 0.15 PG2 = − 20 (2.58)

and PG1 + PG3 = 290 (2.59)

Solving Equations (2.58) and (2.59), we get:

Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.59), we get

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
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 PG3 = 290 − 67.14 = 202.96 MW
The total load of 310 MW is distributed optimally among the units as

PG1 = 87.03 MW

PG2 = 20 MW

and PG3 = 202.96 MW

2. Example : The incremental cost characteristics of two thermal plants

are given by

Calculate the sharing of a load of 200 MW for most economic

operations. If the plants are rated 150 and 250 MW, respectively, what will
be the saving in cost in Rs./hr in comparison to the loading in the same
proportion to rating.

Solution:

For economic operation,

0.2 PG1 + 60 = 0.3 PG3 + 40

or 0.2 PG1 − 0.3 PG2 = − 20 (2.60)

or PG1 + PG2 = 200 (given) (2.61)

Solving Equations (2.60) and (2.61), we get

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024

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 ∴ PG1 = 80MW
Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.61), PG2 = 120 MW. If the
plants are loaded in the same proportion to the rating,

i.e., PG1 = 150 MW, PG2 = 250 MW

Increase in the operation cost for Plant-1 is

Increase in the operation cost for Plant-2 is

∴ Saving in operation cost = 12,415 − 5,810 = 66 Rs./hr

3. Example : The IFCs of two units in a generating station are asfollows:

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024

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 Assuming continuous running with a total load of 150 MW, calculate
the saving per hour obtained by using the most economical division of load
between the units as compared with loading each equally. The maximum
and minimum operational loadings are the same for each unit and are 125
and 20 MW, respectively.

Solution:

Given:

Total load = PG1 + PG2 = 150 MW (2.62)

For optimality,

0.15 PG1 + 35 = 0.20 PG2 + 28

or 0.15 PG1 − 0.20 PG2 = −7 (2.63)

Solving Equations (2.62) and (2.63), we get

Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.62), we get

With an equal sharing of load, PG1 = 75 MW and PG2 = 75 MW.

With an equal distribution of load, the load on Plant-1 is increased from

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
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 65.714 to 75 MW.
The increase in cost of operation for Plant-1 is

The load on Plant-2 is decreased from 84.286 to 75 MW.

∴ The solving in cost =423.01 − 407.921

= 15.089 Rs./hr

4. Example : If two plants having cost characteristics as given

C1 = 0.1 P2G1 + 60 PG1 + 135 Rs./hr

C1 = 0.15 P2G1 + 40 PG2 + 100 Rs./hr

have to meet the following daily load cycle:

0 to 6 hrs – 7 MW
18 to 24 hrs – 70 MW

find the economic schedule for the different load conditions. If a cost of
Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
Million Alemayehu (PhD)
 Rs. 450 is involved in taking either plant out of services or to return to
service, find whether it is more economical to keep both plants in service
for the whole day or to remove one of them during light-load service.

Solution:

For 0–6 hr: Total load = 7 MW

i.e., PG1 + PG2 = 7 MW (2.64)

The condition for the optimal distribution of load is

0.2 PG1 + 60 = 0.3 PG2 + 40

0.2 PG1 − 0.3 PG2 = − 40 (2.65)

Solving Equations (2.64) and (2.65), we get

Since the real-power generation of Plant-1 is PG1 = — 35.8 MW, it

violates the minimum generation limit. Hence, to meet the load demand of
Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
Million Alemayehu (PhD)
 7 MW, it is necessary to run Unit-2 only with generation of 7 MW.
Operation cost of Unit-2 during 0–6 hr is
C2 = 0.15(7)2 + 40(7) + 100
= 7.35 + 280 + 100
= 387.35 Rs./hr

For 18–24 hr:

Total load = 70 MW

i.e., PG1 + PG2 = 70 MW (2.66)

Solving Equations (2.66) and (2.65), we get

The cost of operation of Plant-1 with 2-MW generation is

C1 = 0.1PG1 + 60 PG1 + 135
= 0.1(2)2 + 60(2) + 135 = 255.4 Rs./hr

The cost of operation of Pant-2 with 68-MW generation is

C2 = 0.15(68)2 + 40(68) + 100 = 3,513.6 Rs./hr

The operating cost during 18–24 hr = 255.4 + 3,513.6 = 3,769 Rs./hr

The total operating cost during an entire 24-hr period is

387.35 × 6 + 3,769 × 6 = Rs. 24,938.10

A cost of Rs. 450 is incurred as the start-up cost.

∴ Total operating cost = 24,938.1 + 450 = Rs. 25,388.10

5. Example : The IFCs in rupees per MWh for a plant consisting of two
units are
Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
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 Calculate the extra cost increased in Rs./hr, if a load of 220 MW is
scheduled as PG1 = PG2 = 110 M.

Solution:

For optimal scheduling of units,

0.20 PG1 + 40.0 = 0.25 PG2 + 30

or 0.20 PG1 − 0.25 PG2 = 10 (2.67)

Given: PG1 + PG2 = 220 (2.68)

Solving Equations (2.67) and (2.68), we get

Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.68), we get

∴ PG2 = 220 − PG1 = 120 MW

For an equal distribution of load,PG1 = 110 MW and PG2 = 110 MW.
The operation cost of Unit-1 is increased as the load shared by it is
increased from 100 to 110 MW.
∴ Increase in operation cost of Unit-1

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024

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 The operation cost of Unit-2 is decreased as the load shared by it is
decreased from 120 to 110 MW.
∴ Decrease in operation cost of Unit-2

The extra cost incurred in Rs./hr if the load is equally shared by Unit-1
and Unit-2 is

610 – 587.5 = 22.5 Rs./hr

6. Example : The fuel cost characteristics of two generators are obtainedas
under:

C1 (PG1) = 1,000 + 50 PG1 + 0.01 P2G1 Rs./hr

C2 (PG2) = 2,500 + 45 PG2 + 0.005 P2G2 Rs./hr

If the total load supplied is 1,000 MW, find the optimal load division
between two generators.

Solution:

C1 (PG1) = 1,000 + 50 PG1 + 0.01 P2G1 Rs./hr

C2 (PG2) = 2,500 + 45 PG2 + 0.005 P2G1 Rs./hr

The IFC characteristics are

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024

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 The condition for optimal load division is

50 + 0.02 PG1 = 45 + 0.01 PG2

or 0.02PG1 + PG2 = − 5.0 (2.69)

PG1 + PG2 = 1,000 (given) (2.70)

Solving Equations (2.69) and (2.70), we get

Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.70), we get

PG2 = 833 MW

Substituting the PG1 and PG1 values in equation, we get

λ = 53.33 Rs./MWh

∴ The total load of 1,000 MW optimally divided in between the two

generators is

PG1 = 166 MW
Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024
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 PG2 = 833 MW

And IFC, λ = 53.33 Rs./MWh

7. Example : Determine the economic operation point for the threethermal
units when delivering a total of 1,000 MW:

Unit A: Pmax = 600 MW, Pmin = 150 MW

CA = 500 + 7 PGA + 0.0015 P2GA
Unit B: Pmax = 500 MW, Pmin = 125 MW
CB = 300 + 7.88 PGB + 0.002 P2GB
Unit C: Pmax = 300 MW, Pmin = 75 MW
CC = 80 + 7.99 PGC + 0.05 P2GC

Fuel costs:

Unit A = 1.1 unit of price/MBtu

Unit B = 1.0 unit of price/MBtu

Unit C = 1.0 unit of price/MBtu

Find the values of PGA, PGB and PGC for optimal operation.

Solution:

Cost curves are:

CA (PGA) = HA × 1.1 = 550 + 7.7 PA + 0.00165 P2A

CB (PGB) = HB × 1.0 = 300 + 7.88 PB + 0.002 P2B

CC (PGC) = HC × 1.0 = 80 + 7.799 PC + 0.005 P2C

Now IFCs are:

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024

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 For an economic system operation,

7.7 + 0.0033 PGA = 7.99 + 0.001 PG1

or 0.0033PGA − 0.01PGC = 0.29 (2.71)

PGA + PGB + PGC = 1, 000 (given)

or PGA = 1,000 − (PGB + PGC) (2.72)

Substituting PGA from Equation (2.72) in Equation (2.71), we get

7.88 + 0.004 PGB = 7.99 + 0.01 PGC

or 0.004 PGB + 0.0133 PGC = 0.11 (2.74)

Economic Load Dispatch Jan/2024

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 Substituting the PGB value in Equation (2.73), we get

0.0033(366.16) + 0.0133PGC = 3.01

or PGC = 135.464 MW

Substituting PGB and PGC values in Equation (2.72), we get

PGA = 498.376 MW

For a total load of 1,000 MW, the economic scheduling of three units are:

PGA = 498.376 MW (150 MW < PGA < 600 MW)

PGB = 366.16 MW (125 MW < PGB < 500
MW)and PGC = 135.464 MW (75 MW < PGC < 300
MW)

8. Example: The fuel cost curve of two generators are given as:

CA (PGA) = 800 + 45 PGA + 0.01

PGA CB (PGB) = 200 + 43 PGB +
0.003 PGB

and if the total load supplied is 700 MW, find the optimal dispatch
with and without considering the generator limits where the limits
have beenexpressed as:

50 MW ≤ PGA ≤ 200 MW
50 MW ≤ PGB ≤ 600 MW

Compare the system’s increment at cost with and without generator limits
considered.
Economic Load Dispatch
Jan/2024 Million Alemayehu (PhD)
 Solution:

For economic operation, ICA = ICB = λ

Considering along with the given constraint

equations:λ = 45 + 0.02 PGA

λ = 43 + 0.02 PGB
PGA + PGB = 700 MW

Solving these

equations,λ =46.7

PGA = 84.6 MW

PGB = 615.4 MW

In the above illustration, generator limits have not been included. If

these limits are now included, it may be seen that Generator-B has
violatedthe limit. Fixing it at the uppermost limits, let

PGB = 600 MW
And obviously by so that PGA = 100 MW (since PGA + PGB = 700 MW)
∴ λA = 45 + 0.02 × 100 = 47
λB = 43 + 0.006 × 600 = 46.6

Hence, it is observed that λA ≠ λB, i.e., economic operation is not

strictly maintained in this particular condition; incremental cost of Unit-
A is now marginally more than that of Unit-B. However, in practice,
this difference of λA and λB is not much; hence, the system operation is
justified under thiscondition.
Economic Load Dispatch
Jan/2024 Million Alemayehu (PhD)
 9. Example : The fuel cost curve of two generators are given as
2
C1 = 625 + 35 PG1 + 0.06 PG1
2
C2 = 175 + 30 PG2 + 0.005 PG1

if the total load supplied is 550 MW, find the optimal dispatch with and
without considering the generator limits:

35 MW ≤ PG1 ≤ 175 MW
35 MW ≤ PG2 ≤ 600 MW

and also comment about the incremental cost of both cases.

Solution:

Given that total load = PG1 + PG2 = 550 MW (2.75)

2
Cost of first unit, C1 = 625 + 35 PG1 + 0.06PG1

The IFC of first unit,

Cost of second
G2
unit, C2 = 175 + 30 PG2 + 0.005P2

The IFC of second unit,

Case-I: Without considering generator limits:

For optimal dispatch of load, the necessary condition is

0.12 PG1 + 35 = 0.01 PG2 + 30

0.12 PG2 + 0.01 PG2 = − 5 (2.76)

Economic Load Dispatch

Jan/2024 Million Alemayehu (PhD)
 Solving Equations (2.75) and (2.76), we get

Substituting the PG1 value in Equation (2.75), we get

PG1 = 550 − 3.846 = 546.154 MW

The above results are for the case without considering the generator

limits.The IFCs are

The IFC, λ = 35.46 Rs./MWh

Case-II: Considering the generator limits:

35 MW ≤ PG1 ≤ 175 MW
30 MW ≤ PG2 ≤ 600 MW

From Case-I, the obtained power generations are

PG1 = 3.846 MW
PG2 = 546.154 MW

It is observed that the real-power generation of Unit-1 is violating the

minimum generation limit. To achieve the optimum operation, fix up the
generation of the first unit at its minimum generation, i.e.,PG1 = 35 MW.
Hence, for the load of 550 MW, PG1 = 35 MW and PG2 = 550-35 = 515
MW.
Economic Load Dispatch
Jan/2024 Million Alemayehu (PhD)
 Then, the IFCs are

Hence, it is observed that λ1 ≠ λ2, i.e., economic operation is not

strictlymaintained in this particular condition.

Comment on the results: When the generator limits are not

considered, the economic operation of generating units is obtained at an
IFC of 33.45 Rs./MWh. Their economic operation is not obtained when
considering thegeneration limits, since the IFC of the first unit is
somewhat marginally greater than that of the second unit.

Economic Load Dispatch

Jan/2024 Million Alemayehu (PhD)