Syllabus

8EE5 COMPUTER BASED POWER SYSTEM LAB

1. Fault analysis and verify the results using MATLAB or any available software for the
cases: (i) LG Fault (ii) LLG Fault (iii) LL Fault and (iv) 3 -Phase Fault
2. Load flow analysis for a given system (for 3 to 6 bus) using (i) Gauss Seidal (ii) Newton
Raphson (iii) Fast Decoupled Method and verify results using MATLAB or any available
software
3. Study of voltage security analysis

4. Study of economic load dispatch problem with different methods.

5. Study of transient stability analysis using MATLAB/ETAP Software.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Object :Fault analysis (for 3 to 6 bus) and verify the results using MATLAB or any available
software for the cases: (i) LG Fault (ii) LL Fault (iii) LLG Fault and (iv) 3-Phase Fault

Software Tool: MATLAB

Theory:
(i)

Single-Line-to-Ground Fault

Let a 1LG fault has occurred at node k of a network. The faulted segment is then as shown in
Fig.1 where it is assumed that phase-a has touched the ground through an impedance Zf.
Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have
(1)

Fig. 1 Representation of 1LG fault

Also the phase-a voltage at the fault point is given by
(2)
From (1) we can write

(3)
Solving (3) we get

(4)
This implies that the three sequence currents are in series for the 1LG fault. Let us denote the
zero, positive and negative sequence Thevenin impedance at the faulted point as Z kk0 ,Z kk1
and Z kk2respectively. Also since the Thevenin voltage at the faulted phase is Vfwe get three
sequence circuits that are similar to the ones shown in Fig. 1 We can then write

(5)
Then from (4) and (5) we can write

(6)

(7)
The Thevenin equivalent of the sequence network is shown in Fig. 8.3.

Fig. 2 Thevenin equivalent of a 1LG fault.

(ii)

Line-to-Line Fault

The faulted segment for an L-L fault is shown in Fig. 3 where it is assumed that the fault has
occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the
impedance Zf. Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault we have
(8)

Fig. 3Representation of L-L fault.

(9)

(10)

(11)
Therefore no zero sequence current is injected into the network at bus k and hence the zero
sequence remains a dead network for an L-L fault. The positive and negative sequence currents
are negative of each other.
Now from Fig. 3 we get the following expression for the voltage at the faulted point
(12)

(13)
Moreover since I fa0 = Ifb0 = 0 and Ifa1 = - I fb2, we can write
(14)

Therefore combining (12) - (14) we get

(15)

Equations (12) and (15) indicate that the positive and negative sequence networks are in parallel.

(16)
The sequence network is then as shown in Fig.4 . From this network we get

Fig. 4 Thevenin equivalent of an LL fault

(iii)

Double- Line -to Ground Fault

The faulted segment for a 2LG fault is shown in Fig. 5 where it is assumed that the fault has
occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got shorted through the
impedance Zfto the ground. Since the system is unloaded before the occurrence of the fault

(17)
we have the same condition as (8) for the phase-a current. Therefore

Fig. 5 Representation of 2LG fault.

(18)
Also voltages of phases b and c are given by

(19)

Therefore

(20)

We thus get the following two equations from (19)

(21)

Substituting (18) and (20) in (21) and rearranging we get

(22)

(23)

Also since I fa= 0 we have

(24)
The Thevenin equivalent circuit for 2LG fault is shown in Fig. 6. From this figure we get

(25)
(26)
The zero and negative sequence currents can be obtained using the current divider principle as

Fig. 6 Thevenin equivalent of a 2LG fault.

Code:

% Thismatlab code for fault calculation of 4 bus system

% L-L fault L-G fault L-L-G fault
% input quantity is bus voltage and
% Zero positive and negative sequence components of
% all calculation in per unit
alpha=cos(2*pi/3)+i*sin(2*pi/3);
z1=input('enter the value of positive sequence impedance ')
z2=input('enter the value of negative sequence impedance ')
z0=input('enter the value of zero sequence impedance ')
zf=input('input the ground impedance if system is solidly grounded zf=0')
v=input('Enter the value of thevenin in voltage in P.u. ');
k=input('enter the type fault of fault if L-L press 1 fault L-G fault press 2 L-L-G fault press 3 for
press 4 for L-L-L');
if (k==1)
i_LL_fault=3*v/(z1+z2+z0+3*zf);
elseif k==2
i_LG_fault=v/(z1+z2+zf);
i_LG_fault=(alpha^2-alpha)*v/(z1+z2+zf)
else if k==3
disp('For double line to ground fault current');
zg=input('the value of zg ground impedance')
ia1=v/((z1+zf+(z2+zf)*(z0+zf+3*zg))/(z2+z0+2*zf+3*zg))
ia2=-ia1*(z0+z2+2*zf+3*zg)/(z2+z0+2*zf+3*zg)
ia0=ia1+ia2

else
phase_fault=v/z1
end
end
Output:
enter the value of positive sequence impedance .3
z1 =
0.3000
enter the value of negative sequence impedance .3
z2 =
0.3000
enter the value of zero sequence impedance .1
z0 =
0.1000
input the ground impedance if system is solidly grounded zf=00
zf =
0
Enter the value of thevenin in voltage in P.u. 1
enter the type fault of fault if L-L press 1 fault L-G fault press 2 L-L-G fault press 3 for press 4
for L-L-L4
phase_fault =
3.3333

Experiment No. 2
Object :Load flow analysis for a given system (for 3 to 6 bus) using (i) Gauss Seidal (ii) Newton
Raphson (iii) Fast Decoupled Method and verify results using MATLAB or any available
software

Software Tool: MATLAB

(I) GAUSS SIEDEL METHOD
Exercise:
(a) Using the Gauss-Sedel method determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 and 3 (P-Q) accurat to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power
(c) Determine the line flow and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the
direction of line flow

Code:
y12=10-j*20;
y13=10-j*30;
y23=16-j*32;
V1=1.05+j*0;
iter =0;
S2=-2.566-j*1.102;
S3=-1.386-j*.452;

V2=1+j*0;
V3=1+j*0;
for I=1:10;
iter=iter+1;
V2 = (conj(S2)/conj(V2)+y12*V1+y23*V3)/(y12+y23);
V3 = (conj(S3)/conj(V3)+y13*V1+y23*V2)/(y13+y23);
disp([iter, V2, V3])
end
V2= .98-j*.06;
V3= 1-j*.05;
I12=y12*(V1-V2); I21=-I12;
I13=y13*(V1-V3); I31=-I13;
I23=y23*(V2-V3); I32=-I23;
S12=V1*conj(I12); S21=V2*conj(I21);
S13=V1*conj(I13); S31=V3*conj(I31);
S23=V2*conj(I23); S32=V3*conj(I32);
I1221=[I12,I21]
I1331=[I13,I31]
I2332=[I23,I32]
S1221=[S12, S21 (S12+S13) S12+S21]
S1331=[S13, S31 (S31+S32) S13+S31]
S2332=[S23, S32 (S23+S21) S23+S32]

Output:
1.0000

0.9825 - 0.0310i 1.0011 - 0.0353i

2.0000

0.9816 - 0.0520i 1.0008 - 0.0459i

3.0000

0.9808 - 0.0578i 1.0004 - 0.0488i

4.0000

0.9803 - 0.0594i 1.0002 - 0.0497i

5.0000

0.9801 - 0.0598i 1.0001 - 0.0499i

6.0000

0.9801 - 0.0599i 1.0000 - 0.0500i

7.0000

0.9800 - 0.0600i 1.0000 - 0.0500i

8.0000

0.9800 - 0.0600i 1.0000 - 0.0500i

9.0000

0.9800 - 0.0600i 1.0000 - 0.0500i

10.0000

0.9800 - 0.0600i 1.0000 - 0.0500i

I1221 =
1.9000 - 0.8000i -1.9000 + 0.8000i
I1331 =
2.0000 - 1.0000i -2.0000 + 1.0000i
I2332 =
-0.6400 + 0.4800i 0.6400 - 0.4800i
S1221 =
Columns 1 through 3
1.9950 + 0.8400i -1.9100 - 0.6700i 4.0950 + 1.8900i
Column 4
0.0850 + 0.1700i

S1331 =
Columns 1 through 3
2.1000 + 1.0500i -2.0500 - 0.9000i -1.3860 - 0.4520i
Column 4
0.0500 + 0.1500i
S2332 =
Columns 1 through 3
-0.6560 - 0.4320i 0.6640 + 0.4480i -2.5660 - 1.1020i
Column 4
0.0080 + 0.0160i

(i)

Newton -Raphson Method :

Exercise:
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generators at buses 1 and 3.
The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at
1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400MW and 250 Mvar is
taken from bus 2. Line impedance are marked in per unit on a base of 100 MVA and the line
charging susceptance are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the NW methods.

Code :
iter=0;
pwracur = 0.00025; % Power accuracy
DC = 10;

% Set the maximum power residual to a high value

while max(abs(DC)) > pwracur

iter = iter +1
P=[V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+ ...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+ ...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))];

Q= -V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))- ...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,3)=V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(2,1)=-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,2)=V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,3)=V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(3,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,3)=-V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
DP = Ps - P;
DQ = Qs - Q;
DC = [DP; DQ]
J
DX = J\DC
d(2) =d(2)+DX(1);
d(3)=d(3) +DX(2);

V(2)= V(2)+DX(3);
V, d, delta =180/pi*d;
end
P1= V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))+...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q1=-V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q3=-V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*...
sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))-V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))
ter =
1
DC =
-2.8600
1.4384
-0.2200
J=
54.2800 -33.2800 24.8600
-33.2800 66.0400 -16.6400
-27.1400 16.6400 49.7200
DX =
-0.0453
-0.0077
-0.0265

V=
1.0500
0.9735
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0453
-0.0077
iter =
2
DC =
-0.0992
0.0217
-0.0509
J=
51.7247 -31.7656 21.3026
-32.9816 65.6564 -15.3791
-28.5386 17.4028 48.1036
DX =
-0.0018
-0.0010
-0.0018

V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
iter =
3
DC =
1.0e-003 *
-0.2166
0.0382
-0.1430
J=
51.5967 -31.6939 21.1474
-32.9339 65.5976 -15.3516
-28.5482 17.3969 47.9549
DX =
1.0e-005 *
-0.3856
-0.2386

-0.4412
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
P1 =
2.1842
Q1 =
1.4085
Q3 =
1.4618
iter = 1
DC =
-2.8600
1.4384
-0.2200
J=
54.2800 -33.2800 24.8600
-33.2800 66.0400 -16.6400

-27.1400 16.6400 49.7200

DX =
-0.0453
-0.0077
-0.0265
V=
1.0500
0.9735
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0453
-0.0077
iter =
2

DC =
-0.0992
0.0217
-0.0509
J=
51.7247 -31.7656 21.3026
-32.9816 65.6564 -15.3791

-28.5386 17.4028 48.1036

DX =
-0.0018
-0.0010
-0.0018
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
iter =
3

DC =
1.0e-003 *
-0.2166
0.0382
-0.1430
J=
51.5967 -31.6939 21.1474

-32.9339 65.5976 -15.3516

-28.5482 17.3969 47.9549
DX =
1.0e-005 *
-0.3856
-0.2386
-0.4412
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087

P1 =
2.1842
Q1 =
1.4085
Q3 =
1.4618

(iii) Fast Decoupled Method

Exercise :
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generators at buses 1 and 3.
The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at
1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400MW and 250 Mvar is
taken from bus 2. Line impedance are marked in per unit on a base of 100 MVA and the line
charging susceptance are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the NW methods.

Code:
Code:
% Example 6.12 Fast decoupled method
V1= 1.05; V2 = 1.0; V3 = 1.04;
d1 = 0; d2 = 0; d3=0;
Ps2=-4; Ps3 =2.0;
Qs2= -2.5;

YB = [ 20-j*50 -10+j*20
-10+j*20 26-j*52
-10+j*30 -16+j*32

-10+j*30

-16+j*32
26-j*62];

Y = abs(YB); t=angle(YB);
B =[-52 32; 32 -62]
Binv = inv(B)
iter=0;
pwracur = 0.0003; % Power accuracy
DC = 10;

% Set the max of power mismatch to a high value

while max(abs(DC)) > pwracur

iter = iter +1;
P2= V2*V1*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d2+d1)+V2^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+ ...
V2*V3*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d2+d3);
P3= V3*V1*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-d3+d1)+V3^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+ ...
V3*V2*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d3+d2);
Q2=-V2*V1*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d2+d1)-V2^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))- ...
V2*V3*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d2+d3);
DP2 = Ps2 - P2; DP2V = DP2/V2;
DP3 = Ps3 - P3; DP3V = DP3/V3;
DQ2 = Qs2 - Q2; DQ2V = DQ2/V2;
DC =[DP2; DP3; DQ2];
Dd = -Binv*[DP2V;DP3V];
DV = -1/B(1,1)*DQ2V;

d2 =d2+Dd(1);
d3 =d3+Dd(2);
V2= V2+DV;
angle2 =180/pi*d2;
angle3 =180/pi*d3;
R = [iter d2 d3 V2 DP2 DP3 DQ2];
disp(R)
end
Q3=-V3*V1*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d3+d1)-V3^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))- ...
V3*V2*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d3+d2);
P1= V1^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V1*V2*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-d1+d2)+ ...
V1*V3*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d1+d3);
Q1=-V1^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V1*V2*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d1+d2)- ...
V1*V3*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d1+d3);
S1=P1+j*Q1
Q3
B=
-52

32

32 -62
Binv =
-0.0282 -0.0145
-0.0145 -0.0236

Columns 1 through 6
1.0000 -0.0605 -0.0089

0.9958 -2.8600

1.4384

Column 7
-0.2200
Columns 1 through 6
2.0000 -0.0565 -0.0080

0.9653

0.1759 -0.0710

0.9657

0.6403 -0.4570

Column 7
-1.5790
Columns 1 through 6
3.0000 -0.0442 -0.0087
Column 7
0.0219
Columns 1 through 6
4.0000 -0.0448 -0.0090

0.9730 -0.0214

0.0012

0.9731 -0.1534

0.1129

Column 7
0.3652
Columns 1 through 6
5.0000 -0.0477 -0.0087
Column 7
0.0067
Columns 1 through 6

6.0000 -0.0476 -0.0086

0.9714

0.0005

0.0026

0.9713

0.0360 -0.0262

0.9717

0.0009 -0.0014

Column 7
-0.0861
Columns 1 through 6
7.0000 -0.0469 -0.0087
Column 7
-0.0041
Columns 1 through 6
8.0000 -0.0469 -0.0087
Column 7
0.0201
Columns 1 through 6
9.0000 -0.0471 -0.0087

0.9718 -0.0084

0.0061

0.9717 -0.0005

0.0005

Column 7
0.0016
Columns 1 through 6
10.0000 -0.0471 -0.0087
Column 7
-0.0047
Columns 1 through 6
11.0000 -0.0471 -0.0087
Column 7
-0.0005

0.9717

0.0020 -0.0014

Columns 1 through 6
12.0000 -0.0471 -0.0087

0.9717

0.0002 -0.0002

Column 7
0.0011
Columns 1 through 6
13.0000 -0.0471 -0.0087

0.9717 -0.0005

0.0003

0.9717 -0.0001

0.0000

Column 7
0.0002
Columns 1 through 6
14.0000 -0.0471 -0.0087
Column 7
-0.0003
S1 =
2.1843 + 1.4085i
Q3 =
1.4617

Experiment No. 3

Object :Study of economic load dispatch problem with different methods.

Software Tool:MATLAB
Theory:
Economic Distribution of Loads between the Units of a Plant
To determine the economic distribution of a load amongst the different units of a plant, the
variable operating costs of each unit must be expressed in terms of its power output. The fuel
cost is the main cost in a thermal or nuclear unit. Then the fuel cost must be expressed in terms
of the power output. Other costs, such as the operation and maintenance costs, can also be
expressed in terms of the power output. Fixed costs, such as the capital cost, depreciation etc.,
are not included in the fuel cost.
The fuel requirement of each generator is given in terms of the Rupees/hour. Let us define the
input cost of an unit- i ,fi in Rs./h and the power output of the unit as Pi. Then the input cost can

Rs./h
be expressed in terms of the power output as

(1)

The operating cost given by the above quadratic equation is obtained by approximating the
power in MW versus the cost in Rupees curve. The incremental operating cost of each unit is

(2)
Rs./MWh
then computed as
Let us now assume that only two units having different incremental costs supply a load. There
will be a reduction in cost if some amount of load is transferred from the unit with higher
incremental cost to the unit with lower incremental cost. In this fashion, the load is transferred
from the less efficient unit to the more efficient unit thereby reducing the total operation cost.
The load transfer will continue till the incremental costs of both the units are same. This will be
optimum point of operation for both the units.
The above principle can be extended to plants with a total of N number of units. The total fuel
cost will then be the summation of the individual fuel cost fi,i = 1, ... , N of each unit, i.e.,

(3)

Let us denote that the total power that the plant is required to supply by PT, such that where P1,
... , PNare the power supplied by the N different units.
The objective is minimize fTfor a given PT. This can be achieved when the total difference

(5)
dfTbecomes zero, i.e.,

(6)
Now since the power supplied is assumed to be constant we have

(7)
Multiplying (6) by and subtracting from (5) we get

(8)
The equality in (7) is satisfied when each individual term given in brackets is zero. This gives us
Also the partial derivative becomes a full derivative since only the term fiof fTvaries with Pi, i =
1, ...,N . We then have

(9)

Generating Limits
It is not always necessary that all the units of a plant are available to share a load. Some of the
units may be taken off due to scheduled maintenance. Also it is not necessary that the less
efficient units are switched off during off peak hours. There is a certain amount of shut down and
start up costs associated with shutting down a unit during the off peak hours and servicing it back
on-line during the peak hours. To complicate the problem further, it may take about eight hours
or more to restore the boiler of a unit and synchronizing the unit with the bus. To meet the
sudden change in the power demand, it may therefore be necessary to keep more units than it
necessary to meet the load demand during that time. This safety margin in generation is called
spinning reserve . The optimal load dispatch problem must then incorporate this startup and shut
down cost for without endangering the system security.
(10)
The power generation limit of each unit is then given by the inequality constraints The maximum
limit Pmaxis the upper limit of power generation capacity of each unit. On the other hand, the
lower limit Pminpertains to the thermal consideration of operating a boiler in a thermal or nuclear
generating station. An operational unit must produce a minimum amount of power such that the
boiler thermal components are stabilized at the minimum design operating temperature
Economic Sharing of Loads between Different Plants
So far we have considered the economic operation of a single plant in which we have discussed
how a particular amount of load is shared between the different units of a plant. In this problem
we did not have to consider the transmission line losses and assumed that the losses were a part
of the load supplied. However if now consider how a load is distributed between the different
plants that are joined by transmission lines, then the line losses have to be explicitly included in
the economic dispatch problem. In this section we shall discuss this problem.

(11)
When the transmission losses are included in the economic dispatch problem, we can modify
wherePLOSSis the total line loss. Since PTis assumed to be constant, we have
(12 )
In the above equation dPLOSSincludes the power loss due to every generator, i.e.

(13)

Also minimum generation cost implies dfT = 0 as given in (5). Multiplying both (12) and (13) by

(14)
and combining we get

Adding (14) with (5) we obtain

(16)

The above equation satisfies when

Again since

from (16) we get

(18)
whereLiis called the penalty factor of load- i and is given by

Consider an area with N number of units. The power generated are defined by the vector
(19)
Then the transmission losses are expressed in general as
whereB is a symmetric matrix given by

The elements Bijof the matrix B are called the loss coefficients. These coefficients are not
constant but vary with plant loading. However for the simplified calculation of the penalty factor
Lithese coefficients are often assumed to be constant.
When the incremental cost equations are linear, we can use analytical equations to find out the
economic settings. However in practice, the incremental costs are given by nonlinear equations
that may even contain nonlinearities. In that case iterative solutions are required to find the
optimal generator settings.
Code:
%Economical Load dispatch assuming 0 transmission losses
%input quantity is no of unit
%this code is limitation is that no of unit less then one
n=input('enter the no of unit');
kr=input('input total power')
%The form of IFC is
%ifc1=dC1/dP1=x1*p1+C1;
%ifc2=dC2/dP2=x2*p2+C2;
for t=1:n
disp('for unit=')
t
x(t)=input('enter the value of xi');
c(t)=input('enter the value of ci');
end
if n==2

a=[1 1 ;x(1) -x(2)]

p=inv(a)*[kr;c(1)-c(2)]
else if n==3
a=[1 1 1; x(1) -x(2) 0; 0 x(2) -x(3)]
p=inv(a)*[kr;c(1)-c(2);c(3)-c(2)]
else n==4
a=[1 1 1 1; x(1) -x(2) 0 0; 0 x(2) -x(3) 0; 0 0 x(3) -x(4)]
p=inv(a)*[kr;c(1)-c(2);c(3)-c(2);c(4)-c(3)]
end
end
Output :
enter the no of unit3
input total power1000
kr =
1000
for unit=
t=
1
enter the value of xi.3
enter the value of ci.4
for unit=
t=2

enter the value of xi.2

enter the value of ci.3
for unit=
t=
3
enter the value of xi.4
enter the value of ci.3
a=
1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.3000 -0.2000
0

0.2000 -0.4000

p=
307.9231
461.3846
230.6923

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Object :Study of transient stability analysis using MATLAB/ETAP Software.
Software Tool :Matlab
Theory:
Equal Area Criterion
The real power transmitted over a lossless line is given by

(1)
Now consider the situation in which the synchronous machine is operating in steady state delivering a
power Psequal to Pmwhen there is a fault occurs in the system. Opening up of the circuit breakers in the
faulted section subsequently clears the fault. The circuit breakers take about 5/6 cycles to open and the
subsequent post-fault transient last for another few cycles. The input power, on the other hand, is supplied
by a prime mover that is usually driven by a steam turbine. The time constant of the turbine mass system
is of the order of few seconds, while the electrical system time constant is in milliseconds. Therefore, for
all practical purpose, the mechanical power is remains constant during this period when the electrical
transients occur. The transient stability study therefore concentrates on the ability of the power system to
recover from the fault and deliver the constant power Pmwith a possible new load angle .
Consider the power angle curve shown in Fig. Suppose the system is operating in the steady state
delivering a power of Pmat an angle of 0 when due to malfunction of the line, circuit breakers open
reducing the real power transferred to zero. Since Pmremains constant, the accelerating power Pabecomes
equal to Pm. The difference in the power gives rise to the rate of change of stored kinetic energy in the
rotor masses. Thus the rotor will accelerate under the constant influence of non-zero accelerating power
and hence the load angle will increase. Now suppose the circuit breaker re-closes at an anglec.The power
will then revert back to the normal operating curve. At that point, the electrical power will be more than
the mechanical power and the accelerating power will be negative. This will cause the machine
decelerate. However, due to the inertia of the rotor masses, the load angle will still keep on increasing.
The increase in this angle may eventually stop and the rotor may start decelerating, otherwise the system
will lose synchronism.
Note that

(2)

Fig.1 Power-angle curve for equal area criterion.

(3)
Hence multiplying both sides of above equation by

and rearranging

(4)
Multiplying both sides of the above equation by dtand then integrating between two arbitrary angles 0
Now suppose the generator is at rest at 0. We then have d/ dt= 0. Once a fault occurs, the machine
starts accelerating. Once the fault is cleared, the machine keeps on accelerating before it reaches its peak
at c, at which point we again have d / dt= 0. Thus the area of accelerating is given from as

(5)
In a similar way, we can define the area of deceleration. In Fig., the area of acceleration is given by A1
while the area of deceleration is given by A2.

(6)

Exercise:1
A loss-free generator supplies 0.5 p.u. to an infinite bus , the steady state limit of the
system being 1 p.u. Determine whether the generator will remain in synchronism if the
prime mover input is abruptly increased by 0.3 p.u.Write a MATLAB code to find the
transient stability using equal area criterion.

Code:
p_m=input('enter the mechanical output in per unit')
x=linspace(0,pi,1000);
x1=asin(p_m/4)
y=p_e*sin(x);
plot(x,y)
hold on
y=x*.000000001+p_m;
x_crit=pi-x1
plot(x,y)
hold off
%for checking stability
% using equal area criterion
y=quad(@myfun,0,x1);
acc_area=p_m*(x1-0)-y
y1=quad(@myfun,x1,x_crit);
de_acc_area=y1-p_m*(x_crit-x1)

if (acc_area<de_acc_area)
disp('system is stable')
else
disp('system is un_stable')
end
Function:
function y=myfun(x,p_e)
y=4*sin(x);
end

Output:
enter the mechanical output in per unit =3
p_m =
3
x1 =
0.8481
x_crit =
2.2935
y=
0 0.4596 0.9131 1.6458 2.3168 2.6761 3.0000
y=
0.2302 0.6875
y=
1.2855 1.9906
y=
2.5006 2.8428
acc_area =
1.1899
y=
3.0000 3.4584 3.7839 4.0000 3.7839 3.4584 3.0000
y=
3.2448 3.6387
y=
3.9456 3.9456

y=
3.8780 3.9864
y=
3.9864 3.8780
y=
3.6387 3.2448
de_acc_area =
0.9551
system is un_stable