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EAACK: Secure IDS for Wireless Sensor

Networks
1

JALAGAM NAGAMANI, 2 K.SUMALATHA

M.Tech Research Scholar, Priyadarshini Institute of Technology and Science for Women
2
Assistant Professor, Priyadarshini Institute of Technology and Science for Women

Abstract:

The migration to wireless network from wired network has been a global trend in the past few
decades.The open medium and wide distribution of nodes make MANET vulnerable to malicious attackers. A new
technique EAACK (Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement) method designed for MANET was proposed for intrusion
detection.EAACK demonstrates higher malicious-behavior-detection rates in certain circumstances while does not
greatly affect the network performances.

Keywords: Keywords-

EAACK (Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement), IBOOS (Identity Based Online/Offline

Signature),SACK (Selective Acknowledgement), Packet dropping, Watchdog scheme.

I. INTRODUCTION

this flexibility introduces new security risks. Since

In the recent years, wireless technology has

prevention techniques are not enough, intrusion

enjoyed a tremendous rise in popularity and

detection systems (IDSs), which monitor system

usage, in the domain of networking. In MANETs,

activities and detect intrusions. Intrusion detection

the participating nodes do not rely on any existing

for MANETs is a complex and difficult task mainly

network infrastructure. A mobile ad hoc network

due to the nature of MANETs, their highly

consisted of wireless nodes that can be rapidly

constrained nodes, and the lack of central

deployed as a multi-hop packet radio network

monitoring points. so, new approaches need to be

without

network

developed or else existing approaches need to be

administration.

adapted for MANETs. In this paper suggest one of

the

aid

of

infrastructure

or

centralized

any

existing

Therefore, the interconnections between nodes are

the

capable of changing on continual and arbitrary

EAACK.

basis. Nodes within with in a radio range

Ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile

communicate directly, otherwise use intermediate

nodes equipped with both a wireless transmitter

parties to relay data transmissions. Ad hoc

and a receiver that communicate with each other

networks have a wide array of military and

via bidirectional wireless links either directly or

commercial applications. In these applications

indirectly. Industrial remote access and control via

installing an infrastructure network is not possible

wireless networks are becoming more and more

or when the purpose of the network is too transient

popular these days. One of the major advantages

or

previous

of wireless networks is its ability to allow data

Infrastructure network was destroyed. However,

communication between different parties and still

even

for

the

reason

that

the

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intrusion

detection

for

MANETs

using

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maintain

their

communication

mobility.
is

protection, malicious attackers can easily capture

and compromise nodes to achieve attacks. In

communicate with each other when the distance

particular, considering the fact that most routing

between

nodes

the

is

range

For example, due to the nodes lack of physical

of

two

to

this

transmitters. This means that two nodes cannot

the

limited

However,

the

protocols in MANETs assume that every node in

communication range of their own. MANET solves

beyond

the network behaves cooperatively with other

this problem by allowing intermediate par-ties to

nodes and presumably not malicious, attackers can

relay data transmissions.

easily

compromise

MANETs

by

inserting

malicious or non cooperative nodes into the

This is achieved by dividing MANET into two

network. Furthermore, because of MANETs

types of networks, namely, single-hop and multi

distributed architecture and changing topology, a

hop. In a single-hop network, all nodes within the

traditional centralized monitoring technique is no

same radio range communicate directly with each

longer feasible in MANETs Enhanced Adaptive

other. On the other hand, in a multi hop network,

Acknowledgment (EAACK) specially designed for

nodes rely on other intermediate nodes to transmit

MANETs. Proposed approach

if the destination node is out of their radio range.

EAACK is designed to tackle three of the weakness

In contrary to the traditional wireless network,

of watchdog scheme, false misbehavior and

MANET

collision.

has

decentralized

network

infrastructure. MANET does not require a fixed

infrastructure; thus, all nodes are free to move
randomly .MANET is capable of creating a selfconfiguring and self maintaining network without
the help of a centralized infrastructure, which is
often infeasible in critical mission applications like
military conflict or emergency recovery. Minimal
configuration
MANET

and

Ready

circumstances

quick

to

be

where

deployment
used

an

in

make

emergency

infrastructure

Fig 1. Process of EAACK

is

unavailable or unfeasible to install in scenarios like

natural or human-induced disasters, military

2. BACKGROUND

conflicts,

2.1 Intrusion Detection in MANETs

In traditional wired networks many Intrusion
Detection Systems has been proposed, where all
traffic must go through hub, switches, routers, or
gateways. Hence, Intrusion Detection Systems can
be added to and implemented in these devices
easily. On the other hand, Mobile Adhoc Networks
do not have such devices. Moreover, the medium
is wide open, so both legitimate and malicious
users can access it. Furthermore, there is no clear
separation between normal and unusual activities

and

medical

emergency

situations.

Owing to these unique characteristics, MANET is

becoming more and more widely implemented in
the industry. However, considering the fact That
MANET

is

applications;

popular

among

network

critical

security

is

mission
of

vital

importance. Unfortunately, the open medium and

remote distribution of MANET make it vulnerable
to various types of attacks.

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in a mobile environment. Since nodes can move

which should be taken into account when a new ID

arbitrarily, false routing information could be from

is being designed for MANETs.

a compromised node or a node that has outdated

Lackofcentralpoints:MANETsdonothaveany

information. Thus, the current Intrusion Detection

entry points such as routers, gateways, etc. present

Systems techniques on wired networks cannot be

in wired network. These can be used to monitor all

applied directly to Mobile Adhoc Networks. Many

network traffic that passes through them. A node

Intrusion Detection Systems have been proposed

in a MANET can see only a portion of a network:

to suit the characteristics of MANETs.

the packets it sends or receives together with other

packets within its radio range

2.2 Overseer or Watchdog

The main of the Overseer mechanism is to improve
the throughput of the network with the presence of
malicious Nodes. The Overseer scheme is of two
types namely Overseer and pathrater. Overseer
serves as intrusion Detection for Mobile Adhoc
Network and responsible for detecting malicious
node misbehavior in the network. Watchdog
detects malicious node misbehaviors by listen in to
its next hops transmission. If a Watchdog node
overhears that its next node fails to forward the
packet within a predefined time period, it increases
its failure counter. Whenever a nodes failure
counter exceeds a predefined threshold, the
Watchdog node reports it as misbehaving. At the
same time, watchdog maintaining a buffer of
recently sent packets and comparing each
overheard packet with the packet in the buffer. A
data packet is cleared from the buffer when the
watchdog overhears the same packet being
forwarded by the next-hop node over the medium.
If a data packet remains in the buffer for too long,
the watchdog scheme accuses the next-hop
neighbor to be misbehaving.
2.3. Issues in Intrusion Detection System
Even though there are many proposed IDSs for
wired networks, MANETs specific features make
conventional IDSs ineffective and inefficient for
this new environment. Researchers have been
working recently on developing new IDSs for
MANETs or changing the current IDSs to be
suitable to MANETs. There are some new issues

3. RELATED WORKS
The Watchdog/Pathrater is a solution to the
problem of selfish (or misbehaving) nodes in
MANET. The system introduces two extensions to
the DSR algorithm to mitigate the effects of routing
misbehavior:

the

Watchdog,

to

detect

the

misbehaving nodes and the Pathrater, to respond

to the intrusion by isolating the selfish node from
the network operation.

A. Intrusion Detection system in MANETS:

As discussed before, due to the limitations of most
MANET routing protocols, nodes in MANETs
assume that other nodes always cooperate with
each other to relay data. This assumption leaves
the attackers with the opportunities to achieve
significant impact on the network with just one or
two compromised nodes. To address this problem,
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) should be added
to enhance the security level of MANETs. If
MANET can detect the attackers as soon as they
enter the network, we will be able to completely
eliminate the potential damages caused by
compromised nodes at first time. IDSs usually act
as the second layer in MANETs, and it is a great
complement to existing proactive approaches and
presented
a
very
thorough
survey
on
contemporary IDSs in MANETs. In this section, we
mainly describe three existing approaches, namely,
Watchdog, TWOACK and AACK.
B. Watchdog:

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Watchdog that aims to improve throughput of

problems posed by Watchdog. However, the

network with the presence of malicious nodes. In

acknowledgement

fact, the watchdog scheme is consisted of two

packet transmission process added a significant

parts, namely Watchdog and Path rater. Watchdog

amount of unwanted network overhead. Due to

serves as an intrusion detection system for

the limited battery power nature of MANETs, Such

MANETs. It is responsible for detecting malicious

redundant transmission process can easily degrade

nodes misbehaviors in the network. Watchdog

the life span of the entire network.

detects malicious misbehaviors by promiscuously

D. AACK:
It is based on TWOACK Acknowledgement
(AACK) similar to TWOACK,AACK is an
acknowledgement based network layer scheme
which can be considered as a combination of a
scheme call ACK (identical to TWOACK) and an
end-to-end acknowledgement scheme called ACK.
Compared to TWOACK, AACK significantly
reduced network overhead while still capable of
maintaining or even surpassing the same network
throughput. Source node S will switch to TACK
scheme by sending out a TACK packet. The
concept of adopting a hybrid scheme in AACK
greatly reduces the network overhead, but both
TWOACK and AACK still suffer from the problem
that they fail to detect malicious nodes with the
presence of false misbehavior report and forged
acknowledgement packets.

listenstoitsnexthopstransmission.
In this case, the Path rater cooperates with the
routing protocols to avoid the reported nodes in
future transmission. Many following researches
and

implementations

have

proved

that

the

Watchdog scheme to be efficient. Furthermore,

compared to some other schemes, Watchdog is
capable of detecting malicious nodes rather than
links. Many MANET IDSs are either based on or
developed as an improvement to the Watchdog
scheme. Watchdog scheme fails to detect malicious
misbehaviors with the presence of

ambiguous

collisions, Receiver collisions, limited transmission

power, false misbehaviour report,collusion,Partial
dropping.

C. TWOACK:
TWOACK is neither an enhancement nor a
Watchdog based scheme. Aiming to resolve the
receiver collision and limited transmission power
problems of Watchdog, TWOACK detects
misbehaving links by acknowledging every data
packets transmitted over each three consecutive
nodes along the path from the source to the
destination.
The working process of TWOACK is demonstrated
in Fig. 1, node A first forwards packet 1 to node B,
and then node B forwards Packet 1 to node C.
When node C receives Packet 1, as it is two hops
away from node A, node C is obliged to generate a
TWOACK packet, which contains reverse route
from node A to node C, and sends it back to node
A. TWOACK scheme successfully solves the
receiver collision and limited transmission power

process

required

in

every

Problem Definitions
Our proposed approach EAACK is designed to
tackle three of the six weaknesses of Watchdog
scheme,

namely,

false

misbehavior,

limited

transmission power, and receiver collision. As

discussed in previous sections, TWOACK and
AACK solve two of these three weaknesses,
namely, receiver collision and limited transmission
power.

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM
EAACK is an acknowledgment-based IDS all three
parts of EAACK, namely, ACK, S-ACK, and MRA,
are acknowledgment-based detection schemes.
They all rely on acknowledgment packets to detect
misbehaviors in the network. Thus, it is extremely

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important to ensure that all acknowledgment

where the backbone of EAACK was proposed and

packets in EAACK are authentic and untainted.

evaluated through implementation. In this work,

Otherwise, if the attackers are smart enough to

we extend it with the introduction of digital

forge acknowledgment packets, all of the three

signature to prevent the attacker from forging

schemes will be vulnerable. EAACK requires all

acknowledgement packets. EAACK is consisted of

acknowledgment packets to be digitally signed

three major parts, namely: 1. Acknowledge (ACK),

before they are sent out and verified until they are

2.Secure-Acknowledge

accepted. However, we fully understand the extra

Misbehavior Report Authentication (MRA).

(S-ACK)

and

3.

resources that are required with the introduction of

digital signature in MANETs. To address this
concern, we implemented both DSA and RSA
digital signature schemes.
The goal is to find the most optimal solution for
using digital signature in MANETs. Asymmetric
key cryptography overcomes the key management
problem

by

using

different

encryption

and

decryption multiple key pairs. Having knowledge

of multiple key, say the encryption key, is not
sufficient enough to determine the other key - the
decryption key. Therefore, the encryption key can
be made public, provided the decryption key is
held only by the party wishing to receive
encrypted

messages

(hence

the

B. AACK:
As discussed before, ACK is basically an end-toend acknowledgement scheme. It acts as a part of
the hybrid scheme in EAACK, aiming to reduce
network overhead when no network misbehavior
is detected. In Fig.3, in ACK mode, node S first
sends out an ACK data packet ad1 P t o the
destination node D. If all the intermediate nodes
along the route between node S and node D are
cooperative and node D Successfully receives ad1
P, node D is required to send back an ACK
acknowledgement packet ak1 P along the same
route but in a reverse order.

name

public/private key cryptography). Anyone can not

use the public key for others public keys and to
encrypt a message, only for recipient can decrypt
it. The mathematical relationship between the
public/private key pair permits a general rule: any
message encrypted with one key for one slot of the
pair can be successfully decrypted only with that
key's counterpart. To encrypt with the public key
means you can decrypt only with the private key
for slot by slot. The converse is also true - to
encrypt with the private key means you can
decrypt only with the public key.

A. Scheme description:
In this section, we describe our proposed
Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement (EAACK)
scheme in details. The approach described in this
research paper is based on our previous work,

C. S-ACK:
S-ACK scheme is an improved version of
TWOACK scheme. The principle is to let each
three consecutive nodes work in a group to detect
misbehaving nodes. For each three consecutive
nodes in the route, the third node is required to
send an S-ACK acknowledgement packet to the
first node. The intention of introducing S-ACK
mode is to detect misbehaving nodes in the
presence of receiver collision or limited
transmission power. in S-ACK mode, the three
consecutive nodes (i.e. F1, F2 and F3) work in a
group to detect misbehaving nodes in the network.
Node F1 first sends out S-ACK data packet to node
F2.
D. MRA:
The Misbehavior Report Authentication (MRA)
scheme is designed to resolve the weakness of

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Watchdog when it fails to detect misbehaving

scheme tries to detect those misbehaving nodes

nodes with the presence of false misbehavior

which have agreed to forward data packets for the

report. False misbehavior report can be generated

source node but refuse to do so when data packets

by malicious attackers to falsely report that

arrive TCP, on the other hand, uses ACK and

innocent nodes as malicious. This attack can be

SACK to measure the usefulness of the current

lethal to the entire network when the attackers

route and to take appropriate action. For example,

break down sufficient nodes and thus cause a

congestion control is based on the reception of the

network division. The core of MRA scheme is to

ACK and the SACK packets.

authenticate whether the destination node has

received the reported missing packet through a

4. RESULT ANALYSIS

different route. To initiate MRA mode, the source

Figure 1 shows malicious node drop all the

node first searches its local knowledge base and

packets that pass through it. we observe that all

seeks for alternative route to the destination node.

acknowledgment based IDSs perform better than

If there is none other exists, the source node starts

the Watchdog scheme. Our proposed scheme

a DSR routing request to find another route.

EAACK surpassed Watchdogs performance by

21% when there are 20% of malicious nodes in the

E. Digital Signature:
As
discussed
before,
EAACK
is
an
acknowledgement based IDS. All three parts of
EAACK, namely: ACK, SACK and MRA are
acknowledgement based detection schemes. They
all rely on acknowledgement packets to detect
misbehaviors in the network. Thus, it is extremely
important to ensure all acknowledgement packets
in EAACK are authentic and untainted. Otherwise,
if the attackers are smart enough to forge
acknowledgement Packets, all of the three schemes
will be vulnerable.

network. From the results, we conclude that

acknowledgment-based

schemes,

including

TWOACK, AACK, and EAACK, are able to detect

misbehaviors
collision

and

with

the

limited

presence

of

receiver

transmission

power.

However, when the number of malicious nodes

reaches 40%, our proposed scheme EAACKs
performance is lower than those of TWOACK and
AACK.

Attack Detection Techniques

The 2ACK scheme solves the problems of
ambiguous collisions, receiver collisions, and
limited
transmission
power:
End-to-end
Acknowledgment
Schemes:
Such
acknowledgments are sent by the end-receiver to
notify the sender about the reception of data
packets up to some locations of the continuous
data stream. The Selective Acknowledgment
(SACK) technique is used to acknowledge out-oforder data blocks. The 2ACK technique differs
from the ACK and the SACK schemes in the TCP
protocol in the following manner: the 2ACK
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