Solution Manual Fluid Mechanics 4th Edition Frank M White
Solution Manual Fluid Mechanics 4th Edition Frank M White
Solution Manual Fluid Mechanics 4th Edition Frank M White
Compressible Flow
Fig. P9.1
21 p 21 21
or s
207 273
+ 30
260 273
+ 140
Meanwhile, s s c ln(T
-= /T
- =)-Rln(p /p ) 1005 ln 287 ln ,
V 335
s
Ans . (a)
11 1 222
c T V+=
518(260)
+ = + (75) 518(207) V , solve .
p
22 2
207 273
+ 30
s s 518
-= - =-+
ln 208ln
54
320 . (b)
21
260 273
+ 140
V 246
= s
Ans
266 J/kg K
Ans
9.2Solve Prob. 9.1 if the gas is steam. Use two approaches: (a) an ideal gas from Table A.4;
and (b) real steam from the steam tables [15].
Solution: For steam, take
11 1 222
c T V+=
1858(260)
+ = + (75) 1858(207) V , solve . (a)
p
22 2
207 273
+ 30
s s -=
1858ln
- =- +461ln
195
710 . (a)
21
260 273
+ 140
V 450
s
2
515 J/kg K
Ans
Ans
Ans
636
Solutions Manual
(b) For real steam, we look up each enthalpy and entropy in the Steam Tables:
J
kg
11 1
Then h V 2.993E6
+= + = 222
(75)
+ 2.893E6 V , solve . (b)
22 2
J
at 140 kPa and 260 C, read
= =
s 7915 , at 30 kPa and 207 C, s 8427
1
kg K kg K
Thus s s 8427
-= -7915
. (b)
These are within
Ans
J
512 J/kg K
21
V 453
s
Ans
1% of the ideal gas estimates (a). Steam is nearly ideal in this range.
9.3 If 8 kg of oxygen in a
closed tank at 200 C and 300 kPa is heated until the pressure
rises to 400 kPa, calculate (a) the new temperature; (b) the total heat transfer; and (c) the
change in entropy.
Solution: For oxygen, take
300
= = =+
, T
=T
(p /p ) (200 273) 631 K . (a)
12 2121
Q mc
= =T- (8)(650)(358
200) . (b)
v
+
358 273
200 273
+
s s mc
-= =ln(T
/T ) (8)(650) ln . (c)
21 v 21
358 C
8.2E5 J
Ans
Ans
1500 K
Ans
mft
51 167
ss
Cha pter 9
637
Compressible Flow
=s 2 =7153, read p
T2 = 118 C, and h
11 1
Then h V 3.205E6
+= + = 222
(200)
+
2.527E6 V , solve .
22 2
=7153 J/kg K
=185 kPa,
=2.527E6 J/kg
V 1180
s
Ans
This exit flow is supersonic , with a Mach number exceeding 2.0. We are assu ming with
this calculation that a (supersonic) shock wave does not form.
9.6Helium at 300
C and 200 kPa, in a closed container, is cooled to a pressure of 100 kPa.
Estimate (a) the new temperature, in
C; and (b) the change in entropy, in J/(kg
K).
Solution: From Table A.4 for helium,
k =1.66 and R =2077 m 2 /s2 K. Convert 300 C to
573 K.
(a) The density is unchanged because the container is constant volume. Thus
pRTTTTK
100 kPa
Ans, solve for 287 . (a)
22222
==== ==
pRTTK
200 kPa 573
14 C
1111
Tp
22
ln ln
5244ln
2077
ln
Tp
11
J
=- 2180 kg
. (b)
K
=5224 m
/s2
Ans
638
Solutions Manual
12
or: p p (T /T
==)(V
= /V ) 100 . (a)
212112
900 460
+ 500
400 460
+ 1000
79 psia
Ans
(b) The steady-flow energy equation, with no shaft work, yields the heat transfer per mass:
()
11
22
q c=-+-=
(T T )-+V-V 5167( 90022 400
) [(1000) (500) ]
p2 1 2 1
22
ft lbf
or: q 2.96E6
= 32.2 778.2 . ( b)
slug
Btu
118 lbm
Ans
(c, d) Finally, the entropy change and mass flow follow from the properties known above:
900 460
+ 79
s s -=
5167
- =ln+ 1130
ln 2368
266 . (c)
21
400 460
+ 100
ft lbf
2630 slug- R
100 144
m/A
& V==
(500
) .
(d)
11
+
1130( 400 460)
slug
7.4 sft
2
Ans
Ans
&
atm entering
EE hm,or:mcTmcT
-= =
Thus (c /cT)T
410
(1.4)(20
K
==+
137273)
C .
tank
pvatm
Ans
9.9 Liquid hydrogen and oxygen are burned in a combustion chamber and fed through a
rocket nozzle which exhausts at exit pressure equal to ambient pressure of 54 kPa. The
3 . If the exhaust gas has
nozzle exit diameter is 45 cm, and the jet exit density is 0.15 kg/m
Cha pter 9
639
Compressible Flow
a molecular weight of 18, estimate (a) the exit gas temperature; (b) the mass flow; and
(c) the thrust generated by the rocket.
NOTE : Sorry, we forgot to give the exit velocity, which is 1600 m/s.
Solution: (a) From Eq. (9.3), estimate R
gas
8314 J 54000
RTAns== = = =
462 , hence . (a)
gas exit
MR
18 kg K 462(0.15)
779 K
(b) The mass flow follows from the velocity which we forgot to give:
& ==
mAV
kg p
m3 4
&
38 s
exit
kg
Ans
=p ambient , we obtain
38(1600) . (c)
61, 100 N
9.10 A certain aircraft flies at the same Mach number regardless of its altitude.
Compared to its speed at 12000-m Standard Altitude, it flies 127 km/h faster at sea level.
Determine its Mach number.
Solution:
At sea level, T
=216.66 K. Then
mm
a kRT
== 1.4(287)(288.16)
= ==
340.3 ; a kRT 295.0
11 22
ss
Then V Ma(a
= -= a- )=Ma(340.3
=
295.0 ) [127 km/h] 35.27 m/s
plane 2 1
Solve for .
35.27
Ma 0.78
=
45.22
Ans
9.11 At 300
C and 1 atm, estimate the speed of sound of (a) nitrogen; (b) hydrogen;
238 UF (k
(c) helium; (d) steam; and (e) uranium hexafluoride
1.06).
6
Solution:
The gas constants are listed in Appendix Table A.4 for all but uranium gas (e):
(a) nitrogen: k
(b) hydrogen: k
(c) helium: k
=1.41, R =4124,
=1.66, R =2077:
488 m/s
Ans
a 1.41(4124)(
=
573) . (b)
a 1.66(2077)(573)
=
. (c)
1825 m/s
1406 m/s
Ans
Ans
640
Solutions Manual
(d) steam: k
=1.33, R =461:
a 1.33(461)(573)
=
. (d)
593 m/s
( e) 238
UF : M 238 6(19)
=+352,
= =R
23.62 m /s K
6
then a 1.06(23.62)(573)
=
. (e)
Ans
352
120 m/s
Ans
n
=+(B- =1)(= /+) =B; Bulk
modulus K n(B 1)p ( / ) , a K/
a
water
=998 kg/m
1460 m/s
water
1100 3000
+
3001
n
aa
=101350 Pa and
=7(3001)(101350)(1)
k 1.0:
dp
Ans
1/7
3
7
KK
==(1.0456)
=
(2.129E9)(1.3665)
(28700 atm)2.91E9
. (b) Pa
Ans
atm
a K/
== 2.91E9/1044
. (b)
1670 m/s
Ans
1/7 7
+ kg 1217
9000
3000
(c) at 9000 atm: 998 1217 ===
; K K ,
3001 998
m3
or: K 8.51E9
=== Pa, a K/ 8.51E9 /1217 (within 0.2%) . (c) 2645 m/s
Ans
9.13 Assume that the airfoil of Prob. 8.84 is flying at the same angle of attack at 6000 m
standard altitude. Estimate the forward velocity, in mi/h, at which supersonic flow (and
possible shock waves) will appear on the airfoil surface.
Solution: At 6000 m, from Table A.6,
highest surface velocity is about 1.29
Ans. (a)
Cha pter 9
641
Compressible Flow
When that velocity reaches the speed of sound, shock waves may begin to form:
aUU
==316.5
Ans
= m/s 1.29 , hence 245 m/s .
549 mi/h
88
9.14 Assume steady adiabatic flow of a perfect gas. Show that the energy Eq. (9.21), when
plotted as aversus V, forms an ellipse. Sketch this ellipse; label the intercepts and the regions
of subsonic, sonic, and supersonic flow; and determine the ratio of the major and minor axes.
Solution: In Eq. (9.21), simply replace enthalpy by its equivalent in speed of sound:
11kR1a1
hV
+=constant
=+ 2222
= + =+
cTVTVV,
22k12k12
or:
2
p
--
k1--k1
2 ==
a 22
V2+=
constant
aV
22
(ellipse) .
omax
Ans
Ans .
Fig. P9.14
C, speed of sound
=1.2 kg/m
p C
= V, C a, thus 40 (1.2)(343) V, solve for V . (a)
V 0.097
= + = +( ) (1.2 ) , solve for . (b)
C 343
(k 1)/k
-
T T+ p+p +293
+
T 101350 40
T p 293 101350
,or: , T . (c)
0.097 s
0.00034 kg/m
. Then
Ans
Ans
0.4
1.4
0.033 K
Ans
642
Solutions Manual
Fig. P9.16
Solution: (a) When reflecting from a solid wall, the velocity to the wall must be zero, so
the wall pressure rises to p
+2 p to create a compression wave which cancels out the
oncoming particle motion
V.
(b) When a compression wave strikes a liquid surface, it reflects and transmits to keep the
particle velocity
Vf and the pressure p + pf the same across the liquid interface:
2C p
2CV
= V;p
= . (b)
ff
CC++CC
liq liq
Ans
If
liq
Cliq ==
C of air, then
Vf 0 and
9.17 A submarine at a depth of 800 m sends a sonar signal and receives the reflected
wave back from a similar submerged object in 15 s. Using Prob. 9.12 as a guide, estimate
the distance to the other object.
Solution: It probably makes little difference, but estimate
at 800 m, p
=101350 +1025(9.81)(800)
=80.4 atm
Cha pter 9
643
Compressible Flow
1029 kg/m
77
a =+ =n (B 1)p ( / ) / 7(3001)(101350)(1029
/1025) /1029 1457 m/s
aa
a t/2 =1457(15/2)
10900 m .
Ans .
9.18 Race cars at the Indianapolis Speedway average speeds of 185 mi/h. After
determining the altitude of Indianapolis, find the Mach number of these cars and estimate
whether compressibility might affect their aerodynamics.
Solution: Rush to the Almanac and find that Indianapolis is at 220 m altitude, for
which Table A.6 predicts that the standard speed of sound is 339.4 m/s
=759 mi/h. Thus
the Mach number is
Maracer = V/a =185 mph/759 mph
= 0.24
Ans.
This is less than 0.3, so the Indianapolis Speedway need not worry about compressibility.
216.66 K, a
k122K .
T T T 1==
Ma+ 216.66[1
= + =
0.2(2.3) ] 446
nose o
2
If, instead, T
173 C
Ans
3.42
Ans .
V 200 200
Ma == ==
kRT 1.4(287)(200 273) +
k1Then p p p 1 Ma==
125[1
+=+
0.2(0.459)
] . (a)
max o
2
436
k/(k 1)223.5
V(2cT):=
max p o
0.459
144 kPa
T (200
=+ +273)[1
= = 0.2(0.459) ] 493 K, 2V 2(1005)(493) . (a)
o
max
995 m/s
Ans
Ans
644
Solutions Manual
=1.66, R =2077 m
/s2 K, cp =kR/(k 1)
=5224 m
/s2 K. Then
1.66
Ma 200/
==+
1.66( 2077)(473) 0.157, p 125[1 0.33( 0.157) ]
128 kPa
2 0.66
2
T 473[1
=+ = 0.33(0.157)
=
] 477 K,
V 2(5224)(477) . (b)
2230 m/s
omax
Ans
336 K
2121
Ans
( b) (1.3)(189)(336)
akRT
==MaVa
= == =
Ans288 m/s, / 325 /288 . (b)
1.13
22 222
k - 10.3
(c) 1 (336)
TT T==
1Ma
(1.13)
+Ans
= +. =(c)
oo122 2
22
22
k - 10.3
( d) 1 (80)
pp p==
1Ma
(1.13)
+ = + .=(d)
oo122 2
22
22
401 K
1.3/(1.3 1)-1.3/0.3
171 kPa
22
VV
( e) 401
TKT
373
==+=+
, Solve for . (e)11
o 11
2 c2(819)
V 214
= m/s
1
Ans
( f ) (1.3)(189)(373)
akRT
==MaVa
= == =Ans
303 m/s, / 214 /303 . (f )
0.71
11 111
=120 kPa,
Fig. P9.22
Ans
Cha pter 9
645
Compressible Flow
(a) Incompressible:
2 -p 2(120000 80000)
= = , V (7% low) (a)
o
1. 1 2
267 s
Ans.
(b) Compressible: T
=T o (p/po )(k1)/k =373(80/120) 0.4/1.4 =332 K. Then T
T +V 2 /2cp =332 +V 2 /[2(1005)], solve for
V =286 m/s . Ans. (b)
=373 K
R =
p
3E
6 kg 54 3 kg
== = o= = =
0.410 , 0.410 0.0238
oeo
RT
4124(1773)
m3
o
p k
e
p E
m3
V2
TT ====+
eo
4124(0.0238) 2(14180)
Ans
&&
1.41
36
&340
m
s
kg
9.24 For low-speed (nearly incompressible) gas flow, the stagnation pressure can be
computed from Bernoullis equation
pp V=+
0
(a) For higher subsonic speeds, show that the isentropic relation (9.28
in a power series as follows:
112
pp V+ + + +
0
2424
1Ma Ma
22 4
- k
a) can be expanded
(b) Suppose that a pitot-static tube in air measures the pressure difference
p0 pand uses
the Bernoulli relation, with stagnation density, to estimate the gas velocity. At what Mach
number will the error be 4 percent?
646
Solutions Manual
p2 k12k12k12
--kkk(2k)
24 6
=+++
1Ma+Ma Ma
28 48
V2 = (1/2)kp(Ma
(1/ 2) V
12k
1 ++
Ma+ Ma 24
424
==
2(p p)/
o
) to obtain
p/
Ans.
V2 , is 4% when
o
o
1.04,
1 (1/4)Ma
++[(224 k)/24]Ma
k1where 1 Mao =+
2
For k
1/( k 1)
2
Ma 0.576
Ans.
.
Fig. P9.25
12
p p -=
( g-=g )h (846 0.07) ft 564 lbf/ft
o measured mercury air
Then Ma
=V/a =750/1160
pp - = + -= -= =
o
Finally, [1 0.2(0.646)
] 1 1.324 1 0.324
p
Solve for p
static
0.646
23.5
564
p
Cha pter 9
647
Compressible Flow
9.26 Show that for isentropic flow of a perfect gas if a pitot-static probe measures
and T0 , the gas velocity can be calculated from
2 =
VcT
p-21
p
0
p0 , p,
(1)/
kk-
What would be a source of error if a shock wave were formed in front of the probe?
Solution: Assuming isentropic flow past the probe,
(k 1)/k
T T==(p/p ) T , solve
.
oo o
V2
2 =V2cT1p
2c
po
(k 1)/k
-
Ans
If there is a
shock wave formed in front of the probe, this formula will yield the air
velocity inside the shock wave, because the probe measures p
inside the shock. The
o2
stagnation pressure in the outer stream is
greater, as is the velocity outside the shock.
9.27 In many problems the sonic (*) properties are more useful reference values than
the stagnation properties. For isentropic flow of a perfect gas, derive relations for
T/T*, and / * as functions of the Mach number. Let us help by giving the density-ratio
formula:
k +1
/* 2(=1)Ma
+- k
p/p*,
1/( k1)
2
Solution: Simply introduce (and then cancel out) the stagnation properties:
k11Ma
+
/ k1
2
== = o
**/ 2(k1)Ma
k1o
1 +2
similarly, and
--1/(k 1)
2 1/(k 1)
--1/(k 1) 2
22
p* p*/p T* T*/T 2 (k
+- 1)Ma
+- 2 (k 1)Ma
o
+-
Ans.
o
o
9.28 A large vacuum tank, held at 60 kPa absolute, sucks sea-level standard air through
a converging nozzle of throat diameter 3 cm. Estimate (a) the mass flow rate; and (b) the
Mach number at the throat.
Ans.
648
Solutions Manual
()
p Ma Ans
60000 1 0.2 , solve . (b)
e ==+
2
e
p
101350
- 3.5
Ma 0.899
We can then solve for exit temperature, density, and velocity, finally mass flow:
kg 60000
TR
22.5=+ =
[1=0.2(0.899)
] 0.842
, 248 K
eo e
VMaa
==
m3
287(0.842)
0.899[1.4(287)(248)] 284 1/ s2
eee
Finally, (0.842)
mAV
& ==
(0.03)
(284) . (a)
eee
0.169 s
kg
Ans
1.33
0.33
Ma 1.08
That was quick. Instead, plow about in the S.I. Steam Tables, assuming constant entropy:
At T
=400 C and p
=1 MPa, read
s 7481
kg K
o
=s o , read T
and
h 3.264E6
kg
o
304C 577 K
1.896 kg/m
Ans . (a)
Cha pter 9
649
Compressible Flow
With h and h o known, the velocity follows from the adiabatic energy equation:
Jm
kg s
hV
+=/2+=
h22 , or 3.074E6 V /2 3.264E6 or ,
o
isen
2
2
Ans
=1.298
= = at p 500 kPa and T 304 C. Then a 585
618
Then Ma V/a (c)
== (slightly
supersonic)
1.06
585
1.896 s
Ans .
k 1.33.
22
&==AV
mAV
= =V
120000 Pa (0.05 m)
p 0.4 kg/s
22 K)
4
(260 m /s
p
RT T
V 239
= m/s
With Tand Vknown, we can easily find the Mach number and stagnation density:
V
Ma == = =
kRT
120000 kg
260(542) m
444 m/s
0.852
0.538
Ans
k -1/ 0.4
1/( 1)
- 10.4
k Ma
22 . (c)
=+ =
+1=0.852 1 (0.538)
22
0.98 m
kg
3
Ans
650
Solutions Manual
(1100) 2
2(6010)
V 100 1100 1
Ma == =2
2
a 1173 1.4(1717)(573)
0.938
Ans . (a)
(b) U 2 c T 2(6010)(673)
==
. (b)
2840 ft/s
max p o
Ans
()
3.5
2
then p p 1 0.2Ma
=+ = =1.072p 37.53
psia
o1 1 1 1
and p p 1 0.2
=+Ma
= =(1.763p
=) 31.74 psia,
3.5
2 o2
o2 2 2 2
p 31.74
. (c)
p 37.53
0.846
Ans
o1
Fig. P9.32
V22(235) 235
T T=303
= -276
= e=K, Ma . (c)
eo e
2c 2(1005) 1.4( 287)(276)
p
()
p
tank
Then 1 0.2Ma
and
=+ =p-p=( -)gh
p
0.706
Ans
3.5
2
etankemercurytank
1.395
3 1.6)( 9.81)(0.30)
Guess 1.6 kg/m ,--p p (13550
tank o e
p
and
101
p kPa
. (a, 140.8
b) kPa
etank
39900 Pa
Ans
Cha pter 9
651
Compressible Flow
V22(550)
T T=-500
= - .=(b)1
1o
2c 2(1005)
350 K
Ans
550
Then a 1.4(287)(350)
==== 375 m/s, Ma V /a . (a)
1111
375
1.47
Ans
The flow must be choked in order to produce supersonic flow in the duct.
()
3.5
223.5
p p=+
1 0.2
= +Ma
300 /[1 0.2(1.47)
] . (c)
1o 1
13
p 86000 kg
== 1= =
RT 287(350) m
86 kPa
&
0.854 , m AV (0.854)(0.2)(550)
. (d)
Answer .
Ans
94 s
kg
Ans
A1(10.2Ma) +
Finally, 1.155 if Ma
===
1.47,
A* Ma 1.728
0.2
= A* . (e)
1.155
23
0.173 m
Ans
1.33/0.33
p 0.33
100
o =+ =
1 1.85,
= = =hence p p* 54.04 psia
p* 2 1.85
exit
The nozzle is choked and exits at a pressure higher than 1 atm. Use Eq. 9.46 for k
+-/2(k 1)
( k 1)
m&k 0.6726
==
1/2 o
max
pA*
2 (100 144)(0.1/144)
=1.33:
0.00424 s
slug
Ans Ideal
. (a)