J Korean Acad Conserv Dent. 2002 May;27(3):239-248. English.

Published online May 31, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.3.239

Copyright 2002 Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry

The effect of cavity configuration on the mechanical properties of resin

composites
Gil-Joo Ryu, Sang-Jin Park and Kyoung-Kyu Choi
Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Korea.

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I. INTRODUCTION
Although dental composites has been improved and widely used, there are still some undesirable
characteristics, which affect their performance.
One of them is the shrinkage that inevitably occurs during polymerization as monomer
molecules are converted into a polymer network, exchanging Van der Waals spaces for shorter
covalent bond spaces. This shrinkage produces contraction stress in confined structures such as a
tooth cavity. The majority of the contraction stress of composite occurs during the initial
polymerization period after gelation, and the stress development rate decreases gradually with
time . Before gelation, most of contraction stresses caused by polymerization shrinkage relieved
by flow capacity of the resin composite. The contraction stress in dental composite plays an
important role in marginal adaptation . The internal stress generated in the restricted environment
of a tooth cavity can exceed the adhesive bond strength and produce a delamination of the
restoration interface . In cases where higher bond strength is present, this stress may fracture the
marginal tooth substrate and/or the composite restoration itself . Either case results in the
formation of a marginal gap, allowing for the possible ingress of oral fluids and bacteria through
leakage. It is not easy for leakage around the cavity wall to be clinically detected immediately
after placement.
1)

2)

3)

4)

However, the marginal leakage can be caused postoperative sensitivity, and may eventually
produce discoloration of the margins and/or recurrent caries, and consequently may reduce the
life of a restoration.
Due to the reasons mentioned above, throughout its lifetime, the interface between a dental resin
and the restored tooth is subjected to the challenge of stresses, which can potentially cause debonding and lead to clinical failure of the restorative treatment. Before the restored tooth is
subjected to functional load and thermal strains, an early interfacial stress build-up occurs during
the polymerization in situ of resins bonded to tooth tissues. The setting reaction is, in fact,
accompanied by volumetric shrinkage of varying magnitude, depending on the resin
formulation . The magnitude of the polymerization contraction stress has been found to be
dependent on the ratio of the bonded to free, unbonded surface area of the sample , , , on the
material properties of the resin composite , , , and on the amount of compliances of the substrate
materials , , .
5)

6 7 8)

1 6 9 10)

6 11 12)

Among the material properties, which are thought to reduce early interfacial stress build-up is the
ability to undergo plastic flow during the early phase of polymerization. Plastic flow allows part
of the shrinkage to take place without stress build-up at the interface and will determine the
proportion of remaining shrinkage that manifests itself as determination rigid contraction . As a
result of the ratedependent character of visco-elastic behavior, slower rates of polymerization
reaction have been shown to be associated with lower stress build-up and better interfacial
integrity scores , , , , .
7)

1 13 14 15 16)

The elastic modulus of the shrinking material has also been found to be a factor on which
shrinkage stresses depend. In vitro studies have shown that the interfacial stress during the
setting shrinkage of a resin composite is positively correlated with the rigidity of the setting
material . The elastic modulus also increases as the polymerization reaction proceeds .
17)

18)

Polymerization shrinkage and elastic modulus are in close relationship with the survival of the
interfacial bond. However, so far, little has been done to establish how close that relationship is,
starting with task of a systemic characterization of the relevant properties of resin composites.
In this aspect, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of cavity configuration on the
mechanical properties of resin composites by measuring flexural strength, elastic modulus,
polymerization shrinkage and examination of the fractured surfaces of resin composites cured in
the cavities with different configuration.
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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two composite resins(Table 1) and their corresponding dentin bonding agents(Table 2) were
used in this study. The 48 specimens of control group and two experimental groups of each resin
composite were made according to the configuration factor (Table 3).

Table 1
Resin composites used in this study.

Table 2
Dentin bonding agents used in this study.

Table 3
Code of control and experimental group by C-factor. (n=8)

1. Specimen fabrication

The specimens of control group of each resin composites were made in a split steel mold
(2522mm, Fig. 1) with top and bottom surfaces covered by a clear matrix. The
specimens(n=8) were made with light irradiation(60s) in the curing unit(LABOLIGHT LV I, GC,
Japan) on both the top and bottom surfaces. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37
for 24hours prior to testing. In experimental groups, the specimens of each resin composite with
2.4 configuration factor(C-factor)(AC2 & EC2) were made in a simulated cavity(2553mm)
made of glass plates. Before filling the resin into the cavity, the inner surfaces of the glass
cavities were sandblasted and treated with silane and corresponding dentin bonding systems. The
specimens were made with light irradiation(60s) in the curing unit on both the top and bottom
surfaces. Then the specimens were cut with slow speed diamond saw (ISOMET, Buehler, USA)
under copious water to make resin bars(2522mm). The storage and testing procedures of
specimens were carried as same as control groups.

Fig. 1
Split steel mold used in this study

The specimens of each resin composite with C-factor of 3.4(AC3 & EC3) were made as the same
procedures as the specimens with C-factor of 2.4, but the size of the simulated
cavity(2555mm) was different.
2. Flexural strength and elastic modulus determination

Flexural strength and elastic modulus were evaluated in three-point bending by International
Standards Organization(ISO) 4049 for testing of resin-based filling materials reported
previously . The specimens were tested on a universal testing machine(EZ Test, Shimadzu,
Japan, Fig. 2) in bending on a span of 20mm at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min(Fig. 3). The
crosshead travel of the universal testing machine was synchronized with the motion of the strip
chart. The slope of the linear portion of the load-versus-time curve was used in the calculation of
the modulus, according to the followed equation ;
19)

Fig. 2
Universal testing machine

Fig. 3
3-point bending procedure

Flexural strength calculation : 3 PL / 2 bW2

P : Maximum load at fracture

L : Length of the span(20mm)

b : Thickness of the specimen

w : Width of the specimen

Elastic modulus calculation : PL3 / 4 db w3

P : Change of the load

L : Length of the span

d : Crosshead travel

b : Thickness of the specimen

w : Width of the specimen

3. Polymerization shrinkage determination

The amount of the linear contraction of two resin composites were determined with Linometer(R
& B, Korea). A small amount of resin composite(about 30mg) was placed on the thin stainless
steel disk(25mm diameter, 0.5mm thickness) and covered with slide glass. The resin composite
was cured for 60seconds. Since the disk was attached to the computerized sensor, if
polymerization contraction occurs, the steel disk was raised and the sensor detected how long
distance the disk moved.
The shrinkage data was obtained for 60 seconds with data interval of 0.5 second.
4. Examination of the fractured surface

After flexural strength testing, a fragment of the fractured specimens was selected randomly,
sputter coated with gold and examined the fractured surfaces with scanning electron
microscope(S-2300, Hitachi, Japan). Then the characteristics of the specimens of control and
experimental groups were compared.
5. Statistical analysis

The data obtained from above experiments was evaluated using one-way analysis of
variance(ANOVA) / Tukey's test at 0.05 level.
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III. RESULTS
1. Flexural strength

The flexural strength was decreased with increasing of configuration factor of the specimen. The
flexural strength of ACO was much higher than that of AC2 and AC3, and there was significant
difference among the test groups using Clearfil AP-X(p<0.05). In the groups using EsthetX, each flexural strength showed no significant difference(p>0.05).
2. Elastic modulus

The elastic modulus was decreased with increasing of configuration factor. The elastic modulus
of control groups was significantly higher than that of experimental groups, though there was no
significant difference between experimental groups for each resin composite (p>0.05).
3. Polymerization shrinkage determination

The polymerization shrinkage of Clearfil AP-X is much less than that of Esthet-X. Probably,
the fact is due to the difference of filler content between two resin composites (Table 1).
4. SEM examination of fractured surface

Fractured surface of the specimens of group ACO(Fig. 7,8) showed smooth and homogenous
appearance, but those of the specimens of the group AC2(Fig. 9) and AC3(Fig. 10) showed
irregular and rough features. Especially, the specimen of group AC3 showed crack lines at the
fractured surface. It means that there was stress concentration within the resin mass during
polymerization.The examination of the groups using micro-hybrid composite(Fig. 11,14) was
similar to that of hybrid composite, but general features of fractured surfaces were smoother than
those of hybrid composite.

Fig. 7
The fractured surface of the ACO group(500)

Fig. 8
The fractured surface of the ACO group(2,000)

Fig. 9
The fractured surface of the AC2 group(500)

Fig. 10
The fractured surface of the AC3 group(500)

Fig. 11
The fractured surface of the ECO group(500)

Fig. 14
The fractured surface of the EC3 group(500)

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IV. DISCUSSION
The contraction stress of resin composite depends upon the type and level of filler included.
Generally, an increased filler loading contribute to reduced polymerization shrinkage, since the
overall polymerization shrinkage depends on the amount of polymer matrix presented , . The
higher stiffness leads to increased stress for a given contraction strain, according to Hooke's law.
(E=/, E : Elastic modulus, : Proportional constant, : Stress, : Strain). Therefore, the
composite stiffness and the amount of contraction both play important roles in the generation of
stress in dental composite restoration. In this study, hybrid type resin composite showed higher
mechanical properties(flexural strength and elastic modulus) than micro-hybrid composite for all
configuration factor(p<0.05). Generally, it is accepted that an increased filler level should
contribute to increased mechanical properties and reduced polymerization shrinkage. From the
polymerization shrinkage graph in this study, the gel-point of hybrid composite was found to be
occurred earlier than micro-hybrid composite. During the period before occurring gel-point(pregel stage), the developing contraction stresses can be relieved due to the flow capacity of the
20 21)

material, but after gel-point(post-gel stage), the flow capacity of the material decreased and the
developing contraction stress can cause microdefect or cracks in the materials. The specimen
being stressed, the defect and/or cracks played a role as stress raiser and the mechanical
properties decreased. The lower elastic modulus and higher shrinkage of the micro-hybrid
composite is indirect evidence that flow capacity is achieved mainly by increasing the proportion
of monomer in the formulation of the composite pastes. So despite of the less polymerization
shrinkage, hybrid composite was affected more than micro-hybrid composite by increase of Cfactor.
In SEM, the fractured specimens of the groups of Clearfil AP-X showed rougher surfaces than
those of Esthet-X. The phenomenon was maybe due to the difference of filler particle size
between the resin composites. The mean filler particle size of hybrid and micro-hybrid composite
was 3.0m and 0.6 0.8m, respectively. Indeed, the specimens with lower configuration factor
showed smoother appearance than those with higher configuration factor. Generally the fact is
accepted that the higher the configuration factor of the cavity, the more stresses develop. So resin
composites filled in the cavity with higher configuration factor experience severe contraction
stresses during polymerization and the forces can cause crack in the resin mass. Flexural and/or
tensile strength are significantly changed by the presence of defects due to generation of stress
concentrations. In brittle materials such as dental resin composites or porcelain, microcracks
which exist on the surface or inside the material, decrease the material strength .
22)

It is supposed that as the configuration factor of the cavity increased, the flow capacity of the
resin composites decreased and more stresses occurred that cause detrimental effect on the
mechanical properties of the resin composites in the restricted polymerization environment.
There have been many studies about the effect of polymerization shrinkage on dentin
bonding , , , , , , , and it is shown that polymerization shrinkage can cause contraction stress
which has detrimental effect on the bond strength between resin composites and tooth structures.
But, there are few studies about the effect of contraction stresses on the mechanical properties of
the resin composites. In this study, the flexural strength and the elastic modulus of resin
composites had a tendency to decrease with increase of the C-factor. In case of hybrid type
composite, the flexural strengths of test groups showed significant difference(p<0.05), but those
of micro-hybrid composite were not significantly different(p>0.05). It may be due to the filler
content of the resin composite. Hybrid type composite used in this study had higher filler
content(84.5wt%) than micro-hybrid type resin composite(77.0wt%).
23 24 25 26 27 28 29)

So, hybrid composite showed less polymerization shrinkage than micro-hybrid composite. But
despite of the less shrinkage, the higher elastic modulus(10.960.94GPa) and earlier emergence
of gel-point of hybrid composite makes it more influenced by increase of C-factor than microhybrid composite.

In clinical situation, many dentists have faced to problem related to the contraction stress of resin
composite. Actually, the contraction stress of resin composites and bonding agents under clinical
situations is much more complex than what was previously thought. The high values of
contraction stress reported from some studies for specific configurations of restorations may
overcome the bond strength of resin to dentin. This might explain a large number of bond
failures and gap formation frequently observed in studies with bonding agents. However, an
early interfacial stress build-up occurs during the polymerization in situ of resins bonded to tooth
structures. Moreover, under the rigid set-up situation(in case that bond strength is higher than
contraction stress), the contraction stresses may affect the mechanical properties of resin
composites.
There are several solutions to the competition between the bond strength of resins to dentin and
the forces of polymerization contraction.
One approach of these solutions is to develop dentin bonding agents that are able to develop
immediate bond strengths that are greater than those developed by polymerization contraction
and are equal to those obtained to acid-etched enamel. But, this can cause another problem, that
is, the restrict polymerization environment decrease the mechanical properties of the resin
composites.
A second solution is to cover the bonded surfaces with an elastic cavity liner. This acts as a
"shockabsorber" and places a low modulus material between the relatively rigid dentin and resin
composite . The resin interdiffusion zone generated as the main bonding mechanism of most of
the current dentin bonding systems may also function as a stress relaxation layer, since it has a
lower modulus than the underlying mineralized dentin .
30)

31)

A third solution is to insert resin composites in increments to reduce the volume of the resin that
is shrinking during polymerization. The use of reduced amounts of resin to be polymerized at
each increment has been shown to reduce the stresses generated to the cavity walls . Incremental
filling techniques actually lower the C-factor to below 1, since there is usually almost as much
free surfaces as bonded surface in any single increment.
15)

A fourth solution is development of the new materials. Several researchers are attempting to
develop new resin composites that do not shrink when they polymerize . For example, Spiroorthocarbonate monomers have been synthesized that expand during polymerization through a
double ring-opening process . Further improvements are being developed to cause sufficient
double ring-opening to generate enough expansion to overcome the shrinkage generated by
conventional dimethacrylates.
32)

33)

In this study, hybrid type resin composite was more influenced than micro-hybrid composite by
increase of C-factor. This fact is due to the difference of time, which gel-point appeared and filler
content between the two resin composites. In case of hybrid composite, high filler content makes

it more stiff and the earlier emergence of gel-point decrease the flow capacity of the material.
The polymerization shrinkage was proved to have an effect on flexural strength and elastic
modulus of composites. The results of this study shown that the higher the C-factor of cavity, the
lower the mechanical properties of the resin composites.
Then the contraction stress of composites could be caused by polymerization shrinkage affect
both bond strength of resin to tooth structures and mechanical properties of resin composites
itself.
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V. CONCLUSION
To achieve successful resin composite restoration, many factors such as volumetric shrinkage of
resin mass, configuration factor of the cavity and the type of the resin can be considered. This
study was designed to evaluate the effect of configuration factor of cavity on the mechanical
properties of resin composites such as flexural strength and elastic modulus. From the results of
this study, it can be concluded as follows :
1. The flexural strength of both resin composites was decreased as the C-factor increased.
But there were no significant difference among the groups in micro- hybrid resin
composite. (p>0.05).
2. The elastic modulus of both resin composites was decreased with increasing the
configuration factor. The elastic modulus of control groups(with C-factor<1) was
significantly higher than that of experimental groups (p<0.05).
3. The amount of polymerization shrinkage of hybrid composite was less than that of microhybrid composite. Although hybrid composite was less shrink than micro-hybrid
composite, the flexural strength of the former was much affected by increase of the
configuration factor.
4. In SEM, the higher the C-factor of the specimens, the rougher the fractured surfaces
were. Generally, the fractured surfaces of the Clearfil AP-X showed more irregular
pattern than Esthet-X, probably due to the difference of the filler particle size and flow
capacity between two resin composites.
This study suggests that the mechanical properties of resin composites can be affected by the
configura factor that plays an important role in the confined curing environment.
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Figures

Fig. 4
Flexural strength of the experimental groups.

Fig. 5
Elastic modulus of the experimental groups.

Fig. 6
Polymerization shrinkage of two resin composites.

Fig. 12
The fractured surface of the ECO group(2,000)

Fig. 13
The fractured surface of the EC2 group(500)

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Tables

Table 4
Flexural strength (MPaS.D.) of the experimental groups.

Table 5
Elastic modulus (GPa S.D.) of the experimental groups

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I. PENDAHULUAN
Meskipun komposit gigi telah diperbaiki dan digunakan secara luas, masih ada
beberapa karakteristik yang tidak diinginkan, yang mempengaruhi kinerja mereka.

Salah satunya adalah penyusutan yang pasti terjadi selama polimerisasi sebagai
molekul monomer yang diubah menjadi jaringan polimer, bertukar ruang Van der
Waals untuk ruang ikatan kovalen pendek. Penyusutan ini menghasilkan stres
kontraksi dalam struktur terbatas seperti rongga gigi. Sebagian besar stres
kontraksi komposit terjadi selama periode polimerisasi awal setelah gelasi, dan
tingkat stres menurun secara bertahap pembangunan dengan time1). Sebelum
gelasi, sebagian besar tekanan kontraksi yang disebabkan oleh polimerisasi
penyusutan lega dengan kapasitas aliran komposit resin. Stres kontraksi komposit
gigi memainkan peran penting dalam adaptation2 marginal). Tegangan internal
yang dihasilkan dalam lingkungan terbatas rongga gigi dapat melebihi kekuatan
ikatan perekat dan menghasilkan delaminasi dari interface3 restorasi). Dalam kasus
di mana kekuatan ikatan yang lebih tinggi hadir, stres ini mungkin patah substrat
gigi marjinal dan / atau pemulihan itself4 komposit). Hasil kedua kasus dalam
pembentukan celah marjinal, memungkinkan untuk kemungkinan masuknya cairan
mulut dan bakteri melalui kebocoran. Hal ini tidak mudah bagi kebocoran di sekitar
dinding rongga yang secara klinis terdeteksi segera setelah penempatan.

Namun, kebocoran marjinal dapat disebabkan sensitivitas pasca operasi, dan

akhirnya dapat menghasilkan perubahan warna dari margin dan / atau karies
rekuren, dan akibatnya dapat mengurangi umur restorasi.

Karena alasan yang disebutkan di atas, sepanjang masa, antarmuka antara resin
gigi dan gigi dikembalikan dikenakan tantangan tekanan, yang berpotensi
menyebabkan debonding dan mengakibatkan kegagalan klinis pengobatan
restoratif. Sebelum gigi dipulihkan dikenakan beban fungsional dan strain termal,
stres antar muka awal membangun terjadi selama polimerisasi in situ resin terikat
ke jaringan gigi. Reaksi Pengaturan ini, pada kenyataannya, disertai dengan
penyusutan volumetrik dari berbagai besarnya, tergantung pada formulation5
resin). Besarnya tekanan polimerisasi kontraksi telah ditemukan untuk menjadi
tergantung pada rasio terikat bebas, luas permukaan tak terikat dari sample6,7,8),
di sifat material dari composite1,6,9,10 resin) dan pada jumlah kepatuhan dari
materials6,11,12 substrat).

Di antara sifat material, yang dianggap mengurangi stres awal antarmuka

membangun adalah kemampuan untuk menjalani aliran plastik selama fase awal
polimerisasi. Aliran plastik memungkinkan bagian dari penyusutan berlangsung
tanpa stres membangun di antarmuka dan akan menentukan proporsi penyusutan
yang memanifestasikan dirinya sebagai penentuan contraction7 kaku) yang tersisa.
Sebagai hasil dari karakter ratedependent perilaku viskoelastik, tingkat lebih lambat
dari reaksi polimerisasi telah terbukti berhubungan dengan stres yang lebih rendah
dan lebih baik membangun integritas scores1,13,14,15,16 antarmuka).

Modulus elastisitas bahan menyusut juga telah ditemukan menjadi faktor yang
susut tegangan tergantung. Dalam studi vitro telah menunjukkan bahwa stres
antarmuka selama penyusutan pengaturan komposit resin berkorelasi positif
dengan kekakuan pengaturan material17). Modulus elastisitas juga meningkat
sebagai proceeds18 reaksi polimerisasi).

Polimerisasi susut dan modulus elastisitas berada dalam hubungan yang erat
dengan kelangsungan hidup ikatan antarmuka. Namun, sejauh ini, sedikit yang
telah dilakukan untuk membangun seberapa dekat hubungan yaitu, dimulai dengan
tugas karakterisasi sistemik sifat yang relevan komposit resin.

Dalam aspek ini, penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengevaluasi efek dari konfigurasi
rongga pada sifat mekanik komposit resin dengan mengukur kekuatan lentur,
modulus elastisitas, polimerisasi susut dan pemeriksaan permukaan retak komposit
resin disembuhkan dalam rongga dengan konfigurasi yang berbeda.

AKU AKU. BAHAN DAN METODE

Dua resin komposit (Tabel 1) dan sesuai agen ikatan dentin mereka (Tabel 2) yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini. 48 spesimen dari kelompok kontrol dan dua
kelompok eksperimen masing-masing komposit resin dibuat sesuai dengan faktor
konfigurasi (Tabel 3).

1. Spesimen fabrikasi

Spesimen dari kelompok kontrol masing-masing komposit resin dibuat dalam

cetakan baja split (25 2 2 mm, Gambar. 1) dengan permukaan atas dan bawah
ditutupi oleh matriks yang jelas. Spesimen (n = 8) dibuat dengan iradiasi cahaya
(60-an) di unit curing (LABOLIGHT LV I, GC, Jepang) pada kedua bagian atas dan
bawah permukaan. Spesimen disimpan dalam air suling pada suhu 37 untuk 24
jam sebelum pengujian. Pada kelompok eksperimen, spesimen masing-masing
komposit resin dengan 2,4 faktor konfigurasi (C-faktor) (AC2 & EC2) dibuat dalam
rongga simulasi (25 5 3mm) yang terbuat dari pelat kaca. Sebelum mengisi
resin ke dalam rongga, permukaan bagian dalam rongga kaca yang pasir hancur
dan diperlakukan dengan silan dan sesuai sistem ikatan dentin. Spesimen dibuat
dengan iradiasi cahaya (60-an) di unit curing pada kedua bagian atas dan bawah
permukaan. Kemudian spesimen dipotong dengan kecepatan lambat berlian melihat
(ISOMET, Buehler, USA) di bawah air berlebihan untuk membuat resin bar (25 2
2 mm). Prosedur penyimpanan dan pengujian spesimen dilakukan sama seperti
kelompok kontrol.

Spesimen dari masing-masing komposit resin dengan C-faktor 3.4 (AC3 & EC3)
dibuat sebagai prosedur yang sama seperti spesimen dengan C-faktor 2,4, tetapi
ukuran rongga simulasi (25 5 5 mm) berbeda.

2. Kekuatan Lentur dan tekad modulus elastisitas

Kekuatan lentur dan modulus elastisitas dievaluasi dalam tiga titik lentur oleh
Organisasi Standar Internasional (ISO) 4049 untuk pengujian bahan mengisi
berbasis resin dilaporkan previously19). Spesimen diuji pada mesin uji universal (EZ
Test, Shimadzu, Jepang, Gambar. 2) dalam lentur pada rentang 20mm pada
kecepatan judul bab dari 1mm / min (Gambar. 3). Perjalanan judul bab dari mesin uji
universal yang disinkronkan dengan gerakan pencatat. Kemiringan bagian linier dari
kurva beban-versus-waktu digunakan dalam perhitungan modulus, menurut
persamaan diikuti

3. Polimerisasi penentuan penyusutan

Jumlah kontraksi linear dua komposit resin ditentukan dengan Linometer (R & B,
Korea). Sejumlah kecil resin komposit (sekitar 30mg) ditempatkan pada disk tipis
stainless steel (diameter 25mm, ketebalan 0.5mm) dan ditutup dengan kaca geser.
Resin komposit sembuh untuk 60seconds. Karena disk yang melekat pada sensor
komputerisasi, jika polimerisasi kontraksi terjadi, disk baja dibesarkan dan sensor
terdeteksi berapa lama jarak disk bergerak.

Data penyusutan diperoleh selama 60 detik dengan data interval 0,5 detik.

4. Pemeriksaan permukaan retak

Setelah pengujian kekuatan lentur, sebuah fragmen dari spesimen retak dipilih
secara acak, menggerutu dilapisi dengan emas dan meneliti permukaan retak
dengan mikroskop elektron (S-2300, Hitachi, Jepang). Kemudian karakteristik
spesimen kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen dibandingkan.

5. Analisis statistik

Data yang diperoleh dari percobaan di atas dievaluasi menggunakan satu arah
analisis varians (ANOVA) / uji Tukey pada 0.05 tingkat.

AKU AKU AKU. HASIL

Kekuatan 1. Lentur

Kekuatan lentur menurun dengan meningkatnya faktor konfigurasi spesimen.

Kekuatan lentur ACO jauh lebih tinggi dari AC2 dan AC3, dan ada perbedaan yang
signifikan antara kelompok uji menggunakan Clearfil AP-X (p <0,05). Dalam
kelompok yang menggunakan Esthet-X , masing-masing kekuatan lentur tidak
menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p> 0,05).

2. modulus elastis

Modulus elastisitas menurun dengan meningkatnya faktor konfigurasi. Modulus

elastisitas dari kelompok kontrol secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada kelompok
eksperimen, meskipun tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok
eksperimen untuk setiap komposit resin (p> 0,05).

3. Polimerisasi penentuan penyusutan

Polimerisasi penyusutan Clearfil AP-X jauh lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan

Esthet-X . Mungkin, fakta ini disebabkan perbedaan kadar filler antara dua
komposit resin

4. SEM pemeriksaan permukaan retak

Permukaan retak spesimen kelompok ACO (Gambar. 7,8) menunjukkan penampilan

yang halus dan homogen, tapi orang-orang dari spesimen dari kelompok AC2 (Gbr.
9) dan AC3 (Gambar. 10) menunjukkan fitur yang tidak teratur dan kasar. Terutama,
spesimen kelompok AC3 menunjukkan garis retak pada permukaan retak. Ini berarti
bahwa ada konsentrasi tegangan dalam massa resin selama polymerization.The
pemeriksaan kelompok yang menggunakan komposit mikro-hibrida (Gambar. 11,14)
adalah mirip dengan komposit hibrida, namun fitur umum permukaan retak yang
halus dibandingkan komposit hibrida.

IV. PEMBAHASAN

Stres kontraksi komposit resin tergantung pada jenis dan tingkat filler disertakan.
Umumnya, peningkatan beban filler berkontribusi untuk mengurangi penyusutan
polimerisasi, karena penyusutan polimerisasi keseluruhan tergantung pada jumlah
polimer matriks presented20,21). Semakin tinggi kekakuan menyebabkan
peningkatan stres untuk kontraksi regangan yang diberikan, menurut hukum
Hooke. (E = / , E: modulus elastis, : konstanta proporsional, : Stres, :
Regangan). Oleh karena itu, kekakuan komposit dan jumlah kontraksi baik
memainkan peran penting dalam generasi stres dalam restorasi komposit gigi.
Dalam penelitian ini, hibrida komposit jenis resin menunjukkan sifat mekanik yang
lebih tinggi (kekuatan lentur dan modulus elastisitas) dari komposit mikro-hibrida
untuk semua faktor konfigurasi (p <0,05). Umumnya, diterima bahwa tingkat
pengisi meningkat harus memberikan kontribusi untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik
dan mengurangi penyusutan polimerisasi. Dari grafik polimerisasi penyusutan
dalam penelitian ini, gel-titik komposit hibrida ditemukan terjadi lebih awal dari
komposit mikro-hibrida. Selama periode sebelum terjadi gel-point (tahap pra-gel),
tekanan kontraksi berkembang dapat lega karena kapasitas aliran material, tapi
setelah gel-point (tahap pasca-gel), kapasitas aliran material menurun dan stres
kontraksi berkembang dapat menyebabkan microdefect atau retak dalam bahan.
Spesimen yang menekankan, cacat dan / atau retak berperan sebagai penggalang
stres dan sifat mekanik menurun. Modulus elastisitas yang lebih rendah dan
penyusutan yang lebih tinggi dari komposit mikro-hibrida adalah bukti tidak
langsung yang mengalir kapasitas dicapai terutama dengan meningkatkan proporsi
monomer dalam perumusan pasta komposit. Jadi meskipun kurang polimerisasi
penyusutan, komposit hibrida mempengaruhi lebih dari mikro-hibrida komposit
dengan peningkatan C-faktor.
Dalam SEM, spesimen retak dari kelompok Clearfil AP-X menunjukkan permukaan
kasar dibandingkan Esthet-X . Fenomena ini mungkin disebabkan oleh perbedaan
ukuran partikel pengisi antara komposit resin. Mean ukuran partikel filler hibrida
dan mikro-hibrida komposit adalah 3.0m dan 0,6 0.8m, masing-masing. Memang,
spesimen dengan faktor konfigurasi yang lebih rendah menunjukkan penampilan
halus dibandingkan dengan faktor konfigurasi yang lebih tinggi. Umumnya fakta
diterima bahwa semakin tinggi faktor konfigurasi rongga, semakin banyak tekanan
berkembang. Jadi komposit resin mengisi rongga dengan konfigurasi yang lebih
tinggi pengalaman faktor tekanan kontraksi parah selama polimerisasi dan pasukan
dapat menyebabkan retak di massa resin. Lentur dan / atau kekuatan tarik secara
signifikan berubah dengan adanya cacat karena generasi konsentrasi tegangan.
Dalam bahan rapuh seperti komposit resin gigi atau porselen, microcracks yang ada
di permukaan atau di dalam materi, menurunkan kekuatan material

Hal ini diduga bahwa sebagai faktor konfigurasi rongga meningkat, kapasitas aliran
komposit resin menurun dan lebih menekankan terjadi yang menyebabkan efek

yang merugikan pada sifat mekanik dari komposit resin dalam lingkungan
polimerisasi dibatasi.

Ada banyak penelitian tentang pengaruh polimerisasi susut pada dentin

bonding23,24,25,26,27,28,29), dan itu menunjukkan bahwa polimerisasi
penyusutan dapat menyebabkan kontraksi stres yang memiliki efek yang merugikan
pada kekuatan ikatan antara komposit resin dan struktur gigi. Tapi, ada beberapa
studi tentang pengaruh kontraksi menekankan pada sifat mekanik dari komposit
resin. Dalam penelitian ini, kekuatan lentur dan modulus elastisitas komposit resin
memiliki kecenderungan menurun dengan peningkatan C-faktor. Dalam kasus jenis
hibrida komposit, kekuatan lentur kelompok uji menunjukkan perbedaan yang
signifikan (p <0,05), tetapi orang-orang dari komposit mikro-hibrida tidak berbeda
nyata (p> 0,05). Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh kandungan filler komposit resin.
Hybrid jenis komposit yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini memiliki kandungan filler
yang lebih tinggi (84.5wt%) dibandingkan micro-hybrid komposit jenis resin (77.0wt
%)

Jadi, komposit hibrida menunjukkan kurang polimerisasi penyusutan dari komposit

mikro-hibrida. Tapi meskipun kurang penyusutan, modulus elastisitas yang lebih
tinggi (10.96 0.94GPa) dan munculnya awal gel-titik komposit hibrida membuat
lebih dipengaruhi oleh kenaikan C-faktor dari komposit mikro-hibrida.

Dalam situasi klinis, banyak dokter gigi telah dihadapkan pada masalah yang
berkaitan dengan stres kontraksi komposit resin. Sebenarnya, stres kontraksi
komposit resin dan agen bonding di bawah situasi klinis jauh lebih kompleks
daripada apa yang diperkirakan sebelumnya. Nilai-nilai yang tinggi stres kontraksi
dilaporkan dari beberapa penelitian untuk konfigurasi spesifik restorasi dapat
mengatasi kekuatan ikatan resin untuk dentin. Ini mungkin menjelaskan sejumlah
besar kegagalan obligasi dan pembentukan kesenjangan sering diamati dalam studi
dengan agen ikatan. Namun, awal antarmuka stres build-up terjadi selama
polimerisasi in situ resin terikat dengan struktur gigi. Selain itu, di bawah situasi
yang kaku set-up (dalam hal ini kekuatan ikatan lebih tinggi dari stres kontraksi),
tekanan kontraksi dapat mempengaruhi sifat mekanik komposit resin

Ada beberapa solusi untuk persaingan antara kekuatan ikatan resin untuk dentin
dan kekuatan kontraksi polimerisasi.

Salah satu pendekatan solusi ini adalah untuk mengembangkan agen ikatan dentin
yang mampu mengembangkan kekuatan ikatan langsung yang lebih besar dari
yang dikembangkan oleh polimerisasi kontraksi dan sama dengan yang diperoleh
dengan enamel asam-tergores. Tapi, hal ini dapat menyebabkan masalah lain, yaitu,
membatasi lingkungan polimerisasi menurunkan sifat mekanik dari komposit resin.

Solusi kedua adalah untuk menutupi permukaan terikat dengan rongga kapal
elastis. Ini bertindak sebagai "shockabsorber" dan menempatkan bahan modulus
rendah antara dentin yang relatif kaku dan resin composite30). Zona resin
interdifusi dihasilkan sebagai mekanisme ikatan utama sebagian besar dentin saat
sistem ikatan juga berfungsi sebagai lapisan stres relaksasi, karena memiliki
modulus lebih rendah dari dentin mineral yang mendasari

Sebuah solusi ketiga adalah untuk memasukkan komposit resin secara bertahap
untuk mengurangi volume resin yang menyusut selama polimerisasi. Penggunaan
pengurangan jumlah resin yang akan dipolimerisasi pada setiap kenaikan telah
terbukti mengurangi tekanan yang dihasilkan ke walls15 rongga). Teknik mengisi
Incremental sebenarnya menurunkan C-faktor di bawah 1, karena biasanya ada
hampir sebanyak permukaan bebas permukaan terikat dalam peningkatan tunggal.

Sebuah solusi keempat adalah pengembangan material baru. Beberapa peneliti

mencoba untuk mengembangkan komposit resin baru yang tidak mengecilkan
ketika mereka polymerize32). Sebagai contoh, pilin orthocarbonate monomer telah
disintesis yang berkembang selama polimerisasi melalui process33 pembukaan
cincin ganda). Perbaikan lebih lanjut sedang dikembangkan untuk menyebabkan
cukup ganda pembukaan cincin untuk menghasilkan cukup ekspansi untuk
mengatasi penyusutan yang dihasilkan oleh dimethacrylates konvensional

Dalam penelitian ini, hibrida komposit jenis resin lebih banyak dipengaruhi dari
mikro-hibrida komposit dengan peningkatan C-faktor. Fakta ini disebabkan
perbedaan waktu, yang gel-titik muncul dan konten pengisi antara dua komposit
resin. Dalam kasus komposit hibrida, kandungan filler yang tinggi membuatnya
lebih kaku dan munculnya awal gel-titik menurunkan kapasitas aliran material.
Polimerisasi penyusutan terbukti memiliki efek pada kekuatan lentur dan modulus
elastisitas komposit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi Cfaktor rongga, semakin rendah sifat mekanik dari komposit resin.

Kemudian stres kontraksi komposit bisa disebabkan oleh polimerisasi penyusutan

mempengaruhi kekuatan ikatan resin struktur gigi dan sifat mekanik dari komposit
resin itu sendiri.
http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5395/JKACD.2002.27.3.239