1.

0: INTRODUCTION OF ALOE VERA

Aloe vera is a species of succulent plant and one of about 250 species of Aloes that
probably originated in northern Africa. The Aloes are members of the Lily family
(Liliaceae) and, therefore, are relatives of such common plants as tulips, Easter lilies, and
asparagus. Aloe vera is believed to be native to the Mediterranean, but its exact native
habitat is unknown. The common names for Aloe vera are True Aloe, Medicine Plant,
Burn Plant, and Barbados Aloe. While the scientific name is Aloe barbadensis. The term
Aloe is came from the ancient Arabic name from the plant, vera is true or genuine and
barbadensis was from or of Barbados.
Aloe vera makes a sturdy, long-lived houseplant as long as it is given plenty of
sunlight and is not over-watered. Many home gardeners grow it on a windowsill so the
sap is readily available. In the Old World the aloes have had a long history of economic
use, and this species in particular has been carried around by people for so long that its
original habitat has been lost in history. In fact, some taxonomists believe that Aloe vera
is not even a naturally developed species, but instead some ancient hybrid. This may, in
part, account for the use of two scientific names for the species. The species is frequently
cited as being used in herbal medicine since the beginning of the first century AD.
Extracts from Aloe vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine
industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing or soothing
properties. Medical uses of aloe vera are being investigated as well.
Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant growing to 60100
cm (2439 in) tall, spreading by offsets that grows in a rosette fashion on hot, welldrained soils. The leaves are spotted when young but take on a uniform light green color
with age. Spotted forms of Aloe vera are sometimes known as Aloe vera var.
chinensis.Their leaves also are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties
showing white flecks on the upper and lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf is
1

serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to
90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 23 cm
(0.81.2 in) long. Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a
symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil. Older plants
produce an 18-inch long stalk from the center of the rosette that is topped with nodding
cylindrical yellow flowers about 1-inch long.
Interest in the sap of this species extends back over 2000 years. It is bitter, slimy,
and can be collected as an exudate from cut leaves or squeezed from the pulp of leaves.
Leaves from all aloes have long been credited with healing properties, but the especially
succulent Aloe vera is valued most.
The natural range of Aloe vera is unclear, as the species has been widely cultivated
throughout the world. Naturalised stands of the species occur in the southern half of the
Arabian peninsula, through North Africa (Morocco, Mauritania, Egypt) as well as Sudan
and neighbouring countries, along with the Canary, Cape Verde, and Madeira Islands.
Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is popular
with modern gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and due to its interesting flowers,
form, and succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low
natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries and other low-water use gardens. The
species is hardy in zones 811, although it is intolerant of very heavy frost or snow. The
species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, mealy bugs, scale
insects, and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health. In pots, the species
requires well-drained sandy potting soil and bright sunny conditions however, in very hot
and humid tropical or subtropical climates, aloe plants should be protected from direct
sun and rain, as they will burn and/or turn mushy easily under these conditions.

By studying many benefits of aloe vera, this species was interacting our attention
to investigate deeper about their uses. Thats why, we chose this species as our subject of
project of Biology Teaching Method. Lets study more about this species.

2.0: USES OF ALOE VERA

2.1: INTERNAL
1. JUICES
There are several aloe vera uses, Here, in no particular order, is a guide to the top ten
health benefits of drinking aloe vera juice:
Detoxifies the body
Aloe vera juice is a great natural aid to detox. With our stressful lives, the
pollution around us and the junk foods we eat, we all need to cleanse our systems
from time to time. Some people more often than others! Drinking aloe vera juice
provides a fantastically rich cocktail of vitamins, minerals and trace elements to
help our bodies deal with these stresses and strains everyday.
Healthy Digestion
A healthy digestive system makes sure that we absorb as many of the nutrients as
possible from the foods we eat. Aloe vera juice has natural detoxifying abilities;
and one of the Aloe vera uses is that it seems to improve bowel regularity and
increases protein absorption. It also helps to decrease the amount of unfriendly
bacteria and yeast in our gut. Aloe vera has been shown to help reduce and soothe
heartburn and other digestive problems.
Natural Immune Support
Aloe vera is full of anti-oxidants natural immune enhancers which fight free
radicals within our body. Free radicals are the unstable compounds produced as a
side-effect of our metabolism. They are thought to cause various ailments, as well
as contributing to the ageing process. Drinking aloe vera juice regularly gives the
4

body a regular supply of anti-oxidants, which can boost and enhance the immune
system.
Reduce Inflammation
Aloe vera juice contains 12 substances which can slow down or inhibit
inflammation, without any side-effects. Some people say that drinking aloe vera
juice helps with their stiff, swollen or painful joints.
Collagen and Elastin Repair for Healthy Skin
Drinking aloe vera juice adds a rich supply of raw materials to your diet, which
can produce and maintain really healthy skin. The skin replaces itself every 28
days. Using the nutritional building blocks of aloe vera, the skin can use these
nutrients daily to help combat the effects of ageing, therefore on eof the Aloe vera
uses is that it is anti- aeging. Aloe vera also helps in soothing minor burns, cuts,
scrapes and skin irritations.
Regulate Weight and Energy Levels
Drinking aloe vera juice naturally allows the body to cleanse the digestive system.
Our diets include many substances which can cause fatigue and exhaustion. Taken
regularly, aloe vera juice ensures a greater feeling of well-being, allowing energy
levels to increase and helps maintain a healthy body weight
Daily Dose of Vitamins & Minerals
Other Aloe vera uses includes supplying body with dialy dose of vitamins and
minerals. Aloe vera juice contains vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12 (the aloe vera plant
is one of the few plants in the world to contain vitamin B12), C, E, Folic Acid and
Niacin. The human body cannot store some of these vitamins, so we need to
supplement them regularly through our diet. The minerals found in aloe vera
5

include Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Potassium, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Magnesium,

Chromium and more Plenty of good nutrition in aloe vera juice!
Amino Acids
The human body requires 20 amino acids to build protein; 8 of these amino acids
are essential which means the body cant make them itself. Aloe vera contains 19
of these amino acids, and 7 of the essential amino acids. So drinking aloe vera juice
tops up your bodys daily supply.
Dental Health
Aloe vera is extremely helpful for your mouth and gums. As well as its natural antibacterial and anti-microbial actions, it contains vitamins and minerals which
promote cell growth and healing. There are some aloe vera toothgels available
which contain a high level of pure aloe vera, which may help with bleeding gums
and mouth ulcers.
Better than Nutritional Supplements
Recent research has shown that adding good foods to our diets, rich in naturally
occurring vitamins and minerals, is far better than adding supplements alone. The
good news is that Aloe Vera juice is considered a food, rather than a manufactured
supplement. So drinking aloe vera juice is probably better than taking supplements
alone, because our bodies can absorb all the nutrients in aloe vera more easily, and
utilise

them

more

effectively.

2. MEDICINE (SUPPLEMENT/PILL)
Abstract of aloe vera are being use as a components in making the medicine. There
are a lot of benefit for healthy. For examples
De-Worming
As soon as a child gets sick in Jamaica, the parents suspects that the child has
worms. They may buy pharmaceutical de-worming medicine or subscribe to
herbal medicines such as aloe vera. Herbalist's in Jamaica learn the properties of
the plants by the observing the plants in their natural environment. For example, It
is observed that parasitic worms that eat plants cannot penetrate the aloe vera. It is
therefore assumed that the single bible plant contains natural worm repellents or
insecticides. The ability of the plant to heal itself when cut is also a good property
to look for in plants. Aloe Vera also has the ability to grow roots when cut and
isolated. These properties are indications of the potency of the healing properties
of any plant.
The skin of the plant of the Aloe Vera is where the medicinal worm repellent
ingredient of the plant is concentrated. Blending the skin and drinking it will kill
any type of worm in the intestines or else where. However, strong dosages are not
necessary.
Good Bacterial Flora
For someone who eats a lot of meat and little fiber, they would have to go on a 12
hour aloe vera fasting in order to reset the intestinal track of the body before they
start eating healthy again. Meats in the intestinal track ferments very quickly
which produces a lot of toxins. These toxins in turn paralyses the peristaltic

motion of the intestinal muscles. So the meat stays even longer in the body and
decomposes even more.
One of the medicinal uses of aloe vera is to clear the intestinal track of all residues.
Because the aloe vera is slimy, this helps to trap particles in the intestines,
especially the colon. When the residual wastes are trapped and cleared from the
body, the good bacteria will automatically replenish itself and aid in proper
digestion. The peristaltic ring like muscle will then start working properly again.
Cold and Flu
Aloe Vera boosts the immune system. It contains a long list of Phytonutrients. It
contains Vitamin A, B, C, E. It contains a long list of minerals, plant sterols and
enzymes. Therefore, the nutrients in the Aloe Vera reinforces each other. When
cold and flu symptoms are a result of stressful environments, the use of aloe vera
will almost immediately releive colds and flu's.
Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea and Constipation
Aloe Vera is the number one cure for Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea and Constipation on
the island. It is the surest cure. Gastroenteritis and diarrhea is normally caused by a
select couple of very stubborn bacteria. These bacteria releases very potent toxins
that can literally shut down the body and result in death. The diarrhea is a result of
the intestinal track desperately trying to remove the bacteria from the intestinal
track, normally unsuccessfully. Fortunately soaking the aloe vera in some coconut
water and drinking it will easily eliminate the bacteria from the intestines.
Constipation is alleviated because the aloe vera removes the bacteria that is
paralyzing the intestinal track and it helps to push through hard solid body waste.
Vitamin B12 for Vegans

Finding a proper non-meat source for Vitamin B12 has always been a mystery. The
good bacteria in the body produces Vitamin B12. The main medicinal use of aloe
vera is to support and improve bacteria flora. In addition aloe vera contains the
correct combinations of minerals that the bacteria needs to produce Vitamin B12.
Energy Booster
One medicinal use of aloe vera is boasting energy levels. This is due to the vitamin
b complexes and other nutrients that aid in converting a higher percentage of the
food in your stomach to energy. I personally take a pill of aloe plant in the
morning before leaving the house. I definately feel an energy boost. Its also a good
cure for low energy associated with depression or sadness.
Cancer Treatment
The main medicinal use of aloe vera is reversing the effects of cancer. The
University of the West Indies and Northern Caribbean University did a joint
research about treating cancer with aloe vera. The aloe vera contains a super
mineral called organic germanium. Most of the healing properties of the plant is
attributed to this mineral. The reasearch done by the universities proved that
organic germanium helps to shut down cancer cells. The properties of the aloe vera
plant basically sends a message to the cancer cells DNA that gives it instructions
to stop replicating and shut down.

2.2: EXTERNAL
1. PERSONAL CARE
9

Aloe vera is now widely used for commodities such as:

a) Cosmetics Products.
b) Toiletries Products.
c) Skin care Products.
d) Baby care Products.
a) Cosmetics Products.
For examples: mascara, foundation.
Remove eye makeup.

b) Toiletries Products.
For examples: soap, toothpaste, shampoo, shower gel, body scrub.
o Pamper yourself to a soothing body rub. Slice aloe leaves lengthwise and
use the inner sides as a biodegradable body scrub in the shower.
o Speed up hair growth by massaging aloe into the scalp, letting it sit for 30
minutes, and rinsing.
o .Reduce hair dandruff by mixing aloe vera juice with coconut milk and
wheat germ oil. Massage into scalp and rinse.
o Replace aloe with conditioner for silkier, smoother hair.
o Strengthen gums and promote strong, healthy teeth by taking orally or use
toothpaste with aloe vera ingredients.

c) Skin Care Products.

For examples: facial, body lotion.

10

o Use as an antidote to allergic skin reactions.

o Replace creams and lotions as a general moisturizer for dry skin. Aloe is
fast absorbing!
o Prevent pesky pimples and treat acne.
o

Prevent scarring and stretch marks.

o Reverse signs of aging skin and wrinkle

o Brighten skin. Aloe can decrease pigmentation and dark spots.
d) Baby Care Products.
For examples: moisturiser.
o Make feet baby soft with an exfoliating foot mask by mixing together a half
cup of oatmeal, a half cup of corn meal, four tbsp. of aloe vera gel and a
half cup of unscented body lotion.
2. TOPICAL TREATMENTS.
The traditional uses of aloe vera is to:
form a protective coating over ulcers and low the progression of ulcer sores. The
coating also protects the ulcer from future damage by the stomach's acidic juices.
The nutrients in the aloe vera also counteracts the bacteria responsible for the
progression of ulcers. All these factors combine to help the stomach repair itself of
the ulcer and return to normal functioning.
Treat burns from minor mishaps in the kitchenfrom grease splatters or hot
utensils.
.For more major kitchen mishaps like a scald, mix some aloe gel and vitamin E oil
into a little jar for a homemade burn healer.
Soothe and heal sunburns the feel-good way. Aloe contains cooling properties
similar to menthol.
11

 Alleviate mysterious rashes.

Reduce tissue damage from frostbite.
Take the sting or itch out of insect bites.
Treat minor vaginal irritations.
Boil leaves in a pan of water and breathe in the vapor to alleviate asthma
Sip to minimize inflammation and infection of the eye and ear.
3. PHYTOCHEMICALS
Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity, such as
acetylated mannans,

polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides,

and anthraquinones, and various lectins.

3.0: HOW TO PRESERVE ALOE VERA

12

anthrones

Firstly, aloe vera plant is take off from its pot. After that, the aloe vera is first cleaned
with water. Then each of the aloe vera part is wiped with the towel to made sure that it is dry
and clean. After that, the solution for the preservation is prepared. The solutions is prepared by
using ethanol and water. The ratio (30% - 70%) is used to prepared the solution.
To make sure the volume of the water and ethanol is match with the ratio, the volume of
the container is measured by recording the volume of water that can fill the whole part of the
container.Then from the result, the volume of the container is 1300 mL. After that, the amount
of the ethanol is 910 mL poured into the container and then followed by 390 mL of ethanol
because the water must be added to the acid to prevent from splashing. After that, the solution
must be stirred to have a homogeneous solution.
After the solution is prepared, the aloe vera that are already cleaned and dried is put in the
container containing the solution mixture of water and ethanol. The part of the aloe vera is made
sure to immerse into solution. Lastly, the container with the aloe vera is placed at the safety area.

Supplemen
t
To boast
energy
levels.

-Vitamin
-Asthma

-detoxifies
the body

Cosmetic

-Healthy

Mascara

4.0 : -reduce
CONCEPT digestion
MAP

-Reduce
Toiletrie
-Cure
inflammato
s
Wet
alcer
Aloe
vera
ry
preserved
Soap
-Ethyl alcohol
-As a
Toothpast
collagen
13
-water
e
-Dental
-Bottle Ways to
Internal
External
-Skin
health
preserv
care

-colour- green to grey green

-root- strong fibrous

cholestrol

-leaves- thick and fleshy

Habitat

Size
Common
- stemshort and stemless
name
-hot and
60-100
cm
-use
dry for -White flecks on stem surface
Aloe Vera
Nutrient content
study
conditio
-Have flower one in years
Scientifi
possible
n
water,mineral,vi
c name
bioactivit
tamin and
y
BACKGROU
enzyme
ND
Liliaceae

Preserved

Introduction
Lifespan
-mature
4-5
years

Features
Uses

Nutrition Medicine

Juices

Personal Care

Phytochemical

5.0: ESSAY ON HOW TO TEACH STUDENTS ABOUT ALOE VERA AND

ITS PRESERVATION
14

5.1: Method 1
Among students
There are a few activities that can we conducted in order to teach students about aloe vera
and its preservation. For the first part, teacher introduce students about the background of aloe
vera included it scientific name, common name, habitat, lifespan, nutrient contain inside the aloe
vera and others that related to the aloe vera.This can be held in the class. Teacher also can show
to students the video that related to aloe vera so that student can more understand about the
background of aloe vera. Besides, teacher also can contribute the handout about the background
of aloe vera to students. In additions, student also can used the handout given to support their
note in the note book.
After students have learned about the background of aloe vera, teacher can bring their
student to the school garden to observe the features and physical characteristics of aloe vera.
Teacher can show the real aloe vera to student and students can take this golden opportunity to
see the aloe vera in closer look especially to the students who are never see the aloe vera before.
Teacher also have prepare a task to students to list out the features of aloe vera based on their
observation. From this activity, students can enjoy learn the physical characteristics of the aloe
vera.
After student have finished their task, teacher formed the students in a few group to
continue to next activity. This activity are asked students to take the sample of aloe vera for each
group. This sample can be used for the preservation and also to study the uses of aloe vera. After
each group have get their sample, the students are ask to bring the sample to the laboratory to
continue to next activity.
At this step, teacher will show on how to preserve the aloe vera by using hand on
experiment. In the class, teacher have to teach students by using hands on preservation.By using
hands on activity, students can do it well not just memorising its step, but they also can
understanding the step.So, it can help him to understand well about the ways of preservation of
this plants.Moreover, for the wet perserved , the step is too simple for them to understand well
and keep in their memory for a long time.It just need water,ehanol, glass bottle and plant.We just
need to mix the ethanol and water in the glass bottles and put the plants into the bottle.Hence this
15

step can be applying in the class Biology for students to preserved this plants so that they can
study the plants well.Teacher can also said that students can apply this preservation not only at
the plants buat also on the extict animals or insect.
Another method we can use in ways to teach students about aloe vera and its preservation is
by using song.Create some song about the aloe vera. Make it nice and interesting. And allow the
students to sing together in the class. After that, teacher can prepare the thing to preserve in
class. Teacher have to prepare that at the side of the class. Teacher gave them an handout about
the picture of steps for preservation. Ask student to understand the picture and use that to
applying for hands on experiment.Beside using the picture for the steps, teacher can provide
them the video about the preservation that create by herself. By using this method, it can be kind
of interesting active learning in order to teach students about the preservation.
After finished the activity on the preservation of aloe vera. The lesson is continue to the
uses of aloe vera. From the sample of aloe vera that take from the garden just now, the sample
can be use to teach the student on the uses of aloe vera. Teacher can conduct some demonstration
on examples of uses of aloe vera. For example teacher can show how to make aloe vera juice,
hair gel, dessert and other. Besides, teacher also can show how to take out aloe vera gel from the
leaves and use the fresh aloe vera to clear acne and other topical treatments. For better approach,
teacher can give an opportunity to students to make their product and try by their own.
Before the class ended, teacher can ask students to do the mind map based on their
understanding in the lesson in the class. By using this method, teacher can know their level of
understanding aside from evaluate them. If they did not know something or cannot catch up
something in the lesson, teacher have to recall back the part that they did not understanding. This
method can help students to gain their understanding about the lesson of plants and its
preservation more deeply.
To teach more detail about the uses of aloe vera, teacher can deal with

schools

administration to ask their permission to bring the student to the supermarket. Before start the
activity, teacher should remind the student about the safety and the rules throughout activity in
supermarket. Students will divide into group and will given a task that ask student to list the
product that contain the abstract of aloe vera as many as possible. Teacher should provide the
16

time for student to complete the task. For more effective, student are allow to take the picture of
products. From their lists of product that obtained, students are asked to present their task in front
of class in the next class. So from this activity, student will learn about the aloe vera in
interactive and fun learning.
Besides that, teacher also can use another ways to teach about the preservation of the
plants of aloe vera by using visit. Teacher can use the visit to any part of the place that do the
preservations .For example at the university. Besides they can look the ways of preservations
made by expert one in the university, by visiting on the universities, they can sense to study hard
to get into university. On the visit at university, they can learn more detail about preservation and
sample that university have been perserved. For example monkey, barnacle, se anaemone and so
on. So, teacher can ask students to collect data and make some research on the preservation in
the university.
On the other hand, science center or exhibition for students to learn more details about the
preservation.On the science center, teacher can prepare one booth for showing the steps for
preservation and another booth for exhibition the sample of plants that they already preserved.On
the booth, teacher not spoon feed them, but teacher have to guide them to do the technique
correctly. By using this method, students not just can learn but they can gain some experience to
do the preservation of aloe vera and another kind of plants and animals by using their own hands.

5.2: Method 2
Among community
17

To teach students about the aloe vera, teacher can also do a science fair in the school area.
Teacher can introduce the aloe vera by having a booth of the herbs plants. Teacher thinks an
appropriate time to do the events. Teacher can also invite the others people outside school. For
example invite parents, teacher and students fron others school to attend the science fair.
The pamphlet about the herbs plant which is aloe vera is distributed to all guess consist of
students, teachers ands parents. In the pamphlets, the introduction about the aloe vera is
introduce. The important feature about the aloe vera is also describe in the pamphlets to give
early understanding about the features that belong to aloe vera. Other than that, the benefits of
the aloe vera to our health is stated in the pamphlets. For example aloe vera can heal wound and
cuts. Besides, in the pamphlets given also describe on how to preserve the aloe vera to make sure
that the next generation can know what is aloe vera.
In addition during the science fair, teacher can show about the real aloe vera plants to
students, teachers and parents. Teacher can also show about the cross section of the aloe vera
leaves that contain a gel inside to others. Other than that, teacher also can show how to apply the
aloe vera gel to the wound by cutting the leaves and then put the aloe gel immediately to the
wound. Furthermore, teacher can show the products that are made up from aloe vera. For
example, shower cream, shampoo, facial cleanser,vitamin, juices and cleaning agent and at the
same time teacher can sell the products. During the science fair, teacher also can show or
demostrate on how to make the dessert from the aloe vera and invite the guess to try the dessert.
The example dessert that can be prepare using aloe vera is jelly, and pudding.
Last but not least, during the science fair, teacher show on how to preserve the aloe vera.
Teacher describe the solution and material needed to preserve the aloe vera. Other than that,
teacher show step by step on how to preserve aloe vera. To make it is more interesting, teacher
can prepare the video on how to preserve aloe vera and show the video to the students, teachers
and parents. The sample of aloe vera that already preserve is show to others during the science
fair. At this time, students can know the conditions of the aloe vera when it is preserve. Last but
not least, the science fair conducted can help teacher to teach and introduce the herbs plant that is
aloe vera among the students and others.
From my opinion, one of the idea on how to teach the community about an Aloevera
species and its preservation is by using the modern technology which is network connection
18

such as internet specifically by using the blog or facebook. This is because, nowadays, our
community is always exposing to the network such as FB, twitter, blogger and others. This is one
of the best medium to transfer the knowledge to them.
First, to create the blog, we need to work in a team. Some of them doing a research about
an Aloevera species and how to preserve it, and the rest of them transfer the information by
writing a blog. The blog must provide full information about the Aloevera species. The
information must be updated time by time. The blog also must be added with some attractive
elements so that it can attract any level of community to read it. In the same time, it also provide
full and clear of related information about the aloevera species. Examples of attractive elements
are wonderful and beautiful pictures of Aloevera species, or the clear videos of how to preserve
it, add many gadgets so that our blog will become a flexible and interesting blog.
To promote our blog, we can use the other network connection such Facebook and e-mail.
By promoting the blog in the Facebook which is the famous center of communication in the
world, we can interact many kind of people around the world to read our blog and the most
important is they give a feedback or comments which show that they read our blog, get the
information about an Aloevera species and try to preserve it also if they want to make a research
about this species. So, lets create the blog and share information about the Aloevera species.
Thats all.

6.0 : APPENDIXES

19

Sample Aloe Vera

Materials needed for Preservation:

Glass

Aloe Vera
Preservation:
910 ml
310 ml of

20

Aloe Vera

Day 1

After 4
weeks

7.0 : REFERENCES

21

1. http://gempakz.org/showthread.php?tid=529
2. http://thesecretmedicines.blogspot.com/2008/10/khasiat-lidah-buaya-herbaterbaik.html
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera
4. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070516212003AABWGPb
5. http://www.birminghampost.net/news/special-features/2010/10/27/finding-thebest-aloe-vera-products-65233-27552036/
6. http://www.acss.ws/Upload/XML/Research/357.pdf
7. http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/aloe_vera.htm

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