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    Real Analysis II: 1 Spaces of Functions

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    CathyLe
    This document provides an introduction to spaces of functions and Banach spaces in real analysis. It discusses how finite-dimensional vector spaces are complete with respect to their standard norm, meaning they are Banach spaces. However, for infinite-dimensional vector spaces, completeness must be proven. It presents examples of Banach function spaces, including Lp spaces and spaces of bounded continuous functions. Completeness ensures that Cauchy sequences converge to a limit in the space. The document notes that while the space of smooth functions with compact support is dense in Lp spaces for p < ∞, the limit of smooth functions can be non-smooth, posing problems if the limit is meant to solve a differential equation.

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    Real Analysis II: 1 Spaces of Functions

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    CathyLe
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    This document provides an introduction to spaces of functions and Banach spaces in real analysis. It discusses how finite-dimensional vector spaces are complete with respect to their standard norm, meaning they are Banach spaces. However, for infinite-dimensional vector spaces, completeness must be proven. It presents examples of Banach function spaces, including Lp spaces and spaces of bounded continuous functions. Completeness ensures that Cauchy sequences converge to a limit in the space. The document notes that while the space of smooth functions with compact support is dense in Lp spaces for p < ∞, the limit of smooth functions can be non-smooth, posing problems if the limit is meant to solve a differential equation.

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    This document provides an introduction to spaces of functions and Banach spaces in real analysis. It discusses how finite-dimensional vector spaces are complete with respect to their standard norm, meaning they are Banach spaces. However, for infinite-dimensional vector spaces, completeness must be proven. It presents examples of Banach function spaces, including Lp spaces and spaces of bounded continuous functions. Completeness ensures that Cauchy sequences converge to a limit in the space. The document notes that while the space of smooth functions with compact support is dense in Lp spaces for p < ∞, the limit of smooth functions can be non-smooth, posing problems if the limit is meant to solve a differential equation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views2 pages

    Real Analysis II: 1 Spaces of Functions

    Uploaded by

    CathyLe
    This document provides an introduction to spaces of functions and Banach spaces in real analysis. It discusses how finite-dimensional vector spaces are complete with respect to their standard norm, meaning they are Banach spaces. However, for infinite-dimensional vector spaces, completeness must be proven. It presents examples of Banach function spaces, including Lp spaces and spaces of bounded continuous functions. Completeness ensures that Cauchy sequences converge to a limit in the space. The document notes that while the space of smooth functions with compact support is dense in Lp spaces for p < ∞, the limit of smooth functions can be non-smooth, posing problems if the limit is meant to solve a differential equation.

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    Real Analysis II

    John Loftin
    April 15, 2015

    Spaces of functions

    1.1

    Banach spaces

    Many natural spaces of functions form infinite-dimensional vector spaces.


    Examples are the space of polynomials and the space of smooth functions.
    If we are interested in solving differential equations, then, it is important to
    understand analysis in infinite-dimensional vector spaces (over R or C).
    First of all, we should recognize the following straightforward fact about
    finite-dimensional vector spaces:
    Homework Problem 1. Let x = (x1 , . . . , xm ) denote a point in Rm , and
    m
    let {xn } = {(x1n , . . . , xm
    n )} be a sequence of points in R . Then xn x if
    and only if xin xi for all i = 1, . . . , m.
    m
    (Recall the standard
    p metric on R is given by |x y|, where the norm
    | | is given by |x| = (x1 )2 + + (xm )2 .)
    Thus for taking limits in Rm , we could even dispense with the notion of
    the taking limits using the metric on Rm , and simply define the xn x
    by xin xi for each i = 1, . . . , m. This reflects the fact that there is only
    one natural topology on a finite-dimensional vector space: that given by the
    standard norm.
    For infinite-dimensional vector spaces, say with a countable basis, so that
    x = (x1 , x2 , . . . ), it is possible to define a topology by xn x if and only
    if each xin xi . It turns out that this is not usually the most useful way

    partially supported by NSF Grant DMS0405873

    to define limits in infinite-dimensional spaces, however (though a related


    construction is used in defining the topology of Frechet spaces).
    Finite-dimensional vector spaces are also all complete with respect to
    their standard norm (in other words, they are all Banach spaces). Given a
    norm on an infinite dimensional vector space, completeness must be proved,
    however. There are many examples of Banach function spaces: On a measure
    space, the Lp spaces of functions are all Banach spaces for 1 p . Also,
    on a metric space X, the space of all bounded continuous functions C 0 (X)
    is a measure space under the norm
    kf kC 0 (X) = sup |f (x)|.
    xX

    The Lp and C 0 form the basis of most other useful Banach spaces, with extensions typically provided by measuring not just the functions themselves, but
    also their partial derivatives (as in Sobolev and C k spaces) or their difference
    quotients (Holder spaces).
    Completeness of a metric space of course means that any Cauchy sequence
    has a unique limit. More roughly, this means that any sequence that should
    converge, in that its elements are becoming infinitesimally close to each other,
    will converge to a limit in the space. As we will see, taking such limits is
    a powerful way to construct solutions to analytic problems. Unfortunately,
    many of the most familiar spaces of functions (such as smooth functions) do
    not have the structure of a Banach space, and so it is difficult to ensure that
    a given limit of smooth functions is smooth. In fact we have the following
    theorem, which we state without proof:
    Theorem 1. On Rn equipped with Lebesgue measure, the space C0 (Rn ) of
    smooth functions with compact support is dense in Lp (Rn ) for all 1 p < .
    In other words, completion of the space of smooth functions with compact
    support on Rn with respect to the Lp norm, is simply the space of all Lp
    functions for 1 p < .
    If we are working in L2 , for example, it is possible for the limit of smooth
    functions to be quite non-smooth: there are many L2 functions which are
    discontinuous everywhere. This poses a potential problem if the limit we
    have produced is supposed to be a solution to a differential equation. In
    particular, such a limit may be nowhere differentiable. Some of our goals then
    are to understand (1) how to make sense of taking derivatives of functions
    which are not classically differentiable (the theory of distributions and weak
    2

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