A Class of Maximal Topologies (Douglas E. Cameron)

PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS
Vol. 70, No. 1,1977
A CLASS OF MAXIMAL TOPOLOGIES

DOUGLAS E.
CAMERON
In this note, we characterize maximal topologies of a class of

topological properties which include lightly compact spaces and
QHC -spaces and, when restricted to completely regular spaces,
pseudocompact spaces. In addition we prove some results
relating maximal lightly compact and maximal pseudocompact
spaces.
A. B. Raha [12] has shown that maximal lightly compact spaces are
submaximal as are maximal pseudocompact spaces, and Douglas E.
Cameron [6] has characterized maximal QHC-spaces and shown these to
be submaximal. In Tychonof spaces, lightly compact and pseudocompact are equivalent; and in Hausdorff spaces, QHC and H-closed are
equivalent. We shall show that the maximal topologies of a class of
topologies which include lightly compact and QHC are submaximal and
Tj spaces.
The topological space with topology on set X shall be denoted by
(X, T), the closure of a subset A of X with respect to is cl and the
interior of A with respect to is intA, the complement of A with
respect to X is X A, the relative topology of r on A is r | A, and the
product of spaces (X, ) for a E 21 is (sX,
A topological space (X, r) with property R is maximal R if
whenever ' is stronger than ( ' D ) , then (X, r') does not have
property R. In [5] it was shown that for a topological property K, (X, r)
is maximal R if and only if every continuous bijection from a space (Y, r)
with property R to (X, r) is a homeomorphism. A topological space
(X, r) for which there exists a stronger maximal R topology is said to be
strongly R. For A C X the topology (A) with subbase r U{A} is the
simple expansion of r by A.
We shall restrict our study to topological properties which satisfy
some or all of the following:
P-l: contractive (preserved by continuous surjections)
P-2: regular closed hereditary
P-3: semi-regular (A topological property R is semi-regular if
(X, r) has property R if and only if (X, s ) has property R where s is the
semi-regularization of r.)
P-4: contagious (A topological property R is contagious if
101
102
DOUGLAS E. CAMERON
whenever a dense subset of a space has property JR, the entire space has
property JR [8]).
P-5: finitely unionable (If (X, r ) is a topological space, A, =X,
i = l,
, n are subsets which have property R, then U=1A, has
property R).
DEFINITION
1. Two topologies r and r ' o n X are ro-equivalent if
s = ' s .
THEOREM 1. An expansion ' of' is ro-equivalent to if and only if
c\T.U = clU for all U G r ' [10].
THEOREM 2. 1/ topological property R satisfies P-3, then a maximal R topology is submaximal.
Proof. This follows from the properties of P-3 and the fact that
every topological space has a stronger submaximal space with the same
semiregularization [3].
1. If a topological property R satisfies P-3, then maximal R topologies are TD.
COROLLARY
THEOREM 3. If topological property R satisfies P-l-P-5 a submaximal space (X, r) is maximal R if and only if for any A C X, such that both
X-intrA and A have property R, then A is closed.
Proof. If (X, T ) is submaximal and not maximal R, then there is

'Z> r such that 's^ s and (X, r') has property R. Therefore there is
U E T' such that cl U D clU and thus cl (7 is not -closed. cl 7 and
cl (X - c\U) are r ' regular closed and thus are r ' and r subspaces with
property JR.
By P-4, c l ( c l ( X - c l l / ) ) = c l ( X - c l ( 7 ) = X - i n t ( c l U ) has
property JR with respect to r.
If (X, T ) has property JR and there is a nonclosed subset A C X such
that both A and X - intA have property R, then the topology cl (X A ) has property R. Since every dense subset of a submaximal space is
open, ( X - A ) U i n t A is T open implying \B = ( X - A ) | B where
c l ( X - A ) = B. Also | A = ( X - A ) | A so both A and B are
(X-A)
subspac with property R and by P-5, ( X , ( X - A ) ) has
property R since X = A U B , thus (X, r ) is not maximal R.
COROLLARY 2. A submaximal space satisfying P-l-P-5 with property R in which every subspace with property R is closed is maximal R.
A CLASS OF MAXIMAL TOPOLOGIES
103
THEOREM 4. If property R satisfies P-l-P-5 and all one point sets

have property Ry then maximal R spaces are T.
Proof. Let ( X , r ) be submaximal R. If for XoEX,{x o } then

X - {x0} is r-dense therefore is open and so {x0} is closed. If {JC0} E r and
cl{x0}-int clT{jto} = 0 then since {x0} has property JR, cl {x0} - {y0}
has property R for y 0 ^ x0 by P-4. Since {y0} r, cl{y0} = {y0}, and the
free union of X - c l {x0}, {yo}, and cl{xo}-{yo} has property R and is
finer than (X, r ) which is a contradiction since (X, r ) is maximal R. If
cl{x0} ~ int cl{*o} / 0 , choose y0 E cl{x0} - int cl{x0}. Then A =
cl{xo}~{yo} has property R and is not closed. X - i n t A =
cl (X - cl A) is regular closed and thus has property R. By Theorem 3,
A is closed, a contradiction as {xo}C A$-cl{x0}.
5 If property R is productive and contractive (P-l) and
(X, %a) is maximal R, then (X, ) is maximal R for a E 31.
THEOREM
Proof. (X, ) has property JR for a E Si since R is contractive; if

(X, ) is not maximal R for some E SI, there is 'D such that
(X, T) has property R. Then for = for a^ , (rX, 9 ) has
property R which is a contradiction.
QHC-spaces (spaces for which every open cover has a finite
subcollection whose closures cover the space) have properties P-l-P-5
and have been studied in detail [6]. QHC-spaces which are Hausdorff
are called H-closed spaces. Lightly compact spaces (spaces for which
every countable open cover-has a finite subcollection whose closures
cover the space) satisfy P-l-P-5 (See [2] for P-2; [12] for P-3; P-l, P-4, and
P-5 are proven as for QHC). Lightly compact spaces are called feebly
compact in [14, 15]. Pseudocompact spaces satisfy P-l, P-3 [12], P-4 [8]
and P-5, but not P-2. However P-2 is satisfied for pseudocompactness in
the class of completely regular spaces [9] and maximal pseudocompact
spaces are Tx [7].
Spaces having properties P-P5 are not necessarily strongly JR
(QHC[6]; lightly compact[12]). However if -closed spaces are
strongly H-closed [10] and a first countable Hausdorff space which is
lightly compact is strongly lightly compact. This follows from P-3, the
fact that every space is coarser than some submaximal space with the
same semi-regularization, the fact that in a first countable Hausdorff
space, lightly compact subsets are closed (proven similarly to the same
result for first countable, T countably compact spaces [1]) and Corollary
2. In Tychonoff spaces pseudocompactness is closed hereditary [9], thus
we have the following result:
104
DOUGLAS E. CAMERON
THEOREM 6. A Tychonoff space is maximal pseudocompact if and

only if it is maximal lightly compact.
Proof. In completely regular spaces, pseudocompactness is equivalent to lightly compact [2]; since lightly compact spaces are pseudocompact then a lightly compact maximal pseudocompact space is maximal
lightly compact. If not maximal pseudocompact there is r ' D r such that
(X, T') is pseudocompact and therefore there is A E'-
such that
(X,(A)) is pseudocompact and is completely regular [13]. Therefore
(X, ( A ) ) is lightly compact.
REFERENCES
1. C. E. Aull, A certain class of topological spaces, Prace. Math., 11 (1967), 49-53.
2. R. W. Ragley, E. H. Connell and J. D. McKnight, Jr., On properties characterizing pseudocompact spaces, Proc. Amer. Math Soc, 9 (1958), 500-506.
3. Bourbaki, General Topology, Addison Wesley, (1966).
4. Douglas E. Cameron, Maximal pseudocompactness, Pro. General Topology Conf., Emory
University, (1970), 26-31.
5.
, Maximal and minimal topologies, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc, 160 (1971), 229-248.
6.
, Maximal QHC-spaces, Rocky Mountain J. Math., (to appear).
7.
, A note on maximal pseudocompactness, J. Australian Math. Soc, submitted.
8. J. Chew, Contagious properties, Math. Mag., (March 1974), 84-87.
9. I. Glicksberg, Stone-Cech compactifications of products, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc, 90 (1959),
369-382.
10. J. Miodurzewski and L. Rudolf, H-closed and extremely disconnected Hausdorff spaces,
Dissertationes Mathematical, 66 (1969).
11. J. R. Porter, and J. Thomas, On H-closed and minimal Hausdorff spaces, Trans. Amer. Math
Soc, 138 (1969), 159-170.
12. A. B. Raha, Maximal topologies, J. Australian Math. Soc, 15 (1973), 279-290.
13. D. F. Reynolds, Expansions of topologies by locally finite collections, Proc Gen. Top.
Conference, Charlotte (1974) Academic Press.
14. C. T. Scarborough and A. H. Stone, Products of nearly compact spaces, Trans. Amer. Math.
Soc, 124 (1966), 131-147.
15. R. M. Stephenson, Jr., Pseudocompact spaces, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc, 134 (1968), 437-448.
Received December 8, 1976 and in revised form January 31, 1977.
THE
UNIVERSITY OF AKRON
AKRON, OH 44325
AND
OHIO UNIVERSITY (visiting)
ATHENS, OH 45701

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PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS

Vol. 70, No. 1,1977

A CLASS OF MAXIMAL TOPOLOGIES

In this note, we characterize maximal topologies of a class of

1. Two topologies r and r ' o n X are ro-equivalent if

Proof. If (X, T ) is submaximal and not maximal R, then there is

A CLASS OF MAXIMAL TOPOLOGIES

THEOREM 4. If property R satisfies P-l-P-5 and all one point sets

Proof. Let ( X , r ) be submaximal R. If for XoEX,{x o } then

Proof. (X, ) has property JR for a E Si since R is contractive; if

THEOREM 6. A Tychonoff space is maximal pseudocompact if and

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