Distribution of Shear Stresses in Circular Shafts

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NPTEL-IITR
LECTURE 19
Distribution of shear stresses in circular Shafts subjected to torsion :
The simple torsion equation is written as
This states that the shearing stress varies directly as the distance r' from the axis of the shaft and the following is the
stress distribution in the plane of cross section and also the complementary shearing stresses in an axial plane.
Hence the maximum strear stress occurs on the outer surface of the shaft where r = R
The value of maximum shearing stress in the solid circular shaft can be determined as
From the above relation, following conclusion can be drawn

(i) t maxm T
(ii) t maxm 1/d 3
Power Transmitted by a shaft:
In practical application, the diameter of the shaft must sometimes be calculated from the power which it is required to
transmit.
Given the power required to be transmitted, speed in rpm N' Torque T, the formula connecting
These quantities can be derived as follows
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Torsional stiffness: The torsional stiffness k is defined as the torque per radian twist .
For a ductile material, the plastic flow begins first in the outer surface. For a material which is weaker in shear
longitudinally than transversely for instance a wooden shaft, with the fibres parallel to axis the first cracks will be
produced by the shearing stresses acting in the axial section and they will upper on the surface of the shaft in the
longitudinal direction.
In the case of a material which is weaker in tension than in shear. For instance a, circular shaft of cast iron or a
cylindrical piece of chalk a crack along a helix inclined at 450 to the axis of shaft often occurs.
Explanation: This is because of the fact that the state of pure shear is equivalent to a state of stress tension in one
direction and equal compression in perpendicular direction.
A rectangular element cut from the outer layer of a twisted shaft with sides at 450 to the axis will be subjected to such
stresses, the tensile stresses shown will produce a helical crack mentioned.
TORSION OF HOLLOW SHAFTS:

From the torsion of solid shafts of circular x section , it is seen that only the material at the outer surface of the shaft can
be stressed to the limit assigned as an allowable working stresses. All of the material within the shaft will work at a
lower stress and is not being used to full capacity. Thus, in these cases where the weight reduction is important, it is
advantageous to use hollow shafts. In discussing the torsion of hollow shafts the same assumptions will be made as in
the case of a solid shaft. The general torsion equation as we have applied in the case of torsion of solid shaft will hold
good
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Hence by examining the equation (1) and (2) it may be seen that the t maxm in the case of hollow shaft is 6.6% larger then
in the case of a solid shaft having the same outside diameter.
Reduction in weight:
Considering a solid and hollow shafts of the same length 'l' and density 'r' with di = 1/2 Do
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Hence the reduction in weight would be just 25%.

Illustrative Examples :
Problem 1
A stepped solid circular shaft is built in at its ends and subjected to an externally applied torque. T0 at the shoulder as
shown in the figure. Determine the angle of rotation q0 of the shoulder section where T0 is applied ?
Solution: This is a statically indeterminate system because the shaft is built in at both ends. All that we can find from the
statics is that the sum of two reactive torque TA and TB at the built in ends of the shafts must be equal to the applied
torque T0
Thus
TA+ TB = T0
------ (1)
[from static principles]

Where TA ,TB are the reactive torque at the built in ends A and B. wheeras T0 is the applied torque
From consideration of consistent deformation, we see that the angle of twist in each portion of the shaft must be same.
i.e
qa = q b = q 0
using the relation for angle of twist
N.B: Assuming modulus of rigidity G to be same for the two portions

So the defines the ratio of TA and TB
So by solving (1) & (2) we get
Non Uniform Torsion: The pure torsion refers to a torsion of a prismatic bar subjected to torques acting only at the ends.
While the non uniform torsion differs from pure torsion in a sense that the bar / shaft need not to be prismatic and the
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applied torques may vary along the length.
Here the shaft is made up of two different segments of different diameters and having torques applied at several cross
sections. Each region of the bar between the applied loads betwe changes in cross section is in pure torsion, hence the
formula's derived earlier may be applied. Then form the internal torque, maximum shear stress and angle of rotation for
each region can be calculated from the relation
The total angle to twist of one end of the bar with respect to the other is obtained by summation using the formula
If either the torque or the cross section changes continuously along the axis of the bar, then the (summation can be
replaced by an integral sign ( ). i.e We will have to consider a differential element.
After considering the differential element, we can write
Substituting the expressions for Tx and Jx at a distance x from the end of the bar, and then integrating between the limits
0 to L, find the value of angle of twist may be determined.
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Distribution of Shear Stresses in Circular Shafts

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6/14/2014

From the above relation, following conclusion can be drawn

TORSION OF HOLLOW SHAFTS:

Hence the reduction in weight would be just 25%.

[from static principles]

using the relation for angle of twist

N.B: Assuming modulus of rigidity G to be same for the two portions

applied torques may vary along the length.

After considering the differential element, we can write

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