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Transfer Functions: Partial Fraction Expansion

This document discusses transfer functions, partial fraction expansions, convolution, and feedback systems. It provides definitions and examples of how to perform partial fraction expansions, evaluate transfer functions, take convolutions, and model feedback systems using MATLAB.

Uploaded by

mubashir
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views

Transfer Functions: Partial Fraction Expansion

This document discusses transfer functions, partial fraction expansions, convolution, and feedback systems. It provides definitions and examples of how to perform partial fraction expansions, evaluate transfer functions, take convolutions, and model feedback systems using MATLAB.

Uploaded by

mubashir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transfer Functions

Partial Fraction Expansion:


In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of
a rational fraction (that is a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator
are both polynomials) is the operation that consists in expressing the fraction as a
sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler
denominator.
Residue finds the partial fraction expansion of the ratio of two polynomials. This is
particularly useful for applications that represent systems in transfer function form.
For polynomials b and a, if there are no multiple roots,

where r is a column vector of residues, p is a column vector of pole locations,


and k is a row vector of direct terms. Consider the transfer function

b = [-4 8];
a = [1 6 8];
[r,p,k] = residue(b,a)
r=
-12
8
p=
-4
-2
k=
[]
Given three input arguments (r, p, and k), residue converts back to polynomial form:
[b2,a2] = residue(r,p,k)
b2 =

-4

a2 =

8
6

Convolution

conv -Convolution and polynomial multiplication


Syntax
w = conv(u,v)
w = conv(...,'shape')

Description

w = conv(u,v) convolves vectors u and v. Algebraically, convolution is the same


operation as multiplying the polynomials whose coefficients are the elements
of uand v.
w = conv(...,'shape') returns a subsection of the convolution, as specified by
the shape parameter:
Full
Returns the full convolution (default).
Sa
me

Returns the central part of the convolution of the same size as u.

Vali Returns only those parts of the convolution that are computed without the
d
zero-padded edges. Using this option,length(w) is max(length(u)max(0,length(v)-1),0).

Definitions
Let m = length(u) and n = length(v) . Then w is the vector of length m+n1 whose kth element is

The sum is over all the values of j which lead to legal subscripts for u(j) and v(k+1j), specifically j = max(1,k+1-n): min(k,m). When m = n, this gives
w(1) = u(1)*v(1)
w(2) = u(1)*v(2)+u(2)*v(1)
w(3) = u(1)*v(3)+u(2)*v(2)+u(3)*v(1)
...
w(n) = u(1)*v(n)+u(2)*v(n-1)+ ... +u(n)*v(1)
...
w(2*n-1) = u(n)*v(n)

Transfer Function
tf -Create transfer function model, convert to transfer function model
Syntax
tf
sys = tf(num,den)
sys = tf(num,den,Ts)

sys = tf(M)
sys = tf(num,den,ltisys)
tfsys = tf(sys)

Description
Use tf to create real- or complex-valued transfer function models (TF objects) or to
convert state-space or zero-pole-gain models to transfer function form. You can also
use tf to create Generalized state-space (genss) models.

Creation of Transfer Functions


sys = tf(num,den) creates a continuous-time transfer function with numerator(s)
and denominator(s) specified by num and den. The output sys is a TF object storing
the transfer function data.
In the SISO case, num and den are the real- or complex-valued row vectors of
numerator and denominator coefficients ordered in descending powers of s. These
two vectors need not have equal length and the transfer function need not be
proper. For example, h = tf([1 0],1) specifies the pure derivative h(s) = s.
To create MIMO transfer functions, using one of the following approaches:

Concatenate SISO tf models.

Use the tf command with cell array arguments. In this case, num and den are
cell arrays of row vectors with as many rows as outputs and as many columns as
inputs. The row vectors num{i,j} and den{i,j} specify the numerator and
denominator of the transfer function from input j to output i.
For examples of creating MIMO transfer functions, see Examples and Multi-Input,
Multi-Output Transfer Function Model in the Control System Toolbox User Guide.
If all SISO entries of a MIMO transfer function have the same denominator, you can
set den to the row vector representation of this common denominator. See
"Examples" for more details.
sys = tf(num,den,Ts) creates a discrete-time transfer function with sample
time Ts (in seconds). Set Ts = -1 to leave the sample time unspecified. The input
arguments num and den are as in the continuous-time case and must list the
numerator and denominator coefficients in descending powers of z.
sys = tf(M) creates a static gain M (scalar or matrix).
sys = tf(num,den,ltisys) creates a transfer function with properties inherited from
the dynamic system model ltisys (including the sample time).
There are several ways to create arrays of transfer functions. To create arrays of
SISO or MIMO TF models, either specify the numerator and denominator of each
SISO entry using multidimensional cell arrays, or use a for loop to successively
assign each TF model in the array. See Model Arrays in the Control System Toolbox
User Guide for more information.
Any of the previous syntaxes can be followed by property name/property value pairs
'Property',Value
Each pair specifies a particular property of the model, for example, the input names
or the transfer function variable. For information about the properties of tfobjects,
see Properties. Note that
sys = tf(num,den,'Property1',Value1,...,'PropertyN',ValueN)

is a shortcut for
sys = tf(num,den)
set(sys,'Property1',Value1,...,'PropertyN',ValueN)

Feedback
feedback -Feedback connection of two LTI models
Syntax
sys = feedback(sys1,sys2)

Description
sys = feedback(sys1,sys2) returns an LTI model sys for the negative feedback
interconnection.

The closed-loop model sys has u as input vector and y as output vector. The LTI
models sys1 and sys2 must be both continuous or both discrete with identical
sample times. Precedence rules are used to determine the resulting model type
(see Precedence Rules That Determine Model Type).
To apply positive feedback, use the syntax
sys = feedback(sys1,sys2,+1)
By default, feedback(sys1,sys2) assumes negative feedback and is equivalent
to feedback(sys1,sys2,-1).
Finally,
sys = feedback(sys1,sys2,feedin,feedout)
computes a closed-loop model sys for the more general feedback loop.

Input Delay

Read the instructions and evaluate the following by hand and through
MATLAB:
Evaluate the partial fraction for following functions:
1.

3 s2
s2 s

2.

s 2+ 9 s9
s39 s

3.

11 s14
s s 24 s +4

4.

s
( s+1 )2

5.

s
s +2 s+2

6.

10 ( s +1 )
s ( s+4 ) ( s +6 )

Evaluate the transfer function of the following systems:


1.

G1=

s+4
s +7 s+2
2

G2=

2
s+ 3

G2=

2
s+ 3

2.

G1=

s+4
s +7 s+2
2

3. Evaluate the step response of all the systems with:


a. No input delay (all in MATLAB) (not by hand)
b. Input delay of 0.02s (last two) (by hand)
4. Simplify the following system:

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